rCROWN COPYRIGHT RESERVED

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL

RESEARCH

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, ENGLAND

EXPLANATION OF SHEET 76 (ROCHDALE)

The
Geology of the
Rossendale Anticline
By W. B. Wright, M.1.M .E., R. L. Sherlock,
D.Sc., A.R.C.Sc., D. A. Wray, M.Sc., W. Lloyd,
B.Sc., 69 L. H, Tonks, M.Sc.

LONDON
PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY’S
STATIONERY OFFICE

I927
Price 4s. 6d. Net,

62-62-o-27.
 ...
111

PREFACE

The area covered by the Rochdale Sheet (76) of the New Series One-inch
map was originally surveyed by E. Hull, with some slight assistance from
J. R. Dakyns and C. E. De Rance, between 1862 and 1870, and was published
in the Old Series One-inch quarter sheets 88 N.W. and 89 N.E.
The re-survey on the six-inch scale was begun in 1921 under Mr. W. B.
Wright as District Geologist. The distribution of the work among the various
officers is shown in the List of Six-inch Maps (p. viii). As the list indicates,
the majority of the six-inch maps within Sheet 76 have been published with
engraved geological lines, and are available either plain or with geological
colours. The one-inch sheet is published in two editions, Solid and Drift ;
for the latter a separate plate has been employed on which the solid geology
has been greatly simplified in order to avoid obscuring the distribution of the
superficial deposits.
It will be found that the new maps contain much more detail than the
earlier editions, mainly because the sandstones of the Coal Measures, not
shown on the original maps, are now represented wherever possible. In the
classification and correlation of the Millstone Grit Series greater precision
has been attempted and this has been much assisted by the opportune appear-
ance of Mr. W. S. Bisat’s work on Goniatites. The zonal forms indicated by
Mr. Bisat have been critically checked in this area, with his generous assist-
ance, and the results attained by Mr. Wright and his colleagues are fully set
forth in the following pages.
Although several of the older memoirs touch the fringes of this district,
much of the ground in Sheet 76 is here described by the Geological Survey
for the first time.
Attention should be drawn to the series of excellent photographs, taken
by Mr. J. Rhodes, described on p, 165.
Help has been freely given during the re-survey by mine owners and
managers, engineers, boring firms and quarry owners throughout the district.
Our thanks are specially due to Mr. Richard Landless, Messrs. George Har-
greaves, Mr. J, Jobling, Mr. Clough, Mr. A. Lord, Mr. Hunter, Mr, T. Walton,
Mr. C. Lord, Mr. W. Dransfield and Mr. S. Whitworth for invaluable
assistance concerning mines. Mr. J. K. Swales, Mr. J, Woodhead
Smith, Mr. Baldwin, and Messrs. J. Diggle & Co., have supplied
important records of the water excavations and borings under their control.
Messrs. Thos. Matthews, John Thorn, William Matthews & Co., and A.
Timmins have been most generous in throwing open their journals and in
calling attention to borings in progress. Mr. J. Spencer, F.G.S., has willingly
given us the help of his wide and detailed knowledge of the Accrington dis-
trict ; while Mr. J. Lomax, F.G.S., of the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal
Research Association, has assisted with local information and has supplied
material for study. Mr. J. W. Jackson, of Manchester Museum, has kindly
undertaken the examination of lamellibranchs from the marine bands and Mr
J. Walton, of Manchester University, has identified a number of plants.

JOHN S. FLETT,
Director.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE,
28, JERMYN STREET,
LONDON, S.W. 1.
5th Novenlbev, 1926.

(811). Wt. 16411-s. 151/1114.1,000. 7/27 Wy. & S., Ltd. Gp. 50 (3.
 IV

CONTENTS

PREFACE BY THE DIRECTOR

...
.,. .. . .. . ... .. . ... 111

Lwr OF ILIJJSTRATIONS .. . . .. .. . . .. ... .. . . .. V

.. .
LIST OF SIX-INCH MAW . .. ... ... . .. ... . .. ... Vlll

CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION ... ... ,.. ... ... .. . 1

,J II.-GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY ... ... ... .. . ... 8

#a III.-THE EASTERN ANTICLINE ... ... . .. .. . 35

,, IV.-THE BURNLEY AND ROCHDALE COAL BASINS... . .. 46

#, . V.-THE CENTRAL PLATEAU .. . . .. ,.. ,. . #.. 64

,# VI.-THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN . .. ... 83

,, VII .-THE COUNTRY AROUND TURTON AND EDGWORTH .. . 99

,, VIII.-TECTONICS ... ... ... ... . .. ... ... 106

9) IX.-PALAEONTOLOGY ... ... ... ... . .. .. . 111

,, X.-GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS . ., . .. a.. 131

#, XI.I”INERAL PRODUCTS . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . 143

APPENDIX I .-LIST OF PAPERS REFERRING TO THE GEOLOGY OF THE

ROCHDALE SHEET . . . . .. ... . .. ... ... 161

$8 II.-LIST OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PHOTOGRAPHS . . . ... 165

,> III.-LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT Q~UU~IES IN SFTIZET76 168

INDEX , . . .. . . .. .. . . .. ... . .. . .. . .. ... 171

 V

ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
FIG. 1.-Sketch Map showing the general geological relations of the
Rossendale Area of Lancashire .. . . .. .. . .. . 1
,, 2.-Diagram showing division of sheet 76 for description by
chapters ... ... . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. ... 2
3,
3.-Generalized section showing the subdivisions of the Carbon-
iferous Rocks in sheet 76 . .. ... ... ... .. . 5
), il.-Diagram showing the rhythmic variation in sedimentation
in the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures . .. ... 10
9, 5.-Sections showing the south-westerly thickening of the Upper
Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures of S. E. Lancashire 11
1, 6.-Table showing the Subdivision and Nomenclature of the Mill-
stone Grit Series in S. E. Lancashire... ... ... . .. 12
7, ‘-/.-Section showing the beds above the Helmshore Grit, north
of Ramsbottom ... . .. ... . .. . .. ... . .. 20
,, S.-Diagram showing the lateral variation of the Hazel Greave
and Helmshore Grits and associated strata ... . .. 21
J, 9.-Diagram to illustrate the character of the lateral variation of
the Holcombe Brook Series ... , .. ... ... ... 22
>, lO.-Diagram showing the dying out of the upper leaf of the
Rough Rock .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . .. ... 24
3, 1 l.-Table showing the Subdivision and Nomenclature of the
Lower Coal Measures in S. E. Lancashire ... ... ... 25
)> 12.-Sketch map showing the limits of certain stratigraphical
units in sheet 76... ... .. . ,.. . .. ... ., . 28 .
)> 13.--Sections showing Millstone Grit succession in the Burnley
and Rochdale districts . . . ... ... ... .. . ... 37
,, 14.-Comparative sections of Hazel Greave Grit in the Cliviger
Valley and Dulesgate districts . . . .. . .,. .,. ... 41
>, 15.----Sections showing the rapid variation of Holcombe Brook
Series in the Cliviger, Todmorden and Littleborough
districts , . . ... . .. . .. . .. .. ... .. 43
2, 16.-Sketch map of the Cliviger Valley showing principal cloughs 48
,, 17.-Sections of Middle Coal Measures on south side of Burnley
Basin ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. . 53
,, 18.-Sections of Lower Coal Measures in the Bacup and Roch-
dale districts . .. .. . . .. .. . ... . .. ... 61
,, 19.-Section of Belfield Colliery, Rochdale .. . . .. .. . 62
9, 20.-Diagram showing the variations in the Holcombe Brook
Series . .. ... . .. ... ... . .. .. . . .. 69
>, 21 .-Diagrammatic sketch of the Union of the Lower Mountain
and Upper Foot Mines at Bacup ... . .. ... . .. 77
,, 22.-Horizontal Section west of Great Harwood .. . . .. a4
,, 23.-Section of the Hazel Greave Grit and overlying strata at
Royshaw Brickworks, Bastwell, Blackburn . . . ... . .. 85
 vi

