Glossary Make The Glossary Terms in This Format Bold The Term and Put Them in A Bullet Pointed List - TERM DEF

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Glossary: Make the glossary

terms in this format, bold the
term, and put them in a bullet
pointed list -> TERM: DEF
Cross of Gold speech: A famous speech by William Jennings Bryan in which he
asserted the economic importance of ordinary people and made the case for
currency based on both silver and gold; suggested that a gold standard hurt
farmers and other working-class Americans.
13th Amendment: A change to the Constitution that outlawed slavery.
14th Amendment: A change to the Constitution that protected the right of

former slaves to be citizens.
15th Amendment: A change to the Constitution that protected the right of

former slaves to vote.
54th Massachusetts Regiment: An African American regiment distinguished for

valor during a battle at Fort Wagner.
A
A. Mitchell Palmer: United States Attorney General from 1919–1921.
abolition: The act of ending or abolishing something, such as slavery.
abolitionist: One who works actively to end slavery.
Abraham Lincoln: 16th president of the United States, 1861–1865, who led the
United States during the Civil War.
Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819: Treaty between Spain and the United States in
which Spain agreed to sell Florida to the United States and other boundary
issues were agreed upon.
Glossary: Make the glossary terms in this format, bold the term, and put them in a bullet pointed list -> TERM: DEF 1
Admiral George Dewey: An American admiral famous for a definitive 1899
victory against the Spanish in a battle for control of the Philippines.
agrarian: Related to farms and farming.
Alamo: An old Spanish mission building in Texas where Mexican forces under
Santa Anna besieged Texans in 1836.
Alexander Hamilton: First secretary of the treasury, leading Federalist, and

proponent of a strong federal government.
Alfred Thayer Mahan: A naval strategist and historian who encouraged foreign
expansion.
allegiance: Devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause.
alliances: Formal agreements between nations for mutual support in case of

war.
Alvin C. York: American army sergeant who received numerous military honors
for his service in France during World War I.
American Colonization Society: An organization in the early 1800s that

proposed to end slavery by helping African Americans move to Africa.
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): American forces in Europe during

World War I.
American Federation of Labor: A group of unions representing only skilled

workers, started as a conservative counter to the Knights of Labor.
American System: A program for economic growth promoted by Henry Clay in

the early 1800s that called for high tariffs on imports.
Americanization: To cause something or someone to have characteristics of

American culture.
Anaconda Plan: Union war plan to blockade the South by sea, take control of
the Mississippi River, and slowly squeeze the Confederacy into submission.
analogy: A comparison of things based on ways they are alike.
anarchist: A person who believes in complete freedom without any form of

government.
Andrew Jackson: He was the seventh president of the United States and
served from 1829 to 1837. He was a military hero during the War of 1812 and
the Seminole Wars. He supported full democratic rights for all white men, Native
American removal, and a limited federal government.
Andrew Johnson: Lincoln’s vice president who succeeded him after his
assassination and presided over the early years of Reconstruction.
Angel Island: Location in San Francisco Bay that served as the port of entry for
most immigrants arriving in the United States from Asia.
annex: Add a territory to an existing state or country.
B
Bank of the United States: the first federal bank, chartered in 1791, issued
currency for the country and stabilized the economy
Bank run: a panic in which so many depositors withdraw so much money that a
bank collapses
Barbed wire: sharp-pointed wire used for fences
Baron von Steuben: Prussian officer who trained and reorganized the
Continental Army during the American Revolution
Battle of Antietam: the single bloodiest day of the Civil War and an important
battle that ended in a stalemate and resulted in the Confederate army having to
turn back from its attempt to capture Washington
Battle of Argonne Forest: final World War I battle in which French and
American troops defeated the Germans in France
Battle of Bunker Hill: costly victory for British troops over the patriots in
Charlestown, Massachusetts, in the American Revolution on June 17, 1775
Battle of Cantigny: first American offensive in World War I
Battle of Gettysburg: Union victory over Confederate forces in 1863 near

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, that marked a turning point in the Civil War.
Battle of Little Bighorn: Lakota victory over United States soldiers on June 25,
1876.
Battle of Long Island: a 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400
colonists were killed, wounded, or captured
Battle of San Jacinto: an 1836 battle between Texans and Mexicans during the
Texas war for independence from Mexico
Battle of Saratoga: a 1777 battle in New York in which colonial forces won a
decisive victory against the British
Battle of Shiloh: an 1862 Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in a Union
victory
Battle of Trenton: a 1776 battle in New Jersey in which Continental forces

surprised and defeated Hessian troops
Battle of Yorktown: the 1781 American victory in Virginia that forced the British
to surrender
Battles of Lexington and Concord: in 1775, the conflicts between

Massachusetts colonists and British soldiers that started the Revolutionary War
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton: African American leader who helped and

encouraged thousands of Exodusters to move to the West between 1877–1879
Benjamin Franklin: an author, inventor, and statesman who helped persuade

France to enter the Revolutionary War on the side of the Americans. He was
actively involved in framing the Declaration of Independence.
Bessemer Process: a method of making steel quickly and cheaply that spurred
the industrial growth of the late 1800s.
Bicameral: an adjective describing a legislative body composed of two

chambers.
Big Stick Diplomacy: a policy used by Theodore Roosevelt that threatened

force to achieve foreign policy goals.
Bill of Rights: fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to U.S. citizens by

the Constitution's first 10 amendments.
Black Codes: southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans
after the Civil War.
Bleeding Kansas: also known as the Border War, a series of confrontations that
included election fraud, raids, and revenge murders in Kansas and neighboring
Missouri over the question of slavery in Kansas.
Blockade: to use troops or ships to cut off access to an enemy location.
Bonanza Farms: large farms owned by investors who hired laborers to work the
land.
Booker T. Washington: a prominent African American activist, reformer, and
educator who was the principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
Boom: a period of economic growth and expansion.
Bootlegging: the process of smuggling liquor; refers to Prohibition-era United

States.
Border Ruffians: proslavery Missourians who crossed the border to vote in

Kansas.
Boss Tweed: the nickname of William M. Tweed, a corrupt politician who

controlled the Tammany Hall political machine in the mid to late 1800s.
Boston Massacre: incident on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers killed five
colonists in Boston.
Boston Tea Party: a 1773 protest in which colonists dressed as Native

Americans dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
Boxer Rebellion: a peasant uprising that attempted to drive all foreigners from
China.
Boycott: to abstain from using or buying something as an act of protest.
Brer Rabbit: a trickster who uses cleverness to overcome stronger and more
fearsome foes; the main character in a series of folk stories that originated
among enslaved people in the southern United States.
Bribery: the practice of influencing someone's decisions by offering money or

favors.
Buffalo Soldiers: members of the all-African American units of the United

