LESSON 1: THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF LUZON • Share close linguistic and cultural affinities to the Tao people

of Orchid Island in Taiwan.

➢ INDIGENOUS PEOPLE • CULTURE:

o The original inhabitants of particular territories. o IVATAN TERMS RELATED TO TYPHOONS
o Often descendants of tribespeople who live on culturally ▪ ANIN - very strong wind that causes
distinct colonized people, many of whom aspire to destruction and death.
autonomy. ▪ ANIN DU VANVEYEH – winds strong
enough to destroy coconut palms.
▪ ADIPOGPOG – tornado without rain
1.) NEGRITO ▪ DIPANCHI – sudden heavy rain with strong
• Spanish name “little black people” wind which suddenly stops and changes to a
• Northern and Central Luzon sunny day and then back again to rain.
• Several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ▪ NISU – windy day without rain.
Southeast Asia. ▪ SALAWSAW – bad weather or windy day
o Agta with rain.
o INDIGENOUS OMENS OF IMPENDING
o Aeta
o Alta TYPHOON:
o Batak ▪ DU TAW (Sea Sign) – very fast running
o Dumagat waves moving in straight lines.
▪ DU ARAW (Sun Sign) – horizon’s color
o Remontado
o Andamanese becomes yellowish, then brownish, and still
darker.
▪ Clouds become thick, covering Mt. Iraya
• CULTURE:
almost entirely and move very fast.
o Traditionally, they are hunter-gatherers, while some
also engaged in agriculture. Today, they are still half
nomadic, and half semi-nomadic. Discrimination and
poverty are often their problems. 3.) ILOCANO
• Ilokanos, or Iloko people are the third largest Filipino
ethnolinguistic group and mostly reside within the Ilocos
Region in the northwestern seaboard of Luzon.
2.) IVATAN
• Found in Batanes and Babuyan Islands • the word Iloko (Spanish form, Yloco) “from the bay”
• They belong in the Ibanagic group. • Language: Iloko or Iloco
• Itbayaten, Ibatan
• Genetically closely related to other ethnic groups in
Northern Luzon.

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 • CULTURE: o Traditionally, endemic warfare in the area because
o The colonial city of Vigan, “Intramuros of the North," of the practice of head – taking.
Castillan colonial architecture. The churches of the o Peace is maintained through bilateral peacepacts
Ilocos Region are a lasting emblem of the Ilocano's between villages.
triumphant transformation from practitioners of local
religions to believers in theistic Christianity. • PROVINCES:
o Dances were mainly a reflection of the gracious o Abra
ways of the Ilocano. o Apayao
▪ DINAKLISAN – a dance common to fisher o Benguet
folks. o Ifugao
▪ AGABEL – a weaver’s dance o Kalinga
▪ AGDAMDAMILI – a pot dance illustrates in o Mountain Province
simple steps the ways of the industrious o Chartered City: Baguio City
Ilocano.
▪ Other popular dances among the Ilocanos
are Tadek, Habanera, Comintan, Saimita, 5.) KAPAMPANGAN
Kinotan, Kinnalogong. • Pampangueños, are the sixth largest ethnolinguistic group
in the Philippines, numbering about 2.7M in 2010.
• CURALDAL – street dancing
4.) CORDILLERA PEOPLE • PISTANG DANUM – festive event, where food is served on
• Bontok floating banana rafts on the waters of the Pampanga River
• Ibaloy was originally a non-Christian holiday that is now made to
• Ifugao coincide with the baptism of Christ.
• Isnag • MAL AY ALDO – which is the Kapampangan expression of
• Itneg (Tinguian) the Holy Week.
• I’wak • KAPAMPANGAN CUISINE (Lutung Kapampangan) – has
• Kalanguya gained a favorable reputation among other Philippine ethnic
• Kalinga groups.
• Kankanaey
• Igorot
6.) TAGALOG
• CULTURE: • Second largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines after
o Consists of autonomous villages called ili. the Visayan people numbering at around 30 million.
o Elders sitting as a Council act as leaders of these • Term tagá-ilog, which means "people from [along] the river“
villages. • Manila, Region 4, Eastern & Central Luzon

