MODULE 1

DOLE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

STANDARDS
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
Understand fundamental concepts in safety management and engineering.
Exhibit proficiency on occupational safety and health standards.

Introduction
Safety engineering is the process of designing workplaces to prevent accidents. Safety
engineeringisthekeycomponentforeliminatinghazardsthatwouldotherwisebecontrolled
by either administrative controls or use of personal protective equipment as a barrier between
a hazard and a worker. These engineered safeguards include machine guards, selection of less
hazardous equipment, development of maintenance schedules to ensure equipment safety, audit
and inspection procedures, selection of safer tools, safety review of new equipment, employee
maintenance training, safe design of the flow of material and people through a facility and risk
analysisforbothpossibleman-madeandnaturalincidents.

Unit 1 History of Safety Standards

UNIT LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Discuss the importance of safety, safety management andsafety engineering.
Discuss the history of safety standards.

ENGAGE

Accidents can and do happen. Workplaces and factories which may use machinery, chemicals,
and other potentially hazardous elements, are always possible sites for accidents which may cause
injury, or even death if a comprehensive engineering safety approach is not taken. To learn more
about how a safety negligence results into, let us watch the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISNGimMXL7M .

EXPLORE

What is Safety?

Classical definition: Freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational
illness (acquired from workplaces), damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to
the environment.

Alternative definition: Managing complexity without going crazy and ensuring completeness and
consistency.

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 How is Safety and Security Related?

"Safety" and "Security" are too often used interchangeably; as if they mean the same thing. Safety as
defined above is protection of environment from the system whereas security is protection of the
system from the environment. What system are we talking about here? Systemsthatcancause
death,injury,etc.Inthechemicalengineeringpurview,mostsystems we encounter are process
systems.

To fully understand the illustration above, imagine that security is a protection against
threats while safety is the feeling of being secured. Furthermore, security is focused on
the physical aspect while safety is on emotional aspect. For example, during a typhoon you are
protected against external threats (in this case torrential rain and strong winds) by a strong roof, a
strong tall wall orsimply aconcrete house---this is SECURITY. SAFETY on the other hand, is the feeling of
being secured because you are protected by your concrete house against external threats.

Another example is a mother’s hug may make a child feel safe, but that love alone is not enough
to protect the child from the world which surrounds him.

ACCIDENTS, INJURIES, AND LOSSES

Accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, or unintended event that causes injury, loss, or damage.
The term accident often suggests that the event occurred by chance---it just happened.
Two fundamental types of accident causes:
unsafe acts and
unsafe conditions.
Accidents involve either of these two causes or both. Recognizing that accidents are caused and are
not just functions of chance allows one to pursue accident prevention.

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 Toavoidconnotationofchance,anumberoforganizationsnolongerusethetermaccident. Instead,
they use the term incident.

Afrequenterrorisassumingthatrelationshipsaboutaccidenteventsandconsequencesare related.
We often assume that an accident includes adverse consequences.

For example, if we hear that close friends had an accident, we immediately ask,
“Aretheyalright?”Weassumethereisaninjurywhenweheartheword accident. It
is incorrect to assume a relationship between accident events and
consequences.Mostaccidentsdonotincludeinjuryorsignificantloss.

Types of Losses

Losses from incidents can take many forms:

Injury
Illness
Disease
Death
Damage to property, Equipment, materials, and the environment
Cost of repair or replacement
Loss of time, production and sales.

Direct Cost vs Indirect Cost

One way of classifying costs associated with incidents is to group them into direct costs and indirect
(hiddencosts).
Direct costs are those expenses incurred because of an incident and ascribed to it.
They include medical expenses and compensation paid to an injured employee for a time
away from work and costs for repair or replacement of damaged items.
Indirect Costs are real expenses associated with incidents, but difficult to assess for an
individual case.
The table below lists eleven categories of indirect costs, which H.W. Heinrich developed to point
managers’ attention toward prevention of accidents.
Based on his investigation in 1926, he introduced the “4:1 ratio,” which suggests that the total cost
associated with accidents is much higher than the obvious, direct expenses.

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 Insured vs Uninsured Costs

It is often difficult to establish which costs are direct and which are indirect. Insurance covers
manylosses.Asaresult,manypeopleclassifyincident-relatedlossesasinsured or uninsured.
Insured costs are paid through insurance claims.
Uninsured costs are paid directly from other sources.
The distinction between insured and uninsured losses is cofounded by large companies
using self-insurance or a combination of purchased insurance and self- insurance.

Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions

Heinrich introduced from his study the 88:10:2 ratio.

He analyzed 75,000 accidents and found that 88% were caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe
conditions,and2%by unpreventable causes.
In the early half of the 20th century, many used the Heinrich data to blame employees for
incidents.
Today, some come continue to cite the Heinrich data to emphasize the importance of
controlling employee unsafe behavior. However, effective safety programs work to
eliminate both unsafe conditions and unsafe acts.
Also a study in 1960 by the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry found that both
unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were contributing factors in more than 98% of the 80,000
industrial accidents analyzed.
The lessonis that both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions do contribute toincidents.

Incident-Injury Relationship

Heinrich said that preventive actions should focus primarily on accidents and their causes
(unsafe acts and unsafe conditions). Less attention should be placed on effects, like
injuries and their immediate causes.