States Army that were formed in the late 1800s.
Butler Act: 1925 Tennessee law that outlawed teaching evolution in public
schools.
C
Cabinet: the advisors and department leaders selected by the president.
California Gold Rush: the rush to find gold that brought thousands of new
residents to California and produced millions of dollars in new wealth for the
region and the United States.
Carpetbaggers: non-southerners who came to the South during Reconstruction
to take advantage of its economic and political situation; carpetbaggers got the
name because many came with travel bags made of carpet material.
Cash Crop: a crop grown mostly for sale rather than for the needs of the
farmer's family.
Charles Cornwallis: general who commanded Britain's southern forces and

surrendered at Yorktown in 1783.
Charles Lindbergh: the first individual to fly an airplane across the Atlantic
Ocean, an event that led to the growth of the aviation industry.
Chicago Race Riot of 1919: violent racial conflict that occurred in Chicago,
Illinois, in 1919.
Chinese Exclusion Act: a law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1882 that
prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States
Clara Barton: a Civil War nurse, often called "the Angel of the Battlefield" by the
soldiers, who went on to found the American Red Cross
clear-cutting: the process of cutting down and removing every tree from an area
Coercive Acts: British laws enacted in 1774 to punish Boston and the rest of
Massachusetts for the destruction of tea during the Boston Tea Party; with
Quebec Act, dubbed "Intolerable Acts" by colonists
Committee on Public Information: government agency that created

propaganda to convince people to support World War I with money and
volunteer efforts
Committees of Correspondence: groups of colonists formed in the 1772 to

spread news and information about protests against the British
Common Sense: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that argued for

independence from Great Britain
Compromise of 1850: a political agreement passed by Congress in 1850 for the

purpose of avoiding conflict between the North and South by compromising over
various issues, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into new
territories and states
Compromise of 1877: an agreement by Republican presidential candidate

Rutherford B. Hayes to end Reconstruction in return for congressional
Democrats accepting his inauguration as president after the disputed election of
1876
Confederate States of America: a republic formed by 11 southern states that

seceded from the United States in order to preserve slavery and states' rights
Confiscation Acts: statewide acts that made it legal for state governments to
seize loyalists' property
Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise: plan proposed for creating a national

bicameral legislature in which all states would be equally represented in the
Senate and proportionally represented in the House
conscientious objector: a person who refuses to serve in the armed forces on

moral or religious grounds
conscription: the practice of ordering people by law to serve in the armed

forces
conservationism: a political, social, and environmental movement to protect

natural resources
Constitutional Convention of 1787: the gathering of state delegates in

Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which were
replaced with the Constitution
Continental Army: a regular fighting force organized by the Second Continental

Congress and raised from all of the colonies
contraception: things that are done to prevent a woman from becoming

pregnant
cooperative (co-op): a group of people who pool their money to buy or sell
goods at wholesale rates
Copperheads: Democrats who opposed Lincoln in the 1864 election
corporation: a business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and
risk only the amount of their investment
corruption: use of power for personal gain
cotton gin: the machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793–1794 that cleaned the
seeds from cotton
Coxey's Army: a public protest group led by Jacob Coxey that marched on
Washington, D.C. in 1894 to ask the government to help the unemployed;
unofficial name of the Army of the Commonwealth in Christ
Crédit Mobilier scandal: a scandal in which the Crédit Mobilier company

overcharged for building the Union Pacific Railroad and then used some of the
extra money to bribe high-ranking federal officials
Crittenden Compromise: a last-ditch effort at a compromise to amend the

Constitution to protect slavery in states where it existed.
crop-lien: a system in which store owners extended credit to farmers under the
agreement that the farmer would give the store owner a portion of their future
harvest.
Currency Act: a 1764 British law that barred the colonies from issuing their own
paper to pay public or private debts to Britain.
D
Daughters of Liberty: a colonial women’s group organized in 1766 as a
counterpart to the Sons of Liberty to oppose British policies through boycotts of
British goods and other measures.
David Walker: African American abolitionist who urged people to actively resist
slavery.
Dawes Act: an 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of most reservation land
and allocating some parcels to individual Indians while the remainder was
opened for white settlement.
decadence: excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury and the resulting moral

or cultural decline.
Declaration of Independence: a 1776 document stating that the 13 English

colonies were a free and independent nation.
Declaratory Act: a 1766 British law that repealed the Stamp Act of 1765 but
said that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in "all cases Whatsoever".
democracy: form of government in which citizens hold political power.
Democratic-Republicans: members of a political party favoring a strict

interpretation of the Constitution, restricting the federal government's power in
favor of states' rights.
democratization: the process of a society becoming more democratic.
Depression of 1893: an economic downturn caused by low bank reserves,
overinvestment in railroad stocks, and low gold reserves in the U.S. Treasury.
direct primary: a form of election in which members of a political party vote

directly on candidates before the general election.
disenfranchise: to deprive someone of the right to vote.
disenfranchisement: the deprivation of someone's power, right, or privilege,

especially with regard to voting.
disillusionment: the feeling of being dissatisfied or defeated in expectation or

hope.
dollar diplomacy: the U.S. policy urged by President Taft of using private
investment in other nations to promote American diplomatic goals and business
interests.
domestic slave trade: a system of buying and selling enslaved persons within
the borders of the United States.
doughboys: soldiers in part of the American Expeditionary Forces that all wore
the distinct uniform composed of jacket, hat, pack, belt, and puttees.
draft: method of selecting people for service, especially military service.
Dred Scott: enslaved African American who took his fight for freedom to the
Supreme Court in 1857.
Dunmore's Proclamation: decree signed by Lord Dunmore, the royal governor

of Virginia, that proclaimed any slaves or indentured servants who fought
alongside the British in the Revolutionary War would be rewarded with their
freedom.
duty: an import tax.
E
efficiency: the amount of time and effort needed to produce something.
Eighteenth Amendment: 1919 amendment to the U.S. Constitution that

declared the sale, transportation, and production of alcohol to be illegal.
Election of 1860: a critical election in which Abraham Lincoln was elected as

president, leading the South to secede from the Union.
Election of 1864: the presidential race where Abraham Lincoln won his second
term over former General George McClellan.
Electoral College: a system in which each state selects presidential electors

according to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress by
whatever method it prefers, and these electors then select the president.
Eli Whitney: inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized the textile industry
and helped the South's economy. He also introduced the use of interchangeable
parts in factory production of goods.
Elizabeth Blackwell: first American female physician.
Ellis Island: an island in Upper New York Bay that served as a port of entry for
immigrants from 1892–1954.
Emancipation Proclamation: an 1863 declaration by President Lincoln freeing

