Acellular Life

Introduction Status of virus Discovery Classification

® Parasitism ®
Puzzling diseases
® Simple entities ®
Tobacco mosaic disease M
orphology based H
ost based
® Polio, small pox, hepatitis Living Characters Non Living Characters ®
Iwanowsky demo
® Resistant to antibiotics (i ) DNA | RNA (i ) Non-cellular structure ®
Foot & Mouth disease
® Vaccines (ii) Reproduction ®
Filterable diseases
(ii) No respiration ®
Stately’s work Spherical T adpole Rod Animal Bacterio
® Plant diseases (iii) Mutation (iii)No excretion Shaped Seraped Plant Phage
(iv) Genetic recombinations (iv) Crystallization
(v) Infection ability
(vi) Irritability Polio Bacterio- TMV Polio Small Pox
Phage
Structure of representative viruses

Bacteriophage HIV Flu virus

®Obligate intracellular parasites ® No self reproduction ® Variety of shapes(Round ball, Long Spaghetti)
® 5 different proteins
®
Electron microscope ® Enveloped virus
Size Head Tails ®
Viral envelope ® 8 pieces of RNA (viral genome)
® 24-200nm ® Icosahedral ® Many have Tails ® Segmented nature of RNA
® Filamentous ® Hollow tube (i) 72 little spikes
(ii)Proteins gp120 & gp41 ® Hybrid programing
® Nucleic acid presence ® Variable size
® Base plate + tail fibers ® Matrix HA(Haemagluttin)
® Head as protective cover ® 2gps ® on lipid envelope
® Other structures (i) Protein p17
® gp120+gp41® spike formation NA(Neurominidase) ® Infection Respiratory Tract
® p17® Matrix formation ® HA® Rod shaped Triangular
Lentiviruses ® p24® Core formation ® NA® Mushroom shaped spikes
SIV: Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (Monkey) ® Core has 3 enzymes
FIV: Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (Cats) (a) Reverse Transcriptase
VISNA: Visna Virus (Encephalitis +Chronic Pneumonitis in sheep) (b) Integrate
CAEV: Caprine arthritis encephalitis Virus (Goat) ( c) Protease
® Two RNA strands
® Retroviruses (lentiviruses)
® Complicated replication Parasitic Nature of Viruses
® 9 genes Virus Envasion of immune Responses
® gag, pol, env (structural proteins) (i) Avoid phagocytosis with help of Capsule,
® tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu proteins and Fibrin etc
(Infection ability, new copies production)
(ii)Cover by host proteins
(iii)Higher Mutation rate® Influenzas virus
 Acellular Life

Virus & Host Virus & Host Cells of bacteriophage in Genetic Engineering AIDS and HIV Infection
® No life Characteristics Bacteria eater
® ® AIDS weakens Immune system
® Mostly host specific ®
One Phage--One strain/Species ®
Useful vector (DNA carrier) ® AIDS (Last stage)
® Specific entry method ®
Destroy bacteria on multiplication ® Infection, weight loss, Cancer, Severe
weight loss, Brain, CNS etc Structure
® Entrance method &
victam location ®Immune system
® Different cell stages Lysogenic cycle ®HIV very strong function
® Marking processes Lytic cycles
® Host-Guest relation ®Destroys T-cells
® Cell surface mollecules ® Master-slave relation
® Integration into host DNA ®Infection spreads
® Infection begins as (i) Attachment
® Pass on to next generation ®Opportunistic Infection
attachment ® Receptor site
® Lysozyme ® Lysogcnic® lytic cycle ® Lymphocytes
(ii) Entrance
® DNA Injution
(iii) Control of biosynthetic B-cells T-cells (Directly Attack)
Machinery (Antibodies)
(iv) Phage formation
(v) Bacterial cell rupture
(vi) Infection to new bacteria
T-Helper T-Killer
® Antigen recognition ®
Destroys Antigen
® T-Killer Activation
Life cycle of HIV

Binding|Fusion Reverse Transcriptions Integration Transcription & Translation Assemblys Budding &
® Cd4 Protein ® RNA R.T cDNA ® Integration into host DNA ® RNA formation (Nucleus) ® RNA gathers with proteins Naturation
® Cd4 and spile interaction ® Intergrase ® Protein synthesis (cytoplasm) ® Viral particle completion ® Protease action
® RNA release ® Provirus ® Mature viral coats
® Infection to new cells
® Passing on of HIV
 HIV

