Tut2 Sol

MTL100 - Calculus
Tutorial 2
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL100 - Calculus, Tutorial-2 Semester-I, 2020-21 1 / 49

Question 1
Let {an }∞
n=1 be a non-increasing sequence of positive real numbers such
∞
X
that an is convergent. Prove that lim 2n a2n = 0.
n→∞
n=1

Question 1
Let {an }∞
∞
X
n→∞
n=1
First let us recall the Cauchy’s condensation test:

Question 1
Let {an }∞
∞
X
n→∞
n=1
First let us recall the Cauchy’s condensation test:

Cauchy’s condensation test
Let {an }∞
n=1 be a non-increasing sequence of positive numbers. Then the
∞
X ∞
X
series an converges if and only if the series 2n a2n converges.
n=1 n=0

Question 1
Solution:
∞
X
• Since the given convergent series an satisfies the criteria of
n=1
∞
X
Cauchy’s condensation test, we get that the series 2n a2n is
n=0
convergent.

Question 1
Solution:
∞
X
n=1
∞
X
n=0
convergent.
∞
X
• Recall that if a series bn converges, then lim bn = 0.
n→∞
n=0

Question 1
Solution:
∞
X
n=1
∞
X
n=0
convergent.
∞
X
• Recall that if a series bn converges, then lim bn = 0.
n→∞
n=0
• Hence lim 2n a2n = 0.
n→∞

Question 2
∞
X
If 0 ≤ an ≤ 1 (n ≥ 0) and 0 ≤ x < 1, then prove that the series an x n
n=1
converges.

Question 2
∞
X
n=1
converges.
Solution:
• Since 0 ≤ an ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x < 1, we have
0 ≤ an x n ≤ x n for all n ∈ N.

Question 2
∞
X
n=1
converges.
Solution:
• Since 0 ≤ an ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x < 1, we have
0 ≤ an x n ≤ x n for all n ∈ N.
∞
X
• Recall that the geometric series x n converges for x ∈ (−1, 1).
n=1

Question 2 Contd..
Comparision test: Let {an }∞ ∞

n=1 and {bn }n=1 be two sequences of
non-negative real numbers. If there exists N ∈ N such that an ≤ bn for all
∞
X X∞
n ≥ N, and bn converges, then an converges.
n=1 n=1

Question 2 Contd..

∞
X X∞
n=1 n=1
∞
X
• By comparision test, the series an x n is convergent.
n=1

Question 2 Contd..

∞
X X∞
n=1 n=1
∞
X
• By comparision test, the series an x n is convergent.
n=1
∞
1 X
Remark: For x = 1, if an = for all n ∈ N, then an x n diverges,
n
n=1
∞
1 X
and if an = 2 for all n ∈ N, then an x n converges.
n
n=1

Question 3
Test the convergence of the following series:

∞
X 1
(a) , where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2
∞
X 1
(b) , x ∈ R.
(log n)x
n=2

Question 3(a). Test the convergence of the following series:
∞
X 1
, where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2

∞
X 1
, where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2
1
Solution: Let an = , for n ∈ N. Then we have the following
n(log n)p
cases:

∞
X 1
, where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2
1
n(log n)p
cases:
Case 1: When p > 0 :

∞
X 1
, where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2
1
n(log n)p
cases:
• If p > 0, then ∀ n ≥ 2, n(log n)p > 0.

∞
X 1
, where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2
1
n(log n)p
cases:
• If p > 0, then ∀ n ≥ 2, n(log n)p > 0.
• Also
(n + 1)(log(n + 1))p > n(log n)p ,
as p > 0. (Why?)

∞
X 1
, where p ∈ R.
n(log n)p
n=2
1
n(log n)p
cases:
• If p > 0, then ∀ n ≥ 2, n(log n)p > 0.
• Also
(n + 1)(log(n + 1))p > n(log n)p ,
as p > 0. (Why?)
n 1 o∞
• So is a non-increasing sequence of positive real
n(log n)p n=2
numbers.

3(a) Contd..
• Now let us recall the Cauchy’s condensation test. It states that for
a non-increasing sequence f (n) of positive real numbers, the series
X∞ ∞
X
f (n) converges if and only if the series 2n f (2n ) converges.
n=0 n=0

3(a) Contd..
X∞ ∞
X
n=0 n=0
• So we can apply the Cauchy’s Condensation test to the given series.