enslaved African Americans in Confederate territory.
Emergency Tariff of 1921: a protective tariff that raised taxes on imported

agricultural goods.
empresario: a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during
the 1800s.
entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of

starting a business.
Ernest Hemingway: twentieth-century American author known for depicting the

aftermath of World War I.
Espionage Act of 1917: law that prohibited any efforts to aid to the enemy by
spying, or espionage, and forbade any attempts to interfere with the U.S.
military’s wartime actions.
ethnic enclave: an urban area inhabited by members of the same ethnic group.
Eugene V. Debs: leader of the American Railway Union that called for the
Pullman Strike.
exceptionalism: the belief that a particular country or region is superior to

others.
excise tax: taxes made on the purchase of specific goods.
Exodusters: African American settlers who moved west to set up their own
farms and escape oppression in the post-Reconstruction South.
expansionism: a policy of increasing a country's size by expanding its territory.
expatriate: a person who leaves her own country and takes up residence in a
foreign land.
export: a good or service produced within a country and sold outside of that
country’s borders.
F
F. Scott Fitzgerald: twentieth-century American novelist known for his portrayal
of decadence.
Farmers' Alliance: an alliance formed from regional groups who represented

farmers’ interests.
Federalist Papers: a series of essays by Federalists James Madison, Alexander

Hamilton, and John Jay in support of ratifying the Constitution.
Federalist Party: the political party led by Alexander Hamilton that favored a
strong federal government.
Federalists: supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time when the states
were contemplating its adoption.
feminist: a person who advocates or is active in promoting women's rights.
Fifteenth Amendment: a change to the Constitution that protected the right of

former slaves to vote.
First Battle of Bull Run: the first major battle of the Civil War resulting in a
shocking victory for the Confederacy.
First Continental Congress: meeting of delegates from most of the colonies

held in Philadelphia in 1774 in response to British efforts to tax the colonies.
First Transcontinental Railroad: the stretch of railroad that linked the network
of track in the eastern United States with the network in the West.
Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and

Seminoles, who had established treaty agreements with the United States in the
late 1700s or early 1800s, lived in peace with their neighbors, and adopted more
of the ways of whites than most Native Americans.
flapper: a young woman in the 1920s who dressed and behaved in a way that
was considered very modern.
flu pandemic of 1918: outbreak of influenza that caused panic and death within
the United States and worldwide between 1918–1919.
folktale: a story passed from person to person, usually through oral telling, that
reflects cultural beliefs and values.
Food Administration: government agency created by President Woodrow

Wilson to control the production and use of food in the United States.
Fort Sumter: the location of the first act of war during the Civil War.
Fourteen Points: international peace plan introduced by President Woodrow

Wilson in 1918.
Fourteenth Amendment: a change to the Constitution that protected the rights

of former slaves to be citizens.
Frederick Douglass: former slave who became a famous writer, speaker, and a
leader of the abolitionist movement.
Frederick Jackson Turner: an American historian best known for his frontier
thesis.
Freedmen's Bureau: agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide

social, educational, and economic services as well as advice and protection to
former slaves.
Free-Soil Party: the bipartisan antislavery party founded in the United States in
1848 to keep slavery out of the western territories.
French Revolution: a rebellion in France beginning in 1789 that overthrew the

French monarchy.
frontier thesis: Frederick Jackson Turner’s idea that the blending of European
traditions and native wilderness developed into the unique characteristics of
American democracy and individualism.
Fuel Administration: government agency created by President Woodrow

Wilson to control the production and use of fuel.
G
gang-labor system: a system of enslaved labor in which workers assigned to
groups, or gangs, labor in fields all day under close supervision; commonly used
on plantations, particularly cotton plantations, in the southeastern United States.
General Antonio López de Santa Anna: dictatorial president of Mexico during
the 1830s and 1840s; a career soldier and politician.
General John J. Pershing: the commander of the American Expeditionary

Forces (AEF) in Europe during World War I.
Gentlemen's Agreement: an agreement between Theodore Roosevelt and

Japan to calm immigration tensions.
George McClellan: the general-in-chief of the entire Union army and direct
commander of the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War.
George Meade: a Union General during the Civil War who led the Army of the
Potomac to victory in the Battle of Gettysburg and through the end of the war.
George Washington: general of the Continental Army and first U.S. president.
Gertrude Stein: early twentieth-century American author associated with

modernist literature and the Lost Generation.
Gettysburg Address: a famous Civil War speech given by President Lincoln in

1863 at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Ghost Dance: part of a religious awakening among the Lakota Sioux in 1890 in
which they believed that if they returned to their traditional ways and
ceremonies, the whites would be driven from their land.
gild: to coat something in a thin layer of gold.
Gilded Age: an era of U.S. history from 1870 to 1900 characterized by political
corruption and extremes of wealth and poverty.
gradualists: people who wanted to abolish slavery by operating within the

parameters of the existing political and legal system.
grandfather clause: in the post-Reconstruction South, a law that excused a

voter from a literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on January
1, 1867.
Great Migration: the mass migration of African Americans from the rural South
to northeast and midwestern cities in the United States during the twentieth
century.
habeas corpus: principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first
being charged with a specific crime.
Harlem Hellfighters: an African American infantry regiment that served during

World War I.
Harlem Renaissance: a twentieth-century cultural movement that involved an

outpouring of creative work by African American writers, thinkers, musicians, and
artists.
Harriet Tubman: former slave who helped hundreds of others to freedom.
Haymarket Affair: a peaceful 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago that ended

with a bomb that killed a police officer and resulted in public disapproval of labor
unions.
Henry Cabot Lodge: United States senator from Massachusetts; known for his
opposition to Article X of the Treaty of Versailles.
Henry Clay: a leading member of the House of Representatives for Kentucky

under Presidents Madison and Monroe who spoke for the interests of the West,
and who later served as a U.S. senator and Secretary of State.
Henry David Thoreau: an American author and leader of the transcendentalist

movement, also known for his acts of civil disobedience.
Henry Ford: early car manufacturer who started the Ford Motor Company and
introduced the moving assembly line.
Herbert Hoover: coordinator of the Food Administration during World War I.
Hessians: German soldiers hired by Britain to fight in the American Revolution.
homespun: yarn and cloth that is spun and woven at home.
Homestead Act: law passed by Congress in 1862 providing 160 acres of land
free to anyone who would live on the plot and farm it for five years.
Homestead Strike: an 1892 steelworkers' strike in Pennsylvania that resulted in

several deaths on both sides and nothing gained for the workers.
horizontal integration: the combining of competing firms into one corporation.
Hundred Days' Offensive: during World War I, several months of coordinated

attacks that brought the war to an end.
hydraulic mining: a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to