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 • CULTURE: 8.) MASBATENO
o Belief on the soul (pangangaluluwa) • Member of Central Philippine languages and of the Bisayan
o Belief on dreams subgroup of the Austronesian language family spoken by
o Belief on the cosmos more than 724,000 people.
o Burial practices • Masa "to mix" and batî "to beat"
o Sacred animals, trees, and number • Mas batî "heard better" as in
o PAG-AANITO - "offering" or "act of worship". o Lumúsad kamó kag umapíke agúd mas batî an íyo
ginasábi “Get down here and get closer so that we
can hear better whatever you're saying."
7.) TAGALOG • Masbat or Basbat which means 'having many gold mines’
• Mangyan People Mangyan’s complex spiritual beliefs: • Hiligaynon and Capiznon
o MAHAL NA MAKAAKO – The Supreme Being who
gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at • CULTURE:
them. o The province of Masbate is known as cattle country.
o BINAYI – Owner of a garden where all spirits rest. o This industry has inspired the establishment of a
o BINAYO – a sacred female spirit, caretaker of the 'Rodeo Filipino' on the third week of June.
rice spirits or the kalag paray. o This festival features a week-long tournament of
o BULUNGABON – The spirit aided by 12 fierce dogs. bull riding, cattle wrestling, lassoing, calf casting,
Erring souls are chased by these dogs and post driving, carabao racing and a host of other
eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water. He ‘rodeo’ games.
is Binayo's husband. o This unique observance is also accompanied by
cattle raising contests, a trade fair and parades,
• MANGYAN OF MINDORO ISLAND much like the rodeos in the American West.
o Alangan
o Bangon
o Buhid 9.) CUYUNON, KAGAYANEN, MOLBOG
o Gubatnon • Regional Bisayan language spoken on the coast of Palawan
o Hanunoo Mangyan and the Cuyo Islands in the Philippines.
o Iraya • Cuyonon had been the lingua franca (language used for
o Ratagnon communication) of the province of Palawan.
o Tadyawan
o Taubuid • CULTURE:
o They traditionally hunt using soars and bamboo
blowguns.

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 o They practice shifting cultivation of upland rice, 2.) WARAY
which is considered a divine gift, and are known for • (Waray-Waray people) are a subgroup of the larger
their rice wine ritual called pagdiwata. ethnolinguistic group Bisaya people, who constitute the
largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group in the country.

• ETYMOLOGY:
o From their dialect itself
LESSON 2: THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF VISAYAS
• DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Waray
1.) ABAKNON o Cebuano
• Known as Abaknon, Capul, Capuleno, and Sama.
o Eastern Samar
• ETYMOLOGY: o Northern Samar
o Abak – leader o Leyte, Southern Leyte
o Biliran
• DIALECT / LOCATION: o Sorsogon
o Inabaknon
o Sama • CULTURE:
o SARAYAW / BAKAYAW - social dancing event
o Capul Island on the northern tip of Samar in the San o KURATSA - is notably used in the Waray sarayaw.
Bernardino Straits, & in the south of the province of o PARAG-ADU - the person who pairs the dancers
Sorsogon. o SIKI-SIKI (footsteps) or the TINIKUD-TIKUD (heel
steps).
• CULTURE: o SARAKIKI - a rapid vibrating step performed by
o Fishing men.
o Farming o PALANAT - a chasing pair step
o Festivities o DUON - (sub-step) the basic format of the women's
o Highly acculturated steps which means 'to put weight on'
o Have adapted the lifeways of their neighbors to a o COCONUT - important crop and major source of
great extent. income for many.
o FARMING AND FISHING – provide much of their
livelihood.

o NATIVE WINES:
▪ TUBA – extracted from coconut palm.
▪ MANYANG – extracted from palm tree.

