SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

TECHNO TIME CONSTRUCTION (PVT) LTD

CANAL BANK ROAD, NEW CAMPUS LAHORE

BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY

SALMAN ARIF

2017-GCUF-73017

12941

Training Period

24-10-20 to 19-01-21

DEPARTMENT

CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

GOVT. COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

SAHIWAL CAMPUS

2021
 SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
TECHNO TIME CONSTRUCTION (PVT) LTD
CANAL BANK ROAD, NEW CAMPUS LAHORE

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF
BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
GOVT. COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD SAHIWAL CAMPUS
SAHIWAL
SUBMITTED BY
Name of Student Roll No
Salman Arif 12941
Training Period
24-10-20 to 19-01-21

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

SAHIWAL CAMPUS
COMPANY CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that I have completed the Ten Weeks Training in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of BSc Civil Engineering Technology. I did my Training in
Techno time construction (Pvt) Ltd. From 24-10-2020 to 19-01-2021

The matter presented in this Report has been submitted by me only for the completion of my
degree.

Signature of Student

Salman Arif ( 12941)

Examined by:

Engr. Sami Ullah

INCHARGED/HOD

Engineering Technology Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise and glory to Almighty Allah, the most compassionate and merciful, who enabled us
with a power and means to contribute a drop to existing ocean of knowledge. For what I have
received, may the Lord make me truly thankful. And more truly for what I have not received.

All studies, planning, development and execution of the field training report were carried out
under the able supervision and guidance of our honored teacher. We acknowledge this help,
guidance and valuable advice at all stages of study and express our great debt of gratitude to
our most esteemed advisor Engr. Sami Ullah lecturer of Department of Civil Engineering
and Technology without his able guidance, encouragement, interest and generous
contribution from his own experience, this study might not have been accomplished.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to head of Department of Civil Engineering
Technology Dr. Muhammad Ashraf all academic staff of Department of Civil Engineering
Technology and Management for their support throughout our stay in this institution. The
authors are also abundantly obliged to staff of Techno Time Construction (PVT) Ltd for
their cooperation during internship. Last but not the least: we must acknowledge our beloved
parents, brother and sisters whom prayers have always been matter of encouragement
throughout our lives and especially during our academic career.

In the end, we must thank once again to all those who helped us in our internship period. We
shall pray and recall with pleasure and gratitude those never fading pleasant memories of
golden years spent.

Signature of Student

i
Salman Arif (12941)

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ⅰ

Table of Contents ii

List of Figures ⅱ

List of Tables ⅲ

List of Abbreviations ⅳ
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1

1.1 Project Detail.....................................................................................................................1

1.2 Company Introduction.......................................................................................................2

1.3 Address..............................................................................................................................3

1.4 Business sectors.................................................................................................................3

1.5 Purpose..............................................................................................................................3

1.6 Vision................................................................................................................................3

1.7 Major Projects...................................................................................................................3

1.8 Major in progress Projects.................................................................................................3

1.9 General Manager...............................................................................................................4

1.10 Project Manager..............................................................................................................4

1.11 Purchase Manager...........................................................................................................5

1.12 H&R Director..................................................................................................................5

1.13 Financial Director............................................................................................................5

1.14 Marketing Director..........................................................................................................5

1.15 Section chief....................................................................................................................5

1.16 Civil supervisor...............................................................................................................5

1.17 Roles of civil supervisor..................................................................................................5

1.18 Site Engineer...................................................................................................................6

1.19 Planning Engineer...........................................................................................................6

1.20 Structural Engineer..........................................................................................................6

1.21 Surveyor..........................................................................................................................6

1.22 QA\QC............................................................................................................................6

1.23 Safety Officer..................................................................................................................6

1.24 Accountant......................................................................................................................6

1.25 Cost Estimator.................................................................................................................6

ii
 1.26 Office Management.........................................................................................................6

1.27 Cashier.............................................................................................................................7

1.28 Advertisement.................................................................................................................7

1.29 Schedule of internship program......................................................................................7

1.29.1 Project Authority:.....................................................................................................7

1.29.2 Project Description:..................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2: TRAINING WORK.........................................................................................8

2.1 Lean concrete....................................................................................................................8

2.2 Pile Cap.............................................................................................................................8

2.2.1 Pile cap Necessity.......................................................................................................8

2.2.2 Shapes.........................................................................................................................8

2.3 Structural works................................................................................................................9

2.3 .1 Pile cap Necessity......................................................................................................9

2.3.4 SHAPES.....................................................................................................................9

2.3.5 Structural works..........................................................................................................9

2.4 Steel work..........................................................................................................................9

2.5 Form work.......................................................................................................................10

2.6 Distribution Bars.............................................................................................................10

2.7 Overlap............................................................................................................................11

2.8 Chamfer Bar....................................................................................................................11

2.9 Chairs..............................................................................................................................11

2.10 Concrete work...............................................................................................................12

2.11 Shuttering and Scaffolding............................................................................................12

2.12 Purpose..........................................................................................................................12

2.13 Dowels...........................................................................................................................13

2.14 Class-B concrete............................................................................................................13

2.15 A-3 concrete..................................................................................................................14

2.16 Site work.......................................................................................................................14

iii
2.17 Concrete placement.......................................................................................................14

2.18 Concrete cover...............................................................................................................14

2.19 Curing............................................................................................................................14

2.20 Pier................................................................................................................................15

2.21 Importance’s of Pier......................................................................................................15

2.22 Shuttering and Scaffolding............................................................................................16

2.23 Starter concrete..............................................................................................................16

2.24 Precast Structure............................................................................................................16

2.25 Material:........................................................................................................................17

