Reading Outline

Erosion is a natural process that changes the environment through forces of wind, water and
ice along with the interaction of gravity and human activity.
The movement of air transfers the light materials to another place. For instance, especially in
dry areas, when wind blows, the tiny particles came with wind cuts down the exposed rocks
and those pieces of rock flows away. In other places, the sediments even settle and develop
into landforms. For example, sand dune which forms when sand builds up behind the large
obstacle and develops in to hill or mountain. Usually the unique shape of sand dune often is
determined by the wind speed, direction and the kind of sediment.
The flow of water is another important factor in erosion. Rivers and rains carry away
materials and carve the rocks and changes the shape. Water is one of the major causes of
dramatic changing in desert especially at night. The moistures set on rocks absorb minerals
such as salt and rock itself during night. When sun appears, it evaporates and this cycles.
Which means the rock slowly removed by evaporating.

Listening Outline
Fossil fuels are formed with buried sediments of plants, planktons, animals over millions of
years. The fossil fuels have been used actively since the start of industrial revolution and still,
it is the major source of human civilization.
Petroleum, roughly divided into crude oil and natural gas, formed with dead marine
organisms when they settled down to the seafloor and buried. But when they are buried, the
sediments breakdown into organic matters called kerogen. Then, because of high temperature
and pressure, only hydrocarbon leaves in organic matter. That’s the one companies refine and
sell. However, those process that companies use to find and sell petroleum, is harmful to
environment such as causing water pollution and greenhouse gases.
Coal, is the first fossil fuel found by human, and mostly found in ancient forests or marshy
environments which had active land vegetation accumulation. During accumulation, the
pressure by big rock layer makes devoid of oxygen. This burial depth removes the pore water
and makes it into coal. Coal also has level, if the level goes up, it is harder to find.