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 Heinrich developed the 300:29:1 ratio from a study of accident cases. (300 -- no injuries,
29 -- minor , 1 -- major, lost-time injury). Thus, there are many opportunities to implement
preventive actions before minor or serious injuries occur.
Bird and Germain introduced the 500:100:1 relationship relationship among property
damage accidents, minor-injury accidents, and disabling-injury accidents.
Fletcher reported a ratio of 175:19:1 for no-injury accidents, minor-injury accidents, and
serious-injuryaccidents.

In conclusion, serious injuries occur less frequently than minor injuries and minor injuries occur less
frequently than no-injury incidents. Another key lesson is that even information about those
incidentsthatdonotproduceinjurycanbeusefulinformulatingpreventiveactions.

Incident-Cost Relationship

A concept termed, the vital few, introduced by Gordon Lembke, recognizes that costs are
unequally distributed for similar accidents.

Significantitemsinagivengroupnormallyarearelativelysmallportionofthetotal.
For a group of similar incidents resulting in injuries and direct costs (insurance claims), only a
small percentage of the injuries account for most of the total costs of the group, and most of
theinjuriesaccountformerelyasmallportionofthe totalinjurycost.

OTHER TERMS

Hazard

Hazard is any source (chemical or physical condition) that has the potential for causing
damage, harm or adverse health effects to people, property, or the environment. A hazard is an
unsafecondition.

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 Safety

Safety is the state of being relatively free from harm, danger, injury or damage.

Safety Engineering

Safety engineering is the application of engineering priciples to the recognition and control of
hazards. It is strongly related to industrial engineering/systems engineering, and the subset
system safety engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as
needed, even when components fail.

Safety Management

Safety management is commonly understood as applying a set of principles, framework,

processesand measures topreventaccidents, injuriesand otheradverse consequences that may be
caused by using a service or a product.

Safety Practice

Safety practice involves the recognition (and sometime anticipation), evaluation, and control
(engineering or administrative) of hazards and risk and management of these activities.

Risk

Risk is a measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both the
incident likelihood (probability) and magnitude of the loss or injury (consequence). In other
words, it is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody
harm.

For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. The risk of
personal danger may be high.
Electric cabling is a hazard. If it has snagged on a sharp object, the exposed
wiring places it in a 'high-risk' category.

INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT THEORIES

Thereare anumberoftheories aboutincidentsandaccidentswhich giveusinsightinto preventive

actions.

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 Domino Theory (W.F. Heinrich)

Anincidentsequenceislikeaseriesoffivedominosstandingonend. Onecanknockothers over.

The theory places strong emphasis for incident prevention (removing/controlling contributing
factors) on the middle domino: unsafe acts or conditions
TheFiveDominosinReverseSequenceare:
an injury caused by
an incident, which, in turn is caused by
unsafe acts or conditions
caused by undesirable traits (recklessness, nervousness, violent temper, lack of
knowledge, unsafe practices) that are inherited or developed through one’s
social environment

Multiple Factor Theories

(Grose)

In multiple causation theories, incidents are deemed to be caused by many factors acting
together. The factors included in each multiple factor theory vary. In each multiple factor theory,
characteristics of the factors that may be involved in a particular incident are identified.

Four M’s Model:

Man refers topeople
Machine refers to any kind of equipment or vehicle
Media includes such things as environment, roadways and weather
Management is the human context in which the other three M’s exist and operate

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 Characteristics
Man Age Height Gender Skill level
Machine size Energy source Type of motion Materials of
construction
Media Thermal Water or snow Freshwater/saltwater Contaminant
conditions in on a roadway in air
building
Management Management Organization Communication flow policies
style structure

Multiple factor theories are useful in incident prevention. They help identify which characteristics
or factors are involved in a given operation or activity.
Characteristics can be analyzed to see which combinations are most likely to cause an incident or
result in losses.
Energy Theory (William Haddon)

Many accidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy.

Objects, events, or environments interacting with people illustrate this idea: fires,
hurricanes, projectiles, motor vehicles, various forms of radiation and other items
produce illness of various sorts.
It suggests that quantities of energy, means of energy transfer, and rates of transfer are
related to the kind and severity of injuries.
Sometimes the theory is called the energy release theory, because the rate of release is
important. As the amount of energy increases, countermeasure higher in the list are more
desirable.
Haddon argues for a parallel model of preventive action (multiple actions working at the
sametime).

Single Factor Theories

Assumes that when one finds a cause, there is nothing more to find out.
They have limited use in prevention.
A very weak tool in the arsenal of incident prevention and safety management.

PREVENTIVE STATEGIES

Regardless of the theory and methods used, the causes of incidents are identified and corrective
actions are taken to prevent future incidents of the same type.
Different strategies are possible for this approach:
The Reactive Approach (1) requires that at least one incident must occur to identify
preventive actions.
The Proactive Approach (2) have the goal of keeping incidents from occurring the first
time.

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 (1) (2)

The strategies are based on:

Frequency

Frequency strategies try to prevent as many incidents as possible. Therefore,

investigation, analysis, and preventive actions are directed toward incidents that occur
frequently.
Preventive actions attempt to reduce the frequency of occurrence.
Recognition of these related factors will help direct preventive efforts where they will be
mosteffective.

