Elementary Differential Equations  3 × equation (2) + equation (3)

Families of Curves
→ equation (5)
Equations of Order One
Elementary Applications  2 × equation (4) - equation (5)
Additional Topics on Equations of Order One
Linear Differential Equations
Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients 
Nonhomogeneous Equations: Undetermined Coefficients  answer
Variation of Parameters
Inverse Differential Operators  Problem 01 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
 Tags:
Applications
 arbitrary constants
 first order differential equation
Topics so far...  Problem 01

 Elimination of Arbitrary Constants  Solution 01

 Show Click here to show or hide the solution
 Differential Equations of Order One 

 Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One 
 Problem 02 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
 Elimination of Arbitrary Constants  Tags:
 Tags:  arbitrary constants
 arbitrary constants  first order differential equation
 Properties  Problem 02

• The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary

constants in the given relation.
 • The differential equation is consistent with the relation.  Solution 02
 • The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.  Show Click here to show or hide the solution

 Example

Eliminate the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 from the relation

.


 Solution  answer
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution  Problem 03 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
 Tags:
 → equation (1)  arbitrary constants
 → equation (2)  first order differential equation
 Problem 03
 → equation (3)

 3 × equation (1) + equation (2)

 Solution 03
→ equation (4)  Show Click here to show or hide the solution
 → equation (1)
  Substitute c to equation (1)


 Divide by dx

 Substitute c to equation (1) 


 
 

 Multiply by dx
 answer

 answer  Another Solution
  Show Click here to show or hide the solution
 Another Solution

 Show Click here to show or hide the solution
  Divide by y2




 


 

 okay


 Problem 04 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
 Tags:
 arbitrary constants

 first order differential equation
 Problem 04
 Multiply by y3

 Problem 04 
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution

 → equation (1)
 okay


 Differential Equations of Order One

Separation of Variables
Homogeneous Functions
Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients
 Exact Equations
Linear Equations of Order One



 Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One

 Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One 



 Exact Equations | Equations of Order One 



 Linear Equations | Equations of Order One 

 when ,
 Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One
 Given the differential equation

 Equation (1)
 then,

where and may be functions of both and . If the above equation
can be transformed into the form  answer
 Problem 02 | Separation of Variables
 Equation (2)  Tags:
  separation of variables
 variables separable
where is a function of alone and is a function of alone,  particular solution
equation (1) is called variables separable.  Problem 02

, when , .
 To find the general solution of equation (1), simply equate the
integral of equation (2) to a constant . Thus, the general solution is
 Solution 2
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution




 Problem 01 | Separation of Variables
 Tags:
 separation of variables 
 variables separable
 particular solution
 Problem 01 


, when , 

 Solution 01
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution
 when ,


 then, 

 
 answer  answer
 Problem 03 | Separation of Variables  Problem 04 | Separation of Variables
 Tags:  Tags:
 separation of variables  separation of variables
 variables separable  variables separable
 particular solution  particular solution
 Problem 03  Problem 04

, when , . , when , .

 Solution 03  Solution 04
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution  Show Click here to show or hide the solution
 

 

 

 

 








 Therefore,
 when ,

 when x = 2, y = 1
 then,





  Thus, separation of variables

variables separable

particular solution

 Problem 06
, when , .

 answer Solution 06
 Problem 05 | Separation of Variables
 Tags: Show Click here to show or hide the solution
 separation of variables
 variables separable
From Solution 04,
 particular solution
 Problem 05

, when , .

 Solution 05
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution
when x = 2, y = -1
 From Solution 04,

 when x = -2, y = 1

Thus,


 Thus,

 answer Problem 07 | Separation of Variables

Tags:

Problem 06 | Separation of Variables separation of variables

Tags:
variables separable
particular solution

Problem 07

, when , .

Solution 07

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answer

Problem 08 | Separation of Variables

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separation of variables

variables separable

particular solution

Problem 08

, when , .
when x = 0, y = 0

Solution 08

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thus,
 Thus,

For
Let
,

answer
,

Problem 09 | Separation of Variables

Tags:

separation of variables

variables separable

particular solution

Problem 09
Then,
,

when , .