dislodge rock material or move sediment.
I
Ida B. Wells: an African American investigative journalist and educator who was
active in the emerging civil rights movement.
Ida Tarbell: an investigative journalist known for her work exposing the unfair
business practices of Standard Oil Company.
immediatists: abolitionists who fought to end slavery immediately.
immigrant: a person who moves from one country to settle in another country.
impeachment: to accuse a public official of wrongdoing in office.
imperialism: a national policy of expanding power by taking control of other

lands and peoples.
import: a good or service sold within a country that is produced in another

country.
impressment: the practice of forcing people into military service.
Indian Citizenship Act of 1924: act that granted United States citizenship to all
Native Americans born in the U.S.
Indian Removal Act: law that gave President Andrew Jackson the power to
force Native Americans to move to Indian Territory; this later became the state of
Oklahoma.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): a labor organization, also known as

the Wobblies, that tried to overthrow the capitalist system through direct actions
like strikes.
industrialization: the development of machine-powered production and

manufacturing.
inflation: a rapid rise in prices.
inflation: a steady rise in prices that occurs as money loses value and things
cost more.
initiative: a procedure that allows voters to propose a new law.
inoculate: to inject a weakened form of a disease into a person to protect

against the illness.
intellectual: a person who is given to study, reflection, and speculation.
intended audience: whom a source was meant for when it was created.
interchangeable parts: identical components that can be used in place of one
another in manufacturing.
Interstate Commerce Act: Federal act passed in 1887 that addressed the
problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could
do business.
interventionism: foreign policy that supports government intervention in foreign

affairs.
interventionist: a person who generally supports government intervention in

foreign affairs.
interventionist: a person who supports American intervention in the affairs of

other countries.
Irreconcilables: name for two U.S. senators who opposed the Treaty of
Versailles on all grounds.
isolationism: a policy of staying out of world affairs.
isolationism: foreign policy that is against government intervention in foreign

affairs.
isolationist: a person who is generally against government intervention in

foreign affairs.
J
Jacob Riis: an author best known for his book "How the Other Half Lives," in
which he documented the urban living conditions of the poor in the late 1800s.
James Madison: renowned U.S. statesman and fourth president of the United
States; often called the "father of the Constitution" for the major role he played at
the Constitutional Convention of 1789, which framed the federal Constitution.
James Monroe: the fifth president of the United States, best known for the
Monroe Doctrine.
James Polk: He was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from
1845–1849. He led the expansion of the United States to the Pacific Coast
through the acquisition of the Oregon Territory and the Mexican Cession.
Jane Addams: a reformer who opened Hull House, a settlement house in the
Chicago area, as well as exposing poor working conditions in local sweatshops
and fighting for workers' rights.
Jazz Age: a name used to highlight the cultural development of the United
States during the 1920s, during which jazz music became popular.
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy during the Civil War and former
United States senator from Missouri.
Jim Crow laws: laws passed in the South after Reconstruction establishing
segregation of whites and blacks.
Jim Crow Laws: Laws passed in the South after Reconstruction establishing
segregation of whites and blacks.
John Adams: a leader in the American Revolution. He went on to serve as the

first Vice President and second President of the United States.
John Brown: abolitionist who led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry
in order to initiate an armed slave uprising.
John Hancock: colonial leader, president of the Continental Congress, and

signer of the Declaration of Independence.
John Jay: fifth president of the Continental Congress and U.S. diplomat to Spain
and France who helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris.
John Locke: English philosopher whose ideas influenced the Declaration of

Independence.
John Quincy Adams: He was the sixth president of the United States who
earlier served as a U.S. diplomat, senator, and Secretary of State. He is the son
of John Adams, the second president.
John Wilkes Booth: An American actor and Confederacy supporter who

assassinated President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865.
K
Kansas-Nebraska Act: A law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and
Nebraska Territories but leaving the question of slavery open to local residents.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: An agreement to outlaw war signed by 15 countries in

1928.
Kickback: A form of bribery in which a portion of legally spent money is illegally

returned to someone as part of a secret agreement.
King Cotton: Refers to the domination of cotton as a cash crop for plantation
owners in the South.
Knights of Labor: A very inclusive union that wanted a society focused on

production and worker-owned factories.
Know-Nothing Party: A political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and
anti-immigrant.
L
Laissez-faire: A policy that allows businesses to operate with very little
interference from the government.
Laissez-faire theory: Theory suggesting that government should play a very

limited role in society.
Lansing-Ishii Agreement: An agreement between the U.S. and Japan that

recognized Japanese interests in Chinese Manchuria.
League of Nations: An association of nations outlined during treaty negotiations

at the end of World War I.
Liberty Loan Act: A law allowing the federal government to sell liberty bonds to
the American public in order to raise money for the war effort.
Liberty Party: Abolitionist political party of the 1840s.
Lincoln Steffens: An investigative journalist known for his work uncovering

political corruption in cities.
Lincoln-Douglas debates: A series of seven political debates between the

challenger, Abraham Lincoln, and the incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas, in an
election for the U.S. Senate seat from Illinois.
Literacy test: An examination to see if a person can read and write; used in the
past to restrict voting rights.
Lodge Corollary: An extension of the Roosevelt Corollary stating that the U.S.
would prevent any non-American foreign corporations from acquiring land in the
Western Hemisphere.
Lost Generation: A term referring to authors and intellectuals who expressed

disillusionment about post-war 1920s America.
Lowell System: A system of production implemented by Francis Cabot Lowell
that brought all steps of the manufacturing process under one roof; first used in
Lowell’s textile mills in Massachusetts in the early nineteenth century.
Loyalists: American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the
war for independence.
Lynching: To kill someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime without a

proper trial or conviction, especially by hanging.
M
Majority rule: The principle that the government follows the ideas supported by
the greatest number of people.
Mandate: In politics, approval granted by voters to a candidate they believe will

represent their interests.
Manifest Destiny: Belief that it was God's plan for America to expand from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Manufacturing: The large-scale production of goods by hand or by machine.
Manumission: The act of releasing a slave from slavery or servitude.
March to the Sea: 300-mile march of destruction through Georgia and South
Carolina led by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.
Marcus Garvey: a staunch African American advocate of Negro nationalism

during the early twentieth century; he created the Universal Negro Improvement
Association (UNIA) with the purpose of rejecting white supremacy.
Market Revolution: a shift in the economy of the United States in the 1820s–
1830s in which people began manufacturing more food and goods for trade and
profit.
Marquis de Lafayette: a French aristocrat who fought with the patriots against
the British during the American Revolution.
Mary Walker: a Union surgeon captured by Confederate forces and the first
woman to receive the Medal of Honor.
Mass media: means of communication intended to reach large audiences in the