PAGE
FIG. 24.-Comparative sections of the Holcombe Brook Series at Roy-
shaw Brickworks, Blackburn and Close Brow Quarry, Rishton 86
,# %.-Section of boring at Lion Brewery, Blackburn ... .. . 87
1) Z6.-Comparative vertical sections of Coal Measures in the
Accrington District . .. .. . ... . .. ... . .. 89
,, -27.-Section sauth of Blackburn . .. ... ... . .. .. . 90
t, 28.-;-Comparative vertical sections of Lower Coal Measures at
Blackburn and Darwen .. . ... .. . .. . ... 93
,, 29.-Section across Great Hameldon Hill . . . . . . . . . .. . 96
,I 30.-Section from Holcombe Hill to Egerton across Turton
Heights to show the incoming of the Ouse1 Nest Grit ,. . 102
,> 31 .-Sketch map showing in a generalised form the main varia-
tions in dip and strike in sheet 76 . . . ... . .. ... 106
,, 32.-Sketch map showing the principal lines of faulting in sheet 76 107
t> 33.-Sketch map showing the,faunal variations in the Holcombe
Brook Marine Band ... ... .. . ... ... . .. 118
,I 34.-Sketch map showing the fauna1 variations in the Haslingden
Flag Marine Band . .. , .. ... . .. ... . ., 119
>, 35.-Generalized presentation of the fauna1 variations in the
Haslingden Flag and Holcombe Brook Marine Bands .. . 124
,, 36.-Sketch map showing the recorded striae and the distribution
of the Ribblesdale and North-western Drifts in sheet 76 . . . 132
#I 37.-Sketch map showing different stages of the glacial retreat
off the hills of the Rossendale Anticline ... ,.. ... 135
>J
38.-Sketch map showing the glacial drainage and stages of retreat
in the Rochdale embayment ... . .. . .. ... . .. 138

PLATES FACING
PAGE
PLATE I .-Rough Rock and Haslingden Flags, Scout Moor Quarries,
1 m. E. of Edenfield. The base of the Rough Rock
is seen at the top of the face, and is separated by dark
shales from the Haslingden Flags below. The
lowest bed is a massive freestone locally called lonkey
and is worked for setts, etc. The Rough Rock is
crushed for sand . .. .. . ... .. . . .. 1
,# II.-(a) The Butt Stones, Todmorden, looking south. The tors
in the foreground are blocks of Kinderscout Grit,
which have suffered subaerial weathePing in situ. In
the distance, beyond the Calder Valley, is the Kinder-
scout Grit escarpment, at the foot of which can be
seen the shelf made by the Todmorden Grit.
(b) Lower Haslingden Flags, Close Brow Quarry, Rishton.
The outer quarry is in the Haslingden Flags, the inner
quarry, seen behind, is in the Flags and the mudstone
and shale beneath. The ridge of rock between the
quarries is composed of inferior flags with mudstone
partings. The high dip of the beds is characteristic
of the south-eastern flank of the Pendle Anticline.
The lines crossing the bedding planes and trending
downwards to the left are main joints ... . .. 22
 vii
FACING
PAGE
PLATE III .-Horizontal Sections across the Cliviger Fault Belt . ., 38
,* IV.-Horizontal Section across the Rochdale Basin and the
Pennine Anticline ... ... . .. ... . ., .., 50
*, V.-Range-diagram of goniatite species having zonal signi-
ficance in the neighbourhood of the Rossendale Anticline 111
1, VI.-Goniatites from the Millstone Grit of Lancashire ., . 123
Fig. 1.-Reticuloceras reticulaturn, early mut. y, mu t . nov.
Marine band above the Helmshore Grit. Locality :
300 yds. SE. of Witton’s Farm, Hall Wood, Long-
worth Valley W.N.W. of Egerton. x 2. Metatype
[37921].
Fig. 2.-R. reticulaturn, early mut. y, mut. nov. Marine band
above the Helmshore Grit. Locality : Stream 300
yds. N.E. of Higher Hempshaws, 2 m. W. of Belmont.
x 2. Paratype [37922].
Fig. 3.-Gastrioceras lineatum sp. nov. The y-Bed above the
Hazel Greave Grit. Locality : Royshaw Brickworks,
1750 yds. due N. of Blackburn Station. Nat. size.
Paratype [37925].
Fig. 4 .-G. Zineatum sp, nov. The y-Bed above the Hazel
Greave Grit. Locality : Stream bank below the
Haslingden-Helmshore Road, 850 yds. N.W. of Helm-
shore Station. Nat. Size, Metatype *[37924].
Fig. 5.-Gastrioceras ? sigma sp. nov. The Sigma-Bed from 3-10
ft. above the r-Bed. Locality : Section in Stream N.E.
of Higher Hempshaws, 2 m. W. of Belmont. 7ft. 6 ins.
above the Y-Bed. x 3. Syntype [37927]. To show
spiral ornament.
Fig. 6.-Reticuloceras reticulaturn, early mut. 7, mut. nov.
Marine band above the Helmshore Grit. Locality:
Same as fig. 1. (Witton’s Farm). x 2$. Holotype
[37920].
Fig. 7 .-Gastrioceras ? sigma sp. nov. The Sigma-Bed from
3-10 ft. above the Y-Bed. Locality: Same as fig. 5.
x 3. Syntype [37926].
Fig. 8.-Gastrioceras Zineatum sp. nov. The Y-Bed above the
Hazel Greave Grit. Locality : Same as Fig. 4. x 2.
Holotype [37923].
AI1 the specimens figured are external moulds.
[Numbers in brackets are those of the Geological
Survey Collections.]
,> VII.-(a) The Cliviger Gorge, looking S.E. from Brown Birk’s
House, Portsmouth. The gorge is a glacial drainage
channel by which the waters from the Burnley district
escaped into Yorkshire via the Calder Valley. Rough
Rock is seen in the foreground dipping towards the
observer. The roadway on the left is along an escarp-
ment of the Hazel Greave and Gorpley Grits. Kinder-
scout Grit on the right on the far side of the gorge is
thrown back by the Cliviger Valley Fault to Hartley
Naze on the near side.
(b) Cotton-grass moorland, Scout Moor east of Edenfield.
In the foreground 4 ft. of peat is seen resting on the
bleached debris of the local grits. The hill in the
background is Whittle Pike and is capped by the
Ganister Rock .., ... ,,. .. . . .. ... 140
 .. .
Vlll

LIST OF SIX-INCH MAPS.

The following is a list of the revised six-inch geological maps included in
the one-inch map, Sheet 76, with the initials of the surveyors and dates of
survey. The names of the officers are as follows :-W. B. Wright, R. L.
Sherlock, D. A. Wray, W. Lloyd, and L. H. Tonks. The Lancashire maps
have been published, but the Yorkshire maps are available for public reference
only in MS. form, at the Office of the Geological Survey. Copies of the MS.
maps can be supplied at the cost of drawing-and colouring. -

LANCASHIRE
63 S.W. Church R.L.S.
63 S.E. Accrington R.L.S.
64 S.W. Dunnockshaw L.H.T.
64 S.E. Cliviger W.L.
65 N.W. Hurstwood W.L.
65 S.W. Stansfield Moor W.L.
71 N.W. Oswaldtwistle R.L.S.
71 N.E. Baxenden R.L.S.
71 S.W. Hoddlesden R.L.S.
71 S.E. Haslingden R.L.S.
72 N.W. Crawshaw Booth L.H.T.
72 N.E. Weir W.L.
72 S.W. Rawtenstall L.H.T.
72 S.E. Bacup W.L.
73 N.W. Cornholme W.L. and R.L.S.
73 S.W. Todmorden D.A.W., R.L.S. and W.L.
73 S.E. and
81 N.E. Blackstone Edge D.A.W.
79 N.W. Whittlestone Head W.B.W.
79 N.E. Stubbins W.B.W.
79 S.W. Edgworth W.B.W.
79 S.E. Ramsbottom W.B.W.
80 N.W. Scout Moor L.H.T.
80 N.E. Whitworth W.L.
80 S.W. Walmersley-cum-Shuttle- L.H.T.
worth
80 S.E. Norden W.L.
81 N.W. Shore Moor D.A.W.
81 S.W. Littleborough D.A.W.
81 S.E. Clegg Moor D.A.W.