For example, nearly 50% of injuries occur to workers in their first year on the job.
Half of these occur in the first three months. Centering corrective actions
(such as proper training) on new employees and their work environments
should reduce incident frequency more than would applying the effort with
equal intensity to all workers.

Severity

Another approach is directed at serious cases; those cases involving long-term disability,
longorseriousillnesses,death,largenumbersofpeople,orlargeproperty loss.

Cost

Another strategy is to prevent high-cost incidents. This strategy, based on the principle of
Pareto’s Law, uses cost as the basis for measuring seriousness of incident consequences,
not injury or illness itself.

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 Combinations

Another strategy is to use a combination of frequency, severity, and cost.

THE THREE E’s OF SAFETY

Anotherconcept forselectingpreventiveactionscanbe structuredaroundthe“three Es”of safety:

Engineering

Substituting less hazardous materials

Reducing the inventory of hazardous materials
Modify processes
Designing outhazards
Incorporating fail-safe devices
Using warningdevices
Prescribing protectiveequipment

Education

Training of people in safe procedures and practices

Teaching people how to perform a job correctly and safely
Teaching users how to use a product safely
Teaching people what hazards exist in a product, process, or task
Teaching how to take appropriate protective actions
Training engineers about hazard recognition, hazard evaluation, compliance with
safety standards, and legal responsibilities

Enforcement is achieving compliance with federal, state and local laws and
regulations,with consensus standardsand with companyrules andprocedures.

Enthusiasm (sometimes included, fourth E) refers to motivating people in an

organization to cooperate with safety program through participation and other means. It
is motivating users to follow safety practice.

Since you have already watched the video above, you pretty much have an idea now on the
importance ofsafety.

Why is Safety Important?

Why bother with it? There are several major reasons for safety. Our society places high value on
human life and welfare. This fact provides the first and overriding reason for safety---
humanitarianism. This is the moral basis for safety.

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 Each person has a different degree of regard for others and uses different standards for right and
wrong. To minimize these differences, society formalizes standards of conduct among people.
Thisbodyofformalizedstandards, the law,providesasecondreasonforsafety.

Society’s standards recognize that life and the ability to live it fully has worth. Property, too, has
worth. As part of an economic system, at times society must determine the actual value of property,
humancapabilitiesand life itself.The third reason forsafety is cost.

Safety is very important. Some of the benefits of a safe work environment include:

Reduced the likelihood of injury & accidents - Safety reduces the chances of
accidents or injuryhappening.

Improved productivity - A safe work environment with adequate safeguards

promote an employee to focus on their works instead of the danger or hazard. Safety
reduces injury thereby decreasing lost work hours. Lowered injury occurrence brings down
the demand for new staff & additional training.

Increased financial benefits -Safetyisnotonlyaboutbeingsociallyresponsible,but

italsomakesgoodbusinesssense.Thesaferemployeeswork,themoreproductive theyare
benefitingthe overall financial health of the firm. Asafety program will also lead to fewer
injuries and therefore fewer claims. Fewer cases translate into lower premiums which
translates to more profit for the business.

Protects firms from legal impacts - Safety reduces the occurrence of accidents &
alsobringsdowntheoverallinherentrisksassociatedwithlitigationandregulatory fines.

Raises employee morale - A company who invests in the safety & security of the
employee shows them that the firm cares about the staff. It indicates that the
management cares about their most prized asset - the worker. Employees
automatically feel more engaged & motivated to work for a firm that cares about them.

Enhances company image & reputation - A safer work environment attracts

better talent & also promotes the company brand. Safety demonstrates a business is
socially responsible. Safe work environment enables a business to retain clients.
Customersare keentowork with firmsthatfollowproper safety measures.

Absenteeism reduced - Employees want to work in a safe environment. There are

happier employees as they want to go home safe. Absenteeism drops when effective
safety programs are in place.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Early History
TheancientChinese(2500BC)spreadthe riskoflossbyplacing1/6oftheirharveston each of
six boats travelling to the market
Hammurabi(2000 BC), ruler ofBabylon, wasresponsible for the Code ofHammurabi, dealing
with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, and monetary damages
Ancient Egyptians (1500 BC) Rameses created an industrial medical service to care for the
workers: workers were required to bathe daily in the Nile; were given regular medical
examinations; sick workers were isolated
The Romans built aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines, and well-
ventilated houses.
1567 – Philippus Aureolus produced a treatise on the pulmonary diseases of miners 17th

and 18thCentury

1601–thefirstEnglishstatuteon“assurance”(earlytermforinsurance)wasenacted
which covered marinerisks.
1667 – the Great Fire of London caused the first fire insurance laws to be enacted
1730–BenjaminFranklinorganizedthefirstfirefightingcompanyintheUSaswellas
detecting lead poisoning symptoms with Dr. Alice Evans.

Industrial Revolution (1800’s)

Introduction of steam power to replace people and animals; substitution of machines for
people; introduction of new methods for converting raw materials; organization and
specialization of work resulting in division of labor
1880 – the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was founded in New York
City. A17 Safety Code was founded.
1900’s–workerhoursallowlittletonotimeforlifeoutsidework(14-18hrdays)
1908 – workers’ compensation concept was first introdced in the US
March 21, 1911. in the Asch Building in New York City, nearly 150 women and young girls
died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire because of locked fire exits and inadequate
fire extinguishing systems. A major turning point in history, this fire changed regulation by the
government and laws instituted to protect workers
Oct. 14, 1911 – The American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) was founded, dedicated
to the development of accident prevention techniques, and in the advancement of the
safety engineering profession.