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 ▪ PANGASI - made from fermented rice.
3.) AKLANON
• Ethnolinguistic group who lived in the province of Aklan.
• ETYMOLOGY:
o AKEAN RIVER - which means where there is boiling
or frothing.
• DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Aklanon / Akeanon
o Kinay-ra / Hiligaynon
o Aklan, originally known as Minuro it Akean
o They are among the Filipino ancestries that are
tolerant to the Negritos, such as the Ati.
• CULTURE:
o AGRICULTURE AND FISHING - provide much of
their livelihood.
o They are into Music, such as courtship songs or
KUNDIMAN, wedding hymns, and funeral recitals.
o CULTURAL DANCES: Binanog, Panagaytay,
Inagong, Sotes, Pahid, Patadyong Dance, and Nigo
Dance.
o PAN-AYANON – name of their minor dance groups.
o MINURO – their tribe’s council ministry.
o SILVERSMITHING – one of their handicrafts.
(Earrings, necklaces that most worn during their
traditional ceremonies)
o TALIBONG, BANKAW, ESI, TARA-TARA – their
weaponry.
o TAMING – a shield made of wood as their shield.
o INUBARAN AND BINAKOL – famous cuisine.
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o MARIKUDO - the most notable long tradition in
literature.
o Tales about these creatures are common among
Aklanons and superstitions are practised to ward
against the danger brought by the aswang.
4.) CEBUANO
• Largest subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group Bisaya,
who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group in
the country.
• ETYMOLOGY:
o CEBUANO – an Austronesian Language
• DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Cebuano
o They originated in the province of Cebu in the region
of Central Visayas,
o Siquijor, Bohol, Negros Oriental, southwestern
Leyte, western Samar, Masbate, and large parts of
Mindanao.
• CULTURE:
o ROMAN CATHOLIC – major religion
o Other Religion: Buddhism / Taoism, Mixed Chinese
– Cebuano Families & Muslims
o TIMAWA – the visayan freemen
o SINULOG FESTIVAL - is an annual cultural and
religious festival held on the third Sunday of January
in Cebu City, and on the fourth Sunday of January in
Carmen, Cebu, and is the centre of the Santo Niño
Catholic celebrations in the Philippines.
o PINTADOS – the Cebuano warrior or the painted
ones.
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 5.) HILIGAYNON • Hand-loom weaving practice with its
• Often referred to as Ilonggo people or Panayan people, are production of piña (pineapple fibers).
a Visayan ethnic group whose primary language is • SILK/JUSI - combined weaving of
Hiligaynon, native to Panay, Guimaras, and Negros. piña and silk.
• SINAMAY - combined weaving of
• ETYMOLOGY: abacá and cotton.
o Came from the Spanish word Hiligueinos • HABLON - expensive cloth woven
(Yliguenes) which means: out of jusi & piña fibers.
▪ "Iligan" or "Iliganon “- "people of the coast “. o DINAGYANG FESTIVAL - is celebrated every fourth
▪ From the root word ilig "to go downstream". Sunday of January in Iloilo City. The festival name is
o The term "Ilonggo" is derived from "Ilongilong", the derived from the word Dagyang meaning "merry-
old name for Iloilo City, Panay. making". It venerates the Santo Niño.
o PARAW – traditional sailboats that have long been
• DIALECT / LOCATION: used by them.
o Hiligaynon o LA PAZ BATCHOY & PANCIT MOLO – famous
o Bisaya cuisine.
o Kinaray-a o FOOTBALL – famous sport.

o Iloilo
o Panay 6.) CAPIZNON
o Negros Occidental • Visayan ethnic group native to Capiz and the surrounding
o Guimaras areas of the Western Visayas region of the Philippines.
o Capiz
o South Cotabato • ETYMOLOGY:
o North Cotabato o Visayan ethnic group native to Capiz and the
surrounding areas of the Western Visayas region of
• CULTURE: the Philippines.
o RELIGION: Christian, R. Catholics, Aglipayan,
Protestants & Muslims • DIALECT / LOCATION:
o ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE: o Capiznon
▪ AGRICULTURE - Rice and sugarcane are o Visayan Language
significant agricultural products that are o
produced in great volume. o Capiz
▪ FISHING - Coastal towns in Iloilo have a o Other Western Visayas
strong fishing tradition.
▪ TEXTILES - "textile capital of the Philippines“