Solution 09

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when x → ∞, y → ½
 answer

Problem 09 | Separation of Variables

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separation of variables

variables separable

particular solution

Problem 09

, when , .

Solution 09

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when θ = 0, r = a

Thus,
 Problem 11

Solution 11

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when θ = 0, r = a

Thus,

answer

answer
Problem 11 | Separation of Variables
Tags:
Problem 11 | Separation of Variables
Tags:
separation of variables

separation of variables
variables separable

variables separable
general solution

general solution
Problem 11 Problem 13

Solution 11 Solution 13

Show Click here to show or hide the solution Show Click here to show or hide the solution

answer

Problem 14 - 15 | Separation of Variables

Tags:

separation of variables

variables separable

general solution
answer
Problem 14
Problem 13 | Separation of Variables
Tags:
Solution 14
separation of variables
Show Click here to show or hide the solution
variables separable

general solution
 Problem 16

Solution 16

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answer

Problem 15

Solution 15

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answer

Problem 17 | Separation of Variables

answer Tags:

separation of variables
Problem 16 | Separation of Variables
Tags:
variables separable
separation of variables
general solution
variables separable

general solution
Problem 17

Solution 17

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answer

Problem 18 | Separation of Variables

answer
Tags:

Problem 19 | Separation of Variables

separation of variables
Tags:

variables separable
separation of variables

general solution
variables separable

Problem 18
general solution

Problem 19

Solution 18

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Solution 19

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 answer answer

Problem 20 | Separation of Variables Problem 21 | Separation of Variables

Tags: Tags:

separation of variables separation of variables

variables separable variables separable

general solution general solution

Problem 20 Problem 21

Solution 20
Solution 21

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By long division

Thus,

By long division

Thus,

answer

Problem 22 | Separation of Variables

Tags:

separation of variables
answer
variables separable
Problem 23 | Separation of Variables
general solution Tags:

Problem 22 separation of variables

variables separable

general solution
Solution 22

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Problem 23
The substitution above will lead to variables separable differential equation.

Solution 23 Problem 01 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

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Show Click here to show or hide the solution
separation of variables

general solution

homogeneous function

y = vx

substitution

Problem 01

Solution 01

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answer

Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One

If the function f(x, y) remains unchanged after replacing x by kx and y by ky, where k
is a constant term, then f(x, y) is called a homogeneous function. A differential Let
equation

Equation (1)

Substitute,
is homogeneous in x and y if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same
degree in x and y.

To solve for Equation (1) let

Divide by x2,

or
 Problem 02 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients
Tags:

separation of variables

general solution

homogeneous function

y = vx

substitution

Problem 02

Solution 02

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Let

From

Substitute,

Thus,

answer
 y = vx

substitution

Problem 03

Solution 03

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Let

From

answer

Problem 03 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Tags:

separation of variables

general solution

homogeneous function
 Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Let

From

Thus,

answer

Problem 04 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Tags:

separation of variables

general solution

homogeneous function

substitution

x = vy

Problem 04

Solution 04
From and integrate it partially in terms of x holding y as constant.

3. Differentiate partially in terms of y the result in Step 2 holding x as

constant.

4. Equate the result in Step 3 to N and collect similar terms.

Thus, 5. Integrate the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant.

6. Substitute the result in Step 5 to the result in Step 2 and equate the result
to a constant c.

answer Problem 01 | Exact Equations

Tags:
Exact Equations | Equations of Order One
general solution
The differential equation

exact equation

partial differentiation

partial integration

is an exact equation if partial derivative

Problem 01

Solution 01

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Steps in Solving an Exact Equation

1. Let .
Test for exactness

2. Write the equation in Step 1 into the form

;
 ; thus, exact!