general public.
Mercenary: a soldier who is paid to fight for another country.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive: during World War I, a series of decisive battles that
took place from September to November of 1918.
Mexican Cession: the region in the southwest United States, including modern-
day New Mexico, that Mexico surrendered in the Mexican-American War.
Middle class: a social class between the upper class and the lower class,
mainly including small land, factory and business owners, professionals,
government officials, and skilled workers.
Militarism: glorifying the military, resulting in an aggressive preparedness for

war.
Militarization: buildup of military forces and armaments in preparation for war.
Militia: an army of citizen volunteers who train to fight during emergencies.
Minutemen: colonial militia volunteers who were prepared to fight at a minute's

notice.
Missouri Compromise: law passed in 1820 dividing the Louisiana Territory into
areas prohibiting slavery and areas allowing slavery.
Mobilization: to gather and maintain troops and resources necessary to wage

war.
Model T: the first car made with an assembly line by the Ford Motor Company; it
became the first car average Americans could afford to buy.
Modernism: a literary and artistic period between about 1910–1950, marked by

distinctive innovations in form, content, and style.
Monetary policy: process through which the government can influence the
nation's economy through changes in the money supply and the availability of
credit.
Monopoly: a situation in which one company has total control over a service or
a product, and faces no competition from other providers.
Monroe Doctrine: policy declared by President James Monroe warning

European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.
Moral diplomacy: President Woodrow Wilson’s policy of condemning

imperialism, spreading democracy, and promoting peace.
Moral imperative: an action motivated by strongly held principles or values.
Morrill Acts: acts passed in 1862 and 1890 that provided public land for
colleges preparing students for careers in business, medicine, law, agriculture,
and other trades.
Moving assembly line: a process where teams of workers assemble the same
piece of a larger product, such as a car, rather than build the entire product from
start to finish; parts are moved by a conveyor.
Muckraker: a term for investigative journalists who wrote about issues like
unsanitary and unsafe conditions in factories and mills.
N
Nadir: the lowest point.
Nat Turner’s rebellion: large slave rebellion in 1831 Virginia.
Nathanael Greene: major general in the Continental Army who became

commander in chief of the southern forces and helped trap the British at
Yorktown.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): An

organization created to promote equality and social justice for African
Americans.
National park: A historic or scenic tract of land maintained by the government.
Nationalism: A sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all

others and placing primary emphasis on the promotion of its culture and
interests as opposed to those of other nations or groups.
Nativism: A policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants.
Natural rights: Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on

governments, which include life, liberty, and property; the concept of natural
rights was central to English philosopher John Locke's theories about
government and was widely accepted among America's founders.
Negro nationalism: A political ideology that recognized a distinct national

African American heritage.
Neutrality: The quality or state of being neutral, especially refusal to take part in
a war between other powers.
New Freedom: President Wilson's program to break up trusts and restore

American economic competition.
New Jersey Plan: Plan that was presented as an alternative to the Virginia Plan
at the Constitutional Convention; called for a unicameral legislature in which
each state would be equally represented.
New Nationalism: Theodore Roosevelt's idea that the government should take
the lead in protecting human welfare and property rights.
New Negro Movement: An African American sociopolitical movement that

promoted a renewed sense of racial pride, cultural self-expression, economic
independence, and progressive politics.
New woman: A term used to describe a woman in the 1920s who resisted the
limitations of society.
Niagara Movement: A civil rights group that opposed racial discrimination and
disenfranchisement.
Nineteenth Amendment: An amendment to the United States Constitution that

prohibits states and the federal government from denying citizens the right to
vote on the basis of sex.
Non-Importation Movement: A colonial effort launched in 1765 to avoid buying

British goods in order to pressure the British Parliament to repeal taxes.
Noninterventionist: A person who opposes American intervention in the affairs

of other countries.
Northern Draft riots: Violent protests in New York City sparked by anger over
conscription.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Legislation passed by Congress under the

Articles of Confederation that provided for public schools and the sale of
government land and prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territories.
O
Omaha Platform of 1892: Statement of the Populist Party's grievances and
agenda for reform.
Open Door policy: A proposal by the United States that all countries should
have equal trade access to Chinese markets.
Open range: A large area of grazing land without fences or other barriers.
Pacific Railway Act: A federal action that provided railroad companies with
ownership of all public lands within 200 feet on both sides of a railroad track.
Palmer Raids: Events in 1919 and 1920 in which the U.S. Department of Justice
arrested and deported suspected communists, anarchists, and radicals.
Panama Canal: A shipping canal across the Isthmus of Panama, linking the
Caribbean Sea (and the Atlantic Ocean) to the Pacific Ocean.
Panic of 1819: An economic crisis in which American banks failed, and many
people lost their savings and homes.
Panic of 1837: A major financial crisis in the United States that lasted until the
mid-1840s.
Panic of 1873: An economic downturn caused by low bank reserves and

overinvestment in railroad stocks.
Paris Peace Conference: 1918 gathering in which international leaders

negotiated treaty terms to officially end World War I.
Parochial school: A school sponsored by a church.
Paternalism: A system under which the U.S. treated less developed countries
as a father would a child, making decisions for them and discounting indigenous
culture and knowledge.
Paternalism: The false idea that white slaveholders acted in the best interests of
enslaved persons by feeding, housing, and disciplining them as well as teaching
them about Christianity; used by slaveholders to justify slavery.
Patrick Henry: The first governor of the independent state of Virginia and a
patriot leader during the American Revolution.
Patriots: American colonists who opposed British rule.
Pendleton Civil Service Act: An anti-patronage law that required some federal
jobs to be awarded based on a merit-based civil service exam.
Perfect 36: Term used for Tennessee to indicate that it became the 36th state to
ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, meaning it could be passed.
Philanthropist: One who gives money or other help to improve the quality of
human life.
Philippine-American War: A war between Filipino revolutionaries and the

United States.
Picketing: To stand or march near a specific location relevant to the subject of a
protest.
Plantation economy: An economic system in which most resources, including

labor, are tied up in large-scale agricultural production, particularly of crops for
trade.
Platt Amendment: An amendment to the 1901 Cuban Constitution that allowed

the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs if threats to a stable government
emerged.
Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 Supreme Court case that established the legality of
racial segregation as long as facilities were kept "separate but equal".
Political machine: A group that controls local politics by trading favors for
influencing votes.
Poll tax: Money that a voter has to pay to vote; used to keep poor voters from
voting.
Pontiac's Rebellion: An armed resistance in 1763 organized by Ottawa leader