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 • CULTURE:
o IMMORTALS
▪ LAON - the supreme deity; a goddess said
to reside in the mountain at the neighboring
island of Negros.
▪ BULALAKAW - a bird god who looks like a
peacock and can cause illnesses; lives in
Mount Madja – as Mediators to the Gods.
▪ BANGUTBANWA - ensures good harvests
and an orderly universe.
▪ MANGINDALON - intercedes for sick
persons; punishes enemies.
▪ SOLIRAN - one of two performers of the
marriage ceremonies.
▪ SOLIAN - one of two performers of the
marriage ceremonies.
▪ MANUNUBO - the good spirit of the sea.
▪ TUNGKUNG LANGIT - the god of the sky
who brings famine, drought, storms, and
floods.
▪ LULID-BATANG - the god of the earth,
responsible for earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
▪ LINTING HABUGHABUG - the god of
lightning, whose look kills people and who
shouts in anger.
▪ LAUNSINA - the goddess of the sun, moon,
stars, and seas, and the most beloved
because people seek forgiveness from her.
▪ BURIGADANG PADA SINAKLANG
BULAWAN – the goddess of greed to whom
people pray when they want to get rich.
▪ SARAGNAYAN – the god of darkness who
has the power to replace brightness with
darkness.
▪ LUBAY-LUBYUK HANGINUN SI
MAHUYUK-HUYUKUN: the goddess of the
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evening breeze; cools people, especially
during the summer.
▪ SUKLANG MALAYUN: the guardian of
happy homes.
▪ MAKLILUM-SA-TWAN - the god of the
plains and valleys.
▪ AGURANG - the good spirit who fought
against Asuwang.
▪ ASUWAN – the malevolent spirit who fought
against Asuwang.
7.) BOHOLANO
• Called Bol-anon, refers to the people who live in the island
province of Bohol.
• ETYMOLOGY:
o Bohol is derived from the native word Bo-ol.
• DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Boholano
o Cebuano
o Bohol
o Southern Leyte
o Northern part of Mindanao
• CULTURE:
o Most Boholanos are Roman Catholics
o Minority professing Protestant faiths and Islam.
o The former indigenous Boholano religion was largely
eliminated by the Spaniards.
o Boholanos had already a culture of their own as
evidenced by the artifacts dug at Mansasa,
Tagbilaran City, and in Dauis and Panglao.
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 8.) KARAY-A o MORTALS:
• Visayan ethnic group native to the islands of Panay and ▪ LABAW DONGGON – an epic hero who
Palawan in the Philippines. journeyed to many lands.
▪ GIMBITINAN – a wife of Labaw Donggon,
• ETYMOLOGY: • Mother of the hero Asu Mangga
o Karay-a was derived from the word iraya, which ▪ ANGGOY DORONOON – a wife of Labaw
means "upstream" Donggon
• Mother of the hero Buyung
• DIALECT / LOCATION: Baranugun
o Karay-a / Hamtikanon ▪ YAWA SINAGMALING – the wife of the lord,
o Cebuano Saragnayon
• Labaw Donggon fell in love with her,
o Antique leading to the battle between Labaw
o Capiz Donggon and Saragnayon
o Ilo-ilo ▪ SARAGNAYON – husband of Yawa
o Palawan Sinagmaling
• Became a mortal after the wild boar
• CULTURE: which safeguards his immortality was
o Most are Christians. About 80% are Roman defeated.
Catholics, and the rest are Protestants. ▪ ASU MANGGA – hero son of Gimbitinan and
o Most Karay-a engage in agriculture, as well as in Labaw Donggon
cottage industries. • Fought Saragnayon for the release of
o SALAKOT AND SAWALI from Belison his father.
o BAMBOO-CRAFT from San Jose ▪ BUYUNG BARANUGUN – hero son of
o CERAMICS from Sibalom Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon.
o POTTERY from Bandoja, Tibiao - Fought Saragnayon for the
o MATS from Pandan and Libertad release of his father.
o loom-WOVEN PATADYONG (barrel skirt) from ▪ HUMADAPNON – an epic hero
Bagtason, Bugasong • Brother of Labaw Donggon and
o MUSIC, such as courtship songs, wedding hymns, husband of Nagmalitung Yawa
and funeral recitals, is well-developed, as it is with • Aided by an enchanted tree and three
dance. messengers’ birds in the courting of
Nagmaliyung Yawa
▪ NAGMALITUNG YAWA – a powerful binukot
who rescued her husband by transforming