3(a) Contd..
X∞ ∞
X
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 2n 1 X 1
• Note that 2n a2n = = .
2n (log 2n )p (log 2)p np
n=2 n=2 n=2

3(a) Contd..
X∞ ∞
X
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 2n 1 X 1
n=2 n=2 n=2
∞
X 1
• Recall that converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1.
np
n=2

3(a) Contd..
X∞ ∞
X
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 2n 1 X 1
n=2 n=2 n=2
∞
X 1
• Recall that converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1.
np
n=2
∞
X 1
• Hence is convergent for p > 1 and divergent for
n(log n)p
n=2
0 < p ≤ 1.

3(a) Contd..
Case 2: When p ≤ 0 :

3(a) Contd..
• Let us first assume that p = −k where k ≥ 0.

3(a) Contd..
• Then
∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 X (log n)k (log 2)k X (log n)k
= = + .
n(log n)p n 2 n
n=2 n=2 n=3

3(a) Contd..
• Then
∞ ∞ ∞
= = + .
n(log n)p n 2 n
n=2 n=2 n=3
1 (log n)k
• Note that ≤ ∀ n ≥ 3. Now let us recall the comparison
n n
test:

3(a) Contd..
• Then
∞ ∞ ∞
= = + .
n(log n)p n 2 n
n=2 n=2 n=3
1 (log n)k
n n
test:
Comparison test
X X
Suppose we have two series an and bn , where an and bn are
non-negative and an ≤ bn ∀ n. Then:

3(a) Contd..
• Then
∞ ∞ ∞
= = + .
n(log n)p n 2 n
n=2 n=2 n=3
1 (log n)k
n n
test:
Comparison test
X X
Suppose we have two series an and bn , where an and bn are
non-negative and an ≤ bn ∀ n. Then:
X X
• If bn is convergent, then an is also convergent.
X X
• If an is divergent, then bn is also divergent.

3(a) Contd..
1 (log n)k
• Now ∀ n ≥ 3, the terms and are non-negative. Also
n n
∞
1 (log n)k X1
≤ ∀ n ≥ 3. Since is a divergent series, it follows
n n n
n=3
∞
X (log n)k
from the comparison test that is also divergent.
n
n=3

3(a) Contd..
1 (log n)k
• Now ∀ n ≥ 3, the terms and are non-negative. Also
n n
∞
1 (log n)k X1
≤ ∀ n ≥ 3. Since is a divergent series, it follows
n n n
n=3
∞
X (log n)k
from the comparison test that is also divergent.
n
n=3
∞
X 1
• Therefore, the series diverges for p ≤ 0.
n(log n)p
n=2

Question 3(b). Test the convergence of the series:
∞
X 1
, x ∈ R.
(log n)x
n=2
1
Solution: Let an = , for n ≥ 2. Now let us consider the following
(log n)x
cases:
Case 1: If x > 0 : n o∞
• In this case (log n)x > 0, ∀ n ≥ 2. Thus an is a sequence of
n=2
positive terms.

∞
X 1
, x ∈ R.
(log n)x
n=2
1
(log n)x
cases:
Case 1: If x > 0 : n o∞
n=2
positive terms.
• Also
(log(n + 1))x > (log n)x ,
as x > 0.

∞
X 1
, x ∈ R.
(log n)x
n=2
1
(log n)x
cases:
Case 1: If x > 0 : n o∞
n=2
positive terms.
• Also
(log(n + 1))x > (log n)x ,
as x > 0.
n 1 o∞
• So is a non-increasing sequence.
(log n)x n=2

∞
X 1
, x ∈ R.
(log n)x
n=2
1
(log n)x
cases:
Case 1: If x > 0 : n o∞
n=2
positive terms.
• Also
(log(n + 1))x > (log n)x ,
as x > 0.
n 1 o∞
• So is a non-increasing sequence.
(log n)x n=2
• Now we can apply the Cauchy’s Condensation test.

3(b) Contd..
• Thus the given series converges if and only if

∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X 2n 1 X 2n
2 a2n = =
(log 2n )x (log 2)x nx
n=2 n=2 n=2
converges.

3(b) Contd..

∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X 2n 1 X 2n
2 a2n = =
n=2 n=2 n=2
converges.
• Now let us recall the ratio test:
∞
X
Let an be a series of real numbers. Suppose
n=1

an+1 an+1
a = lim inf
and A = lim sup
.
n→∞ an n→∞ an

3(b) Contd..

∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X 2n 1 X 2n
2 a2n = =
n=2 n=2 n=2
converges.
• Now let us recall the ratio test:
∞
X
Let an be a series of real numbers. Suppose
n=1

an+1 an+1
a = lim inf
and A = lim sup
.
∞
X
Then an converges absolutely if A < 1. and diverges if a > 1.
n=1

3(b) Contd..
2n bn+1 2n+1 nx 1
• Assume that bn = . Then = =2 .
n x bn x
(n + 1) 2 n
(1 + n1 )x

3(b) Contd..
2n bn+1 2n+1 nx 1
n x bn x
(n + 1) 2 n
(1 + n1 )x
bn+1
• Now lim inf = 2 > 1.
n→∞ bn

3(b) Contd..
2n bn+1 2n+1 nx 1
n x bn x
(n + 1) 2 n
(1 + n1 )x
bn+1
• Now lim inf = 2 > 1.
n→∞ bn
∞
X
• So it follows from the ratio test that the series 2n a2n diverges.
n=2
∞
X 1
Therefore, diverges for x > 0.
(log n)x
n=2

3(b) Contd..
Case 2: If x ≤ 0 :
• Suppose x = −k, where k ≥ 0.

3(b) Contd..
Case 2: If x ≤ 0 :
• Then
∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 X
x
= −k
= (log n)k .
(log n) (log n)
n=2 n=2 n=2

3(b) Contd..
Case 2: If x ≤ 0 :
• Then
∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 X
x
= −k
= (log n)k .
(log n) (log n)
n=2 n=2 n=2
• Since the sequence (log n)k does not converge to zero, the series
∞
X 1
does not converge for x ≤ 0.
(log n)x
n=2

Question 4
Question
Determine which of the following series does not converge.
∞
P log n
(a) n3/2
.
n=1
∞
P (log n)2
(b) n3/2
.
n=1
∞ √
P n
(c) n2 +1
.
n=1
∞
P 1−n
(d) n2n .
n=1
∞
P 1
(e) n
√
n n
.
n=1
∞ √n
P n
(f) n2
.
n=1

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n
• We know that for any α > 0, limn→∞ nα = 0.

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n
• We know that for any α > 0, limn→∞ nα = 0. Therefore log n ≤ nα
for sufficiently large n.

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
• We know that for any α > 0, limn→∞ log n
nα = 0. Therefore log n ≤ n
α

• So we have for n sufficiently large, log n < n1/3 , hence
log n n1/3 1
3/2
< 3/2
= 7/6 for n sufficiently large, say for n ≥ n0 .
n n n

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
α

log n n1/3 1
3/2
< 3/2
n n n
∞
X 1
• Recall that converges if and only if p > 1.
np
n=1

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
α

log n n1/3 1
3/2
< 3/2
n n n
∞
X 1
np
n=1
∞
X log n
• By comparison test, the series is convergent.
n≥n
n3/2
0

Question 4(a)
∞
X log n
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
α

log n n1/3 1
3/2
< 3/2
n n n
∞
X 1
np
n=1
∞
X log n
• By comparison test, the series is convergent.
n≥n
n3/2
0
∞
X log n
• Hence the series is convergent.
n≥1
n3/2
Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2

Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
• Following the previous question, we can write for n sufficiently large,
log n < n1/6 .

Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n < n1/6 .
• So for n sufficiently large, (log n)2 < n1/4 .

Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n < n1/6 .
(log n)2 n1/3 1
• Hence 3/2
< 3/2
n n n

Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n < n1/6 .
(log n)2 n1/3 1
• Hence 3/2
< 3/2
n n n
∞
X 1
• Again recall that converges if and only if p > 1.
np
n=1

Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n < n1/6 .
(log n)2 n1/3 1
• Hence 3/2
< 3/2
n n n
∞
X 1
np
n=1
∞
X log n
• By comparison test, the series 3/2
is convergent.
n≥n
n
1

Question 4(b)
∞
X (log n)2
.
n=1
n3/2
Solution :
log n < n1/6 .
(log n)2 n1/3 1
• Hence 3/2
< 3/2
n n n
∞
X 1
np
n=1
∞
X log n
• By comparison test, the series 3/2
is convergent.
n≥n
n
1
∞
X (log n)2
• Hence the series is convergent.
n≥1
n3/2
Question 4(c)
∞ √
X n
.
n2 + 1
n=1

Question 4(c)
∞ √
X n
.
n2 + 1
n=1
Solution : √
n 1
• Let an = , and bn = n3/2
, for all n ∈ N.
n2 +1

Question 4(c)
∞ √
X n
.
n2 + 1
n=1
Solution : √
n 1
• Let an = 2 , and bn = n3/2 , for all n ∈ N.
n +1
√ √
n n 1
• an = 2 ≤ 2 = 3/2 = bn , for all n ∈ N.
n +1 n n