2.26 Cement Concrete Mix Design for Pile Cap:..................................................................17

2.27 Concrete Mix Design for Pier:......................................................................................17

2.29 Total Station..................................................................................................................18

2.28 Tripod............................................................................................................................18

2.29 Level staff......................................................................................................................19

2.30 Excavator.......................................................................................................................19

2.31 Transit Mixer.................................................................................................................20

2.32 Tower Cranes................................................................................................................20

2.33 Steel bar cutting machine..............................................................................................21

2.34 Loader............................................................................................................................21

2.35 Batching plant...............................................................................................................22

2.36 Steel bending/Folding machine.....................................................................................23

2.37 Compressive strength test..............................................................................................23

2.38 Compressive strength of Concrete and its importance..................................................24

2.39 Factors affecting compressive strength of concrete......................................................24

2.40 Why do we test concrete for 7 days, 14 days & 28 days?.............................................25

2.41 Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete at 7, 14, 21 and 28 Days.......26

2.42 Compressive strength testing of concrete......................................................................26

2.43 Apparatus......................................................................................................................26
iv
 2.44 The test includes following steps..................................................................................27

2.45 Compressive strength of Concrete Formula:.................................................................29

CHAPTER 3: SKILL ATTAINED ......................................................................................32

3.1 Drawing observation and implementation......................................................................32

3.2 Technical training............................................................................................................32

3.3 Mathematical skills.........................................................................................................32

3.4 Written communication skills.........................................................................................32

3.5 Oral communication skills..............................................................................................32

3.6 Leadership skills..............................................................................................................33

3.7 Organizational skills........................................................................................................33

3.8 Problem solving...............................................................................................................33

3.9 Decision-making.............................................................................................................33

CHAPTER 4: FEEDBACK & RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................34

4.1 Feedback..........................................................................................................................34

4.2 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................34

4.3 Recommendations...........................................................................................................35

4.4 Important point................................................................................................................35

REFERENCES........................................................................................................................37

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1.1 Project Location……………………………………………………………………..........02

1.2 Associates charts……………………………………………….………………….……...04
2.1 Lean concrete….………………………………………………………………………….09
2.2 Pile cap................................................................................................................................09
2.3 Structural work………………………………………………………………….….….....10
2.4 Steel work……………………………………………………………………….………..11
2.5 Form work………………………………………………………………………………...11
2.6 Distribution Bars………………………………………………………………………….12
2.7 Overlap……………………………………………………………………………………12
2.8 Chairs……………………………………………...……………………………………...13
2.9 Concrete work.……………………………………………...………………………….....13
2.10 Shuttering and scaffolding.……………………......………………...…………………..14
2.11 Dowels .................……………………………………………………………...……….14
2.12 Class-B concrete………………...……………………………………………………....15
2.13 Curing...............………………………………………………………………………….16
2.14 Pier..........................………………………………...…………………………………...16
2.15 Shuttering and scaffolding…….……………………………...………………………....17
2.16 Precast structure ....……………………...……………………………...……………….17
2.17 Total station ……………………………………………………………………………..19
2.18 Tripod.........……………………………………………………………………………...19
2.19 Level staff.......……………………...…………………………………………………...20
2.20 Excavator......... ……………………………...………………………………………….20
2.21 Transit mixer…………………………………………...………………………………..21
2.22 Tower cranes……………………………………………………...……………………..21
2.23 Steel cuter..........................................................................................................................21
2.24 Loader...............................................................................................................................22
2.25 Batching plant...................................................................................................................22
2.25.1 Batching plant..........…………………………………………………..…………........23
2.26 Steel bending machine……………………………………………………………..……23
2.27 Mould................................................................................................................................27

vi
2.28 Blocks................................................................................................................................28
2.29 Universal test Machine.................. ...................................................................................29
2.30 Concrete block..................................................................................................................30

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1.1 Project Authority ……………………………………………………………………7

1.2 Project Description…………………………………………………………………..7

2.1 Material......................................................................................................................18

2.2 Percentage strength 1,3,7,14,21,28…………............................................................25

2.3 Compressive strength diff. Grades concrete..............................................................27

2.4 Minimum Compressive strength at respective days..................................................32

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS

PHA Punjab highway Authority

NHA National highway

TTC Techno time construction

TC tower crane

GGBC Ground granulated blast furnace

EDM Electronic distance measurement

UTM Universal test Machine

PM Project manager

CM Construction manager

ix
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Detail

The Punjab Highway Authority (PHA) is a distinctive project that requires innovative
flyover and design. With sustainability at its core, the design responds to Sahiwal hot summer
and monsoon seasons, incorporating both rain and flood protection passive control planning

The project located and name is Flyover at Railway Crossing on Jhall Road Sahiwal.
Flyover is ongoing construction on LBDC canal railway line crossing. It has a single road
capacity for 24 hours in all-weather condition.

The cost is estimated to be Rs. 600 Million including cost of Service Road on both side
from Mazdoor puli to view hotel NH- 5, resettlement and other pre-construction activities. The
total length of flyover is 2079 feet that consist of 28 spans. The total length of the road on both
sides will be approximately 3.9 km.

Projects in the city of Sahiwal under PHA. Implementation of these projects would
provide all- weather connectivity from central city to the view hotel national highway 5. It will
also reduce journey time due traffic jam on railway crossing during train passing. It will
provide fast rout of Sahiwal people to reach main highway road.

This commitment with sustainability underpins the entire project, extending also to the
project design that achieves reduced traffic jam and regulate the traffic flow. With a carefully
crafted massing solution to stand out from the surroundings, the design aims to provide a very
strong image and presence that inspires confidence and innovation, embracing users (both
visitors and staff) at their approach.