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 herself into a man named Buyung
Sunmasakay
• Defeated the thousand army in
Tarangban
• When her mother Matan-ayon was in
old age, a ritual was conducted where
Nagmalitung Yawa found out about
Humadapnon's promiscuity.
• Matan-ayon's powers were
transferred to her, and she ascended
into heaven with the aid of her
grandmother Laonsina
o IMMORTALS:
▪ MAKA-AKO – the supreme deity residing on
the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's
seven layers.
▪ ALUNSINA – the mother goddess of the
Hinilawod epic heroes.
• Aided in the battle against
Saragnayon
▪ LAONSINA – a sky goddess and
grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa
▪ UNNAMED SKY GOD – a sky god who
prevented Balanakon from traveling to
Labaw Donggon's territory.
▪ TAGNA-AN – the creator god and a busalian
shaman
• The most powerful and versatile of all
ma-aram shamans.
▪ HUGNA-AN – the first mana ma-aram
shaman and child of Tagna-an
▪ HUMIHINAHON – the first woman
• a ma-aram shaman and child of
Tagna-an
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▪ KAPAPU-AN – the pantheon of ancestral
spirits from whom the supernatural powers of
shamans originated from
• Their aid enables specific types of
shamans to gush water from rocks,
leap far distances, create oil shields,
become invisible, or pass through
solid matter.
▪ PAPU ESTRELLA BANGOTBANWA – a
deified shaman who controlled the forces of
nature.
▪ SIDAPA – god who establishes a person's
lifespan through a very tall tree on Mount
Madia-as
▪ PANDAQUE – god who allows the souls of
the dead to enter Mount Madya-as, the home
of the dead, if a proper mag-anito ritual is
held
▪ SIMURAN – a god who takes the souls to the
lower regions
▪ SIGINARUGAN – a god who takes the souls
to the lower regions
▪ BANGLE – carries the non-liquefied soul
across the water; the way he carries the soul
differs depending on the soul's answers to
his questions.
▪ BAGUBU – deity of the stream which follows
after the crossing with Bangle.
▪ MALUBAY HANGINO – a powerful binukot
who captured and imprisoned by
Humadapnon.
• Defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa
under her male form.
▪ PAGLAMBUHAN – a warrior who was
keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in
his fortress; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa,
Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap
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 ▪ MATAN-AYON – mother of Nagmalitung ▪ BALANAKON – prevented by the god of the
Yawa sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's
• Thinking that Humadapnon has died, territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle.
makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant
to compel to her marriage with the
revived Paglambuhan
• Humadapnon later kills the couple,
but is reunited with the revived LESSON 3: THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF MINDANAO
Nagmalitung Yawa
• In the Sugidanon epic, she married
the reluctant Labaw Donggon 1.) LUMAD
▪ DUMALAPDAP – an epic hero • Group of Austronesian indigenous people in the southern
• Brother of Labaw Donggon Philippines.
▪ TIKIM KADLUM – an enchanted dog that
rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting • ETYMOLOGY:
▪ DATU PAIBURONG – owner of Tikim o Lumad
Kadlum o "Dumagat"
▪ AMBURUKAY – married to Labaw Donggon o "Sea People"
after she consented her golden pubic hair to
be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi • DIALECT / LOCATION:
▪ PAHAGUNON – an underworld being who o Mamanwa
abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon. o Mansakan
▪ AYON – abducted by Pahagunon after o Bilic
Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea o Sangiric
turtle/
▪ GIANT CRAB MASTER – a master who has o Davao Region
a giant crab follower, who aids in the o Northern Mindanao
abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives. o Soccsksargen
• His loyal crab can transform into an o Zamboanga Peninsula
island with betel-nut trees.
▪ SANAGNAYAN – a being whose life-force is o Bagobo
in an egg in a lion's heart. o Blaan
• The sister of Matan-ayon is rescued o Bukidnon
by Labaw Donggon from o Higaonon
Sanagnayan o Kalagan
o Kamigin
o Mamanwa

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 o Mandaya o "people of the lake“
o Manobo o lanaw or ranaw, archaic danaw, means "lake"
o Mansaka
o Matigsalug • DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Sangil o Danao dialects
o Subanon o Arabic
o Tagabawa o Central Semitic language
o Tagakaulo o Liturgical Islam
o Talaandig o Lanao
o Tasaday
o Teduray • CULTURE:
o Tboli o Known for: artwork, weaving, wood, plastic and
o Tigwahonon metal crafts
o Umayamnon o Lake Lanao
o SARIMANOK – Papanoka Mra and Mara-patik
• CULTURE: o TOROGAN – the highest form of a Maranao royal
o To achieve self-governance within their ancestral house, where the architecture used is the most
domain aesthetic in the Philippines
o RELIGION: Muslims & Christians o DARANGEN - a UNESCO Intangible cultural
o SOCIAL ISSUES: heritage
▪ Ancestral land rights o KIRIM - pre-Hispanic handwriting based from Arabic
▪ Lumad killings letters with 19 consonants and 7 vowels
▪ Lumad schools o SINGKIL - a Philippine dance
▪ Climate Change o OKIR – wooden artifacts and brasswares
o KAPMOROD and Kakhalilang with Sambolayang
and PASANDALAN a Morog and Marigay for Kazipa
➢ THE MOROS sa Manggis
o KAPLAGOD – Racing horse
o TABU OR TAB - a drum used in mosques to call
2.) MARANAO worshippers to prayer.
• refer to the southern indigenous people, a predominantly-
Muslim Lanao province region of the Philippine island of
Mindanao.