Step 6: Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Step 1: Let

Equate F to ½c

Step 2: Integrate partially with respect to x, holding y as constant

answer

Problem 02 | Exact Equations

Tags:

→ Equation (1) general solution

exact equation
Step 3: Differentiate Equation (1) partially with respect to y, holding x as constant
partial differentiation

partial integration

partial derivative

Step 4: Equate the result of Step 3 to N and collect similar terms. Let Problem 02

Solution 02

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Step 5: Integrate partially the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant
Test for exactness

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Exact!

Let Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to c

answer

Problem 03 | Exact Equations

Tags:
Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant
general solution

exact equation

partial differentiation
→ Equation (1)
partial integration

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant partial derivative

Problem 03

Let Solution 03

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Test for exactness

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Exact!

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Let

Equate F to c

answer

Problem 04 | Exact Equations

Tags:
Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant
general solution

exact equation

partial differentiation
→ Equation (1)
partial integration

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant partial derivative

Problem 04

Let Solution 04

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 Let

Test for exactness

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Exact!

Let

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to c

answer

Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant Linear Equations | Equations of Order One

Linear Equations of Order One

Linear equation of order one is in the form

→ Equation (1)

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

The general solution of equation in this form is

Derivation linear in y

Problem 01

Use as integrating factor. Solution 01

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Multiply both sides of the equation by dx

Let

Thus, → linear in y

Hence,

But . Thus,
Integrating factor:

Problem 01 | Linear Equations

Tags:

general solution

linear differential equation

integrating factor
Thus,

→ linear in y

Hence,
Multiply by 2x3

answer

Problem 02 | Linear Equations

Tags:

general solution

linear differential equation

Integrating factor:
integrating factor

linear in y

Problem 02

Solution 02

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Thus,
 Integrating factor:

Thus,

Mulitply by (x + 2)-4

answer

Problem 03 | Linear Equations

Tags:
Using integration by parts
general solution
,

linear differential equation

,
integrating factor

linear in y

Problem 03

Solution 03
Multiply by 4e-2x
Show Click here to show or hide the solution
answer

Problem 04 | Linear Equations

Tags:

→ linear in y general solution

linear differential equation

Hence,
integrating factor

linear in x

Problem 04
Solution 04 Thus,

Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Using integration by parts

,

→ linear in x

Hence,

Multiply 20(y + 1)-4

Integrating factor: answer

‹ Problem 03 | Linear Equations up Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One

›

Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One

Integrating factors by inspection

Determination of integrating factors
Substitution as suggested by the equation
Bernoulli's equation
Coefficient linear in the two variables
Solutions involving elementary integrals

Topics available so far...

 Problem 01
 Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

 The Determination of Integrating Factor

Solution 01

 Substitution Suggested by the Equation | Bernoulli's Equation

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Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:

integrating factor

exact differential

common differential

Divide by y2
This section will use the following four exact differentials that occurs frequently.

1.

2.

3.

Multiply by y
4.

answer

Problem 01 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:
Problem 02 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
integrating factor Tags:

by inspection integrating factor

quotient x/y by inspection

quotient x/y

product xy Problem 03 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:
Problem 02
integrating factor

by inspection

Solution 02
product xy

Show Click here to show or hide the solution Problem 03

Solution 03

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Divide by y3

Divide by x both sides

answer
 answer

Problem 04 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:

integrating factor

by inspection
Multiply by s2t2
Problem 04
answer

Problem 05 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:
Solution 04
integrating factor
Show Click here to show or hide the solution
by inspection

product xy

quotient y/x

Problem 05

Problem 05

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 answer

Problem 06 - 07 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags: answer

separation of variables

variables separable Problem 07

integrating factor

Solution 07 - Another Solution for Problem 06

by inspection

quotient x/y Show Click here to show or hide the solution

product xy

Problem 06
Divide by xy(y2 + 1)

Solution 06

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Resolve into partial fraction

answer - okay

Problem 11 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:

integrating factor
Set y = 0, A = -1
by inspection
Equate coefficients of y2
1 =A+B product xy
1 = -1 + B
B=2 arctan (y/x)

Equate coefficients of y Problem 11

0=0+C
C=0

Solution 11
Hence,
Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Thus,
 2. Evaluate ∂M/∂y and ∂N/∂x.
answer

The Determination of Integrating Factor 3. Take the difference ∂M/∂y - ∂N/∂x.