The main objective of the project is connected central city to view hotel national
highway Another objective is also a bridge is exiting on LBDC canal Jhall road through
railway crossing but there is high traffic congestion in term train passing by or traffic on the
road that causes of traffic jam and disturbance in traffic flow.

1
 This project has 28 spans and 27 piers and 2 abutments of bridges are going to be
constructed. There is also two side approach to connect flyover. At the top-level flyover with
the surroundings is creating a distinctive effect, clearly visible desirable bird eye view of
Sahiwal city for approaching visitors which acts also as a way finding method.

Incorporating the latest international requirements and standards, the flyover internal
planning and design ensures clear flow segregation and operational safety standards, be it at
the level of circulations (with staff and visitors’ segregation); at the level of goods logistics, or
at the level of materials storage.

The project was started on mid-September 2019 to June 2021 complete the project.
After the completion of the project the NHA has to maintain and control it after completion.

Figure: 1.1 Project Location

2
 1.2 Company Introduction

Techno Time Construction was established in 02-August-1987 by Mr. Zaka Ullah

Khan who was highly regarded amongst the veteran engineer’s community of Pakistan. Since
its inception, the Group has now moved in more than 3th decade of successful innovative
Construction Operations. The legendary contributions in the arena of Engineering and
Construction.

i. Techno Time Construction (PVT) LTD stands for a Contracting Company capable of
undertaking mega multi pharaohs Construction Projects especially Residential,
Commercial and Industrial Buildings, HVAC, Elevators, Escalators, Roads and Bridges.
ii. Construction Company established in the year 1987 and is continuously striving for setting
standard pace ahead and is moving ahead in construction industry. It has developed
Qualitative Measurement System for implementation of Projects at all corporate levels as
well as at the field activity.
iii. TTC is rendering high quality & expert engineering services in this field. TTC stands for
performance, integrity and quality services because of total commitment to excellence by
the Staff and the Management.
iv. A large number of sizeable achievements have been made and the company is continuously
maintaining these with the help of its trained & experienced work force. TTC has got very
rich experience in Project Planning Implementation and timely execution. TTC possesses
ample resources and facilities which can enable the Company to complete every project
within the stipulate period and within allocated budget.

During last 23 years the company has achieved a high profile and completed most of
the projects ahead of time. TTC is continuously beating the clock.

1.3 Address

315-B, Canal Bank Road, New Campus Lahore Punjab Pakistan

1.4 Business sectors

i. Construction
ii. Flyover Construction
iii. Building Construction
iv. Road Construction
v. Consultants
3
 vi. Engineering 
vii. Travel Agency 
viii. Electric Parts 
ix. Leather import 
x. Garments 

1.5 Purpose
To bring prosperity and well-being to our clients and society at large by adding value
through Engineering, Construction, Management and Technology.

1.6 Vision
To become a world class Engineering and construction company operating
internationally.

1.7 Major Projects

i. Feroza Flyover project RY khan 
ii. curved flyover Karachi.
iii. Jhall Road flyover Sahiwal
iv. Metro pile cap project Lahore  
v. Multi stories Building Project Bakkhar

1.8 Major in progress Projects

i. Multi stories Building project madni Shopping Mall Bhakkar.

Punjab, Bakhar.

4
 Figure: 1.2 Associates charts

Departments of the Organization

1.9 General Manager

General Manager of administration is responsible for overseeing all administrative
functions in your business. A major part involves leading and directing employees. She
delegates administrative tasks, such as accounting, paperwork and payroll, while giving you
the freedom to deal with other issues.

1.10 Project Manager

Project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers
have the responsibility of the planning, procurement and execution of a project, in any
undertaking that has a defined scope, defined start and a defined finish; regardless of industry.
Project managers are first point of contact for any issues or discrepancies arising from within
the heads of various departments in an organization before the problem escalates to higher
authorities.

Project management is the responsibility of a project manager. This individual seldom

participates directly in the activities that produce the end result, but rather strives to maintain

5
the progress, mutual interaction and tasks of various parties in such a way that reduces the risk
of overall failure, maximizes benefits, and minimizes costs.

1.11 Purchase Manager

Purchasing Manager is an employee within a company, business or other organization
who is responsible at some level for buying or approving the acquisition of goods and services
needed by the company. Responsible for buying the best quality products, goods and services
for their company at the most competitive prices, purchasing managers work in a wide range of
sectors for many different organizations. The position responsibilities may be the same as that
of a buyer or purchasing agent, or may include wider supervisory or managerial
responsibilities. A Purchasing Manager may oversee the acquisition of materials needed for
production, general supplies for offices and facilities, equipment, or construction contracts.

1.12 H&R Director

The HR director is the highest-ranking HR position in a company and typically has
overall responsibility for three areas: culture, capabilities and talent. At enterprise-level they
may sit on the board and advise senior leaders on HR developments and the effects of new
policies to the organization people and culture. In smaller firms, the HR director may be called
the Head of HR.

1.13 Financial Director

Finance directors are members of a senior executive team with responsibility for their
company's financial health. They combine operational and strategic roles, manage accounting
and financial control functions, and establish a financial strategy.

1.14 Marketing Director

Marketing Director is responsible for providing direction, guidance and leadership to a
marketing department. They typically manage marketing of a business, organization, particular
product or group of products.

1.15 Section chief

Develop and implement strategy and tactics to carry out the objectives established by
the Incident Commander. Organize, assign, and supervise Staging, Medical Care,
Infrastructure, Security, Hazardous Materials, and Business Continuity Branch resources.

6
1.16 Civil supervisor
Civil Supervisors monitor civil construction projects. They oversee activities such as
building bridges, repairing highways and doing construction on airports.