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 Milestones in the Safety Movement

1912 – the National Safety Council (NSC) was formed to discuss data onaccident
prevention.
1918 – the American Standards Association was founded. This is now called the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
1952 – the Coal Mine and Safety Act (CMSA) was passed into law.
1966 – the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act (MNMSA)was passed
1969 – the Construction Safety Act (CSA) was passed
1970–USPres.RichardNixonsignedintolawTheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct (OSHA).
1972 – the Consumers Product Safety Act was signed into law
1976 – the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act was passed and became the
instrument by which the management of hazardous waste is regulated
1990 – the amendment of the Clean Air Act
1996 – the concept of Total Safety Management (TSM) was introduced to help safety
professionals subscribe to the Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy and/or that
pursue ISO 9000 registration.
2000 – US firms began to pursue ISO 14000 registration for environmental safety
management
2003–workplaceterrorismisanongoingconcernofsafetyandhealthprofessionals
2010 – off-the-job safety becomes an issue

Tragedies That Have Changed the Safety Movement

Hawk’s NestTragedy
Solidifiedpublicopinioninfavourofprotectingworkersfromthedebilitating
disease silicosis.
A company contracted to drill a passage through a mountain in the Hawk’s Nest
Region of West Virginia.
Workersspentasmuchas10hoursperdaybreathingdustcreatedbydrilling and
blasting.
Hawk’sNestworkersbegandyinginaslittleasayear,bythetimetheproject was
completed, hundreds had died.
Thistragedy &the resulting public outcry ledagroupofcompaniestoform the
Air HygieneFoundation.
TheUSDepartmentofLaborhelpedmakesilicosisacompensablediseasein most
states.

Asbestos Menace

In1964,Dr.IrvingJ.Selikofftoldaconferenceonbiologicaleffectsofasbestos that
the widely used material was killing workers.

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 AtthetimeofSelikoff’sfindings,asbestoswasoneofthemostwidelyused
material in theUS.
Itisconsideredasamiraclefiberfoundinhomes,schools,offices,factories, ships,
and even in the filters of cigarettes.
Selikoffwasthefirsttolinkasbestostolungcancerandrespiratorydiseases.
Thisconference changedhowAmericansviewednotjustasbestos, but
workplace hazards ingeneral.
In the 1970s-80s, asbestos became a controlled material.

EXPLAIN

To understand fully what happened during these tragedies, please watch these video clips: Hawk’s Nest
Tragedy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRonLlVtc9A .
The Evil Dust - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yz4H_7JFQo

Toknowmoreaboutsafetymovements/agencies,apodcastlinkisprovided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46bZ_52gHtg

ELABORATE

Activity 1: Research Work #1

Graded Assignment #1

Search on two events/tragedies that changedthe safety movement over the last Century.
GatherthefactsandwriteitI yournarrative.Alsoindicatethe actions taken that impacted
and shaped safety movements in today’s society.

To be submitted in Google Classroom on:

EVALUATE

Achemicalengineerwillbeworkingindifferentfieldswhereitwillinvolvesomesortofsafety. As you
are already preparing for that responsibility, you should already start honing your critical
thinking.Thus,forthefollowingactivity,youshouldbeprovidingaholisticanswer.

Activity Case Study #1

GradedAssignment#2

Obtain copies of completed incident reports. Use data found in each to complete the
following:
1. Identify unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in each report.
2. Identify preventive actions that were possible for the cases from a domino theory and
energy theoryperspective.
3. Identify factors involved in each case using a multiple factor theory, such as the four
Ms.

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 Answersshouldbeminimumofone-pageshortbondpaper.Attachanswerstogether with the
original incident report. Collect two incident reports.
To be submitted in Google Classroom on:

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 Unit 2 Government Regulations

UNIT LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Understanddifferentgovernmentregulationsasthebasisofalloccupational
safety and healthstandards.

ENGAGE

Over the years, several changes related to safety and health in the workplace have come about
because of regulations enacted. The impetus for action was prompted by increased pressure on
legislators (by the public) to force businesses to adopt safety measures, and to provide hazard-free
workplaces.

Thestronginfluenceofgovernmentalauthorityinregulatingthesafetyandhealthofworkers in the
workplace cannot be overlooked. One of the most important pieces of legislation that directly
affected the push for a safer and healthier workplace was the advent of workers’ compensation
laws.

EXPLORE
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ON SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippine Constitution

ARTICLE II - DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

Section1. ThePhilippinesisademocraticandrepublicanState.Sovereigntyresidesinthe people

and all government authority emanates from them.
Section15. TheState shallprotectandpromotethe righttohealthofthe people andinstill
health consciousness amongthem.
Section18. TheStateaffirmslaboraprimarysocialeconomicforce.Itshallprotecttherights of
workers and promote their welfare.
Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of private sector, encourages
private enterprise and provides incentives to needed investments.

