SUBJECT: CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY NAME: NIKHIL SOMAN

 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Concrete is composed of Binding material (cement/lime), Fine
aggregate (Sand), Coarse aggregate, Water and Admixture (if needed).
Aggregates
Aggregates are classified into two:
Fine Aggregate (FA) - 75µ to 4.75mm
Coarse Aggregate (CA) – 4.75 mm to 80 mm

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 AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregate
 FA act as a filer material and reduces cracks.
 Good quality of sand is present at Ennore in Chennai (Recommended by
BIS, and is similar to Britain Leighton Buzzard sand).
 Fine aggregate should be angular.
 Organic materials or Deleterious materials should not be present. If
present, it should be less than 5%.
Coarse Aggregate
CA gives strength to concrete.
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 FINE AGGREGATE
• With respect to point of collection.

Pit sand River sand Sea sand

Collect from pit of depth Collected from bed of
Collected from sea shore
1-2 m river

Angular shape Rounded shape Round or angular shape

Used for pointing and

Not used for
High bonding strength plastering ( low
construction as per NBC
strength)
Orange red colour White colour Light brown colour
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 TESTS ON FA & CA
1. Bulking of FA
Thin film of moisture formed around sand particle which repels each
other to increase the volume by a small extend.
FA shows maximum bulking in 4 to 6% moisture content. (18-38%
volume expansion)
• Fine sand (75µ - 0.425 mm) -38%
• Medium sand (0.425 mm – 2 mm) -29%
• Coarse sand (2 mm – 4.75 mm) -18%
The bulking of CA is negligible but it shows a maximum bulking at 8%
moisture content.
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 TESTS ON FA & CA
2. Shape test for CA
a. Flakiness index
Percentage by weight of particle whose least dimension is less than
3/5 or 0.6 times the mean dimension (then the material is flaky).
b. Elongation index
Percentage by weight of particle whose greatest dimension is
greater than 9/5 or 1.8 times the mean dimension (then the material is
elongated).
c. Angularity number
Test gives an idea of how angular the aggregate is, based on
percentage of voids. (if the void is 33% of a 3L cylinder filled with the
aggregate, which belongs to angularity number ‘0’(rounded), and if 44%-
belongs
6 to Angularity number ‘11’(most angular))
 TESTS ON FA & CA
Note: Angular or faky aggregate are used, it provides more strength and
better bonding compared to rounded aggregate. It demands more water and
cement to get more workability compared to rounded aggregate.
3. Strength of aggregate/ Crushing strength
The crushing strength for a good CA is about 200 N/mm2
4. Grading of aggregate
Sieve analysis is used for grading of aggregate.
Sieve sizes used: 80mm to 75µ.
The curve obtained after sieve analysis is
known us;
Particle size distribution curve.
Gradation curve.
Fullers’s grading curve.
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The curve obtained in a semi-log graph
 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
5. Fineness modulus
FM= cumulative percentage retained on each sieve / 100.
Type of sand FM
Fine sand 2.2 - 2.6
Medium sand 2.6 – 2.9
Coarse sand 2.9 – 3.2

Note: Zone II of Medium sand is commonly used.

According to BIS FM of CA is 7.

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 MORTAR
Mortar
Cement mortar – Cement : Sand – 1:2 to 1:8
Lime mortar – Lime : Sand – 1:1 to 1:3
Gauged mortar – Cement : Lime : Sand – 1:1:6, 1:2:9, 1:3:12
Cement mortar compressive strength

Grouting = (Cement + Water) cement mortar of water consistency to fill the

9 crack.
 CONCRETE MIXES
1. Standard or Nominal mix
Mix which is in the ration 1:n:2n.
Mixes from M5 upto M20.
‘M’ means Mix and the number (5 in M5) represent the 28th day
compressive strength of the concrete.
Mixes and ratios:

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 CONCRETE MIXES
2. Design mix
Mix which is to be designed based on IS 10262:2019. (Previous
version – IS 10262:2009)
Mixes M25 and above is considered as design mix.
Note: M25-1:1:2 is commonly used.

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 PROPERTIES AND TEST ON CONCRETE
I. Properties of fresh concrete
Workability test
Workability – It is the ease with which
concrete can be mixed, transported,
moulded and compacted.

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 WORKABILITY TESTS
a. Slump cone test
 Field test.
 Slump cone dimensions : top diameter 10 cm, bottom diameter 20 cm
and height 30 cm.
 Tamping rod dimension : 60 cm long and 16 mm diameter.
 Classification of slump : i. True slump
ii. Shear slump
iii. Collapse slump

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