Progress Report – Module 2&3 Project

Group members: Van Waldo Biliran

Mark Nitor
John Kenneth Rosario

Subject/Section: CE122-2 / E01

Date Submitted: 7/12/2023
A. INTERNATIONAL

Figure 1. Mumbai - Pune Expy Maharashtra

Evolution (Biliran)

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway is a controlled-access highway that connects the

two major Indian cities of Mumbai and Pune. It's in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It

begins at Kalamboli, Navi Mumbai, and ends in Kiwale, Pune. The expressway cuts

through five tunnels through the picturesque Sahyadri mountain ranges.

It was first conceived by the Maharashtra government in 1992, starting its

construction in 1998. It initially opened traffic to its first sections at four lanes wide in

2002. It was later completed two years after with an additional two lanes in some of its

sections. This was later extended to all its sections by 2017, with an areas fit

management system being implemented. Currently, it is now one of the busiest

highways in the country of India.

Trend (Biliran)

Traffic on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway has been gradually growing in recent

years. The average daily traffic in 2000 was roughly 50,000 automobiles. The average

daily traffic has climbed to 100,000 vehicles by 2002. The average daily traffic climbed

to 200,000 vehicles in 2017. The average daily traffic is predicted to exceed 250,000

vehicles by 2023. It was recorded to be the 6 th busiest highway in the world in 2022.

(Pune Traffic Report: Tomtom traffic index 2023)

Various factors have led to the increased traffic on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway.

These elements are as follows:

 The expansion of Mumbai's and Pune's economies

 More people are traveling between the two cities for work.

 The emergence of new enterprises and industries in the area

 The region's improved transportation system

The peak hour traffic on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway is between 7 am and 10

am and between 5 pm and 8 pm. The Mumbai-Pune freeway's Bor Ghat and Khandala

sections are the most crowded since they are the minor parts of the highway. The

Khandala part is a challenging ascent that also goes into the highlands, while the Bor

Ghat section is a twisting route that goes over the Sahyadri mountains. In addition to

being well-liked tourist spots, many expressway sections are congested. Peak hour

volume is roughly 55-60% of the daily traffic volume.

 Figure 2: Hourly Speed and Travel Time per 10km from July 4 – 11, 2023

Figure 4: Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Measured at Various Traffic Count Locations

Figure 3: Average Composition of Traffic (in %)

Development (Biliran)

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway is currently less congested thanks to several new

legislation that the Maharashtra government has put into place:

The "Golden Hours" system: This system forbids heavy trucks on the expressway

between the hours of 5 and 8 p.m. and 7 to 10 a.m.

The "No Entry" system: The freeway sections where this technology is in place

are off-limits to specific vehicles. For instance, it is forbidden for cars transporting

hazardous materials to pass through the Bor Ghat area.

The "Speed Governor" system: To control vehicle speed and improve safety, the

Pune-Mumbai Expressway has started implementing the Highway Traffic Management

System (HTMS). 370 CCTV cameras will be put as part of the project in 93 places along

the route, allowing for effective surveillance and quick response to lane violations and

reckless driving.

The "Toll" system: To use the expressway, one must pay a toll under this arrangement.

The expressway is intended to be avoided during high-traffic hours.

 Figure 5: A toll gate within the P-M Expy

CHALLENGES (Rosario)
The Mumbai Pune Expressway has dramatically benefited the area; however, it

also has several drawbacks. This includes the following:

 The expressway's toll prices are considered excessive, and many people

believe they are unjustified.

 Peak traffic times on the highway might result in lengthy travel times.

 Regular highway maintenance is necessary, which might cause traffic

jams.

IMPORTANCE (Rosario)

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway is the main single driver of economic interchange

between the two cities. There are fewer prospects for economic expansion in two cities

in India than on any other roadway. It reduced travel time and took almost six hours
from Mumbai to Pune. One of the quickest and most practical methods to get between

the two cities is using the expressway, which has shortened the journey to only two

hours. The communication between Mumbai and Pune has increased thanks to the

Mumbai-Pune Expressway, which has also boosted connectivity to several other towns

and cities along the route. As a result, the region's trade, commerce, and tourism have

increased, and access to necessities like healthcare and education has been improved.