ARTICLE XIII - SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS LABOR

Section 3.
The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized, and
promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and
negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in
accordance with the law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane

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 condition of work, living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision- making
processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and
employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in setting disputes, including
compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.
The State shall regulate the relation between workers and employers, recognizing the right
of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable
returns on investments, and to expansion and growth.

The Philippine Labor Code

Law: P.D. 442

Title: Labor Code of the Philippines
Year Passed: 1974
Relevant Provisions: BOOK IV, Chapter 1 (Medical and Dental Services) & Chapter II (Occupational
Safety)
Implementing Agency: DOLE
Content: A consolidation of labor and social laws to afford full protection to labor, promote
employment and human resources development and ensure industrial peace based social justice.

The DOLE is the lead agency of the government in charge in the administration and
enforcement of laws, policies, and programs on occupational safety and health. (Presidential
Decree No. 442 of the Labor Code of the Philippines)

DOLE Thrusts:
Promotion of employment and human resources development
Maintenance of industrialpeace
Workers’ protection andwelfare

The Bureau of Working Conditions

a staff bureau of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

started as the Bureau of Industrial Safety (BIS) on June 10, 1949 through Republic Act 367
BISwaschangedtoDivisionofIndustrialSafetyin1950andthenbecametheBureau ofLabor
Standards(BLS)onDecember10,1956byvirtueofExecutiveOrder218
BLSwasrenamedtheBureauofWorkingConditions(BWC)onMay1,1982byvirtue of
Executive Order No. 797

The BWC shall primarily perform policy and program development and advisory functions for the
Departmentintheadministrationandenforcementoflawsrelatingtolaborstandards.

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 The BWC has the following functions:
Develops and prescribes labor standards as well as policies, programs and devices on its
administration andenforcement;
Exercises technical and functional supervision over the regional offices on the
administration and enforcement activities including developmental programs, projects
and activities;
Conducts researches in aid of safety standards, policy programs, measures and devices
development on labor standards and its administration and enforcement;
Provides knowledge and information services on labor standards data, programs and
enforcement activities;and
Performs other functions as may be required by law or assigned by the Secretary of Labor
andEmployment inthe administration andenforcement of labor standards.

Executive Order 307 – OSHC

Legislation: E.O 307

Enacted: November 4, 1987
Title:“ESTABLISHING AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER IN THEEMPLOYEES'
COMPENSATION COMMISSION”
attached agency of the Department of Labor and Employment.
Mission/Mandate:
The protection of workers through the preventive approach of reducing/eliminating
occupational accidents andillnesses.
The promotion of workers’ welfare through the effective implementation of OSH
programs that will enhance productivity and subsequently contribute to national
economic developmentefforts.
Functions
Undertakecontinuingstudiesandresearchesonoccupationalsafetyandhealth
Plan, develop and implement occupational safety and health training programs
Serve as clearing house for occupational safety and health information, methods,
techniques,andapproaches;and,instituteaninformationdisseminationmechanism.
Monitor work environment and conduct medical examinations of workers.
Serve as duly recognized agency for testing and setting standard specifications of
Personal Protective Equipment and other safetydevices
Assist other GO’s in policy and standards formation on occupational safety and health
matters;issuetechnicalguidelinesforpreventionofoccupationaldiseaseand accidents
Enlist assistance of GO’s and NGO’s in achieving the objectives of the Center.

OTHER IMPORTANT LEGISLATIONS

●Republic Act No. 8282 -"Social Security System Act of 1997".

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 Is a state-run, social insurance program in the Philippines to workers in the private sector,
wage earners as well as self-employed persons.

● Republic Act No. 8291 -"Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) Act of 1997".
Is a government owned and controlled corporation (GOCC) of the Philippines.

●Republic Act No. 7699 -"Limited Portability Scheme"

An act instituting limited portability scheme in the social security insurance systems by
totalizingtheworkers’creditableservicesorcontributionsineachofthesystems.

●Republic Act No. 7875-"National Health Insurance Act of 1995"

Provides a National Health Insurance Program for all Filipinos and establishes the
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation for that purpose.
PHILHEALTH (Philippine Health Insurance Corporation) - to create universal health
coverage for the Philippines. It is a tax-exempt, government-owned and government-
controlled corporation (GOCC) of the Philippines, and is attached to the Department of
Health.
Itstatesitsgoalasinsuringasustainablenational healthinsuranceprogramforall.

●Republic Act No. 7742-"Pag-IBIG Fund,"

The Home Development Mutual Fund (abbreviated as HDMF), more popularly known as the
Pag-IBIG Fund, is a Philippine government owned and controlled corporation under the
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council responsible for the administration
of the national savings program and affordable shelter financing for Filipinosemployedby
localandforeign-basedemployersaswellasvoluntaryandself- employed members.

●Republic Act No. 8425 -"Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act"
An act institutionalizing the social reform and poverty alleviation program, creating for the
purpose the national anti-poverty commission, defining its powers and functions, and for
otherpurposes
These have introduced significant changes on the health, safety and social welfare
benefits of allworkers.

EXPLAIN
To have a better understanding on government regulations, attached below is the link to a video
documentary entitled “40 Years of the Safety and Health Act of 1974”. This video will giveyouan
insightongovernmentregulationsregardinghealthandsafetyinworkplaces.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvZHYvmWaDs

No matter the number of standards, regulations, laws and rules that are made to ensure
workers’ safety and health and no matter how experienced and motivated the organization’s
designated safety and health official is, they are powerless without strong support from the
highest levels of management.