• ETYMOLOGY:
o Meranao / Maranaw

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 3.) TAUSUG gov’t. may nominate in the UNESCO
• ethnic group of the Philippines and Malaysia. Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
o TAGONGGO – a traditional type of kulingtang
• ETYMOLOGY: music.
o "Tausug"
o "the people of the current"
o Tau which means "man" or "people" 4.) BAJAU
o Sūg means "currents" • refers to several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime
o The term Tausūg was derived from two words tau Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related
and sūg people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah.
o "people of the current"
• ETYMOLOGY:
• DIALECT / LOCATION: o Sama – Bajau Bangsa "ethnic group" or "nation"
o "Sinug"
o "Bahasa“ • DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Sinama
o Sulu o Malayo-Polynesian
o Tawi-Tawi
o Zamboanga City o Tawi tawi
o North Kalimantan o Sulu Archipelago
o Coastal part of Mindanao
• CULTURE: o Borneo / Sulawesi
o They are superb warriors and craftsmen. o Indonesia
o PANGALAY DANCE - also known as Daling-Daling
in Sabah • CULTURE:
▪ perform by female dancers while wearing o Sama Bihing or Sama Lipid, Sama Dea, Sama Deya,
o JANGGAY - artificial elongated fingernails made or Sama Darat, Sama Dilaut or Bajau Laut, Bajo,
from brass or silver. Banguingui, East Coast Bajau, Samal, Ubian, West
o VIDHYADHARI (Bahasa Sūg: Bidadali) of pre- Coast Bajau
Islamic Buddhist legend. o RELIGION: Sunni Islam, Folk Islam, minor Catholics
o PIS SYABIT - a multi-colored woven cloth & Protestants
traditionally worn as a headress or accessory by o BOAT-DWELLING - They live in houseboats (lepa,
men. balutu, and vinta being the most common types)
▪ is also worn by women and students. which generally accommodate a single nuclear
▪ cited by the NCCA as one of the intangible family (usually five people).
cultural heritage of the Philippines under the
traditional craftsmanship category that the

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 o FREE-DIVING ADAPTATIONS - notable for their
exceptional abilities in free-diving.
o MUSIC, DANCE, AND ARTS - marriage
celebrations (kanduli pagkawin), accompanied by
dance (pang-igal) and musical instruments like pulau
(flute), gabbang (xylophone), tagunggo' (kulintang
gongs), biula (violin)
o HORSE CULTURE – They are expert equestrians –
which makes them remarkable in Malaysia.
o SOCIETY - Sama-Bajau society is traditionally
highly individualistic.
5.) YAKAN
• among the major indigenous Filipino ethnolinguistic groups
in the Sulu Archipelago.
• Also known as dream weaver having a significant number
of followers of Islam.
• ETYMOLOGY:
o Also known as dream weaver having a significant
number of followers of Islam
• DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Bissa Yakan
o Arabic (small adaptation)
o Sulu Archipelago
o Zamboanga (small part)
o Mindanao (other parts)
• CULTURE:
o The Yakan have a traditional horse culture.
o They wear colorful, handwoven clothes.
o They are renowned for their weaving traditions.
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o Culturally, they are Sama people who eventually led
a life on land, mostly in Basilan and Zamboanga city.
o They are included as part of the Sama ethnic group,
which includes the Bajau, Dilaut, Kalibugan, and
other Sama groups.
o Saddle panel made of wood with shell inlay.
o Weapon sword native to Yakans called PIRA.
6.) IRANUN
• are a Moro ethnic group native to Mindanao, Philippines,
and the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia.
• ETYMOLOGY:
o Iranun
• DIALECT / LOCATION:
o Proto-Danao
o Danao
o Mindanao
o Sabah Malaysia
o Kota Kinabalu
• CULTURE:
o They were involved in pirate-related occupations in
Southeast Asia.
o They were excellent in maritime activity as they are
traditionally sailors and pirates.
o In the case of inter-marriages of an Iranun woman
and an outsider man, the cultural influences of the
woman's family will be more dominant that the
outsider man would be considered as an Iranun
man.
o The Sultanate of Maguindanao traces its ancestry to
Iranun roots.
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 7.) SURIGAONON • DIALECT / LOCATION:
• are an ethnolinguistic group who inhabited on the eastern o Chavacano is the native dialect
coastal plain of Mindanao.
o Spanish 90%
• ETYMOLOGY: o Romance languages 10%
o Surigaonon ▪ French
▪ Portuguese
• DIALECT / LOCATION: ▪ Italian
o Surigaonon ▪ Native American such as Nahuatl, Taíno,
o Binisaya Quechua

o Surigao del Norte • CULTURE:

o Surigao del Sur
o Dinagat Islands
• CULTURE:
o Their Culture is similar to the Cebuanos.
o ROMAN CATHOLIC is the dominant religion.
o AGRICULTURE – part of their livelihood
o FISHING – is part of their livelihood
o PRE-HISPANIC SURIGAONONS – are very fond of
ornamental designs and displays.
o RAJAH SIAWI and RAJAH KULAMBO – members
of the nobility of the Surigaonon and Butuanon
people
o ANTONIO PIGAFETTA – describes them as being
tattooed and covered in gold ornaments.
o The character of the Zamboangueño people are
unique from their kinship family system
o Love for one's cultural heritage, propensity for
extravagance, fiestas and siestas, possess
aristocratic behavior.
o The tradition of the BANTAYANON and FONDAS,
includes their bailes the vals, regodon and paso
doble.
o They are mostly devout ROMAN CATHOLICS.
o Their social lives usually revolve around religious
practices.
o In Basilan - also acquired more globalized tastes
o CUISINE - curacha, calamares, tamales, locón,
cangrejos, paella, estofado, arroz a la valenciana,
caldo de pollo, puchero, caldo de arroz, lechón,
jamonadas, endulzados, afritada

8.) ZAMBOANGUEÑO
• are a creole ethnolinguistic nation of the Philippines
originating in Zamboanga City.

• ETYMOLOGY:
o Zamboangueno

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 9.) MAGUINDANAO 10.) KAMAYO
• are a constitute the sixth largest Filipino ethnic group of • an obscure and confounding ethnic group in the Philippines.
Muslims of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan known as Moro.
• ETYMOLOGY:
• ETYMOLOGY: o KAMAYO – from the dialect itself
o Maguindanao or Magindanaw means "people of the
flood plains" • DIALECT / LOCATION:
o from the word Magi'inged means "people or citizen" o Kamayo
and danaw means "lake or marsh" o Mandaya
o
• DIALECT / LOCATION: o Surigao del Sur
o Maguindanaoan o Surigao del Norte
o Cebuano o Agusan del Norte / Sur
o Arabic
• CULTURE:
o Maguindanao Province o Most Filipinos had no idea who the Kamayo are, and
o Zamboanga Peninsula many think of them as an unreachably remote tribe.
o Davao Region o Even the Kamayo people themselves may know
o South Cotabato very little about their own roots.
o RELIGION: Roman Catholic & Christian
• CULTURE: o Ethnic Kamayo culture is similar to Manobo &
o They are known for their distinguished in the realm Mandaya. Even the clothing and language.
of visual arts. o Furthermore, like other lowland dwellers, the
o They have been renowned as metalworkers, Kamayo were acculturated.
producing the wavy-bladed keris ceremonial swords o Today, you would seldom see them in native
and other weapons, as well as gongs. Kamayo clothing and jewelry, except in ethnic
o SULTANATE OF MAGUINDANAO – independent festivals.
Sultanate which comprises of Maguindanao o Paladong Festival of Hinatua
Province.
o RELIGION: Islam
o MUSICAL HERITAGE - kulintang music, a specific
type of gong music
o LITERARY ARTS - folk speech and folk narratives.

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LESSON 4: IPs AND THEIR RIGHTS TO ANCESTRAL DOMAIN
➢ INDIGENEOUS PEOPLES
o ANTHROPOLOGICAL DEFINITION:
▪ Original inhabitants of particular territories.
▪ Descendants of tribes people who lived on as
culturally dinstinct colonized peoples.
o REPULIC ACT 8371:
▪ Through resistance to political, social and
cultural inroads of colonization, non –
indigenous religions and cultures, became
historically from the majority of Filipinos.
(Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), Chapter
II, Section 3h)
➢ POPULATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
o 2010 Census of Population and Housing indicated
that indigenous peoples accounted to 5% of the total
population of the country (or approx. 4 million Filipinos).
o National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP)
claim that there are 12 million Filipinos who belong to
indigenous peoples.
➢ PHILIPPINE ETHNIC LANDSCAPE
o Archipelago of 7,500 islands
o At least 106 ethnic groups
o More than 180 languages
o Diverse religious traditions
➢ INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE PHILIPPINES
o Negrito
o Cordillera peoples
o Cagayan Valley Groups
o Mangyan
o Palawan Groups
o Visayan Groups
o Lumadnon
o Bangsamoro
➢ RIGHTS TO ANCESTRAL DOMAINS
o According to IPRA, Section 7
▪ Right of ownership
▪ Right to develop lands and natural resources
▪ Right to stay in the territories
▪ Right in case of displacement
▪ Rights to regulate entry of migrants
▪ Rights to safe and clean air and water
▪ Right to claim parts of reservations
▪ Right to resolve conflict
➢ ANCESTRAL DOMAINS
o All areas generally belonging to ICCS/IPs
comprising lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and
natural resources therein.
o Held under a claim of ownership.
o Occupied or possessed by ICCs/Ips, by themselves or
through their ancestors, communally or individually
since time immemorial, continuously to the present.
(IPRA, Chap. 2 Sec. 3a)
➢ ANCESTRAL LANDS
o Land occupied, possessed, and utilized by
individuals, families and clans who are members of
the ICCs/IPs since time immemorial, by themselves or
through their predecessors-in-interest, under claims of

