ÔN LẠI ANH VĂN CHUYÊN NGÀNH ENG 235 H

Unit 1: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- Artery includes:
o Outer layer.
o Muscle layer.
o Elastic layer.
o Inner layer.
o Endothelium.

- Vein includes:
o Outer layer.
o Muscle layer.
o Inner layer.
o Valve.
o Endothelium.

- Capillary includes:
o Endothelium.
1/ Introduce 3 major components of the circulatory system and their
main functions.
- Heart: move blood throughout your body. Also controls the rhythm
and speed of your heart rate.
- Blood vessels: to deliver blood to the organs and tissues in your
body.
- Blood: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.

2/ What is tachycardia?
- When you have tachycardia, your heart beats faster than normal for
a few seconds to a few hours.
- Normally, your heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute when
you’re not active.
- When your heart beats more than 100 times a minute at rest, that’s
tachycardia.
- Because your heart beats too often, it doesn’t have time it needs to
fill with blood between beats.
- This can be dangerous if your heart can’t supply all of your cells
with the blood and oxygen they need.

3/ What is cardiac arrest?

- Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly
stops pumping.
- If this happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital
organs.
- Cardiac arrests are caused by certain types of arrhythmias that
prevent the heart from pumping blood.
- Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency.
UNIT 2: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
1/ What is the difference between internal and external respiration?
- The main difference between internal respiration and external
respiration is that internal respiration refers to the gas exchange
across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues
whereas external respiration refers to the gas exchange across the
respiratory membrane of lungs.

Difference between External Respiration and Internal Respiration

- Location:
o External respiration occurs between cells of the body and the
external environment while
o internal respiration occurs within cells.

- Breathing:
o External respiration involves breathing,
o While internal respiration does not.

- Involvement of Hemoglobin:
o External respiration involves oxygen attaching to or
offloading from the heme of hemoglobin.
o This is not an internal respiration process.

- Oxidation:
o Internal respiration involves three stages: glycolysis, Krebs
cycle and oxidative phosphorylation;
o This is not the case for external respiration.

- Involvement of Oxygen:
o Internal respiration sometimes occurs without oxygen,
 o This is not the case with external respiration.
- Entrance:
o External respiration involves oxygen first entering the
ventilatory structures such as lungs or gills;
o This is not the case with internal respiration.

- Chemical Reaction:
o External respiration is the mechanism of how oxygen
physically enters the body and is moved around,
o While internal respiration is only a process of chemical
reactions which involves oxygen as a driving force.

- Gas Exchange:
o External respiration involves gas exchange,
o Internal respiration does not.

- Involvement of Water vs. Oxyhemoglobin:

o Internal respiration involves protons eventually combining
with oxygen to form water.
o While in external respiration oxygen combines with
hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.

2/ What is lung cancer?

- Lung cancer is cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in
the cells that line the air passages.
- It is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.
- There are two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small
cell lung cancer.
- These two types grow differently and are treated differently.
3/ What is endotracheal intubation?
- Endotracheal intubation is a medical procedure in which a tube is
placed into the windpipe (trachea) through the mouth or nose.
- In most emergency situations, it is placed through the mouth.

UNIT 3: ENDOCRINE
1/ What is pituitary gland?
- Your pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located
at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus.
- It releases several important hormones and controls the function of
many other endocrine system glands.
2/ What is hypoglycemia?
- A low blood sugar level, also called hypoglycemia or a "hypo", is
where the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood drops too low.
- It mainly affects people with diabetes, especially if they take
insulin.
- A low blood sugar level can be dangerous if it's not treated quickly,
but you can usually treat it easily yourself.
3/ What is homeostasis?
- A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body
to survive and function correctly.
- In homeostasis, body levels of acid, blood pressure, blood sugar,
electrolytes, energy, hormones, oxygen, proteins, and temperature
are constantly adjusted to respond to changes inside and outside
the body, to keep them at a normal level.
UNIT 4: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1/ What is pregnancy?
- The condition between conception (fertilization of an egg by a
sperm) and birth, during which the fertilized egg develops in the
uterus. In humans, pregnancy lasts about 288 days.

2/ What is menstrual cycle?

- The menstrual cycle is a term to describe the sequence of events
that occur in your body as it prepares for the possibility of
pregnancy each month.
3/ What is breast cancer?
- Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of
control. There are different kinds of breast cancer. The kind of
breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
- Breast cancer can begin in different parts of the breast.
UNIT 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM
1/ What is stroke?
- A stroke is a life-threatening condition that happens when part of
your brain doesn’t have enough blood flow.
- This most commonly happens because of a blocked artery or
bleeding in your brain.
2/ What is EEG?
- An EEG (electroencephalogram) measures and records your
brain’s electrical signals.
- During an EEG, a technician places small metal disks (electrodes)
on your scalp.
- The electrodes attach to a machine that gives your healthcare
provider information about your brain’s activity.
3/ What is paralysis?
- Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move some or all of your body.
- It can have lots of different causes, some of which can be serious.

UNIT 6: EMERGENCY MEDICINE & ONCOLOGY

UNIT 7: INTERNAL MEDICINE & PEDIATRICS
1/ What is empiric treatment?
- Treatment given based on experience, without precise knowledge
of the cause or nature of a disorder.
- Emergency conditions sometimes require empirical treatment, such
as when a dangerous infection by an unknown organism.
2/ What is evidence-based medicine?
- A systematic approach to medicine in which doctors and other
health care professionals use the best available scientific evidence
from clinical research to help make decisions about the care of
individual patients.
- A physician’s clinical experience and the patient’s values and
preferences are also important in the process of using the evidence
to make decisions.
3/ What is pediatrics?
- Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the health and
medical care of infants, children, and adolescents from birth up to
the age of 18.
- The word “pediatrics” means “healer of children”; they are derived
from two Greek words.
- Pediatrics is a relatively new medical specialty, developing only in
the mid-19th century.

UNIT 8: SURGERY & OBSTETRICS.

1/ What is a C-section?
- A C-section, also called a cesarean section or cesarean delivery, is
a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through incisions
in your abdomen and uterus.
- They're performed when a vaginal delivery is not possible or safe,
or when the health of you or your baby is at risk.
2/ What is preoperative care?
- Preoperative care refers to health care provided before a surgical
operation. The aim of preoperative care is to do whatever is right to
increase the success of the surgery.
3/ What is laparoscopic surgery?
- Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon
to access the inside of the abdomen and pelvis without having to
make large incisions in the skin.
- This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally
invasive surgery.