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 Simply put, without a strong commitment from upper management, the safety and health effort is
doomed. On the other hand, when organizational management states that it is the company’s
objective to place “Safety First”--- even before productivity and quality--- then the proper
atmosphere is present for the safety and health official to accomplish the intended objective.

ELABORATE AND EVALUATE

Activity Research Work #2

GradedAssignment#3

There are many nongovernment organizations, like professional socieites, trade

associations,andothers,thatdevelopandpublishstandardsfortheirfieldofinterest.
Listthemdownanddescribe whattheir standardisallabout.Alsocite aspecificsituation That
their standard/s became helpful in shaping the safety code of today’s society.

To be submitted on Google Classroom on:

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 Unit 3 Occupational Safety and Health Standards

UNIT LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Comprehendprovisionsofpreviousandexistingsafetyandhealthstandardsin
workplaces.
Familiarizesafetypracticesandmeasuresthatshouldexistinany workplace.

ENGAGE
Since you already know the fundamental concepts in safety engineering and the importance of
safety, how can we ensure that the products/process systems we use are safe? Any take?
SAFETY STANDARDS

What are Standards?

Standardization is the collaborative unification of material and immaterial objects by

interested parties for the goodof the general public.
In essence, a standard is an agreed way of doing something. It could be about making a
product, managing a process, delivering a service or supplying materials – standards can cover a
huge range ofactivitiesundertakenby organizationsandusedbytheir customers.
Standards are created because there is a need for them. (by industry, government or
international bodies)
The need arises because something goes wrong without standards (incompatibility etc.)
They contain useful knowledge that is hard (or painful) to gain. The knowledge was gained
from failures in the past. As such standards are also deemed as the distilled wisdom of
people with expertise in their subject matter and who know the needs of the organizations
theyrepresent.
Standards are knowledge. They are powerful tools that can help drive innovation and
increase productivity.

EXPLORE

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)

The U.S Congress created the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) to assure safe and
healthful conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and
providing training, outreach, education, and compliance assistance.

Under the OSH Act, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for
theirworkers.

Under OSHA employers MUST:

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 Prominentlydisplaythe official OSHAJob and SafetyandHealth –“It’sthe Law” poster that
describes rights andresponsibility underthe OSH Act (see figure below)
Informworkersaboutchemicalhazardsthroughtraining,labels,alarms,color-coded
systems, chemical information sheets and other methods.
Providesafetytrainingtoworkersinalanguageandvocabularytheycanunderstand.
Keep accurate records of work-related injuries and illnesses.
Perform tests in the workplace, such as air sampling, required by some OSHA standards.
Provide required personal protective equipment (PPE) at no cost to workers
Provide hearing exams and other medical tests required by OSHA standards.
Post OSHAcitations and injury and illness data where workers can see them.
NotifyOSHAwithin8hoursofaworkplacefatalitywithin24hoursofanywork-related
inpatient hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye
Notretaliateagainstworkersforusingtheirrightsunderthelaw,includingtheirrightto report
a work-related injury or illness.

Employers are not required to pay for the following items:

non-specialty safety toe protective footwear

prescription safety eyewear (except when special use lenses must be used inside a
respirator face piece—employers must pay for the lenses-inserts)
lineman boots
logging boots that are required
everyday clothing such as long pants and long-sleeved shirts
everyday work boots and work shoes
dust masks/respirators that are under voluntary use provisions
back belts
everyday rainwear

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Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in
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 Workers have the right to:

work in conditions that do not pose a risk of serious harm.

File a confidential complaint with OSHA to have their workplace inspected.
Receive information and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and the OSHA
standards that apply to their workplace.
Receive copies of records of work-related injuries and illnesses that occur in their
workplace.
Receive copies of the results from tests and monitoring done to find andmeasure
hazards in theirworkplace.
Receive copies of their workplace medical records.
Participate in an OSHA inspection and speak in private with the inspector.
File a complaint with OSHA if they have been retaliated against by their employer as the
result of requesting an inspection or using any

OSHA Standards

Examples of OSHA standards include requirements for employers to:

provide fallprotection
prevent trenchingcave-ins
prevent exposure to some infectious diseases
ensure the safety of workers who enter confined spaces
prevent exposure to harmful chemicals
put guards on dangerous machines
provide respirators or other safety equipment
providetrainingforcertaindangerousjobsinalanguageandvocabularyworkerscan
understand

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 MEANWHILE IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

The Occupational Safety and Health Standards was formulated in 1978 in compliance
with the constitutional mandate to safeguard the worker’s social and economic well-being as
well as his physical safety and health. Adopted through the tested democratic machinery of
tripartism, the 1978 Standards is considered as a landmark in Philippine labor and social
legislation.

With joint efforts from the Bureau of Working Conditions, the International Labour
Organization(ILO)Manila Officeandthe tripartitesectors, the revisionsto theOSHStandards were
approved in August 1989. With the latest improvements in the Standards, all establishments
covered will now be provided with a better tool for promoting and maintaining a safe and
conducive working environment.