Pontiac among several Native American tribes that resulted in great loss of life;
also known as Pontiac's War.
Popular sovereignty: Political theory that government is subject to the will of

the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the
right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there.
Populism: The belief in the rights, wisdom, and virtue of common people.
Populist Party: A political party of the late 1800s that represented the interests
of farmers and other working-class Americans; also called the People's Party.
Preparedness campaign: Steps a country takes to ready itself for war, including
collecting weapons and strengthening armed forces.
Proclamation Line of 1763: A royal proclamation in 1763 designed to protect

Native American tribes by setting a boundary at the peaks of the Appalachian
Mountains beyond which no western white settlement was to take place.
Progressive Party: A political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt.
Progressivism: A political and social movement intended to address problems

caused by urbanization and industrialization.
Prohibition: Movement to end the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in

the United States.
Propaganda: The use of ideas, including factual information or allegations, to
further one's cause.
Protective tariff: A tax on imported goods that is meant to protect U.S.

businesses from foreign competition.
Pull factor: A condition that attracts people to move to a new area.
Pullman Strike: A nationwide rail workers' strike in 1894 that turned violent,
gained nothing for the workers, and turned public opinion against labor unions.
Punitive Expedition: A U.S. Army operation led by General George Pershing

that involved entering Mexico in a failed attempt to capture Pancho Villa.
Push factor: A condition that drives people from their homeland.
Q
Quartering Act: A 1765 British law requiring colonists to provide housing and
provisions for British troops stationed in the colonies.
R
Radical Republican: A member of Congress during Reconstruction who wanted
to break the power of wealthy southern plantation owners and ensure that
freedmen received the right to vote.
Ration: To allow each person to have only a fixed amount of a certain

commodity, such as food.
Realism: The theory or practice of fidelity in art and literature to nature or to real
life and to accurate representation without idealization.
Recall: A procedure that allows voters to remove a public official from office.
Red Scare: A pervasive American fear of Communist infiltrators prompted by the

success of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Red Summer: A period of race riots and violence in the United States
throughout 1919.
Referendum: A procedure that allows voters to vote for or against a proposed

law.
Reign of Terror: Time period during the French Revolution from September
1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the
revolution and many were executed.
Republican motherhood: The belief that women should have more rights and a
better education so that they might support husbands and raise sons who would
actively participate in the political affairs of society.
Republican Party: A new political party created in 1854 that was dedicated to
stopping the spread of slavery to any place in the nation where it did not already
exist.
Republicanism: Form of government in which citizens appoint or elect leaders

to represent and make decisions for them.
Reservation: An area of land granted, often by force, to a Native American tribe,

usually in exchange for their own homeland.
Reservationists: Name for U.S. senators who would support the Treaty of
Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced to eliminate Article X.
Revenue Act of 1924: A bill that cut the federal tax rate.
Revenue Act of 1926: A bill that reduced personal income and inheritance tax
and removed the gift tax.
RMS Lusitania: British passenger ship that was attacked by a German

submarine in 1915.
Robert E. Lee: The commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia

during the Civil War.
Robert Fulton: An American engineer and inventor who used a steam engine in
a riverboat named the Clermont to sail up the Hudson River from New York to
Albany in 1807.
Robert La Follette: A former governor and senator of Wisconsin who was a

strong supporter of progressive government.
Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the United

States (U.S.) would intervene in conflicts between Latin American and European
nations.
Rough Riders: A nickname given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry assembled
and led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
Sabotage: The secret destruction of property or interference with production.
Sacco-Vanzetti case: 1921 trial of two Italian immigrants accused of robbery

and murder; highlighted cultural tension of the time.
Sam Houston: A soldier, lawyer, and politician who was instrumental in Texan
independence and its subsequent annexation by the United States.
Samuel Morse: An American inventor who developed the single-wire electrical

telegraph and a system of communicating with short and long electrical signals
known as Morse code in the 1830s.
Samuel Slater: An English-American inventor and businessperson known for

bringing knowledge of English textile machinery to the United States and
launching the textile industry there.
Sand Creek Massacre: An 1864 military raid on a peaceful Cheyenne camp

that resulted in the murder of approximately 200 Native American men, women,
and children.
Satire: A work of literature that makes fun of its subject, often mocking vice or
folly.
Scalawags: A disparaging term for southern whites who supported the southern
Republican Party during Reconstruction.
Schenck v. United States: A 1919 U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the
conviction of a Socialist who urged resistance to the draft during World War I.
Scopes Trial: 1925 trial in which a Tennessee law against teaching evolution
was challenged.
Scrip: Company-specific currency paid to a worker, instead of cash, that could

only be used at company-owned stores.
Secession: The separation of a state from a nation.
Second Bank of the United States: A federal bank chartered in 1816 to bring
stability to the economy by controlling the national currency.
Second Battle of the Marne: During World War I, a massive counterattack in

which Allied troops stopped the advancing German army during the summer of
1918.
Second Great Awakening: A widespread religious movement in the United

States in the early 1800s.
Second Ku Klux Klan: The revival of the white supremacist society in the 1920s
throughout the United States, especially in the Midwest.
Second Middle Passage: The forced relocation and sale of more than one
million enslaved African Americans within the borders of the United States in the
early to mid-1800s.
Sedition Act of 1918: Law that prohibited any criticism or disloyal language
against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military
uniform, or the American flag.
Selective Service Act of 1917: Law that initially required all men aged 21–30 to
register for the draft; later expanded to include all men between 18–45.
Self-determination: The idea that nations should be afforded the right to

determine how they wished to be governed.
Seneca Falls Convention: First national convention on women's rights,

organized in 1848 by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Settlement house: An institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided

numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and
classes in English.
Seventeenth Amendment: An amendment to the Constitution that allowed

voters to directly elect United States senators.
Seward's Folly: A term used to describe U.S. Secretary of State William

Seward’s controversial purchase of the Territory of Alaska.
Sharecropper: A person, usually from the South, who raises crops for a
landowner in exchange for a portion of the crops.
Sharecropping: A system in which a farmer rents or leases farmland and

shares the profits from the crops with the landowner.
Shays’s Rebellion: A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of

farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure
proceedings.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Federal act passed in 1890 to try to break up trusts
and restore competition.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act: An 1890 law that required the U.S. government
to buy silver and issue silver-backed dollars; repealed in 1893.
Siege: A military blockade or encirclement of an enemy town or position with the
purpose of forcing it to surrender.
Silent Sentinels: A group of women suffragists who kept a silent vigil at the
White House to show support for women’s voting rights.
Sinclair Lewis: Early twentieth-century American author known for criticizing

materialism and conformity.
Sitting Bull: Lakota Sioux chief who led his people to victory in the Battle of
Little Bighorn.
Sixteenth Amendment: An amendment to the Constitution that allowed the