Question 4(c)
∞ √
X n
.
n2 + 1
n=1
Solution : √
n 1
• Let an = 2 , and bn = n3/2 , for all n ∈ N.
n +1
√ √
n n 1
• an = 2 ≤ 2 = 3/2 = bn , for all n ∈ N.
n +1 n n
∞ √
X n
• Hence, by comparison test, 2
converges.
n +1
n=1

Question 4(d)
∞
X 1−n
.
n 2n
n=1

Question 4(d)
∞
X 1−n
.
n 2n
n=1
Solution :
∞
X 1
• Note that the series is convergent. Also by comparison test
2n
n=1
∞
X 1
is convergent.
n 2n
n=1

Question 4(d)
∞
X 1−n
.
n 2n
n=1
Solution :
∞
X 1
2n
n=1
∞
X 1
is convergent.
n 2n
n=1
∞
X 1 1
• Now by algebra of convergent series − is convergent.
n 2n 2n
n=1

Question 4(d)
∞
X 1−n
.
n 2n
n=1
Solution :
∞
X 1
2n
n=1
∞
X 1
is convergent.
n 2n
n=1
∞
X 1 1
• Now by algebra of convergent series − is convergent.
n 2n 2n
n=1
∞
X 1−n
• Hence is convergent.
n 2n
n=1

Question 4(e)
∞
X 1
√
n
.
n=1
n n

Question 4(e)
∞
X 1
√
n
.
n=1
n n
Solution :
1 1
• Let an = √
n
, and bn = , for all n ∈ N.
n n n

Question 4(e)
∞
X 1
√
n
.
n=1
n n
Solution :
1 1
• Let an = √
n
n n n
• Then
an 1
lim = lim √ n
= 1 > 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞ n

Question 4(e)
∞
X 1
√
n
.
n=1
n n
Solution :
1 1
• Let an = √
n
n n n
• Then
an 1
lim = lim √ n
= 1 > 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞ n
∞
X ∞
X
• Since bn is divergent, by limit comparison test, an is divergent.
n=1 n=1

Question 4(f)
∞ √
n
X n
2
.
n
n=1

Question 4(f)
∞ √
n
X n
2
.
n
n=1
Solution : √
n
n 1
• Let an = and bn = , for all n ∈ N.
n2 n2

Question 4(f)
∞ √
n
X n
2
.
n
n=1
Solution : √
n
n 1
n2 n2
• Then √
an
lim = lim n n = 1 > 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞

Question 4(f)
∞ √
n
X n
2
.
n
n=1
Solution : √
n
n 1
n2 n2
• Then √
an
lim = lim n n = 1 > 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞
∞ ∞ √
n
X X n
• Hence, by limit comparison test, an = converges.
n2
n=1 n=1

Question 5
Determine which of the following series converges:

√
∞ 2
X n
(a) .
2n
n=1
∞
X n!
(b) .
10n
n=1
∞
n−2 n
X
(c) .
n
n=1
∞
X (log n)n
(d) .
nn
n=1
∞
X n!
(e) .
(2n + 1)!
n=1

Question 5 Contd...
First let us recall the following theorems:
Theorem (Ratio test)

∞
P
Let an be a series of real numbers. Let
n=1

an+1 an+1
a = lim inf
and A = lim sup
.
Then
∞
P
• an converges absolutely if A < 1;
n=1
P∞
• an diverges if a > 1;
n=1
• the test fails in all other cases.

Question 5 Contd...
Theorem (Root test)

∞
P 1
Let an be a series of real numbers. Let A = lim sup |an | n . Then
n=1 n→∞
• the series converges absolutely if A < 1;
• the series diverges if A > 1;
• the test fails if A = 1.

Question 5(a). Determine whether the following series converges:
√
P∞ n 2
n
.
n=1 2

√
P∞ n 2
n
.
n=1 2
Solution: √
n 2
• Denote an = n .
2

√
P∞ n 2
n
.
n=1 2
Solution: √
n 2
• Denote an = n .
2
• Then we have
√
2
√2
2n

an+1 (n + 1) 1 n+1
= × √ = × .
an 2n+1 n 2 2 n

√
P∞ n 2
n
.
n=1 2
Solution: √
n 2
• Denote an = n .
2
• Then we have
√
2
√2
2n

an+1 (n + 1) 1 n+1
= × √ = × .
an 2n+1 n 2 2 n

an+1 an+1 1
• Here lim sup
= lim = < 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ an 2
P∞
• Therefore, by the ratio test, an converges.
n=1

Question 5(b). Determine whether the following series converges:
∞
X n!
.
10n
n=1

