TUTORIAL 3

Chemical Bonding

PAPER 1

Section A

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct. Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some
questions.

1. Which compound has the greatest total number of lone pairs of electrons in the valence
shells of all of its atoms?

A CH3Cl B CO2 C N2H4 D NH4CN

2. Which molecule contains six bonding electrons?

A C2H4 B H2S C NCl3 D SF6

3. Which organic compound has the highest boiling point?

A C(CH3)4
B CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
C CH3COCH2CH3
D CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3

4. Which compound has a boiling point that is influenced by hydrogen bonding?

A CH3CHO B CH3OCH3 C HCO2CH3 D HCO2H

5. Which molecule has no overall dipole?

A CH3Cl B CH2Cl2 C CHCl3 D CCl4

6. Which feature is present in both ethene and poly(ethene)?

A bond angles of 109°

B π covalent bonds
C σ covalent bonds
D sp3 orbitals

7. Which statement describes the bond between carbon and hydrogen in an ethane
molecule?

A a π bond between an s orbital and an sp2 orbital

B a π bond between an s orbital and an sp3 orbital
C a σ bond between an s orbital and an sp2 orbital
D a σ bond between an s orbital and an sp3 orbital
8. The table refers to the electron distribution in the second shell of an atom with eight
protons.
Which row is correct for this atom?

9. The outermost electron in an atom of neon occupies a particular orbital. Which row shows
the relative energy and shape of this orbital?

10. In which pair does the second substance have a lower boiling point than the first
substance?

A C2H6 and C2H5Cl

B CH3OCH3 and C2H5OH
C Ne and Ar
D CH3NH2 and C2H6

11. Why is the boiling point of ammonia, NH3, higher than the boiling point of phosphine,
PH3?

A Ammonia molecules are polar; phosphine molecules are not.

B Ammonia molecules have significant hydrogen bonding; phosphine molecules do not.
C N–H covalent bonds are stronger than P–H covalent bonds.
D There is one lone pair in each ammonia molecule but no lone pair in each phosphine
molecule.
Section B

For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered
statements 1 to 3 may be correct.

Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to
put a tick against the statements that you consider to be correct).

The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

12. P and Q are two liquid compounds with similar Mr values. Molecules of P attract each
other by hydrogen bonds. Molecules of Q attract each other by van der Waals’ forces
only.
How do the properties of P and Q differ?

1 P has a higher surface tension than Q.

2 P is less soluble in water than Q.
3 P has a lower melting point than Q.

13. Which compounds contain covalent bonds?

1 aluminium chloride
2 ammonia
3 calcium fluoride

14. P and Q are two liquid compounds with similar Mr values. Molecules of P attract each
other by hydrogen bonds. Molecules of Q attract each other by van der Waals’ forces
only.
How do the properties of P and Q differ?

1 P has higher surface tension than Q.

2 P has a higher boiling point than Q.
3 P is less viscous than Q.
PAPER 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided

1. Iodine is an element in Group 17 of the Periodic Table.

(a) (i) At room temperature, iodine solid has a lattice structure. Describe the arrangement of
the iodine molecules within the solid.

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(ii) List all of the forces of attraction present in solid iodine and identify which of these
are
overcome when solid iodine is heated to produce iodine vapour.

force(s) of attraction present

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force(s) of attraction overcome

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[2]

(b) Iodine reacts with aluminium to form a white solid, Al2I6. The diagram shows the
arrangement of the outer electrons within a molecule of Al2I6.

(i) How many co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds are made when a molecule of Al2I6 is
formed from its atoms?

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 (ii) Describe how co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds form within this molecule.

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2. The elements sodium to sulfur react with chlorine. The melting points of some of the
chlorides formed are shown.

(a) Draw diagrams to show the shapes and name the shapes of AlCl3 and PCl3.

[4]

(b) (i) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of SiCl4 is much
lower
than that of NaCl.

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(ii) Explain why the melting point of SiCl4 is higher than that of PCl3.

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 (iii) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a molecule of SiCl4. Show outer electrons only.

[1]

3. Structure and bonding can be used to explain many of the properties of substances.

(a) Copper, ice, silicon(IV) oxide, iodine and sodium chloride are all crystalline solids.
Complete the table with the name of a type of bonding found in each crystalline solid.

[5]

(b) (i) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force in ice.

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(ii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of two water molecules in ice, showing the force in (i)
and how it forms.

[3]