YORKSHIRE
214 N.E. Walshaw Dean W.L.
214 S.E. Heptonstall W.L.
229 N.E. Eastwood W.L.
229 S.E. Todmorden R.L.S. and W.L.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE ROSSENDALE
ANTICLINE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BY W, B. WRIGHT

THE district to be described in the present memoir is an area of

dominantly high ground stretching west from the Pennines into
Southern Lancashire. It is locally known among geologists as the
Rossendale Anticline from the Forest of Rossendale which occupies
a fairly central position. Portions of two more widely extended
structural elements are also included, namely the Pennine Anticline
on the east, and the north-easterly trending folds of the Pendle
Range on the north-west. The axis of the very broad Rossendale
Anticline is roughly parallel to this latter, being separated from it by
the Blackburn-Burnley Syncline. It continues as a structural
feature outside Sheet 76 to the south-west. Its position relatively
to the two main axes of folding is shown in Fig. 1,

FIG. 1 .-Shetch Map showing the geneval geological relations of the Rossendale
Area of Lancashire.
2 ROSSENDALE :

The area actually embraced in Sheet 76 falls fairly naturally into

seven physiographic divisions :-
(1) An area of high moor to the east caused by the Pennine
Anticline bringing up the strong lower grits.
(2) A roughly circular plateau of horizontally lying beds
occupying the centre of Sheet 76.
(3) Two low-lying coal-basins, those of Burnley and Rochdale,
wedging in on the north and south between the last two
elements.
(4) The high ground formed by the steeply dipping grits round
Wilpshire.
(5) The Burnley Syncline lying between the latter and the
central plateau.
(6) The complex faulted ground of Todmorden and Cliviger.
(7) The complex faulted ground around Darwen and Turton.

So dependent are these features on the geology that it has been

found most convenient to describe the ground by areas nearly
co-extensive with one or more of the divisions cited above (see
Chaps. III to VII).

RAWTENSTALL

0 R4MSEOfTOM

k FIG. 2.-Diagram showing division of area for descriptiorz b.y chapters.

The Central Plateau owes its elevation only indirectly to the

folding of the area, being really produced by the resistance to
denudation of the relatively hard grits brought up on the back of the
Rossendale Anticline. The alternations of grit and sandstone with
 INTRODUCTION. 3
softer beds of shale characteristic of the Millstone Grit and Lower
Coal Measures give rise in this area, in which the strata are approxi-
mately horizontal, to bold escarpments backed by gently rising
shelves, and thus produce a characteristic terraced topography.
As the dip on the limbs of the anticline makes itself felt, the
surface of the ground declines in a series of dip slopes with centrally
facing escarpments towards the Blackburn and Burnley basin on
the north-west and the valley of the Koch on the south-east.
This simple structure is, however, much complicated by faulting,
and in following a series of escarpments along a hillside, the eye is soon
baffled by their complete disappearance and replacement by another
set. The faults, which are dominantly north-west, vary enormously
in their influence on the scenery, being often marked by splendid
features, but as often entirely devoid of any effect on the surface of
the ground. In the central, horizontal area they are generally
separated by wide intervals, but in the Todmorden-Cliviger area on
the north-east and the Darwen-Turton area on the south-west they
are more closely clustered and more powerful in their action,
producing smash belts in which blocks of varied composition and
divergent dip develop by weathering complex surface features.
These belts show in general lower elevations than the Central Plateau,
having been more susceptible to erosion in consequence of their
broken character and the incorporation of masses of the higher less
resistant strata. They mark the north-eastern and south-western
limits of the Central Plateau, but the general anticlinal structure can
be traced across them in their less disturbed blocks.
The Pennine Anticline being markedly unsymmetrical, with
steep dips on its west flank and low dips on the east, brings sharply
to the surface the massive and highly resistant grits of the Kinder-,
scout Series, which roll over into horizontality and then decline
gently eastward, forming the high moors on the eastern margin of
the Sheet. The same effect is observable in the north-western
corner of the map, where the massive Kevidge and Wilpshire grits
rise at steep angles from beneath the Blackburn Syncline, and form
two well-marked ridges of north-easterly trend.
The Burnley Syncline which separates this high ground from
the Central Plateau is unsymmetrical, having high dips on its north-
western flanks and gentle dips on its south-eastern. Much
complexity is introduced in this area by the incoming of a system of
east and west faults, such as are an important feature in the structure
of the ground further west, but are generally subordinate in the
remainder of Sheet 76. These, with the more normal north-westerly
faults, cut up the terrain into a series of blocks, which considerably
modify the simplicity of the basin produced by denudation of the
softer beds along the axis of the syncline.
The local sharp folding and large scale faulting of the district
under review ensure the exposure of a thick succession of beds, which
are, however, all referable to the Upper Carboniferous. Part of the
Middle Coal Measures, the whole of the Lower Coal Measures and the
4 ROSSENDALE :

Millstone Grit Series, to considerable depths below what was formerly

regarded as its base, are represented. The bases of the Middle and
Lower Coal Measures are, according to precedent, taken respectively
at the Arley Mine and Six Inch Mine. Recent zonal correlation
initiated by Mr. W. S. Bisat has, however, rendered necessary
a modification in the classification of the lower beds. The
Kinderscout Grit of the Vale of Todmorden still stands as the true
representative of that of the type area in Derbyshire, the goniatite
succession found beneath it being identical with that worked out by
Mr. J. W. Jackson in Edale and on Mam Tor. The Wilpshire Grit,
in part formerly regarded as its equivalent in the Blackburn Area
lies, however, as Mr. Bisat was the first to prove, at a much lower
horizon, the lowest sub-Kinderscout zones of Todmorden being
stratigraphically above it.
The beds beneath the Kinderscout Grit at Todmorden are now
shown by zonal correlation to occur at a higher horizon than the
‘ Pendleside Series ’ as originally defined. These beds are now
ascertained to be the equivalent of the Sabden Shales of the Pendle
area and of the Grindslow and Edale Shales of the Peak District.
The only true Pendleside beds in Sheet 76 are those beneath the
Lower Wilpshire Grit in the extreme north-westerly corner of
the map.
Even these, however, must now be regarded as of Upper
Carboniferous age, if the criteria of stratigraphical and fauna1
continuity are to count for anything. The zone of Eumorphoceras
has been shown by Bisat to extend 400 or 500 ft. down in the
Pendlesides, and its lower representative, E. jxeudobilingue, appears
to be the genetic precursor of the type form E. bisulcatwn of the
Sabden Shales above the Pendle Grit. At the base of the
Eumorphoceras zone there is a fauna1 break, the forms below being
in the main referable to Goniatites, sensu stricto. Here if anywhere
the limit between* Upper and Lower Carboniferous must be taken.
The term ‘ Yoredales ’ for the sub-Kinderscout succession is
now regarded as equally inapplicable, since it cannot be claimed that
satisfactory proof of their equivalence to any part of the Yoredale
Series of Yorkshire has yet been brought forward. A name is in
consequence needed for these beds, and in view of their completely
satisfactory fauna1 correlation with the Sabden Shales in which Mr.
Bisat established his zonal succession this name has been adopted.
The subdivisions of the succession are shown diagrammatically
in Fig. 3, and its interpretation in terms of Mr. Bisat’s zonal scheme
is there indicated. The strata show from below upwards a progres-
sive falling off in the frequency of marine invasion, no marine bands
having been detected in this area in the Middle Coal Measures or in
the upper half of the Lower Coal Measures. There is at the same
time a general increase in the number of coal horizons. An
oscillating passage from dominantly marine to dominantly deltaic
conditions is thus indicated.
Although there is an extensive literature on the geology of South
 INTRODUCTION, 5
Lancashire in general, the great bulk of this deals with the areas to
the south and west of Sheet 76, and there is onlv occasional reference
to the actual area dealt with in this memoir,
The most comprehensive treatise dealing with
the stratigraphy of this area is the Geological
Survey Memoir on the Burnley Coalfield, pub-
lished in 1875. The detailed description of the
Middle and Lower Coal Measures contains much
information, which has been utilised in the pre-
sent memoir. Great advances, however, in the
zonal correlation of the lower portion of the
Upper Carboniferous, based on the goniatite suc-
cession, have necessitated modifications in the
classification of the beds formerly grouped as
Millstone Grit and Yoredale Series.
Thus the hitherto accepted correlation of the
Upper Wilpshire Grit of Blackburn with the
Kinderscout of the Todmorden region, and of the
Sabden Shales with the shales between the
Third Grits and the Kinderscout can no longer
be sustained. This is apparent on stratigraphical
grounds alone, but the matter was finally settled
by Mr. W. S. Bisat, who proved by fauna1 cor-
relation the equivalence of the Sabden Shales and
those beneath the Kinderscout at Todmorden.
Changes have also been made in the interpret-
ation of the ‘ Anglezarke ’ area to the west of
Sheet 76. In this district Mr. R. C. B. Jones
has succeeded in proving, by tracingthe goniatite
zones, that the ground is occupied almost
entirely by the various members of the Third or
Middle Grit Series, not by the Kinderscout as is
shown on the old series map.
Exaggeration of the importance of the
Anticlinal Fault on Worsthorne and Stiperden
Moors east of Burnley gave rise to much doubt as
to the relation of the Middle Grits to the Kinders-
tout. It may now be regarded as established
that the fault has very little throw in this locality.
Subdivision of the Middle Grits was not carried
sufficiently far to make possible their identifica-
tion over the whole area, and it was the failure
to recognise the extensive development of these
beds that led to the misinterpretation of the
-. 7 ‘ Anglezarke ’ area to the west,
FIG. 3.-Genernlzzea The Haslingden Flags were inadequately sub-
Sectiopz showing the
subdivisions of the divided except in the type area. The separation
Caybonifeyous ~~~~~ into an Upper and Lower Series has been under-
in ‘Sheet 76. taken in the recent mapping.
6 ROSSENDALE :