∞
X n!
.
10n
n=1
Solution:
n!
• Denote an = .
10n

∞
X n!
.
10n
n=1
Solution:
n!
• Denote an = .
10n
• Then we have
an+1 (n + 1)! 10n n+1
= × = .
an 10n+1 n! 10

∞
X n!
.
10n
n=1
Solution:
n!
• Denote an = .
10n
• Then we have
an+1 (n + 1)! 10n n+1
= × = .
an 10n+1 n! 10
• Clearly,
an+1
lim sup = lim sup n + 1 > 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ 10

∞
X n!
.
10n
n=1
Solution:
n!
• Denote an = .
10n
• Then we have
an+1 (n + 1)! 10n n+1
= × = .
an 10n+1 n! 10
• Clearly,
an+1
lim sup = lim sup n + 1 > 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ 10
∞
P
• Therefore, by the ratio test, an diverges.
n=1
Question 5(c). Determine whether the following series converges:
∞
n
P n−2
.
n=1 n

∞
n
P n−2
.
n=1 n
Solution: Recall the following result:

∞
P
If an converges, then lim an = 0.
n=1 n→∞

∞
n
P n−2
.
n=1 n

∞
P
n=1 n→∞
n n
n−2 2
• Here an = = 1− .
n n

∞
n
P n−2
.
n=1 n

∞
P
n=1 n→∞
n n
n−2 2
• Here an = = 1− .
n n
• Therefore,
2 n

lim an = lim 1 − = e −2 6= 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n

∞
n
P n−2
.
n=1 n

∞
P
n=1 n→∞
n n
n−2 2
• Here an = = 1− .
n n
• Therefore,
2 n

lim an = lim 1 − = e −2 6= 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n
∞
P
• Hence, an diverges.
n=1

Question 5(d). Determine whether the following series converges:
P∞ (log n)n
.
n=1 nn

P∞ (log n)n
.
n=1 nn
Solution:
(log n)n
• Suppose an = .
nn

P∞ (log n)n
.
n=1 nn
Solution:
(log n)n
• Suppose an = .
nn
• Note that
1
(log n)n

1 n log n
(an ) = n = .
nn n

P∞ (log n)n
.
n=1 nn
Solution:
(log n)n
• Suppose an = .
nn
• Note that
1
(log n)n

1 n log n
(an ) =n = .
nn n
1 1
• Here lim sup |an | n = lim |an | n = 0 < 1.
n→∞ n→∞

P∞ (log n)n
.
n=1 nn
Solution:
(log n)n
• Suppose an = .
nn
• Note that
1
(log n)n

1 n log n
(an ) =n = .
nn n
1 1
• Here lim sup |an | n = lim |an | n = 0 < 1.
n→∞ n→∞
∞
P
• Therefore, by the Root test, an converges.
n=1

Question 5(e). Determine whether the following series converges:
∞
P n!
.
n=1 (2n + 1)!

∞
P n!
.
n=1 (2n + 1)!
Solution:
n!
• Let an = .
(2n + 1)!

∞
P n!
.
n=1 (2n + 1)!
Solution:
n!
• Let an = .
(2n + 1)!
• Then we have,
an+1 (n + 1)! (2n + 1)! n+1
= × = .
an (2n + 3)! n! (2n + 1)(2n + 2)

∞
P n!
.
n=1 (2n + 1)!
Solution:
n!
• Let an = .
(2n + 1)!
• Then we have,
an+1 (n + 1)! (2n + 1)! n+1
= × = .
an (2n + 3)! n! (2n + 1)(2n + 2)

an+1 an+1
• Here lim sup
= lim = 0 < 1.

∞
P n!
.
n=1 (2n + 1)!
Solution:
n!
• Let an = .
(2n + 1)!
• Then we have,
an+1 (n + 1)! (2n + 1)! n+1
= × = .
an (2n + 3)! n! (2n + 1)(2n + 2)

an+1 an+1
• Here lim sup
= lim = 0 < 1.
P∞
• Therefore, by the ratio test, an converges.
n=1

Question 6
Test the convergence of the following series:

∞
X
(a) (n + 1 + 2n ).
n=0
∞
X πn
(b) .
3n
n=0
∞
X 1
(c) .
n! nn
n=1
∞
X n!
(d) .
nn
n=1
∞ 2
X nn
(e) .
n=1
(n + 1)n2

Question 6(a). Test the convergence of the series
∞
X
(n + 1 + 2n ).
n=0

Question 6(a). Test the convergence of the series
∞
X
(n + 1 + 2n ).
n=0
∞
X
Solution: It is known that if a given series an converges, then
n=0
lim an = 0. Now in the given series, an = (n + 1 + 2n ). Since
n→∞
lim an = ∞, it follows that it diverges.
n→∞

Question 6(b). Test the convergence of the series
∞
X πn
.
3n
n=0

Question 6(b). Test the convergence of the series
∞
X πn
.
3n
n=0
π n
Solution: Suppose an = . Now
3
an+1 (π/3)n+1 π

an = (π/3)n = 3 .

an+1 π
Thus lim inf = > 1, it follows from the ratio test that the given
n→∞ an 3
series diverges.