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 individual or traditional group ownership, continuously, ➢ AGTA (LAND ZONE)
to the present…. including, but not limited to, o Baybay (beach area)
residential lots, rice terraces or paddies, private forests, o Tangpay (beach forest)
swidden farms and tree lots. (IPRA, Chap. 2, Sec. 3b) o Kataningitngan (lowland dipterocarp forest)
o Kahankan (mountain slope forest)
o Pagetpet (dwarf montane forest)
➢ IDENTIFICATION WITH LAND AND TERRITORY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
o Bukidnon – people of the mountain ➢ MAMANWA (CONCEPT OF LAND)
o Gubatnon – people of the forest o Respects the physical environment.
o Ifugao – people of the known world, from i-pugo o They are not indiscriminate in extracting resources
o Igorot – people of the mountain ridges, from i-golod from the environment because they believe in
o Ikalahan - people of the forest environmental spirits, or diwatas, they have fear in
o Iraya – people of the upstream offending these spirits when they go swiddening,
o Mamanwa – people of the forest hunting, fishing, or foraging activites.
o Tagbanwa - people of the forest
o Taubuid - people of the mountain
o Tinguian - people of the uplands, from Malay tinggi ➢ KALINGA (LAND USE)
(upland) o Pappajew – rice terraces
o Uma – swidden fields
o Kakkajuhan – woodlands
➢ B’LAAN (CONCEPT OF LAND) o Ginuphyat – forest
o Land is very important to them because it is their main o Piyeg – burial grounds
source of food, income, and leisure. It also directs o Piphphyoy – residential areas
them to their inter – and intra – tribal conflicts.
o Land is:
▪ Sacred ➢ KALINGA AND CHICO DAM
▪ Wealth o The proposed Chico River Basin Development Project
▪ Status Symbol called for the establishment of four dams along the
▪ Power Chico River to generate 1010 MW of electricity.
▪ Kaginhawaan o The total land area to be submerged is 2,753 hectares.
▪ Desired Property o 100,000 Kalinga and Bontok will be displaced from
▪ Heritage their ancestral lands.
▪ Identity o The land of Kalinga is from Apo Kabunian and it is
▪ Life sacred because its womb springs Kalinga Life.

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 o The people of Kalinga protected their land from o INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE IMPACT AREA
Spaniards, Americans, and Japanese. (Gawgaw ▪ Dumagat and Remontado
pangat, 1974) ▪ Two ancestral domains: CADT R04-NAK-1208-
o 1986 (The Chico Dam was not established.) 097 in Gen. Nakat and Dingalan, Aurora; and
CADT R04-TAN-0709-130 in Tanay, Rizal and
Santiago, Laguna
➢ KALIWA DAM PROJECT (NEW CENTENNIAL WATER
SOURCE) o IP SACRED SITES IN THE AREA
o Design and Construction: 60 – meter high dam and a ▪ Brgy. Daraitan, Tanay, Rizal:
27.7 km raw water conveyance tunnel • Tinipak Falls
o Project Proponent: MWSS • Tinipak Caves
o Benefits: Additional 600 million liters per day of water • Mamara burial
o Location: Brgy. Pagsangahan, Gen. Nakar and Brgy. • Tinipak spring
Magsaysay, Infanta in Quezon ▪ Brgy. Pagsangahan and Magsaysay, Quezon:
o Project Cost: PHP. 12.2 billion • Makidata burial site
o Funding Source: China Loan • Sitio Yokyok burial grounds
o Construction Schedule: 2019 – 2024
o KALIWA DAM PROJECT MAP o ISSUES AND CONCERNS RAISED BY
STAKEHOLDERS
▪ Flooding
▪ Inundation of Tinipak sacred site
▪ Involuntary resettlement
▪ Impact on tourism
▪ Impact on National Greening Program sites
▪ Impact on IP livelihood
▪ Dam height
▪ Impact on flora and fauna
▪ Earthquake risks

➢ THREATS TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

o In-migration by other ethnic groups
o Large – scale mining projects
o Forestry and logging projects
o Hydropower projects
o Armed conflict between Philippine military and rebel
groups

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