Symptoms Opportunistic Invasions Treatment Preventions

® Appear b/w 6 weeks to 3 Months ® No aire ®
HIV spread
® Weak Immune system opportunistic infections ® No Vaccine ®
Sexual Contact
® Early flu like symptoms (Fever, Rash, Muscular aches, Symptoms
Swollen Lymph nodes and glands) ® New Medication ®
Blood transfusion
® Vision loss ®
Pregnancy
® Mostly asymptomatic ® Pulmonary T.B
® HIV Test ® Toxoplasmosis of Brain Slow progress Suppress Restore Immune
of Infection HIV Function
® Infection progress & Increasing iliacus ® Severe bacterial infection
® No Treatment® AIDS (8 to 10 years of infection) ® Recurrent Pneumonia ® Antiretroviral Medication
® Slowed down by medication ® Nerve damage, Brain impairment ® HAART or cocktail
® Life Expectation upto 15 years Signs
® Trouble thinking
® Loss of co-ordination and blance
® Behavioral Changes

Hepatitis: (Inflammation of liver)

Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Diagnosis Prevention Treatment

® Most common form in children
® HAV
® Present in stool
® Mild form
® Un-noticed
® Short-lived illness
(6moths)
® No chronic illness
® Incubation period (2-6 weeks)
® Non enveloped SSRNA
® Serum hepatitis
® Wide spectrum of
symptomss
® Can cause liver cancer
® Spread by body fluids
such as blood, saliva,
urine, tear, Vaginal
Fluid etc
® Incubation Period
(4-20 Weeks)
® Enveloped dsDNA
® Symptoms similar to A & B
® Chronic liver disease
® Spread of HCV
(a)Shared needless
(b)Transfusion, transplant
(c)Mother to new born
(d)Sexual contact
® Incubation period(2-26 Weeks)
® Enveloped SSRNA
® Blood Tests ®Good hygiene
®Extra care while
drinking/swimming
®Wash hands
®Antiseptic cleaners
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
® No medication ® Medication ® Two Medication
® For children (1 drug)
® For adults (Combination
of Drugs)
® 50% elimination of virus
 Viral Diseases

Herpes Polio Leaf curl diseases of cotton

®Begomovirus
®
STD ®
Affects young children ®Trnsmitted by by Bemisia tabaci
®
HSV-1(Oral+Genital), HSV-1(Genital) ®
Polio virus Symptoms
Blisters ®
Spread by Person to person
® Appears within 2-3 weeks (First symptoms)
®
Genital Herpes
Pain Contact with phlegm ® Downward cupping of young leaves
®
Cold sore around mouth ® Either upward | down ward curling of leaf margins
®
Sometimes No symptoms Infected feaces swelling----darkening....formation of enations...
®
No cure cup-shaped, leaf like structure
®
Prevention is better Entry via mouth and nose
®
Decrease discomfort Multiplication in throat and intestine
+ Medications Absorption in blood and lymph system
®
Frequency limit Incubation time is 5 to 35 days (Average 7-14 days)

Symptoms Treatment Prevention Signs | Symptoms Treatment Prevention

® Pain ® Antiviral drug ® Avoid unhealthy activates
(ointment or pill) & sexual contest ®
Paralysis ®
Antibiotics for urinary ® Vaccinations
® Tenderness,Itching
®
Attack Nerves Infection (Immunization 90%
® Fever ® Shorten outbreak
®
Abortive polio ®
Bethanichol, urinary retention effective)
® Headache
® Bumps and Blisters on ®
Nerves in Muscles ®
Moist heat
Parts (Vagina, Penis, Scrotum, (limbs) ®
Pain killer
Thigh, Buttocks) + ®
Physical therapy
Muscles for breathing ®
Braces | creative shoes
® Blisters----Sore that last
3 weeks ®
Orthopaedic surgery
® Burning sensation during
urination.
® Muscle aches.
® Tender.
® Swollen glands in groin region
 Viral Diseases

Prions Virodis
®
Infectious proteins
®
Neurodegenerative diseases ®Simpler than viruses
®
Coded ly host gene in Brain ®Small, circular, single stranded RNA molecules
®
Misfolded protein in Bone Marrow cells and neurons ®No protein coat
Scrapie Plant diseases

®
In it CNS of sheep | goat affected Potato spindle Cucumber pale Citrus Exocortis Cadang-cadang
tuber fruit (coconut)
®
Spread by Unhygienic way of feeding
®
Human disease by Viriods® Hepatitis D
Infected Food
®
(PSTV) I® 1st viroid (Potato Spindle tuber-Circular RNA)
Human Prion diseases
®
PSTV®
Circular RNA

CJD GSS FFI Alpers syndrome

(Creutzfeld-jacob disease) (Gerstmann-Strausslers- (Fatal Familial
Human form of Mad cow Scheinker Syndrom) Insomnia)
disease

Alpers syndrome
®
loss of motor control
+
Dementia
+
Paralysis wasting
+
Death
Human Infected in 2 ways

(1) Acquired infection (Diet, Surgery, Growth Hormone injection,

Corneal transplant)
(2) Apparent Hereditary Mendelian Transmission (Autosome dominant)