Question 6(c). Test the convergence of the series
∞
X 1
.
n! nn
n=1

∞
X 1
.
n! nn
n=1
1
Solution: In the given series, consider an = . Then
n! nn
an+1 n!nn
=
an (n + 1)!(n + 1)n+1
1
= n .
(n + 1) 1 + n1
2

∞
X 1
.
n! nn
n=1
1
Solution: In the given series, consider an = . Then
n! nn
an+1 n!nn
=
an (n + 1)!(n + 1)n+1
1
= n .
(n + 1) 1 + n1
2
an+1
Since lim sup = 0 < 1 and so it follows from the ratio test that the
n→∞ an
given series converges.

Question 6(d). Test the convergence of the series
∞
X n!
.
nn
n=1

∞
X n!
.
nn
n=1
n!
Solution: Let an = .
nn

∞
X n!
.
nn
n=1
n!
Solution: Let an = . Consider
nn
n

an+1
lim sup = lim sup (n + 1)!n
n→∞ an n→∞ (n + 1)(n+1) n!
nn
= lim sup n
n→∞ (n + 1)
1
= lim sup 1 n
n→∞ (1 + n)

∞
X n!
.
nn
n=1
n!
Solution: Let an = . Consider
nn
n

an+1
lim sup = lim sup (n + 1)!n
n→∞ an n→∞ (n + 1)(n+1) n!
nn
= lim sup n
n→∞ (n + 1)
1
= lim sup 1 n
n→∞ (1 + n)
an+1 1
Since lim sup = < 1, it follows from the ratio test that the given
n→∞ an e
series converges.

Question 6(e). Test the convergence of the series
∞ 2
X nn
n2
.
n=1
(n + 1)

Question 6(e). Test the convergence of the series
∞ 2
X nn
n2
.
n=1
(n + 1)
2
nn
Solution: Let an = . Now let us recall the following:
(n + 1)n2
Root test
∞
X
If an is a series with a = lim sup |an |1/n , then :
n=1
X∞
• an converges absolutely if a < 1,
n=1
X∞
• an diverges if a > 1.
n=1
• The test fails for a = 1.

6(e) Contd..
Note that
1 nn 1 1
lim sup | an | n = lim sup n
= lim sup 1 n
= < 1.
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1) n→∞ (1 + n ) e
Now it follows from the Root test that the given series converges.

Question 7
Test the convergence of the following infinite series:

∞
X π
(a) sin .
2n
n=0
∞
X 1
(b) .
n log(n3 )
n=2
∞
X 1 1
(c) sin √ .
n n
n=1
∞
X 1 1
(d) √ sin .
n=1
n n

Question 7(a). Test the convergence of the infinite series
∞
X π
sin .
2n
n=0

∞
X π
sin .
2n
n=0
Solution:
• It is known that for any x ≥ 0, sin(x) ≤ x.

∞
X π
sin .
2n
n=0
Solution:
π π
• Thus ∀ n ≥ 0, sin n ≤ n .
2 2

∞
X π
sin .
2n
n=0
Solution:
π π
• Thus ∀ n ≥ 0, sin n ≤ n .
2 2
π 1 1
n
• Now lim = < 1.
n→∞ 2n 2
∞
X π
• So it follows from Root test that the series converges.
2n
n=0

∞
X π
sin .
2n
n=0
Solution:
π π
• Thus ∀ n ≥ 0, sin n ≤ n .
2 2
π 1 1
n
• Now lim = < 1.
n→∞ 2n 2
∞
X π
• So it follows from Root test that the series converges.
2n
n=0
• Since the terms of the given series are non-negative, it follows from
the comparison test that it is convergent.

Question 7(b). Test the convergence of the infinite series
∞
X 1
.
n log(n3 )
n=2

∞
X 1
.
n log(n3 )
n=2
1
Solution: Let f (n) = .
n log(n3 )

∞
X 1
.
n log(n3 )
n=2
1
n log(n3 )
• Observe that f (n) > 0 ∀ n ≥ 2.

∞
X 1
.
n log(n3 )
n=2
1
n log(n3 )
• If 2 ≤ n1 < n2 , then log(n13 ) < log(n23 ) (How?).