Legal Basis: Article 162, Chapter II (Safety and Health Standards):

“The Secretary of Labor shall, by appropriate orders, set and enforce the mandatory
Occupational Safety and Health Standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health
hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update existing programs to ensure safe and
healthful working conditions in all places of employment.”

A. Rule 1001: Purpose and Scope

1. What is the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

TheOSHStandards(referredtoassimply‘Standards’)isasetof28(about10arehighly technical)
mandatory rules (Administrative, Technical, and Medical) on occupational safety and health
promulgated pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the Philippines, PD.442.
Patterned after the standards of other developed countries
The first amendment was approved on August 1989By Sec. Ruben Torres.

2. What is the Objective of the OSH Standards?

To protect every workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe
and healthful working conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties, consistent with national
developmentgoalsandwiththeState'scommitmentforthetotaldevelopment of every worker as a
complete human being.

3. What is the scope of the Standards?

The standards shall apply to all places of employment except land, sea, and air
transportation. The garages docks, port hangars, maintenance, and repair shops, however are
covered by the Standards. Safety in mines is also not covered by the standards. Safety in
transportation and mines are under other agencies of the government.

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 B. Rule 1002: Definitions

Employer

Includes any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer, in

relation to an employee, and shall include government-owned or controlled
corporations and institutions, as well as non-profit private institutions or organizations.

Employee

shall mean any person hired, permitted or suffered to work by an employer.

Industrial enterprise

shall mean any workplace, permanent or temporary, including any building or collection
of buildings, shed, structure, yard or any other place, where permanently or temporarily
one or more persons are employed in any manufacturing of goods or products processing
and any other activity similar and incidental thereto.

Agricultural enterprise

shall include forestry and logging operations, farming in all its branches, and among other
things, includes cultivation and tillage of the soil, dairying, the production, cultivation,
growing and harvesting of any agricultural and horticultural commodities, the raising of
livestock and poultry, and any practice performed by a farmer ona farm as an incident to
or in conjunction with such farming operations, but does not include the manufacturing or
processing of sugar, coconut, abaca , tobacco, pineapple or other farm products.

Dry dock

shall include premises where work is performed on shore or on board ships in which shipsor
vesselsareconstructed,repaired,refitted,finishedorbrokenupandhoused.

Health

shall connote a sound state of the body and mind of the worker, which enables him to
perform his job normally, in a state of well-being.

Safe or Safety

shall refer to the physical or environmental conditions of work or employment, which

substantially comply with the provisions of this Standards.

Work accident

shall mean an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that may or may not result in
personal injury, property damage, work stoppage or interference or any combination
thereof, which arises out of and in the course of employment.

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 Work injury

shallmeananyinjuryoroccupationalillnesssufferedbyaperson,whicharisesoutof or in the
course of his employment.

Occupational Illness

shall mean any illness caused by environmental factors, the exposure to which is
characterized or peculiar to a particular process, trade or occupation and to which an
employee or worker is not ordinarily subjected to or exposed outside of or away from such
employment.

Recognized Hazards

are those which do not require technical or testing devices to detect.

Workplace

means the office, premises or work site, where the workers are habitually employed and
shall include the office or place where the workers, who have no fixed or definite work site,
regularlyreportforassignmentinthecourseoftheiremployment.

C. Rule 1003: Administration andEmployment

Who enforces the OSH Standards?

The standards are enforced by the 16 DOLE Regional Offices and their district offices
in different parts of the country .
The BWC exercises technical supervision over enforcement of the Standards

D. Rule 1005: Duties of Employers, Workers and other Persons

Each employer covered by the provisions of the Standards shall:

Furnishhisworkersaplaceofemploymentfreefromhazardousconditionsthatare likely
to cause death, illness or physical harm to his workers
Give complete job safety instructions, especially tothose entering the job for the first
time
Comply with the requirements of the standards
Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.

E. Rule 1013: HazardousWorkplaces

The following are considered "hazardous workplaces:"

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 a. Where the nature of work exposes the workers to dangerous environmental
elements, contaminants or work conditions including ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire,
flammable substances, noxious components and the like;

b. Where the workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire fighting, mining,
quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and mechanized farming;

c. Where the workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other
pyrotechnicproducts;

d. Where the workers use or are exposed to power driven or explosive powder actuated
tools;

e. Where the workers are exposed to biologic agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoas, nematodes, and other parasites.

F. Rule1030:TRAININGOFPERSONNELINOCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTH

a) Criteria forTraining:

(1) A Bureau-prescribed course of study shall be used or followed by accredited

organizations. Any deviation from the prescribed training course must be with the previous
approval of the Bureau.

(2) Provisions for adequate training facilities for the holding of training including laboratory
facilities, library, training rooms and equipment.

(3) Training staff must be composed of persons recognized by the Bureau, duly trained by and
certified to as competent by the Bureau or accredited

Definitions:

● SAFETY OFFICER – any employee/worker trained to implement occupational safety

and health programs in the wokplace in accordance with the provisions of the standards and
shall be synonymous to the term ‘SAFETY MAN”. (can be unlicensed)

● OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH PERSONNEL – refers to physicians, Nurse,

Dentist Chemist,Engineers,SafetyOffice,First-Aiderandotherpersonsengagedbytheemployer
to provide occupational safety and health services.