The Rough Rock was in general well traced, but in the Blackburn
area the Revidge or Main Third Grit was mistaken for it. The
Ouse1 Nest Grit, formerly regarded as Rough Rock, has been shown
to belong to the Lower Coal Measure.
The supposed northerly thickening of the Millstone Grit Series in
Lancashire, being based on the mistaken correlation of the Upper
Wilpshire Grit with the Kinderscout, is fallacious. It is now defin-
itely established that the Middle and Upper Grits as well as the
lower beds of the Coal Measures thicken towards the south-west.
Among the earlier work on the geology of the area the numerous
contributions of E. W. Binney (1839-1866) call for mention. In
1839 he published, in the first volume of the Transactions of the
Manchester Geological Society, a section of the measures, the lower
portion of which covers the southern edge of Sheet 76. It should
be noted in referring to this section that the recording of a marine
roof for the Sand Rock or Featheredge Mine is an error which will
be discussed later (p. 24).
Binney paid considerable attention to the marine fossils of the
Coal Measures and Millstone Grits, and appears to have been‘ the
original discoverer (1855, 1862, 1866) of the plant-bearing coal-
balls of the Upper Foot Mine, which have yielded such excellent
results in the hands of fossil botanists (see p. 78).
In 1841 Captain Thos. Brown, then curator of the Manchester
Natural History Society’s Museum, made a valuable contribution
to the palaeontology of the region by describing a number of
goniatites and other fossils from the Vale of Todmorden. Several
of these stand as types to the present day, and some of the observa-
tions which he made cannot now be repeated, the localities being
obscured by building operations.
In 1861 T. T. Wilkinson and J. Whitaker communicated to the
British Association at Manchester an account of the succession in the
Burnley Coalfield which was subsequently published in several
journals. Other contributions by T. T. Wilkinson are given in the
bibliography. He seems to have been one of the first geologists to
interest himself in the drift deposits.
The Geological Survey Memoir on Sheet 89 S.E. (Old Series,
Bolton District) appeared in 1862 and contains some references to
the southern parts of Sheet 76. It should be noted that the error
of confusing the Six Inch and Sand Rock Mines in certain areas
appears in this memoir also (pp. 3 and 4) and that the Ouse1 Nest
Grit is regarded as Rough Rock (p. 5).
In 1863 George Wild published a valuable paper on the Fulledge
Section of the Bumley Coalfield and Joseph Dickinson an extensive
series of sections of the Lancashire Coalfield in general. The first
account of the Union of the Upper Foot and Lower Mountain Mines
in the Bacup district was given by Mr. J. Aitken in 1866. The last
mentioned author made a number of contributions to the glacial
geology of the district up to 1877.
In 1887 appeared a noteworthy paper by Mr. Crispin
Dugdale giving an account of the Lower Coal Measures and Millstone
* INTRODUCTION. 7

Grits of the Forest of Rossendale, with special reference to the

marine bands and other fossiliferous horizons. Every marine band
down to the Hazel Greave Grit is recorded with the single exception
of that over the Lower Foot Mine.
Attention was directed by Mr. Mark Stirrup in 1887 and again
in 1891 and 1893 to the occurrence of granite pebbles in the Lower
Mountain and Sand Rock Mines near Bacup.
In 1888 Dr. Herbert Bolton commenced a series of valuable
papers on the geology of the area and more especially its palaeon-
tology. In 1891 he published a short account of the Geology of
Rossendale and in 1892 announced the discovery of fragmentary
marine shells in the boulder clay of Bacup. His paper in 1896
describing some new species of brachiopoda and mollusca is a note-
worthy contribution, and his ‘ Palaeontology of the Lancashire
Coal Measures ’ published in 1904 is a standard work of reference
In 1891 Dr. R. Kidston described a number of plants from the
Lancashire Lower Coal Measures, many of which are from localities
embraced within Sheet 76.
Mr. George Wild’s paper on ‘ The Lower Coal Measures of
Lancashire ’ published in 1892 contains some useful records.
The district dealt with in the present memoir is classical in the
annals of fossil botany, since it first provided the famous coal-balls,
the study of which has contributed so much to our knowledge of the
microscopic structure of Carboniferous plants. These were dis-
covered by Mr. E. W. Binney, who in 1855, in concert with Sir
J. D. Hooker, gave the first account of some structures preserved in
them. Much of the subsequent advance in the study of these struc-
tures was due to the development by Mr. James Lomax of Bolton
of a process of sectioning the coal balls so as to obtain large trans-
parent slices for microscopical examination. A great deal of work
on the subject of the contained plants and their structure was
subsequently done by various palaeobotanists. In 1908 Dr. M. C.
Stopes and Mr. D. M. S. Watson gave a comprehensive account of the
mode of occurrence and chemistry of these concretions, with lists
of the recorded flora. An important point established in this paper
is the essential difference that exists between the floras found in the
nodules of the roof and those of the coal-seam itself.
Investigation of the conditions of glacial drainage during the
retreat from the Rossendale uplands was entered into independently
about 15 years ago by Mr. Walter Baldwin and Dr. A. Jowett. Mr.
Baldwin (1911) confined himself to the Rochdale district, and
although he formed a very fair idea of the various glacial lakes held up
to the north of this town, yet his map of these lakes indicates very
clearly that he scarcely appreciated the low level to which the
Walsden Gorge had been reduced while the ice-front still stood
north of Littleborough. Dr. Jowett’s work is more comprehensive
and embraces the whole of the Rossendale uplands. It forms the
basis of the brief description of the glaciation of Sheet 76 given in
Chapter X of this memoir, and should be consulted by all who
desire a more detailed account.
 CHAPTER II

GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY
BY ALL AUTHORS

IN the classification of the Upper Carboniferous strata of the

Rossendale area the time honoured subdivision into Middle and
Lower Coal Measures and Millstone Grit Series is -retained in this
memoir, and the traditional limits of these series have, with one
exception, been adopted. The exception is the extension downwards
of the Millstone Grit Series to embrace beds beneath the Kinderscout
Grit, which were hitherto, on very poor evidence, classed as
Yoredales. The question of defining a new base for the Millstone
Grit became acute, when it was recognised, as a direct result of
Mr . Bisat’sl work on the Carboniferous goniatites, that the
Wilpshire or Pendle Grits were not, as formerly supposed, the
equivalent of the Kinderscout Grits of Todmorden and the type area
of Derbyshire. The Sabden Shales, which separate the Kinderscout
and Wilpshire Grits and range in thickness from 1,500 to 2,000 ft.,
were thus, so to speak, an entirely unrecognised new series of beds,
which had in former classifications been regarded as the swollen
representatives of the much thinner series separating the Kinderscout
from the Main Third or Middle Grit above. It became necessary
in the interests of simplicity of classification to attach them to the
formations above or below, and, stratigraphical character having in
the past proved so unreliable, it was considered expedient to adopt
an entirely palaeontological basis of subdivision, as there would be
considerably greater chance that this could be followed into other
areas. One has, however, to go well below the Sabden Shales before
meeting anything in the nature of a palaeontological break. The
name-genera. of Bisat’s major zones of Reticuloceras (R),Homoceras
(H) and Eummphoceras (E) overlap one another, and indicate
stratigraphical and evolutional continuity down to a depth of 400 ft.2
below the Wilpshire or Pendle Grit, and thus trench upon the
Pendleside Series of Hind and Howe.3 Here, first there appears
to be a break, Eumorphoceras having been recorded at no lower
level and the genus Goniatites (s. str.) making here its last appearance.
This line has been adopted by Mr. Bisat as the division between his

l Bisat, W. S., ‘ The Carboniferous Goniatites of the North of England and their
Zones,’ Proc. Yorks. Geol. SOL, vol. xx, pt. I, 1924.
s Parkinson, Donald, ‘ The Fauna1 Succession in the Carboniferous Limestone
and Bowland Shales at Clitheroe and Pendle Hill,’ Quart. Jown. GeoZ. Sot., vol.
xxxii, 1926, p. 222.
3 Hind, Wheelton, and Howe, J. A., ’ Geological Succession and PalaeontologyTof
the Beds between the Millstone Grit and the Limestone-Massif at Pendle Hill and their
Equivalents in certain other Parts of Britain,’ Quart. Journ. Grol. Sot., vol. lvii, 1901,
p, 347.
 GEKERAL STRATIGRAPHY. 9

Upper and Lower Carboniferous goniatite faunas. After considerable

hesitation it has been decided to extend the base of the Millstone
Grit to this fauna1 break and so avoid the setting up of a new sub-
division of the Upper Carboniferous. The Millstone Grit Series wi 1
thus, as elsewhere in England, figure as the basal member of the
Upper Carboniferous. There is, however, in this district no indication
of any stratigraphical discontinuity beneath it.
In the course of time a more exact definition of this line in terms
of the Eumorphoceras and Crenistria zones may become necessary,
but is best deferred until a more extended examination of the beds
involved can be made.

RHYTHMIC CHARACTER OF THE SEDIMENTATION

An interesting feature of the detailed stratigraphy of the
Millstone Grits and Lower Coal Measures, and to a less degree of the
Middle Coal Measures, is the occurrence of a well-marked rhythm in
the sedimentation. Throughout we find repeated in varying degrees
of completeness the four-fold cycle
Coal
Sandstone
Mudstone
Marine Band
The seat earth of the coal generally rests directly on the sandstone
but there is sometimes a little shale or mudstone between. The coal
indicates discontinuity of deposition and for this reason has been
regarded as the last member of the cycle, but another element of
discontinuity enters beneath the coarser grits which tend to have
eroding bases lying across the subjacent strata with a slight uncon-
formity.
The rhythm appears to have first made itself manifest at the
close of the dominantly marine conditions of the Bowland Shales.
At Sales Wheel, on the Ribble, to the north of Sheet 76, the Wilpshire
Grit is overlain by a coal and marine band with Ewnorphoceras cf.
bisukatum. Then come the Sabden Shales, mainly unfossiliferous
mudstones, but with marine conditions predominating in the upper
portion, and with the oncoming of the Kinderscout Grits the rhythm
once more asserts itself and controls deposition up to the middle of
the Lower Coal Measures. Above this, although the rhythm
continues, the marine invasions tend to fail and be replaced by the
temporary dominance of estuarine. or fresh-water conditions.
An attempt is made in Fig. 4 to give a graphic representation of
the rhythm for that portion of the succession in which it is most
marked. The detail, of course, varies slightly from place to place,
but each oscillation shown affects some part of the area markedly
and most of them probably affect the whole area to a greater or less
degree. An interesting point is the frequency with which marine
conditions are approached without actually being attained. Forms
such as Lingula, Naiad&s, Modiola ?, Anthracomya and OrbicuZoidea
(3i 1) B
IO I ROSSENDALE : . i

are. regarded as affording a near approach toe marine -conditions.

’ Fish-remains and Carbonicola are less certain in their indications
as both may--well be of fresh-water origin. The fossils above the
Lower Foot Mine are interesting in this connexion, being in some
_~places fresh-water, in others estuarine, and in one locality (Cheesden
Brook, p. 57) .-showing estuarine, .fresh-water, and marine conditions
in succeeding beds.

_I%;. J.-Diagram showing the rhythmic variation in sedimentation between the

1_ Kinderscout Grit and the middle of the Lower Coal Measures. Left to right
= ’ time ’ (really thickness). Top to bottom = conditions. Broken lines
indicate discontinuity of sedimentation. B.B.C. = Brooksbottoms Coal,
H.B.C. = Holcombe Brook Coal, S.R.M. = Sand Rock Mine, Sx. M. =
Six Inch Mine, M.M. = Margery Mine, B.M. = Bassey Mine, L.F.M.
Lower Foot Mine, L.M.M. = Lower Mountain Mine, U.F.M. = Up@
Foot Mine, I.M. = Inch Mine, U.M.M. = Upper Mountain Mine,
. C.M. = Cannel,Mine.

SOUTH-WESTWARD THICKENING OF THE HIGHER GRITS AND'

OF THE BASE OF THE COAL M~~ASURES
A study of the goniatite succession in the Millstone Grits and
Lower Coal Measures on the lines indicated by Mr. Bisat has led to
interesting results. The careful tracing of marine bands throughout
the area covered+by Sheet 76 and some distance beyond its margins,
and their identification by means of the contained goniatites, has not
only made possible a greater precision in mapping, but has afforded
downright proof of very remarkable lateral variation; such as might
easily have been beyond the power of ordinary methods of strati-
graphy to detect, It has been found as a consequence that the
strata of the Millstone Grit Series down to and inciuding the Main
Third (Gorpley or Fletcher Bank) Grit, as ,well as3he basal beds *of
the, Coal Measures, increase considerably in thickness from N.E. to
S.W. The magnitude of this expansion and the evidence. by which
it is established are summarised in Fig. 5. In the lower -parts of the
sections in this figure are shown the successive marine bands of the
zone of Reticdoceras reticdatum, muts. /3 and 7, and above,this are
those of the Holcombe Brook Series,. the Haslingden Flags and the
Six Inch Mine containing respectively as dominant forms Gastrioceras
ca~cellatum, G. cuwabriense, and G. listeri. The swelling of the strata
between. these -marine bands is a fact of considerable signigcance
because of -the presumption of original horizontality -which’ attaches
_. , .. . . .
LPEih4OAfT ’
Ltiwcr tfet$hts Borehole

ROSSENDALE
Natural Sectibns and
ConstaAle Lee Bofehde

INDEX ,+.fap

. FIG. S.-Sections shdbing south-westerly thickening of U@er Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Meastms @f S.E. Lanes.
12
DIAGRAM OF THE STRATICRAPHY OF THE MILLSTONE
GRIT SERIES (SOUTH LANCASHIRE)

BLACKBURN 1 TODMORDEN 1 CENTRAL & S.W.