Moreover, the expressway significantly reduced the number of accidents on the

roadway. Commuters may now drive on the highway safely thanks to well-designed

safety elements, including medians, collision barriers, and signs.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER (Rosario)

New developments

Numerous other projects on the freeway have benefited the local real estate

market. The project will see some critical upgrades shortly to assist commuters greatly.

Additionally, sources claim that the MSRDC has begun building a new missing link to

connect Kusgaon and Khopoli. The journey time should be cut by around 25 minutes

thanks to this new route, which would be pretty helpful for those traveling from Mumbai

to Pune. The 19.80 km of new lane building project was underway in February 2019.

This new update will also increase the general level of road safety.
B. LOCAL

The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), a crucial transportation artery in the

Philippines, has undergone significant evolution and development since its original

construction over 30 years ago. This 84-kilometer-long highway has drawn criticism for

being too congested and being the catalyst of avoidable collisions and fatalities. A

rehabilitation and widening plan were created in the late 2000s to address these issues,

and loans from numerous international organizations and commercial banks funded it. It

was planned to upgrade the NLEX to make it safer and more effective. Given that this

expressway sees more than 160,000 vehicles daily, the redevelopment was anticipated

to have favorable economic effects, including regional regeneration and increased

tourism. Both public and private entities were involved in the construction project, which

began in 2003 and was completed in early 2005. As a result, this introduction provides a

broad overview of the historical context of the NLEX and establishes the framework for

further research into its development and trends.

Figure 6. Construction of the Operations Management Center for

the North Luzon Expressway
EVOLUTION (NITOR)

The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), which connects Metro Manila to the

provinces in Northern Luzon, is a vital component of the Philippine transportation

system. The initial road, built more than 30 years ago, encountered objections for its

limited width and the tragic accidents and fatalities it has brought about. These issues

have brought attention to enhancing NLEX's safety and general quality.

Figure 7. Balintawak Interchange in 1968

The funding for the NLEX upgrade project came from several organizations and

commercial banks. The rehabilitation efforts were financed with loans from the Asian

Development Bank (ADB), the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation of Australia,

the International Finance Corporation, and other organizations, and in addition to these

loans totaling $253 million, a group of private businesses, including the Philippine Lopez

group, PNCC, Leighton Construction, and Egis Projects, contributed $118 million. The
significant investment, estimated at $371 million, allowed the expressway to transform

thoroughly.

Public and private organizations worked together on the building of the NLEX.

The project was undertaken on a rehabilitate-operate-transfer basis by the Manila North

Tollways Corporation (MNTC), a limited liability company owned jointly by First

Philippine Infrastructure Development Corp, Egis Projects, and Philippine National

Construction Corporation (PNCC). During the 30-year concession period, the Tollways

Management Corporation (TMC), a government organization, was also involved in

managing traffic and toll collection. Thus, the effective management and operation of

the NLEX were guaranteed by this public-private partnership.

Figure 8. Map of Luzon Island

Showing the NLEX Road Network

Central and northern Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines, stood to gain

significantly economically from the NLEX's redevelopment. The upgraded expressway

was anticipated to help the area regenerate, especially between Metro Manila and the

Clark Special Economic Zone, Angeles City, and San Fernando. The upgraded NLEX
was expected to accommodate over 220,000 daily drivers and draw an additional

210,000 tourists yearly, boosting the local economy and promoting tourism in regions 1

through 3 and the Cordillera particular administrative area.

The NLEX project required extensive infrastructure upgrades, including those to

interchanges, bridges, toll stations, and overpasses. The expressway was widened to

accommodate the escalating traffic needs, and existing sections were renovated and

provided new lanes. Installing toll collection systems, telecommunications infrastructure,

and traffic management systems was made possible by notable construction partners

like Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd and Egis Projects. Despite the subsequent toll rate

adjustments that presented difficulties for road users, the project's completion in early

2005 marked a significant milestone in the history of the NLEX.

Figure 9. There are four new toll plazas each equipped with ETC
 In conclusion, efforts to renovate and widen the North Luzon Expressway have

Figure 10. Sections of the road have four lanes in each direction

resulted in a remarkable transformation that foreign loans and private investments have

aided. This introduction lays the groundwork for thoroughly examining NLEX's

development, trends, and development while emphasizing its historical context and the

cooperative efforts of both public and private entities.