∞
X 1
.
n log(n3 )
n=2
1
n log(n3 )
• If 2 ≤ n1 < n2 , then log(n13 ) < log(n23 ) (How?). So
1 1
< .
log(n23 ) log(n13 )

∞
X 1
.
n log(n3 )
n=2
1
n log(n3 )
• If 2 ≤ n1 < n2 , then log(n13 ) < log(n23 ) (How?). So
1 1
< .
log(n23 ) log(n13 )
1 1 1
• Further, 3
< 3
< .
n2 log(n2 ) n2 log(n1 ) n1 log(n13 )

7(b) Contd..
• It implies that f (n2 ) < f (n1 ). Thus f (n) is a non-increasing sequence

of positive terms.

7(b) Contd..

of positive terms.
• Hence it follows from Cauchy’s Condensation test that the series
∞
X X∞
f (n) and 2n f (2n ) converge or diverge together.
n=2 n=2

7(b) Contd..

of positive terms.
∞
X X∞
n=2 n=2
• Now
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X 2n X 1 1 X1
2n f (2n ) = = = .
2n log(2n )3 3n log(2) 3 log(2) n
n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2

7(b) Contd..

of positive terms.
∞
X X∞
n=2 n=2
• Now
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X 2n X 1 1 X1
2n f (2n ) = = = .
2n log(2n )3 3n log(2) 3 log(2) n
n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2
∞ ∞
X 1 X
• Since is a divergent series, we get that the series 2n f (2n ) is
n
n=2 n=2
also divergent.

7(b) Contd..

of positive terms.
∞
X X∞
n=2 n=2
• Now
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X 2n X 1 1 X1
2n f (2n ) = = = .
2n log(2n )3 3n log(2) 3 log(2) n
n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2
∞ ∞
X 1 X
• Since is a divergent series, we get that the series 2n f (2n ) is
n
n=2 n=2
also divergent.
X∞
• Therefore, the given series f (n) diverges.
n=2

Question 7(c). Test the convergence of the infinite series
∞
X 1 1
sin √ .
n n
n=1

Question 7(c). Test the convergence of the infinite series
∞
X 1 1
sin √ .
n n
n=1
1 1 1 1 1
Solution: Note that sin √ ≤ √ = 3/2 , for all n ≥ 1. The series
n n n n n
∞
X 1
converges for p > 1. Thus it follows from the comparison test that
np
n=1
∞
X 1 1
the given series sin √ is convergent.
n n
n=1

Question 7(d). Test the convergence of the infinite series
∞
X 1 1
√ sin .
n=1
n n

Question 7(d). Test the convergence of the infinite series
∞
X 1 1
√ sin .
n=1
n n
1 1 1 1 1
Solution: Note that √ sin ≤ √ = 3/2 , for all n ≥ 1. Since the
n n nn n
∞
X 1
series converges for p > 1, it follows from the comparison test that
np
n=1
∞
X 1 1
the given series sin √ is convergent.
n n
n=1

Question 8
Determine which of the following series converges:

∞
X n2 n!
(a) .
(n3 + 1)nn
n=1
nπ
∞ sin( )
2 .
X
(b)
n
n=1
∞
X n(n!)
(c) .
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!]
n=1

∞
X n2 n!
.
(n3 + 1)nn
n=1

∞
X n2 n!
.
(n3 + 1)nn
n=1
Solution:
n2 n!
• Let an = .
(n3 + 1)nn

∞
X n2 n!
.
(n3 + 1)nn
n=1
Solution:
n2 n!
• Let an = .
(n3 + 1)nn
• Then note that
an+1 (n + 1)2 (n + 1)! (n3 + 1)nn
=
an ((n + 1)3 + 1)(n + 1)(n+1) n2 n!
(n + 1)2 (n3 + 1)nn
= .
((n + 1)3 + 1)(n + 1)n n2

8(a) Contd...
Now
1 2

1
1+ 1+ 3
an+1 n n
= 3 ! .
an 1 n

1 1
1+ + 3 1+
n n n

8(a) Contd...
Now
1 2

1
1+ 1+ 3
an+1 n n
= 3 ! .
an 1 n

1 1
1+ + 3 1+
n n n
• Here
an+1 an+1 1
lim sup
= lim = < 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ an e

8(a) Contd...
Now
1 2

1
1+ 1+ 3
an+1 n n
= 3 ! .
an 1 n

1 1
1+ + 3 1+
n n n
• Here
an+1 an+1 1
lim sup
= lim = < 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ an e
• Hence by the ratio test, the given series converges.