I I
MB - Six Inch Mine. G. Lderi 8_ G. cwnbrtie ?
t3as; 00; kyr CoalRM;a;uies

I
UPPER HAS‘INGDEN’ FLAGS
HASLINGDEN FLAG
SERIES
LOWER HASLI N G DEN; FLAGS

HOLCOMBE SROO,K & BROOKSBOTTOMS SANDSTONES

HA’ZEL GREAVE GRITS

I I
MIDDLE GRITS M~~- R.re.!icm , nut. p fake fbms)

YELMSHORE GRIT
Estuarine Band
REVIDGE GRIT GORPLEY GRIT LETCHER BANK GRIT
I
M.B.- R.rW.mutp f&-d’?’ forms)
I
wd?.I;stcbu~~,late nuf~3. a

UPPER KINDERSCOUT
KINL&F??COUT
KINDERSCOUT. hl.B.- R.r&twn
GRITS MAIN KINDERSCOUT
M0. R,

‘ARSONAGE SANDST. TODMORDEN GRIT

M.8. - R._ I HJtriolafrun, EornaLvn

1
SABDEN
SHALES

PENDLE GRITS

4 LOWER CAFMONIFEROUS WITH GONIATITES CRENISTRIA

FIG. 6.-Table showing the Subdivisions and Nomenclature of the Millstone Grit
Series in S.E. Lancaskke.
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY. 13

to them. It proves differential subsidence contemporaneous with

deposition and varying from place to place. Moreover, subsidence
does not appear to have been accompanied by deepening but by
excessive sedimentation. The two processes are clearly intimately
connected, but which is cause and which effect we have at present
no means of deciding.l

MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES

In the table (Fig. 6) the subdivision and nomenclature of the
Millstone Grit Series are exhibited in their main lines. For the upper
part of the succession, which is more continuously exposed and is
only affected by lateral variation to a lesser degree, it has been
possible from the start to apply a generalized nomenclature. In
the lower beds, which are only seen in certain districts, the various
grits separated in mapping were naturally given local names
independent of correlation, and these have been allowed to stand,
although the final working out of the goniatite zones has rendered
their general equivalence fairly obvious. The subdivisibility
of the grits varies from place to place and this justifies a multiple
nomenclature.
The grouping of the grits for purposes of colouring has also been
effected on a palaeontological basis, except in the case of the Rough
Rock and Haslingden Flags. These differ so markedly in lithological
type that it has been considered desirable to separate them. The
Middle Grits are defined as those lying between the first appearance
of .Reticdoceras reticulaturn, mut. 18, and the zone of Gastrioceras
cavtcellatum (max.). The Kinderscout Grits are taken as ranging
from the Eumorphoceras bisuicatum bed in the middle of the Sabden
Shales to the base of mut. /3, and all the lower grits, which may
conveniently be called the Pendle Grits, lie in this district within
Bisat’s major zone of Eumorphoceras (E).
The various grits and intervening shales will now be described
from below upwards, and their lateral variation will be dealt with.
The Wilpshire Grits.-The oldest strata exposed at the
surface within the area of the map are the shales below the Lower
Wilpshire Grit, which crop out at Wilpshire in the extreme north-
western corner of the area. No precise estimate of thickness can
be given. They appear to pass up, by the incoming of sandstone
bands, into the Lower Wilpshire Grit, a fine to medium-grained
sandstone with bands of shale. A band of shale is believed to
separate the Lower Wilpshire from the Main Wilpshire Grit, but the
shale is nowhere exposed and its presence is inferred from the shape
of the ground. The Main Wilpshire Grit appears to be fully 700 ft.
thick and contains massive pebbly grits as well as medium and fine-
grained sandstone, and also shale wedges and partings. It was

3 See Laurance H, Tonks and W. B. Wright, ’ The South-Westerly Thickening of

the Millstone Grit in Lancashire ’ ; ’ Summary of Progress ’ for 1923 (Mena. Geol.
SUYV.), 1924, p. 150.
14 R&SENDALE :
originally mistaken .for the ‘Kinderscout and mapped as such, a
mistake which le_driot only locally but generally to much misunder-
standing, since it gave rise to the idea that the beds beneath the
Kinderscout proper in the southern -Pennines must necessarily
be the equivalent of the Pendleside Series.
Sabden Shales. -Above the Wilpshire Grit are grey shale and
mudstone with an occasional thin sandstone bed, the whole
succession between the Wilpshire Grit and the Parsonage Sandstone
being apparently 850 ft. in thickness. This series of shales should
yield a rich goniatite fauna, but it is unfortunately very poorly
exposed. No fossil localities are known in the Blackburn area within
the limits of the map and only one has been discovered in the
immediate neighbourhood. It occurs beneath the Parsonage Sand-
stone half a mile north-west of Roe Lee Mill on the western margin
of Sheet 76. The presence of ReticuZocer& reticulaturn (type),
Homoceras striolatum and Eumorphoceras ornatum clearly identifies
it with the similar band beneath the Todmorden Grit and supports
the correlation of these two grits as indicated in the table (Fig. 6).
In the Todmorden area the Sabden Shales, although much dis-
turbed by faulting and obscured by landslips, are better seen. The
lowest marine band of zonal significance exposed here is that of
Eumorphoceras bisulcatum (with Nuculoceras nuculum) , lying 350
to 400 ft. below the Todmorden Grit. The horizon of H. diadema,
which is supposed on imperfect evidence to succeed it,l has not been
detected in the Todmorden area ; the beds which might be expected
to contain this form are obscured to a great extent by landslips,
and exposures are rare. Mr. Bisat, however, regards the relation
of diadema to the bisulcatum-nuculum-Bed as an open question.
The only fossils observed in Todmorden below the latter bed are in a
marine band lying some 40 ft. lower and are referable to the genus
Homoceratoides, the ontogeny of which shows it to be only remotely
allied to Homoce;Yas, if at all. On the other hand, while it has not
been possible to confirm the recorded occurrence2 of undulatum in
Lamberts (Lumbutts) Clough and smithi at Millwood (both varieties
of H. diadema), the mapping places these localities above the zone
of Eumophoceras bisculcatum-Nuculoceras nuculum. Thus, while the
idea that the main development of Homoceras was subsequent to the
E. zone obtains support, there is no evidence to decide whether the
incoming of the gens preceded nuculum. The R, (reticuZatum and
inconstans) and upper H (pre-reticulaturn, striolatum and proteum)
zones of Bisat have not been seen in direct succession in
Todmorden area. At Eastwood Homoceras proteum appears
about 100 ft. below the Todmorden Grit, but the beds above,
which at Rough Lee contain striolatum, fire-reticulaturn and
inconstans, are not exposed here. In the same way, lack of exposure

‘lBisat, w. ‘S., ’ The Carboniferous Gonikiteg of the North of England and their
Zones,’ PYOC. Yaks. Geol. Sot., vol. xx, 1924, p. 10.
2 Trans. Manchester Geol. and Min. Sot., vol. 1, 184 1, p. 218. ^ ’
 GENEFiAL STRATdAPHY. .I5

has so far prevented these intermediate zones being seen in relation

to the reticukztum zone, where the latter is exposed in the Todmorden
district. - 1 _ _
The highest marine band below the Todmorden Grit, that which
marks the incoming of the type form of Reticuloceras reticulattim,
is well exposed in several places in the Todmorden area (see p. 38).
It yields, in addition to R. ret&datum, Homoceras striolatum and
Eumorphoceras ornatum.
Thus, while the fossil localities of the Vale of Todmorden have
added but little to the palaeontological succession established by
Mr. Bisat in the type area of the Sabden Shales to the north, they are
nevertheless sufficient to establish an effective correlation between
the two areas. Considerable modifications in the original mapping
have thus been effected. In the first place it has been shown that
the lowest beds at Todmorden are of considerably later date than was
formerly assumed for them by their inclusion in the Pendleside
Series. The marine bands point unquestionably to their correlation
with the upper part of the Sabden Shales, which in turn are now shown
to underlie, not overlie, the Kinderscout Grit. Thus, ignoring the
effects of a possible non-sequence, a great thickness of strata, repre-
senting the Pendle Grits and the lower part of the Sabden Shales,
may be expected under the floor of the Todmorden Valley before the
Lower Carboniferous is reached. In the second place it has now
become possible to distinguish effectively between the Todmorden
and Kinderscout Grits and so make a much closer approximation to
a proper understanding of the faulting of the area.