1.17 Roles of civil supervisor

The five key supervisory roles include Educator, Sponsor, Coach, Counselor, and
Director. Each is described below. Note that in your role as a supervisor, you will be using
these five roles, in some combination, simultaneously, depending on the needs of the team
members.

1.18 Site Engineer

A site engineer is part of the site management team, and takes some of the
responsibility for security, health and safety, and organizing and supervising materials and
people. Site engineers mark out the site, make sure designs are applied correctly and liaise with
main and sub-contractors and the site manager.

1.19 Planning Engineer

Planning engineers, also known as project planners, are responsible for planning and
co-coordinating the materials, plant, equipment and labor for large construction projects. They
are also sometimes known as construction project managers.

1.20 Structural Engineer

Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering, and its applications are diverse.
A great deal of what structural engineers do involves designing structures such as buildings,
bridges, tunnels, etc. The majority of structural engineers work primarily as consultants to
architects or design-build contractors.

1.21 Surveyor
Surveyors update boundary lines and prepare sites for construction so that legal
disputes are prevented. Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property
boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earth's surface for
engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects.

7
1.22 QA/QC
QA/QC is the combination of quality assurance, the process or set of processes used to
measure and assure the quality of a product, and quality control, the process of ensuring
products and services meet consumer expectations.

1.23 Safety Officer

The Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and assessing hazardous and unsafe
situations and developing measures to assure personnel safety.

1.24 Accountant
Accountants and auditors ensure that companies or organizations are efficiently
operating. They do this by accessing financial records of their clients. Duties include analyzing
data, finance reports, budgets, tax returns, and accounting records.

1.25 Cost Estimator

Cost estimators collect and analyze data in order to estimate the time, money, materials,
and labor required to manufacture a product, construct a building, or provide a service. They
generally specialize in a particular product or industry.

1.26 Office Management

Office management is an integral part of general management. It refers to the process
of planning, organizing, guiding, communicating, directing, coordinating and controlling the
activities of a group of people who are working to achieve business objectives efficiently and
economically.

1.27 Cashier
i. Receive payment by cash, check, credit cards, vouchers, or automatic debits.
ii. Issue receipts, refunds, credits, or change due to customers.
iii. Count money in cash drawers at the beginning of shifts to ensure that amounts are
correct and that there is adequate change.

1.28 Advertisement
Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas,
organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio,

8
television, and internet.

1.29 Schedule of internship program

On my very first day of internship, I was little bit confused and nervous. I went to site
at sharp 8 am. Guard of site guided me to Project Manager of site Mr. Amjad. I slowly
knocked the door and went inside. Mr. Umair khan was very kind and humble man. He warmly
welcomed me and asked me to introduce yourself. I replied that my name is Faisal Rehman, I
live in Sahiwal and have completed my DAE from The Limit Group of Colleges and now I am
doing Civil Technology from GC university Sahiwal Campus with only few months for its
completion.
Then he himself introduced me to Site Engineer Mr. Umair khan, and said him to give
brief information about site and help him out for any query if he has for the rest of the month.
Mr. Umair khan was also a nice and jolly guy. I really enjoyed working with him. He teaches
me how to act with labors, how to give them work and their limitations.
i. I joined internship on 22 Feb 2020 and ended on my own on 20 May 2020.
ii. My routine daily timing was from 9 am to 5 pm.
iii. Friday timing was 9 am to 12:30 pm than two hours break for offering Jumma
prayer and lunch and then from 2 pm to 5 pm.
iv. Used to have lunch break daily at 2 pm.

1.29.1 Project Authority:

Table 1-1 Project Authority

Project Manager Mr. Amjad

Construction Manager Mr. Iftekhar Ahmad
Site Engineer Mr. Umair khan

1.29.2 Project Description:

Table 1-2 Project Description

Date of commencement Mid-September 2019

Date of completion June 2021
Consultants NesPak
No of construct 7 steps
Cost of project 600 million

9
Chapter 2: Training Work

2.1 Lean concrete

Lean concrete is a mix where the amount of cement is lower than the amount of liquid
present in the strata. In lean concrete, less quantity of paste is available for providing
lubrication, per unit surface of aggregate and hence the mobility of aggregate is restricted. It is
less in strength and have only 1500psi for 28 days (cylinder) strength. It could not use for high
strength purpose with ratio of 1:4:8.

Figure: 2.1 Lean concrete

2.2 Pile Cap

Pile cap used to transfer the loads from superstructure to the piling. The pile cap is
thick concrete mat rests on piles. It is part of the foundation and used to distribute the loads
over the piles. Piles used when the soil bearing is not enough to carry loads of the structure.

2.2.1 Pile cap Necessity

Pile is necessary when the bearing capacity of soil below the structure is insufficient for
a spread footing. It transfers the load to deeper, firmer strata. Piles used where the soil
particularly affects by seasonal changes, to transfer the load below the level of such influence
The load support exceeds the bearing capacity of a single pile, a group of piles uses.The group
capped by a spread footing or a cap to distribute load to all piles in the group. Where there are
a large number of closely space piles, provide individual caps. It is more economical to provide
just one large cap, forming a piled raft.

10
2.2.2 Shapes

The shape and plan dimensions of the pile cap depend on two factors.

i. Number of piles in the group

ii. The spacing between each pile

Figure: 2.2 Pile cap

2.3 Structural works

Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural
engineers are trained to design the ‘bones and muscles’ that create the form and shape of man-
made structures. Structural engineers need to understand and calculate the stability, strength
and rigidity of built structures for buildings and non-building structures. The structural designs
are integrated with those of other designers such as flyover architects and building services
engineer and often supervise the construction of projects by contractors on site.