TRENDS (NITOR)

The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) has seen noticeable trends and patterns in

its historical traffic volume. According to the data analysis, traffic volume has been

steadily rising, reflecting the rising demand for transportation along this important

expressway. The NLEX's importance as a significant transportation artery has caused a

steady increase in vehicle usage as it connects Metro Manila with the provinces in

Northern Luzon. Factors like population growth, urbanization, economic development,

and increased tourism have influenced the upward trajectory of traffic volume on the

NLEX. These trends show how ongoing infrastructure improvements and proactive

traffic management plans are required to meet the rising demand. To plan transportation

efficiently and maximize the capacity of the NLEX to ensure motorists' efficient and

secure travel, it is essential to understand historic traffic patterns and trends.

 A study conducted by Maravilla et al. presents a comprehensive analysis of traffic

density on the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) using a data signature-based

approach. The study used data signatures to characterize traffic density on the North

Luzon Expressway (NLEX). Hourly traffic volume and mean speed data sets were

collected from specific segments of the NLEX, namely Balintawak (Blk), Bocaue (Boc),

Meycauayan (Mcy), and Marilao (Mrl), for the year 2006. The researchers effectively

represented traffic flow behavior and identified patterns within the dataset by employing

data signatures.

Figure 11. Data Image of Blk's 6-minute Density Data Set

 Figure 12. Data Image of Boc Segment

Figure 13. Data Image of Mcy Segment

Figure 14. Data Image of Mrl Segment

The analysis unveiled distinct traffic density behaviors along the NLEX segments.

Cluster models and visualizations were developed to identify high and low traffic

congestions, outliers, and other significant trends. The Blk segment exhibited higher

densities more frequently than others, reaching approximately 90 vehicles per kilometer.

On the other hand, the Mrl and Boc segments demonstrated a higher frequency of free-

flowing traffic. However, the analysis of the Mcy segment was deemed less reliable due

to compromised data validity. The study also investigated the causes behind irregular
traffic density values. Factors such as holidays, typhoons, and events, including boxing

matches involving Manny Pacquiao, affected traffic density. For instance, holidays like

Holy Week and All Saints' Day saw increased traffic density due to the departure of

people heading to their provinces located north of Luzon. Travel advisories related to

typhoons resulted in lower traffic density during those periods. Events like boxing

matches also influenced traffic patterns, as observed during weeks with games

involving Manny Pacquiao.

Therefore, the research outcomes provide valuable insights into the traffic

patterns and behaviors along the NLEX, which can aid in better traffic management

strategies for the expressway. By understanding the causes and trends in traffic density

variations, transportation authorities can develop targeted measures to improve traffic

flow, alleviate congestion, and enhance overall transportation efficiency on the NLEX.

Figure 15. Maundy Thursday, NLEX traffic volume

 Additionally, Notable trends in traffic volume, especially during specific periods

like Maundy Thursday, have been observed on the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), as

reported by CNN Philippines on April 6, 2023. The high influx of vehicles during this time

significantly contributes to traffic congestion along certain expressway sections. Traffic

congestion starts at the northbound lane of Balintawak, Quezon City, extending to the

Balintawak toll plaza. Moreover, slow-moving traffic is noted on the northbound stretch

of NLEX, specifically from San Simon, Pampanga, to Mexico Lakeshore.

Robin Ignacio, head of the NLEX Corp. Traffic Operations Department,

emphasizes that the relaxation of COVID-19 mobility restrictions has increased

motorists’ eagerness to travel, leading to a surge in vehicle volume on NLEX during the

Holy Week period. In response to the heightened congestion, NLEX management has

implemented various measures to alleviate the situation. These include the addition of

extra cash toll lanes for motorists without RFIDs and providing free towing services for

light vehicles until the nearest toll exit.

Implementing these measures reflects the proactive approach of NLEX

management in addressing the challenges posed by the surge in traffic volume during

peak periods. By offering additional toll lanes and towing services, they aim to facilitate

smoother traffic flow and minimize congestion on the expressway, ultimately improving

the overall travel experience for motorists.