federal government to levy an income tax.
Skilled labor: A job that requires a certain level of training and skill that could
take years to acquire.
Slave auction: A public event at which many enslaved persons are sold, usually
to the buyers who offer the highest bid or payment.
Slave codes: Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved Africans and African
Americans and denied them basic rights.
Slave patrol: A group of generally white men organized to monitor the behavior
of enslaved people and enforce slave codes.
Social contract: Enlightenment theory that says individuals form governments

as a way to enforce laws and to protect rights; if the government violates the
rights of the people, the people have the right to overthrow the government and
form a new government.
Social Darwinism: Application of Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution

to society, holding that the fittest and the wealthiest should thrive and lead, the
weak and the poor "deserve" their fate, and government action is unable to alter
this "natural" process.
Social gospel: A philosophy that stated that all Christians should be as

concerned about the conditions of life in the secular world as those in the
afterlife.
Social gospel: A religious reform movement that promoted applying Christian

ideals and activism to social problems.
Socialist Party of America (SPA): A political party founded by Eugene Debs;

worked to elect Socialists to positions at the federal, state, and local levels of
government.
Sodbusters: Settlers that constructed cheap frontier homes of dirt and prairie
grass due to a lack of construction materials.
Sons of Liberty: A colonial organization formed in 1765 in opposition to the

Stamp Act and other British laws and taxes.
Specialize: To do one job or make one part of a product.
Specie Circular: Andrew Jackson’s declaration that all western land be sold
using gold or silver.
Speculator: Someone who invests money in a risky venture, such as a land

purchase or a new business, to make a profit.
Spirit of St. Louis: The name of the airplane Charles Lindbergh flew across the
Atlantic Ocean.
Spiritual: A religious folk song, particularly with roots among the enslaved
African American people of the southeastern United States.
Spoils system: Using political power to grant other positions to friends and
supporters.
Spoils system: The practice of naming family members, friends, and political
supporters to posts regardless of their experience or skills; also called a
patronage system.
Square Deal: Theodore Roosevelt’s policy goals of conserving natural

resources, control of corporations, and protection of consumers.
Stamp Act: Law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on
items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies; repealed in
1766.
Stamp Act Congress: A formal meeting of representatives from nine of the 13

American colonies to discuss and coordinate a response to the Stamp Act of
1765.
Stonewall Jackson: A successful general in the Confederate Army serving

under Robert E. Lee.
Stono Rebellion: Slave rebellion in South Carolina in 1739.
Subtreasury plan: A plan that called for the government to hold crops to control
supply and increase prices for farm goods while also loaning money to farmers
for 80 percent of the value of those crops.
Suffrage: The right to vote.
Suffragist: A person who works to extend the right to vote to those who do not
currently have it.
Sugar Act: A British law passed in 1764 that revised and enforced the tax on the
sale of molasses, sugar, and other goods in the colonies, making it easier for
British officials to bring colonial smugglers to trial.
Sweatshop: A factory where workers are employed for low wages under very
poor and very hot conditions.
T
Tammany Hall: A Democratic Party political machine that influenced politics in
New York from the 1790s through the 1960s.
Tariff: A tax charged by a government on goods shipped in from another country

or shipped out of its own country.
Tariff: Taxes on imports or exports.
Tariff of Abominations: A revised federal tariff (or tax on imports) that lowered
the tax on cotton products but raised it on many of the products made in the mid-
Atlantic states.
Tea Act: A law passed by British Parliament in 1773 stating that only the British
East India Company could sell tea directly to the American colonies and
permitting the company to bypass customs duties.
Teapot Dome Scandal: The name given to a major scandal of the Harding
presidency in which U.S. Navy oil reserves, including those at Teapot Dome,
Wyoming, were used to enrich the secretary of the interior and his friends.
Tecumseh: A Shawnee chief who united Native American nations in the years
leading up to the War of 1812 to resist the westward expansion of the United
States.
Telegraph: A device invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 that uses coded bursts
of electricity to send messages over long distances.
Temperance movement: A social movement that sought to improve family life

by discouraging drinking alcohol.
Tenement: A building that has been divided into many small apartments.
Terence V. Powderly: Leader of the Knights of Labor labor union.
The Grange: A group that helped farmers by providing community support and
lobbying for farm-friendly laws.
Thirteenth Amendment: A change to the Constitution that outlawed slavery.
Thomas Edison: Famous inventor who is credited with creating things such as
the phonograph and the light bulb.
Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson also

served as minister to France and later as the third president of the United States.
Thomas Nast: A political cartoonist of the mid to late 1800s who was known for
challenging bigotry and corruption; often mocked Boss Tweed and the Tammany
Hall political machine.
Three-Fifths Compromise: An agreement reached at the Constitutional

Convention that a slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person when
counting the population of a state.
Topography: Physical features of the land.
Total war: A military strategy where the government makes no distinction

between military and civilian targets, and mobilizes all resources, extending its
reach into all areas of citizens' lives.
Townshend Acts: Laws passed by British Parliament in 1767 that taxed goods
such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea imported by the American colonies.
Trail of Tears: The forced journey of the Cherokees to land set aside for them
by the United States in what is now Oklahoma.
Transcendentalism: A nineteenth-century movement that held that every

individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends
reason and sensory experience; led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David
Thoreau.
Treaty of Ghent: A peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States in 1814
to end the War of 1812.
Treaty of Greenville: A treaty agreed to in 1795 in which Native Americans in

the Northwest Territory were forced to cede the land that is most of the present
states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin to the United States.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The treaty, signed in 1848, ended the U.S. War
with Mexico and granted the United States control of all of Texas, New Mexico,
and California.
Treaty of Paris: The treaty signed in 1783 ending the war between the United
States and Great Britain.
Treaty of Versailles: Treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I.
Trench warfare: Military strategy in which the opposing forces attack and
counterattack from a system of trenches protected by barbed-wire
entanglements.
Triple Alliance: Pre-World War I secret agreement among Germany, Austria-

Hungary, and Italy.
Triple Entente: Pre-World War I alliance among Britain, France, and Russia.
Trust: A group of companies that works together to control an industry and drive
other companies out of business.
Trustbusting: The government practice of dissolving corporate trusts and

monopolies.
Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921: Violent racial conflict that occurred in Tulsa,
Oklahoma, in 1921.
U
U-boat: Submarine used by Germany in World War I.
Ulysses S. Grant: A Civil War general who initially commanded the Union Army
of the West but was later promoted to commanding all of the Union forces.
Underground Railroad: System of secret routes used by escaping slaves that

led from the South to the North or Canada.
Unicameral: An adjective describing a legislative body composed of one

chamber.
Unrestricted submarine warfare: A naval strategy in which submarines attack

ships without warning; first seen during World War I.
Unskilled labor: A job that most able-bodied people can perform with a small
amount of training.
Upton Sinclair: An American novelist known for his novel "The Jungle" that
highlighted the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry.
Urbanization: The process by which cities develop, including increased

population, business, and structures.
Urbanization: The process by which towns and cities are formed and become
larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas.
Utopian community: A place where people try to create an ideal new way of
living together, often marked by egalitarianism and self-sufficiency.
V
Valley Forge: The Pennsylvania site of Washington's Continental Army
encampment during the winter of 1777–1778.
Vertical integration: Practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the

steps used to change raw materials into finished products.
Vicksburg: Site of 1863 Union victory that allowed the Union to control the
entire Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two.
Virginia Plan: Plan presented by the delegates from Virginia at the