Figure: 2.3 Structural works

11
Structure consists of major three categories:
i. Steel work
ii. Form work
iii. Concrete work
iv. Pile Cap
v. Pile cap Necessity
vi. Shapes
vii. Structural works

2.4 Steel work

Steel frame is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns
and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls
of a building which are all attached to the frame.

Figure: 2.4 Steel works

2.5 Form work

Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mold into which
concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also
be constructed from steel, glass fiber reinforced plastics and other materials.

12
 Figure: 2.5 Form work

2.6 Distribution Bars

The secondary or distribution reinforcements are meant for the minor stress and also
help in sharing of the load experienced by the major or primary reinforcements. Primary
reinforcements are always larger in size than the secondary reinforcements as they experience
the maximum load.

Figure: 2.6 Distribution Bars

13
2.7 Overlap
Overlap is a joint in steel fixing when length or width is greater than the length of a
steel bar. In this culvert lap was taken as 50D of the bar (main & distribution bars).

Figure: 2.7 Overlap

2.8 Chamfer Bar

A transitional edge between two faces of an object. Sometimes defined as a form of
bevel, it is often created at a 45° angle between two adjoining right-angled faces.

2.9 Chairs
Chair rods are nothing but just enabling rods that help to maintain the proper space
between the bottom and top reinforcements of a slab, beams and shear wall.

Figure: 2.8 Chairs

14
2.10 Concrete work
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and
coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. In a Flyover construction,
concrete is used for the construction of lean concretes, file cap and other load bearing
elements.

Figure: 2.9 Concrete works

2.11 Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering is a temporary platform constructed with the help of wooden planks, wooden
logs, steel rods or bamboos over which formwork is supported and ultimately pouring of
concrete is done. Scaffolding is a grid of bamboo, wooden planks or circular steel pipes by
which labor can have access to any point of the structure to be constructed and
further formwork and shuttering can rest over it. Steel scaffolding is most commonly used as it
is easy to dismantle and reassemble.

2.12 Purpose
During construction of reinforced concrete works as well as their maintenance, we need
to support the structure as long as it is in its premature state or plastic state as it could not even
bear its own load. After the suitable duration of time, i.e. when concrete sets enough to take its
own load, these temporary supports are removed systematically.

15
 Figure: 2.10 Shuttering and Scaffolding

2.13 Dowels
Dowel bars are short steel rods placed at the transverse joints of a concrete pavement
to provide a connection between pile cap or pier. The dowel bars act to spread the load across
both slabs when traffic is moving off the edge of one slab to the next. I observed that size of
dowels at site for beam was T-20, T-10. T-25 for beams compression or tension bars. T-10 was
used for ring purposes. T-12 was used for roof slabs.

2.14 Class-B concrete

Concrete surfaces designated in the Contract and applying an approved colored
Structural Concrete Coating to them. Class B concrete having 2500psi for 28 days (cylinder)
strength with ratio of 1:2:4. This type of concrete used at specified places or at construction of
drains. Maximum size of coarse aggregates for Class-B is 20mm with water cement ratio 0.56.

16
 Figure: 2.11 Class-B concrete

2.15 A-3 concrete

Class A3 concrete having 4000psi for 28 days (cylinder) strength with ratio of 1:1.5:3.
This type of concrete used at Piles or at construction of slabs. Maximum size of coarse
aggregates for A-3 is 20mm with water cement ratio 0.58

2.16 Site work

Most often earth moving equipment is used to clear the area to speed the process. All
grass, rocks, trees, shrubs, and old concrete needs to be removed, exposing raw earth. A sub
base of a minimum 4 inches of granular fill or road base is recommended, unless the soil is
very compact and stable.

2.17 Concrete placement

The forms are set, now it's time for the concrete. The contractor has ordered a concrete
mix that meets the requirements of the pile cap and pier being placed. If you live in a freeze
thaw climate, a minimum of 4% of air entraining admixture should be used to help prevent
scaling and spelling. The concrete will arrive in a ready-mix concrete truck. The drum on the
back of the truck will be spinning slowly to keep the concrete inside from settling and getting
hard. The ready-mix truck may be able to pull up to the site and pour right into the forms. The
ready-mix truck may pour into wheel barrows or a concrete pump to get the wet concrete to the
site.

2.18 Concrete cover

Concrete cover or spacer is concrete made rounded cylinders in small size. Purpose of
spacer is to give effective and clear cover to reinforcement and it helps to save your
reinforcement from corrosion.

2.19 Curing
Once all the placement and finishing are complete, the concrete can rest and begin to
cure. The curing process lasts 28 days, with the first 48 hours being the most critical. It is
recommended that a liquid chemical curing and sealing compound be applied to the concrete as
soon as the finishing process is complete. The curing compound helps the concrete cure slowly
and evenly, which helps reduce cracks, curling, and surface discolorations.

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 The colder the temperature, the longer it will take concrete to cure. You can start to use
your concrete for light foot traffic 3 to 4 days after placement.

2.20 Pier
Pier in fly over construction, vertical load bearing member such as an intermediate
support for adjacent ends of two bridge spans. In foundations for large buildings, piers are
usually cylindrical concrete shafts, cast in prepared holes, while in bridges they take the form
of caissons, which are sunk into position.

Figure: 2.12

2.21 Importance’s of Pier

Historically, buttresses have been used to strengthen large walls or buildings such as a
flyover. Flying buttresses consist of an inclined beam carried on a half arch that projects from
the walls of a structure to a pier which supports the weight and horizontal thrust of a roof,
dome or vault.

2.22 Starter concrete

Starter is a small piece of column which is cast before the main column is cast. After
erecting the shuttering for column, Bracing or supports are fixed, the verticality is checked on
two sides with a plumb bob and alignment is checked with the help of a cotton or nylon thread.