Kinderscout Grits.-The limits of this series of grits have

been extended so as to include all the beds of grit lying between the
bases of the zones of R. reticulaturn and R. reticulaturn, mut. /3. This
involves the inclusion in the Kinderscout Grit Series of beds of grit
formerly assigned to both the ‘ Pendleside Series ’ and the Third
Grit Series. The zonal considerations on which this modification
is based are dealt with in detail in the chapter on the palaeontology
of the Carboniferous rocks.
The main beds of grit comprising the series are, in ascending
order : Todmorden Grit, Kinderscout Grit, and Upper Kinderscout
Grit. The last-named is not to be confused with the upper bed of
the main Kinderscout Grit, where, as sometimes happens, the latter
is split by a shale parting. The term Upper Kinderscout is confined
to the grit occurring immediately below the horizon of R. reticulaturn,
late mut. a and where, as is the case north of Todmorden and
Heptonstall, there is a development of grit beds between the main
Kinderscout Grits and the Upper Kinderscout Grits, these inter-
mediate grits are referred to as ‘ upper leaves ’ of the Kinderscout.
It is observed that the thickness of strata separating the
Kinderscout and Upper Kinderscout Grits increases in an easterly
direction from the axis of the Pennine Anticline, coincident with
the development of the ‘ upper leaves ’ above mentioned. -’
16 ROSSENDALE :
The term ‘ Sub-Kinderscout ’ has been applied to the massive
grit which locally replaces the shales immediately below the
Kinderscout Grit east of Todmorden (see Fig. 12). This Sub-
Kinderscout grit passes upwards without any visible shale parting
into the Kinderscout Grit, but the observable evidence suggests
that the development of grit at this horizon is to be ascribed toe the
lateral replacement of shales, and not to the infilling of an eroded
channel (see Chap. III, p. 36).
The position of the Todmorden Grit in relation to the Kinderscout
is also a variable one, dependent on the local development of the
intervening shales. The Todmorden Grit is seen to increase at the
expense of these shales, and vice VW.a ; this phenomenon of lateral
replacement affects the grit to a considerable extent in the neigh-
bourhood of Todmorden and results in a variation ranging from
25 to 200 ft. in the thickness of mappable grit. The base of the grit
is more or less fixed in relation to the marine band which marks the
entry of the type form of R. reticulaturn ; it is separated from the
marine band by some 50 ft. of shale, showing a transition through
sandy shale to the flaggy base of the grit.
The Kinderscout Grit, which covers large moorland areas both
to the north and south of Todmorden, preserves a uniform character
over this whole eastern area, with the notable exception of a small
area east of Todmorden which will be dealt with in a later chapter
(see p. 36). No other member of the Millstone Grit Series exhibits
with such constancy the massive, coarse and frequently conglomeratic
character of this grit. It is typically developed in the many crags
and escarpments along the line of the Pennine Anticline. The
Todmorden Grit, on the other hand, while often assuming a massive
appearance, has not been observed to show the coarseness of the
Kinderscout Grit, except locally to a small extent, and is often parted
by bands of sandy shale.
The shales separating the various members of the Kinderscout
Grits contain two definitely proved marine bands ; one lying about
250 ft. below the Kinderscout Grit and another in the shales
immediately overlying the latter. Both contain R. reticulaturn and
the lower of the two also contains H. striolatum, resembling in this
respect the band below the Todmorden Grit. The band below the
Todmorden Grit, however, is distinguished from the other two
Reticulaturn bands by the presence of E. ornatum.
The shales separating the Todmorden and Kinderscout Grits
appear to correspond to the Grindslow Shales1 of Derbyshire, and the
Todmorden Grit to the Shale Grit of that area.
Above the Upper Kinderscvdt is a small coal with accompanying
marine band containing R. reticulaturn, late mut. a. This is
succeeded by 140 ft. of apparently unfosslliferous mudstone before
the marine band containing R. reticzdatum, mut. /3, is reached. This
is the lowest known occurrence of mut. fi in the area. Sixty feet
above is the base of the Gorpley Grit, the lowest of the Middle Grits.
_---
l Jackson, J. W., ’ The Natwalist,’ Oct., 1923, p. 337.
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY. 17
In the Blackburn area the steep dip and lack of good exposure
make an effective study of the Kinderscout group of grits very
difficult. The Parsonage Sandstone is the equivalent of the
Todmorden Grit and is estimated to be from 450 to 500 ft. in thickness.
It is mainly sandstone with shale partings, although beds of grit do
occur. A great thickness of shales and mudstones, often sandy and
with flaggy beds, follows. Towards the north-east of the area, where
the overlying Kinderscout Grit is well developed, the thickness is
estimated at about 500 ft., but as the strata are traced towards the
south-west the Kinderscout thins greatly and finally appears to fail
altogether, although, owing to the obscurity caused by a cover of
drift, it is possible that a feeble representative may continue. The
shales and mudstones have expanded to a thickness, estimated at
Mickle Hey, of 880 ft., probably at the expense of the Kinderscout.
This grit, where it enters the area in the north-east, is estimated to
be 400 ft. thick and is a flaggy grit. Towards the south-west it
splits by the incoming of shale, and opposite Mickle Hey is repre-
sented by two bands of sandstone, each about 40 ft. thick, separated
by about 145 ft. of shaly beds. Continuing south-westward the
Kinderscout deteriorates still further and has not been mapped beyond
Bank Hey (62 S.E.), half a mile north-east of the Cemetery church,
where the Grit appears to be represented by a 15-ft. bed of grit
and some sandstone ribs in shales and mudstones.
At its thickest development, in the north-east, the Kinderscout
is followed by about 490 ft. of shale and mudstone in which occur
marine bands characterised by R. reticulatuna, mut. a ? and mut. /3,
about 170 and 212 ft. respectively below the base of the Revidge
Grit. The position of these marine bands, which are not necessarily
the exact equivalents of those yielding the same forms in Todmorden,
is discussed on p. 114. With the dying out of the Kinderscout Grit the
shales below and above, together with those representing the Grit,
form a mass of argillaceous strata not less than 1,800 ft. in thickness.
It is quite likely that minor sandstone or grit bands occur in this
mass, buried under drift.

The Middle Grits.-In the Middle Grits we have a series of

beds, the outcrops of which are more generally distributed over the
whole area of Sheet 76. They thus lend themselves to more
satisfactory study. They are roughly equivalent to the old ‘ Third
Grit Series ’ but for purposes of colouring and in order to obta’n
uniform subdivision on a palaeontological basis, the name has been
extended to include all grits between the base of R. reticulaturn,
mut. ,f3and the maximum of Gust&was cancellatum (or its equivalent
in this district, the top of R. reticulaturn, mut. 7).
A glance at Fig. 6 will give a general idea of the nomenclature
and local development of this group of grits as well as their relations
to the various marine bands found in the shales between them. A
triple nomenclature was adopted in the early days of the revision
for the lowest and strongest member of the series and has been
18 ROSSENDALE :