In conclusion, analyzing traffic volume trends on the North Luzon Expressway

(NLEX) and studying hourly traffic volume provides valuable insights into the traffic

patterns and behaviors along the expressway. The findings highlight the impact of

holidays, weather events, and social gatherings on traffic density, leading to volume and
congestion fluctuations. The data-driven approach and proactive measures

implemented by NLEX management, such as additional toll lanes and free towing

services, demonstrate a commitment to improving traffic flow and addressing

congestion challenges. These insights can inform targeted interventions and enhance

traffic management strategies to optimize transportation efficiency on the NLEX,

ultimately improving the overall travel experience for motorists.

DEVELOPMENT (NITOR)

The development of the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) has been a priority for

NLEX Corp., the expressway operator, as evident from their significant investments in

infrastructure upgrades and system enhancements. According to the article titled “NLEX

Corp. earmarks P1.2 billion for system upgrades" by Ted Cordero of GMA News

published on June 16, 2022”, with an allocation of P1.2 billion, NLEX Corp. aims to

improve customer experience by upgrading its collection and management systems.

The projects include upgrading core systems, toll collection systems, and account

management systems, along with replacing toll system equipment. These upgrades will

enhance the processing of lane transactions and result in faster recording of passages,

balances, and reloads for RFID users, who constitute the majority of expressway

motorists.
 Figure 16. NLEX Balintawak and Mindanao Ave toll plaza

Furthermore, NLEX Corp. recognizes the growing interest among Filipinos to

travel, and they strive to meet the demand by improving road quality and modernizing

toll collection systems. The toll fee adjustment approved by the Toll Regulatory Board

(TRB) has provided NLEX Corp. with the necessary support to carry out planned

projects. They prioritize decongesting chokepoints, implementing multi-lane barrier-less

systems, and expanding entry and exit points to improve traffic flow by 30%. Despite the

challenges posed by right-of-way acquisition, NLEX Corp. actively coordinates with local

government units and suggests involving the national government in road-widening

projects.

Figure 17. PHOTO: NLEX CORPORATION

 The ongoing enhancements in NLEX, including infrastructure improvements, toll

system upgrades, and new equipment such as RFID antennas and speed cameras,

contribute to safer and more convenient journeys for motorists. Real-time data from the

cameras enables traffic enforcers to monitor speeding vehicles, ensuring compliance

with speed limits. By continuously investing in capital projects and focusing on

innovation and customer service excellence, NLEX Corp. aims to provide a superior

travel experience, foster regional growth, and ensure the safety of motorists along the

expressway.

CHALLENGES (Rosario)

Traffic congestion

Issues regarding the North Luzon Expressway NLEX Corp. faces challenges

right now in delivering an extension project worth P12-billion that would benefit

thousands of motorists per day. Recently, NLEX has increased its toll price, which took

effect that regular users of the toll road voice their dissatisfaction with the deteriorating

traffic conditions along the freeway, particularly during peak hours owing to the heavy

traffic volume. Moreover, based on the article, NLEX has enacted a preliminary toll

adjustment of an extra P7 at its "open system" for Class 1 vehicles, including

automobiles, jeepneys, vans, or trucks from Balintawak to Marilao in Bulacan. A P17 toll

tax for Class 2 vehicles, such as buses and light trucks, and a P19 toll cost for Class 3

vehicles, such as heavy and trailer trucks, are being adopted. At the NLEX "closed"
system" from Marilao to Sta, drivers must pay an extra P26 for Class 1, P65 for Class 2,

and P77 for Class 3. Ines is in Mabalacat, Pampanga.

IMPORTANCE (Rosario)

Its importance is that it’s Metro Manila's primary route to Central and Northern

Luzon is the 105-kilometer NLEX. With its cutting-edge infrastructure, getting to Baguio

or La Union takes significantly less time to spend the weekend than in the previous ten

years. NLEX has established itself as the nation's model for top-notch highways

because of our contemporary approach to operations, maintenance, management, and

customer service. Conversely, the 94-kilometer SCTEX has allowed Central Luzon to

develop into one of the nation's top logistical hubs.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER (Rosario)

From an economic standpoint, expressways significantly influence our country's

economy. A budget modification and new changes would be necessary due to plans for

this route. The project's budget and the aforementioned roadway’s strength can be

affected. The economic position of our country must be closely monitored for this

reason.

Furthermore, the development of expressways facilitates the movement of cars

between locations without interfering with local populations. It also gives drivers a path

without worrying about running into people, allowing them to concentrate solely on

reaching their destinations safely.

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