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2.23 Precast Structure
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable
mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the
construction site and lifted into place. Precast girders are used in flyover.

Figure: 2.13 Precast Structure

2.24 Material:
Table 2.1 Material

Steel 3"' 4"' 8"' 10"'

Cement Best Way 53 MPa
Sand Lawrence purr + Sargodha
Aggregate 10mm + 20mm

2.25 Cement Concrete Mix Design for Pile Cap

Mix Design Material for 1.0 cubic meter ( m3)

Preliminary Cube Strength at 28 Days = 3750PSI

Desired Stump in workability = 75mm-100mm

Quantity of Course Aggregate = 1087Kgs

Quantity of Fine Aggregate (Lawrenceburg) = 591.4Kgs

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Quantity of Cement = 400Kgs

Water = 239.2Kgs

W/C = 0.57Kgs

Slump = 80mm

2.26 Concrete Mix Design for Pier

Mix Design Material for 1.0 Cubic meter (m3)

Grade M-35/45

Preliminary Cube Strength at 28 Days = 4000PSI

Desired Stump in workability = 25mm-75mm

Quantity of Course Aggregate = 1087Kgs

Quantity of Fine Aggregate (Lawrenceburg) = 515Kgs

Quantity of Cement = 527Kgs

Water = 227Kgs

W/C = 0.14Kgs

Slump = 50mm

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Description of Equipment

2.27 Total Station

A total Station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and
building construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic
distance meter (EDM). It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and
storage system. This instrument is used to sloping distance of object to the instruments,
horizontal angle and vertical angle. The microprocessor unit enables for computation of data
collected to future calculate the horizontal distance, coordinate of the points and reduce level
of the points. Data collection to the total station can be downloaded into the computer/laptop
for future processing of information. Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil
engineering, either to record feature in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as
roads, houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and
by police, crime scene investigation, private accident Reconstruction and insurance companies
to take measurements of scenes.

Figure: 2.14 Total Stations

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2.28 Tripod
A tripod is a portable three-legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting
the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability
against downward forces and horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axes. The
positioning of the three legs away from the vertical center allows the tripod better leverage for
resisting lateral forces.

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 Figure: 2.15 Tripod

2.29 Level staff

A level staff, also called leveling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, used
with a leveling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of
points above a vertical datum. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument.

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 Figure: 2.16

2.30 Excavator
Excavators are important and widely used equipment in construction industry. Their
general purpose is to excavation but other than that they are also used for many purposes like
heavy lifting, demolition, river dredging, cutting of trees etc. Excavators contains a long arm
and a cabinet. At the end of long arm digging bucket is provided and cabinet is the place
provided for machine operator. This whole cabin arrangement can be rotatable up to 360o
which eases the operation. Excavators are available in both wheeled and tracked forms of
vehicles.

Figure: 2.17 Excavator

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2.31 Transit Mixer
A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form
concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller
volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the
construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.

Figure: 2.18 Transit Mixer

2.32 Tower Cranes

Tower cranes are fixed cranes which are used for hoisting purposes in construction of
tall structures. Heavy materials like pre-stressed concrete blocks, steel trusses, frames etc. can
be easily lifted to required height using this type of equipment.They consists mast which is the
vertical supporting tower, Jib which is operating arm of crane, counter jib which is the other
arm carries counter weight on rear side of crane and an operator cabin from which the crane
can be operated.

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 Figure: 2.19 Tower Cranes

2.33 Steel bar cutting machine

Steel Bar cutting machines are the devices used for cutting purpose on the construction
sites. The machine is powered by electricity, use in building construction and also in rail
projects and bridge projects.

Figure: 2.20 Steel Cutters

2.34 Loader
Loader are used in construction site to load the material onto dumpers, trucks etc. The
materials may be excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, etc. A loader contains large
sized bucket at its front with shorter moving arm. Loader may be either tracked or wheeled.
Wheeled loader are widely used in sites while tracked or crawled loader are used in sites where
wheeled vehicles cannot reach.

26
 Figure: 2.21 Loader

2.35 Batching plant

A Concrete Batching Plant is a machine to manufacture Concrete from its ingredients
viz Cement, Crushed Stone, Sand, Water and Admixture Chemicals. Sometimes additives like
GGBS (Ground granulated blast Furnace Slag), Fly Ash or Micro-silica are added to change
the characteristics of the end product. The word Batching Plant comes from the word "Batch",
which essentially means that concrete is manufactured in measured bathes inside a Concrete
Batching Plant.

Figure:2.22 Batching Plan

2.36 Steel bending/Folding machine

It is a machine which is used for bending and folding steel bars that are used for
construction purposes. Its purpose is to assemble a bend on a work piece. A bends is
manufactured by using a bending tool during a linear or rotating move. Steel ring for column
beam is also made by this machine.

27
 Figure: 2.26 Steel Bending

2.37 Compressive strength test

Compressive strength is the capacity of material or structure to resist or withstand
under compression. The Compressive strength of a material is determined by the ability of the
material to resist failure in the form cracks and fissure.

2.38 Compressive strength of Concrete and its importance

As we all know that concrete is a mixture of sand, cement, and aggregate. The strength
of the concrete depends upon many factors like individual compressive strength of its
constituents (Cement, Sand, aggregate), quality of materials used, air entrainment mix
proportions, water-cement ratio, curing methods and temperature effects.
Compressive strength gives an idea of the overall strength and above-mentioned factors.
Through conducting this test, one can easily judge the concrete strength psi and quality of
concrete produced.

