Bus Protection Schemes

Interlocking Schemes

• Blocking scheme typically used

50
• Short coordination time required

BLOC K
• Practically, not affected by CT
saturation
50 50 50 50 50 • The blocking signal could be sent
over communications ports
• This technique is limited to simple
one-incomer distribution buses
Overcurrent (unrestrained) Differential

• Differential signal formed by

summation of the bus currents
• CT ratio matching may be required
• On external faults saturated CTs
yield spurious differential current
51
• Time delay used to cope with CT
saturation
• Instantaneous (unrestrained)
differential OC function useful on
integrated microprocessor based
relays
Percent (restrained) Differential

• Percent characteristic used to cope

with CT saturation
• Restraining signal can be formed in a
number of ways
87 • No dedicated CTs needed
• Protection of re-configurable buses
possible

I D IF = I 1 + I 2 + . . . + I n

I R E S = I1 + I 2 + ...+ I n

I R E S = m a x ( I1 , I 2 , ..., I n )
 CT Saturation Problem
t0 – fault inception
t2 – fault conditions

differential

External
fault: ideal
CTs

t2
t0 restraining
 CT Saturation Problem
t0 – fault inception
t2 – fault conditions

differential

External fault: CT
ratio mismatch
t2

t0 restraining
 CT Saturation Problem
t0 – fault inception
t1 – CT saturation time
t2 – CT saturated

t2
differential

External
fault: CT
saturation
t1

t0 restraining
Low Impedance Bus Differential
Function
 87B – Bus Biased Differential Protection

• Dual slope, dual breakpoint characteristic with

smooth transition between the slopes
• CT saturation detection
• Dual protection principle
• Typical response time: 12 msec + output contact
• Maximum response time: 16 msec + output contact
• Very good stability on external fault
Advanced Algorithm of 87B Function

DIF1

AND
DIR TRIP

OR
OR
SAT

AND
DIF2

|ID|

differential
OPERATE
HIGH
SLOPE

BLOCK

LOW
SLOPE IR
PICKUP

HIGH BPNT
LOW BPNT
restraining
 Advanced Algorithm of 87B Function

• large currents
• quick saturation possible due to
large magnitude
Region 2
• saturation easier to detect
(high differential
currents) • security required only if saturation
differential

detected

• low currents
Region 1
(low differential • saturation possible due to dc offset
currents) • saturation very difficult to detect
• more security required

restraining
 87B Bus Differential Protection
Protection logic
EXTERNAL FAULT
DIF1

AND
DIR TRIP

OR
OR
CB 1 CB 2 CB 3 CB 4 CB n

SAT

AND
DIF2
I1 I2 I3 I4 In

i1 i4 in

Directional flag
I1
I2 I3
In Saturation flag
DIR = 0 SAT = 1
87B Bus Differential Protection
DIF1

AND
DIR TRIP

OR
OR
|I D | SAT

AND
Differential current
4 DIF2
(DIF2 =1& SAT =1)
Check directional
3 flag! DIR = ?
DIF2 = 1 HIGH
SLOPE
OPERATE
2

BLOCK
SAT =1
1
LOW
SLOPE
IR
PICKUP
1 2 3 4 5 6

HIGH BPNT
LOW BPNT

Restraining current
 87B Bus Differential Protection
Protection logic
INTERNAL FAULT
DIF1

AND
DIR TRIP

OR
OR
SAT
CB 2

AND
CB 1 CB 3 CB 4 CB n

DIF2

I1 I2 I3 I4 In

i1 i4 in

Directional flag

I1 I2

I4
Saturation flag
DIR = 1
In SAT = 0
87B Bus Differential Protection
DIF1

AND
|I D | DIR TRIP

Differential current

OR
OR
4 SAT

AND
DIF2

DIF1 = 1
2 DIR = 1 OPERATE HIGH
SLOPE

1 BLOCK
LOW
SLOPE
IR
PICKUP
1 2 3 4 5 6

HIGH BPNT
LOW BPNT

Restraining current
87B Bus Differential Protection
DIF1

AND
|I D |
DIR TRIP

Differential current

OR
OR
4 SAT
(DIF2 =1&SAT =0)

AND
Don’t check DIF2

directional flag!
3

2
OPERATE HIGH
SLOPE

1 BLOCK
LOW
SLOPE
IR
PICKUP
1 2 3 4 5 6

HIGH BPNT
LOW BPNT

Restraining current
87B Bus Differential Protection
Differential and Restraining Currents
 p
iD =  in - differential current, p – number of circuits
n =1

iR = Max ( i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in ) - restraining current

• 1 p.u. = maximum primary rated CT from all CTs • 1 p.u. = 1000 A in this example
inputs configured in the zone of protection • 5A injected on C4 is 1 p.u.
• 10A injected on C2 is 1 p.u.
• 10A injected on C3 is 1 p.u.
70A 300:5 • 16.67A injected on C1 is 1 p.u.

C1
Per the diagram:
240A 500:5 500A 1000:5 • C1 would contribute (+ 0.07pu)
C2 • C2 would contribute (+ 0.24 pu)

190A 500:5 C4 • C3 would contribute (+ 0.19 pu)

• C4 would contribute (– 0.5 pu)
C3 • Id = 0.07+0.24+0.19-0.5 = 0 pu
• Ir = max(0.07, 0.24, 0.19, 0.5) = 0.5pu