● PRACTITIONER IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH –anyqualified person as

assessed and duly-accredited by the Bureau to practice and render occupational safety and
health services in a defined and specific scope or core competency.

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 ● OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH CONSULTANT – any practitioner in
occupational safety and health or group of persons or organizations duly-accredited by the
Bureau to practice, perform and/or render consultative/advisory services on occupational
safety and health in at least two fields of specialization.

● TRAINER – a person who facilitates learning situation in one or more topics in an

occupational safety and health training.

●TRAINING ORGANIZATION – an institution accredited or authorized by law to conduct

training in a particular field on occupational safety and health .

● HIGHLY HAZARDOUS ESTABLISHMENTS – one where potential hazard within the

company may effect the safety and/or health of workers not only within but also persons
outside the premises of the workplace.

The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:

Petrochemical works andrefineries

Chemical works and chemical production plants
LPG storage andmaterials
Large fertilizerstores
Explosives factories
Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chemicals

At least the following number of supervisors or technical personnel shall take the required
training and shall be appointed safety man, full time or part-time depending on the number of
workers employed, and the type of workplace whether hazardous or non-hazardous

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 Major Fields of specialization of practitioners and consultants on occupational
safety and health:

OccupationalHealthPractitionerssuchasOccupationalHealthPhysician,Nurse,and
Dentist
Occupational HygienePractitioner
Occupational Safety Practitioner in the ff. industry group:
➢ food products and beverage
➢ tobacco products
➢ textiles/wearing apparel
➢ leather tanning anddressing
➢ wood and wood products
➢ paper and paper products
➢ rubber and plasticproducts
➢ basic metals
➢ coke, refined petroleum and other fuel products
➢ electrical machinery andapparatus
➢ radio, television and communications equipment
➢ motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
➢ recycling
➢ construction
➢ Hotels andRestaurants

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 Final Provision

1991 – False Statement or Representation

1992 –Separability
1993 – Resolution of Conflicts and Overlapping Jurisdiction
1994 – Repeal of Prior Safety Orders
1995 – PenalProvisions
1996 –Effectivity

Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Instructions and Warnings in Building

Premises

Red – Fire Protection (fire stations and equipment; fire extinguishing systems, fire
protection materials,etc.)

Green – Safety (location of first aid equipment, safety bulletin boards, etc.)

White, black, or a combination of both – traffic (such as location and width of

aisle ways and dead ends, stairways) and housekeeping marking (location of refuse cans,
drinking fountains.

Yellow – designates caution and for marking physical hazards

Orange – Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines

Blue – Precaution. (example: MEN AT WORK, UNDER REPAIR)

Purple – Radiation. To designate hazards, Yellow is used in combination with purple for
markers such as tags, labels, signs and floor markers.

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 In the Philippine Setting OSHA’s mission can be summarized as follows:

Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards.

Implement new safety and health programs and improve them further.
Encourageresearchthatwillleadtoinnovativewaysofdealingwithworkplacesafety and
health.
Establish the rights of employees and employers regarding the improvement of
workplace safety andhealth.
Monitor job-related illnesses and injuries through a system of reporting and record
keeping.
Establishtrainingprogramstoincreasethenumberofsafetyandhealthprofessionals and to
improve their competence continually.
Establish mandatory workplace safety and health standards and enforce those standards.
Provide,monitor,analyze,andevaluatethedevelopmentandapprovalofstate-level
workplace safety and health programs.

Exemptions:

Persons who areself-employed

Family farms that employ only immediate family members
Federal agencies covered by other federal statutes
Coalmines(coalminesareregulatedbymining-specificlaws)

Coverage of OSHA Requirements:

Fire protection
Electricity
Sanitation
Air quality
Machine use, maintenance, and repair
Posting of notices and warnings
Reporting of accidents and illnesses
Maintaining written compliance and programs
Employee training

List of Leading Work-related Diseases and Injuries:

1. Occupational lungdisease
2. Musculoskeletal injuries
3. Occupationalcancers
4. Occupational cardiovasculardisease
5. Severe occupational traumaticinjuries

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 6. Disorders ofreproduction
7. Neurotoxic disorders
8. Noise-induced hearingloss
9. Psychological disorders

EXPLAIN

To establish a more vivid picture on the development or history of OSHA, a video link is provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6wRRWi6i0c&list=PLxJYS1Y1Jsq9V5NTh_IGm9xr9rgZuA
vN6&index=5

ELABORATE AND EVALUATE

Activity 4: Research Work # 3

Graded Assignment #4

Investigate on the availability of an existing ordinance (zoning, environment etc.) within your
locality (province/town/barangay) concerning actions made to safeguard safety and health of
workers. Comment on the provisions (you may propose a better approach but need not change
the entire ordinance). Submit it together with a narrative of the ordinance.

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Module 1 Summative Assessment

In Module 1, you have reviewed the fundamental concepts of safety engineering and an
introduction to occupational safety and health standards To test your understanding of this
module, answer the following activity.

Module Assessment Fundamentals of Safety Engineering & Occupational

Safety & Health Standards
Graded Quiz #1
References:
To be posted in Google classroom on:
Brauer, R.L. (2006). Safety and Health for Engineers (2nd ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spellman, F.R. (2016). Occupational Safety and Health Simplified for the Industrial Workplace.
London: Bernan Press

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