2.39 Factors affecting compressive strength of concrete

i. Coarse aggregate

Concrete is made homogenous by combining aggregates, cement, sand, water and

various other admixtures. But even with proper mixing, there may arise some microcracks due
to differences in thermal and mechanical properties of coarse aggregates and cement matrix,
which leads to failure of concrete.

Concrete technologists came up with theoretical concepts regarding size of aggregates,

which as the size of aggregate being the major contributor of compressive strength. So if the
size of aggregate is increased, then it would lead increased compressive strength.
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 ii. Air-entrainment

Air entrainment in concrete was one of the concepts developed by cold countries in
order to prevent damages due to freezing and thawing. Later on, as experimentation’s proved
multidimensional benefits of air entrainment along with improved the workability of concrete
at lower water/cement ratio.

As the achievement of the desired workability at lower water content helped one to
achieve concrete with the greater compressive strength which in turn, leads to light concrete
with greater compressive strength.

iii. Water/Cement ratio

We are all very aware of how excess water can be harmful to the strength of concrete.
Cement being the major binding material in concrete needs water for hydration process, but
that is only limited to about (0.20 to 0.25) % of cement content. The excess water turns out to
be beneficial in contributing to workability and finishing of concrete.

The very aspect where excess water is considered harmful because as the water in the
concrete matrix dries, it leaves large interstitial spaces among aggregate and cement grains.
This interstitial space becomes primary cracks during compressive strength testing of concrete.

2.40 Why do we test concrete for 7 days, 14 days & 28 days?

Concrete gains maximum strength at 28days. Since in construction sector great amount
of capital is at stake, so instead of checking strength at 28 days we can check strength in terms
of concrete strength psi at 7 and 14 days to predict the target strength of construction work.

2.41 Compressive strength testing of concrete

The test is carried out using 150mm concrete cubes on a Universal testing machine or
compressive testing machine.

2.42 Apparatus
As per IS: 516-1959 Compressive testing machine (2000Kn),15cm×15cm×15cm steel
cube molds or Cylinder having Dia 15cm and length 30cm are used.

29
 Figure 2.27 Mould

2.43 The test includes following steps

i. Preparing of material for Cube test

All the material must be brought and stored to an approximate temperature of 27 ±3

degree Celsius. Cement must be uniformly mixed with a trowel in order there exist no lumps.

ii. Mixing of concrete

Machine mixing: The ingredient must not be rotated for more than 2 minutes and the
following pattern must be followed

1>Calculated water,2>50% coarse aggregates,3>fine aggregates,4>cement,5>50%

coarse aggregates.
Hand mixing: The process must be done on the rectangular pan until a homogenous mix is
obtained.

Dry mixing of fine aggregates and cement>addition of coarse aggregate with the even
distribution>addition of calculated water in batch till consistency is achieved.

iii. Casting of specimen

The casting molds are chosen to be made of cast iron and must be rubbed with grease
on inner side for easy removal of cubes. The specimen must be cast in 3 layers (5cm each) and
properly compacted in order that honeycombing formation does not take place.

iv. Compaction

In compacting through tamping bar, 35 strokes must be done in all parts of a cube for
proper compacting. This tamping bar has the dimension of diameter 16mm and length of 0.6m.

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 v. Age of test

The cube test for Compressive strength can be done on 1,3, 7, 14 and 28 days. In some
cases, the strength of greater ages is required which is performed from 13 to 52 weeks.

vi Number of specimens

It is mandatory to have at least 3 specimens for testing from different batches. The
mean of compressive strength achieved by this specimen is used to determine actual strength of
the batch.

Procedure for Compressive strength of concrete or Cube test

i. Place the prepared concrete mix in the steel cube mould for casting.
ii. Once it sets, after 24 hours remove the concrete cube from the mould.
iii. Keep the test specimens submerged underwater for stipulated time.
iv. As mentioned, the specimen must be kept in water for 7 or 14 or 28 days and for every 7
days the water is changed.
v. Ensure that concrete specimen must be well dried before placing it on the UTM.
vi. Weight of samples is noted in order to proceed with testing and it must not be less than
8.1Kg.
vii. Testing specimens are placed in the space between bearing surfaces.
viii. Care must be taken to prevent the existence of any loose material or grit on the metal
plates of machine or specimen block.

Figure: 2.28 Blocks

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 Figure: 2.29 Universal test machine

2.44 Compressive strength of Concrete Formula:

The Compressive strength of specimen can be calculated by dividing maximum load
carried by the specimen by cross-sectional area of the specimen cubes.

The surface area of specimen: = 150 x 150 = 22500mm² = 225cm²

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Chapter 3: Skill Attained
In today’s highly competitive, global world, civil engineers who possess the proper
training, education, and experience often find they have multiple career opportunities and
options available to them. These highly skilled engineers use their wide range of knowledge to
grow and successful careers in the public and private sectors. For those civil engineers who are
early on in their career, or for those who are looking to further their career success, it’s
important to have a solid grasp of the essential skills that are necessary for civil engineers
today.

3.1 Drawing observation and implementation

Structural drawings and the steel placement drawings are complicated, in the very short
time period of internship I came to know the most important elements of drawings and their
implementation on site. Labor is a less drawing reading and understanding party so an engineer
should know how to study drawings.

3.2 Technical training

The foundation for any career in engineering, especially the field of civil engineering,
is an understanding and working knowledge of science. This includes chemistry, physics,
biology, and the computer sciences. Students vying for careers in the civil engineering field
these days have the upper hand, as the formal training they receive in their undergraduate and
graduate education helps lay a foundation for their technical training. Some states also require
that civil engineers obtain a Professional Engineer’s License (PE), especially when working
with the public.