Constitutional Convention; called for a three-branch government with a
bicameral legislature in which each state's membership would be determined by
its population or its financial support for the federal government.
W
W. E. B. Du Bois: A prominent African American sociologist, historian, writer,
and activist who protested racial discrimination and inequality.
W.E.B. Du Bois: A prominent African American author and intellectual

associated with the Harlem Renaissance and Negro nationalism during the early
twentieth century.
War Hawks: The members of Congress from the South and the West who called
for war with Britain prior to the War of 1812.
War Industries Board: Government agency created by President Woodrow

Wilson to ensure the United States had adequate military supplies.
War of 1812: Conflict between the United States and Britain that lasted from
1812 to 1815.
Washington Disarmament Conference: An international military conference
held in the United States between 1921–1922.
Western Front: A 400-plus-mile stretch of land through France and Belgium

from the Swiss border to the North Sea, which was the decisive front during
World War I.
Whig Party: A U.S. political party active between 1832–1858 that backed
government support for the economy.
Whiskey Rebellion: Armed uprising in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania

who attempted to prevent the collection of the excise tax on whiskey.
Whiskey Ring: A plot by whiskey distillers to avoid federal taxes by bribing

government officials and other business owners.
White man's burden: A term coined by British writer Rudyard Kipling that
describes the belief that white people owe nonwhite populations their care and
social uplift.
William Howe: General who served as commander in chief of the British forces
in North America during the American Revolution.
William Jennings Bryan: The Populist politician and Democratic presidential

candidate most remembered for his popular “Cross of Gold” campaign speech.
William Lloyd Garrison: Important abolitionist who founded The Liberator.
William Tecumseh Sherman: A Union General known for his use of total war
strategy.
Wilmot Proviso: Unsuccessful proposal to a revenue bill that would ban slavery
in territory acquired from the Mexican Cession.
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): A women’s organization that

advocated for laws against the consumption of alcohol.
Worcester v. Georgia: An 1832 Supreme Court ruling that proclaimed state

laws do not apply within Native American territory.
Working class: A group of people who work for wages, primarily through
manual labor, and have a lower, less secure social and economic status than
business owners and investors.
Wounded Knee Massacre: An 1890 military action in which 300 surrendering

Lakota Sioux were killed after a rifle accidentally discharged; also referred to as
the Battle of Wounded Knee.
XYZ
Xenophobia: A fear or dislike of foreigners or strangers.
Yellow journalism: News reporting, often biased or untrue, that relies on

sensational stories and headlines.
Zimmerman telegram: A secret communication between Germany and Mexico

in 1917; pushed the United States from neutrality to engagement during World
War I.

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13th Amendment: A change to the Constitution that outlawed slavery.

14th Amendment: A change to the Constitution that protected the right of

15th Amendment: A change to the Constitution that protected the right of

54th Massachusetts Regiment: An African American regiment distinguished for

abolition: The act of ending or abolishing something, such as slavery.

abolitionist: One who works actively to end slavery.

agrarian: Related to farms and farming.

Alexander Hamilton: First secretary of the treasury, leading Federalist, and

allegiance: Devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause.

alliances: Formal agreements between nations for mutual support in case of

American Colonization Society: An organization in the early 1800s that

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): American forces in Europe during

American Federation of Labor: A group of unions representing only skilled

American System: A program for economic growth promoted by Henry Clay in

Americanization: To cause something or someone to have characteristics of

analogy: A comparison of things based on ways they are alike.

anarchist: A person who believes in complete freedom without any form of

annex: Add a territory to an existing state or country.

Barbed wire: sharp-pointed wire used for fences

Battle of Cantigny: first American offensive in World War I

Battle of Gettysburg: Union victory over Confederate forces in 1863 near

Battle of Trenton: a 1776 battle in New Jersey in which Continental forces

Battles of Lexington and Concord: in 1775, the conflicts between

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton: African American leader who helped and

Benjamin Franklin: an author, inventor, and statesman who helped persuade

Bicameral: an adjective describing a legislative body composed of two

Big Stick Diplomacy: a policy used by Theodore Roosevelt that threatened

Bill of Rights: fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to U.S. citizens by

Blockade: to use troops or ships to cut off access to an enemy location.

Boom: a period of economic growth and expansion.

Bootlegging: the process of smuggling liquor; refers to Prohibition-era United

Border Ruffians: proslavery Missourians who crossed the border to vote in

Boss Tweed: the nickname of William M. Tweed, a corrupt politician who

Boston Tea Party: a 1773 protest in which colonists dressed as Native

Boycott: to abstain from using or buying something as an act of protest.

Bribery: the practice of influencing someone's decisions by offering money or

Buffalo Soldiers: members of the all-African American units of the United

Charles Cornwallis: general who commanded Britain's southern forces and

Committee on Public Information: government agency that created

Committees of Correspondence: groups of colonists formed in the 1772 to

Common Sense: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that argued for

Compromise of 1850: a political agreement passed by Congress in 1850 for the

Compromise of 1877: an agreement by Republican presidential candidate

Confederate States of America: a republic formed by 11 southern states that

Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise: plan proposed for creating a national

conscientious objector: a person who refuses to serve in the armed forces on

conscription: the practice of ordering people by law to serve in the armed

conservationism: a political, social, and environmental movement to protect

Constitutional Convention of 1787: the gathering of state delegates in

Continental Army: a regular fighting force organized by the Second Continental

contraception: things that are done to prevent a woman from becoming

Copperheads: Democrats who opposed Lincoln in the 1864 election

corruption: use of power for personal gain

Crédit Mobilier scandal: a scandal in which the Crédit Mobilier company

Crittenden Compromise: a last-ditch effort at a compromise to amend the

decadence: excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury and the resulting moral

Declaration of Independence: a 1776 document stating that the 13 English

democracy: form of government in which citizens hold political power.

Democratic-Republicans: members of a political party favoring a strict

democratization: the process of a society becoming more democratic.