nπ
∞ sin
2
X
.
n
n=1

nπ
∞ sin
2
X
.
n
n=1
Solution: nπ
sin
• Let an = 2 .
n

nπ
∞ sin
2
X
.
n
n=1
Solution: nπ
sin
• Let an = 2 .
n
• Then we have
∞ ∞
X X (−1)n
an = 1 + . (1)
2n + 1
n=1 n=1

8(b) Contd...
Now let us recall the following theorem on alternating series:
Theorem
Suppose {an } is a sequence of positive numbers such that
• an ≥ an+1 for all n ∈ N and
• lim an = 0,
n→∞
∞
(−1)n+1 an converges.
P
then the alternating series
n=1
• Note that (1) is an alternating series with

∞
1
• is decreasing,
2n + 1 n=1
1
• lim = 0.
n→∞ 2n + 1

8(b) Contd...
Now let us recall the following theorem on alternating series:
Theorem
Suppose {an } is a sequence of positive numbers such that
• an ≥ an+1 for all n ∈ N and
• lim an = 0,
n→∞
∞
(−1)n+1 an converges.
P
then the alternating series
n=1
• Note that (1) is an alternating series with

∞
1
• is decreasing,
2n + 1 n=1
1
• lim = 0.
n→∞ 2n + 1
• Therefore, it follows from the above theorem that the given series
converges.
∞
X n(n!)
.
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!]
n=1

∞
X n(n!)
.
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!]
n=1
Solution: First recall the following result:

Limit comparison test
Let {an }∞ ∞
n=1 and {bn }n=1 be sequences of positive real numbers. Then
an
= 0 and ∞ bn converges, then ∞
P P
• if lim n=1 n=1 an converges.
n→∞ bn

8(c) Contd...
n(n!) n!
• Let an = and bn = .
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!] [(2n + 1)!]

8(c) Contd...
n(n!) n!
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!] [(2n + 1)!]
• Now
bn+1 (n + 1)! [(2n + 1)!] 1
= = .
bn [(2n + 3)!] n! 2(2n + 3)

8(c) Contd...
n(n!) n!
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!] [(2n + 1)!]
• Now
bn+1 (n + 1)! [(2n + 1)!] 1
= = .
bn [(2n + 3)!] n! 2(2n + 3)

bn+1 1
• Here lim sup
= lim = 0 < 1.
n→∞ bn n→∞ 2(2n + 3)

8(c) Contd...
n(n!) n!
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!] [(2n + 1)!]
• Now
bn+1 (n + 1)! [(2n + 1)!] 1
= = .
bn [(2n + 3)!] n! 2(2n + 3)

bn+1 1
• Here lim sup
= lim = 0 < 1.
n→∞ bn n→∞ 2(2n + 3)
• So by the ratio test ∞

P
n=1 bn converges.

8(c) Contd...
n(n!) n!
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!] [(2n + 1)!]
• Now
bn+1 (n + 1)! [(2n + 1)!] 1
= = .
bn [(2n + 3)!] n! 2(2n + 3)

bn+1 1
• Here lim sup = lim = 0 < 1.
n→∞ bn n→∞ 2(2n + 3)
• So by the ratio test ∞

P
n=1 bn converges.
an n
• Also lim = lim 2 = 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞ n + 1

8(c) Contd...
n(n!) n!
(n2 + 1)[(2n + 1)!] [(2n + 1)!]
• Now
bn+1 (n + 1)! [(2n + 1)!] 1
= = .
bn [(2n + 3)!] n! 2(2n + 3)

bn+1 1
• Here lim sup = lim = 0 < 1.
n→∞ bn n→∞ 2(2n + 3)
So by the ratio test ∞

P
• n=1 bn converges.
an n
• Also lim = lim 2 = 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞ n + 1
• Hence using the limit comparison test, the given series converges.

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MTL100 - Calculus

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL100 - Calculus, Tutorial-2 Semester-I, 2020-21 1 / 49

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL100 - Calculus, Tutorial-2 Semester-I, 2020-21 2 / 49

First let us recall the Cauchy’s condensation test:

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL100 - Calculus, Tutorial-2 Semester-I, 2020-21 2 / 49

First let us recall the Cauchy’s condensation test:

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Comparision test: Let {an }∞ ∞

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Comparision test: Let {an }∞ ∞

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Comparision test: Let {an }∞ ∞

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Test the convergence of the following series:

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• Thus the given series converges if and only if

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• Thus the given series converges if and only if

(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL100 - Calculus, Tutorial-2 Semester-I, 2020-21 12 / 49

• Thus the given series converges if and only if

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