3.3 Oral communication skills

Oral communication skills are another critical asset for future civil engineers. This
entails being able to listen to clients, officials, team members, and other skilled workers in
order to grasp their concerns and requests effectively. Strong speaking skills are also necessary
for civil engineers when explaining complex technical information to the people they work and
interact with in a concise fashion so that they can easily comprehend the information being
shared.

33
3.4 Leadership skills
The responsibility for the outcomes of projects falls on the civil engineers who manage
them. Therefore, it is important that managers have significant leadership skills when
overseeing planners, technicians, technologists, surveyors, and contractors. This involves being
able to plan and prioritize, manage time effectively, delegate duties when necessary, make
decisions with confidence and authority, and motivate members of the team.

3.5 Organizational skills

One of the main duties of a licensed civil engineer is to monitor and evaluate the
progress of work completed at a jobsite, and making sure staff are in compliance with design
documents, project plans, and other rules and regulations. Licensed civil engineers are also the
only ones who can sign design documents for infrastructure projects. Due to this responsibility
for the official documents and the fact that engineers often work on multiple projects at once,
they must be able to organize project information, manage team members, and allocate
resources where necessary.

3.6 Problem solving

Analytical skills are absolutely vital. During the different stages of a project, such as
planning and construction, engineers will encounter a number of variables that will influence
the outcome or hold up the progress of a project. This is when engineers need to harness their
skills, education, and experience in order to find safe and cost-effective solutions to the issues
that arise while keeping the project on track.

3.7 Decision-making
While working as a leader and manager of a project, a civil engineer will need to
consider the available information, conflicting goals from different parties involved,
professional ethics, financial responsibilities, and safety concerns when making decisions.
They need to have confidence in themselves and in their team for providing accurate and
useful information in order to make decisions that are clear and effective. Also, when mistakes
are made, they should take responsibility, learn what went wrong, and guide the project on a
new path.

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Chapter 4: Feedback & Recommendations

4.1 FEEDBACK
During my internship period, I have been able to meet and network with so many people that I
am sure will be able to help me with opportunities in the future.
I conclude that internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work.
One main thing that I have learned through this internship is time management skills as well as
self-motivation.  When I first started, I did not think that I was going to be able to make myself
to be at site almost.  Once I realized what I had to do I organized my day and work so that I
was not wasting my hours.  I learned that I needed to be organized and have questions ready
for when it was the correct time to get feedback.  From this internship and time management I
had to learn how to motivate myself through being in the site for so many hours.  I came up
with various proposals and ideas that the company is still looking into using.
Overall, the internship laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are proud to be able
to contribute towards nation building the country’s extremely critical period of the history. It
will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in other disciplines as well..

4.2 CONCLUSION
An initial geotechnical assessment of a group of board piles in a chalk has been
presented in this paper discussing the stages implemented to ensure that safe working loads are
applied during the bearing replacement of the bridge pier and no excessive deflection or
rotation will result from the new temporary distribution. To establish the ground condition and
determine the engineering parameters of the strata the existing geotechnical was collected from
as built records and then evaluated against a historical static load test using CBR.

The bearing capacity of single pile was calculated considering two different methods in
obtaining the ultimate skin friction where the larger value based on the effective over burden
pressure has been found to be in agreement with result of pile load test analysis.

The elastic response of the pile group was analyzed using PIGLET software which has
predicated a significant increase in the vertical loads on the edge piles at the North side (where
the bridge maintenance work will occur.) However, this proved to be an over estimation
compared with the result obtain from REPUTE software where a prefect plastic behavior of the
chalk was considered.
35
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
When it comes to design and construction projects, the conventional design process is
relatively straightforward: The client hires the firm, the client shares expectations and
requirements for the project, the firm develops and refines the design, and the design is
constructed. Client expectations are confined to satisfaction with the final constructed state as
it relates to functionality and aesthetics.
The rules change when the facility is already built and operating and cannot be shut down for
the sake of the project. While the objective of the project remains the same as in a conventional
construction project—a functional, code-compliant design—the path to achieving a complete
design and getting the project constructed under budget is far more complicated. This is
especially so in large facilities that contain multiple exhaust streams and scores of gas, water,
and chemical distribution systems—particularly when these processes and systems have an
array of “owners.”
From the perspective of designers and engineers, the difference between designing and
constructing a brand-new facility versus designing and constructing for “live factory” projects
is very important and can greatly impact the success of your project.
Successful design and construction firms recognize the unique challenges inherent in taking on
a significant project within an existing space. This article offers insights into these challenges
and provides ten great tips that can serve as a checklist of sorts to evaluate whether you and
your A/E supplier are employing best practices on your new design project.
Site/factory engineer(s) usually interface most frequently with the A/E firm. These engineers
generally identify the need for a project in the first place and provide to the A/E firm a general
concept of what the project design will entail.

i. Always be mindful that the A/E firm is a consultant accountable only to the PM. As the
design is developed and the A/E interacts with stakeholders, new requirements and
scope will be discovered, some more justified than the rest. The PM must decipher
which of these elements should be incorporated into the project and determine the value
of added design and construction costs.
ii. Do not underestimate project impacts to pipelines, electrical panels or equipment.
Necessary work around may require engineered designs, bypass piping, or ductwork.
Temporary facilities or HVAC and/or a plan for partial plant or equipment shutdowns
may also need to be provided.
36
REFERENCES
i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_cap(10:02 am 02:08:20)
ii. https://alliedmaterials.com.pk/transit-concrete-mixer-karachi/
iii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)
iv. https://www.civilsimplified.com/resources/what-is-total-station
v. http://www.cement.pk/types-of-cement/
vi. https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/sand/233-sand-composition-types
vii. https://www.meadmetals.com/blog/steel-grades
viii. https://www.engineersupply.com/total-stations.aspx

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