Tags:
4. Divide the result of Step 3 by N. If the quotient is a function of x
exact equation alone, use the integrating factor defined in Rule 1 above and
proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of x alone,
partial differentiation
proceed to Step 5.

integrating factor
5. Divide the result of Step 3 by M. If the quotient is a function of y
function of x alone alone, use the integrating factor defined in Rule 2 above and
proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of y alone, look
function of y alone for another method of solving the equation.

From the differential equation

6. Multiply both sides of the given equation by the integrating factor
u, the new equation which is uM dx + uN dy = 0 should be exact.

7. Solve the result of Step 6 by exact equation or by inspection.

Problem 01 | Determination of Integrating Factor

Rule 1 Tags:

partial differentiation

If , a function of x alone, then integrating factor

is the integrating factor.

function of x alone

Problem 01

Rule 2

Solution 01
If , a function of y alone, then

is the integrating factor. Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Note that the above criteria is of no use if the equation does not have an
integrating factor that is a function of x or y alone.

Steps

1. Take the coefficient of dx as M and the coefficient of dy as N.

 → a function of x alone

answer
Integrating factor

Problem 02 | Determination of Integrating Factor

Tags:

partial differentiation

integrating factor

function of x alone
Thus,
Problem 02 Thus,

Solution 02

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answer

Problem 03 | Determination of Integrating Factor

Tags:

partial differentiation

integrating factor

function of y alone

Problem 03

→ a function of x alone

Solution 03

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Integrating factor
 Thus,

answer

Problem 04 | Determination of Integrating Factor

→ neither a function of x alone Tags:
nor y alone
partial differentiation

integrating factor
→ a function of y
function of y alone
alone

Problem 04

Solution 04

Integrating factor
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 Integrating factor

Thus,

→ neither a function of x alone nor y

alone

→ a function y alone

answer

Substitution Suggested by the Equation | Bernoulli's Equation

Tags:
substitution then continue solving.

linear differential equation

integrating factor Bernoulli's Equation

Bernoulli's equation is in the form
Bernoulli's equation

suggested substitution

Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Example 1

If x is the dependent variable, Bernoulli's equation can be recognized in

the form .

The quantity (2x - y) appears twice in the equation. Let

If n = 1, the variables are separable.
If n = 0, the equation is linear.
If n ≠ 1, Bernoulli's equation.

Steps in solving Bernoulli's equation

1. Write the equation into the form .

Substitute,

2. Identify , , and .
then continue solving.

3. Write the quantity and let .

Example 2

4. Determine the integrating factor .

The quantity (-sin y dy) is the exact derivative of cos y. Let

5. The solution is defined by .

6. Bring the result back to the original variable

Substitute,

Problem 01 | Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Tags:
separation of variables

variables separable

substitution

suggested substitution

Problem 01

Solution 01

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Let

Thus,

answer

Problem 02 | Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Tags:
→ variables separable
separation of variables

Divide by ½(5z + 11) variables separable

homogeneous function

substitution
suggested substitution Divide by vx3(3 + v)

Problem 02

Solution 02

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Consider

Let

Set v = 0, A = 2/3
Set v = -3, B = -2/3
Hence,

→ homogeneous equation

Let

Thus,
 separation of variables

variables separable

substitution

suggested substitution

Problem 03
From

Solution 03

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Let

But

answer

Problem 03 | Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Tags:
 → Bernoulli's equation

From which

But
Integrating factor,

answer

Problem 04 | Bernoulli's Equation Thus,

Tags:

Bernoulli's equation

y as dependent variable

Problem 04

Solution 04

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answer

Problem 05 | Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Tags:
separation of variables

variables separable

substitution

suggested substitution

Problem 05

Solution 05

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Let

answer