retained, although there now remains no doubt as to the identity of

the ,Revidge, Gorpley and Fletcher Bank Grits. This rock has been
sometimes called the Third Grit, and the name Main Third Grit,
or Main Middle Grit, might, if thought desirable, be allowed to stand
as a general designation for it.
The lithological characters of this grit are well displayed in
Fletcher Bank Quarries, Ramsbottom, where it is a coarse, massive;
current-bedded, pebbly grit with drifted plant remains. Ferruginous
concretions, ranging-up to 7 ft. in diameter, are common ; and drifted
and included masses of coal, shale, and fireclay, etc. are often found:
Except for occasional irregular partings of sandy shale and shaly
sandstone, the coarse, pebbly character is maintained throughout
the whole thickness of the bed in the Ramsbottom-Bury area and
further west near Belmont, but north of Rawtenstall the coarse grit
phase occurs only in the upper portion and alternations of fine grits
and sandstones make up the lower part. It reaches in the Bury
area its maximum known development, having here a thickness of
over 350 ft. To the east and north-east, however, it thins off
considerably and although it forms prominent scarps along both
sides of the Summit valley, and in the Dulesgate valley, being known
hereabouts as the Gorpley Grit, its thickness probably never exceeds
100 ft. In Gorpley Clough (Dulesgate) it was found to be about
70 ft. thick, while in the Cliviger valley to the immediate north it
maintains about the same thickness.: It suffers still further attenua-
tion when traced northwards over Worsthorne Moor, but there are
indications of an increase in thickness on the northern border of the
Sheet. It is everywhere a massive grit of varying degrees of
coarseness and is overlain by a coal which appears to be persistent.
The extreme variability of this important grit and its south-
westerly thickening are reflected in the steeply-dipping outcrop north
of Blackburn, where it is known as the Revidge Grit. It is about
250 ft. thick near Edge End, in the north-east, where it consists of
cross-bedded sandstones and flags with shaly beds. The strata
appear to become coarser as they are followed towards the south-west
and develop into grits with pebbly bands. The thickness appears
to diminish slightly to about 180 ft.. at Bank Hey (Six-inch map
Lanes. 62 S.E.), south of Mickle Hey, and then expands to about
360 ft. at the western edge of the map. A coal with fireclay marks
the top of the Grit in this area also.
The shales which overlie the Majn Grit and separate it from the
Helmshore Grit above are commonly about 20 ft. thick and around
Bury and Belmont contain, at some little distance above the coal
seam just mentioned, a thin fossiliferous band of ‘ estuarine ’
character, which promises to become of importance for purposes of
correlation farther to the south-west. No exposure -of this bed has
been found within the limits of Sheet 76, but it was proved in the
Gin Hall Bore-hole north of Walmersley, Bury, where it yielded
Naiadites ? and Spirorbis ?. Farther west, on the Bolton-Preston
road just beyond the limits of the map, it was also proved in the
 GENE&AL STRATIGRAPHY. 19
Bolton Waterworks bore-hole at Lower Heights, Belmont, where it
contains Lingda and some small lamellibranchs and gastropods.
An actual exposure has been found by Mr. R. C. B. Jones1 in the
River Roddlesworth, several miles west of Darwen. This fossiliferous
band does not appear to extend to the Blackburn and Cliviger
areas to the north and east, shales equivalent to those containing
it being visible in clear exposures in Harper Clough and Green’s
Clough. 2
The Helmshore Grit is also essentially a development of the
south-western area of the map, being in the main a fine-grained
grit or sandstone with occasional coarser beds and reaching a thick-
ness of 60 ft. In the Rawtenstall area the uppermost 15 ft. consist
of flagstone ; a local development which is called the Balladen Flags.
The Grit is feebly represented over all the eastern area, consisting of
5 to 10 ft. of current-bedded medium to fine sandstone. In the
Blackburn district the coal mentioned as lying on top of the Revidge
Grit is followed at Harper Clough by 8 ft. of flaggy shale and this by
7 ft. of micaceous flags. The top bed is an inferior ganister and
shows a Stigmarian root 7 ft. across. The micaceous flags
appear to represent the Helmshore Grit of the southern portion
of Sheet 76 and become mappable west of the railway to Wilpshire.
Expanding south-westward the beds possibly unite with the Revidge
Grit north of Blackburn, beyond the limits of the map.
The ganisteroid bed with Stigmaria in Harper Clough evidently
indicates a stage of feeble coal formation following on the deposition
of the Helmshore Grit. This is more marked in the neighbourhood
of Ramsbottom, the shaly top of the Grit being seen in Hodge Clough,
Stubbins, to be capped by a fireclay and thin coal streak. On the
same horizon in the Gin Hall Bore, north of Walmersley, occurs a
fireclay and ganister. This ‘ coal ’ has not been detected farther
east.
The shales above the Helmshore Grit form a readily recognisable
horizon owing to the occurrence in them of thick marine bands
containing the later mutations of R. reticula&n. The best develop-
ment is in the Ramsbottom district and can be studied in the excellent
exposures in Hodge Clough, Lumb, north of Stubbins. Above the
shaly top of the Helmshore Grit and the coal just mentioned comes
the section shown in Fig. 7. The two marine bands marked as /3
and early y show considerable richness of fauna, and the mudstones
between them are not altogether barren, except in the centre 12 to
15 ft. Small pealike ironstone nodules occur which frequently contain
organic remains including goniatite ‘ fry ‘. R. reticdatwn, early
mut. y is much more abundant in the upper bed than in the lower,

l Jones, R. C. B., ’ Summary of Progress ’ for 1924 (Mem. Geol. Suru.), 1925, p. 66.
e It is interesting to note that a similar fossiliferous band yielding fossils of an
estuarine character has been observed also in a similar position above the Pule Hill
(or Main Third) Grit in the Colne valley to the west of Huddersfield. Here again
it is overlain by a thin flaggy . grit (the local representative of the Helmshore Grit],
which in turn is overlain by shales with a marine band yielding ReticuZoceras yeticw-
hatwm, mut. B Bisat.
20 ROSSENDALE :

but there is admixture in both. Really early forms of mut. /3 are

rare in both beds and very rare in the upper bed.
The strata for about 35 ft. above the upper marine bed are of
peculiar character and form a local development in the south-west
of Sheet 76 (see Fig. 12, p. 28). They are best described as siliceous
ironstones with thin shales. The bedding is extremely regular and
vertical sections when viewed from a distance have the appearance
characteristic of Lias. These beds are
capped by a bright yellow fireclay and
small coal, over which is a very hard
bed of impure ganister two or three
feet in thickness.
This series of siliceous ironstones
with the overlying ganister extends
westward to beyond Longworth Hall
and the limits of the map. At the
head of Longworth Clough they are
well exposed and they exhibit here a
very puzzling instance of cross bed-
ding which contrasts with their evenly
bedded character in the type section.
To the east they appear to fail rapidly.
The shales below, containing R.
reticdatum, muts. /3 and early 7, show
also considerable lateral variation. The
lower of the two marine bands is repre-
sented over almost the whole area, but
may possibly be absent in some
localities in the north-east. The upper
band, however, is cut out entirely to
the east by the development of the
lower members of the Hazel Greave
Grit Series. The incoming of these
sandstones is first detected in Cheesden
FIG. 7.--Se&on in Hodge
Brook. The manner of the displace-
Clough, Lumb, near Stubbins, ment is shown diagrammatically in
showing the development of Fig. 8. The distance between the two
the beds above the Helmshore marine bands diminishes westward
Grit, characteristic of the
from the Ramsbottom area, and in
S. W. part of Sheet 76.
Longworth Brook is only about 10 ft.
In the Blackburn area the upper marine band ;s wanting, being here,
as in the east, replaced by the Hazel Greave Grit. The lower band is,
however, represented and can be seen overlying the ganisteroid
flags with Stigmaria in Harper Clough Quarries (see p. 84).
The Hazel Greave Grits are developed in the eastern and northern
portion of Sheet 76. They are represented in the southwest only by
the variable ganister bed seen at the top of the Hodge Clough section,
Lumb, near Stubbins. This latter bed is, however, of local economic
importance as it makes an extremely durable road metal, and is
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY. 21

being quarried for this purpose west of the Holcombe-Haslingden

road, where it is known as ‘ Ironstone.’ It is here underlain by a
small coal and fireclay and overlain by dark shales containing
L%guZa and two marine bands, the lower of which contains R.
reticulaturn, mut. y and the upper Gastrioceras ? sigma.
In their more normai development to the east the Hazel Greave
Grits are commonly fine-grained siliceous rocks with a ganister-
like appearance. At Gorpley they are overlain by the same two
marine bands which, however, are wanting further north. A
fireclay horizon with coal or felted black rock is generally present
at the top of the grits and no doubt represents the ‘ Ironstone
Ganister ’ of the south-west.
The dark shale and shaly mudstones which lie above the Hazel
Greave Grit and contain towards the base the marine bands just
mentioned attain a thickness of about 100 ft. or over in the south-west
E.
s.w

S,L,CEO”S ,RONSrONCs ~-roo.+t. d. F,RECLAY Y-Y-U WIRJN.? BAND

FIG. 8.--Diagram to show the lateral variation of the Hazel Greave and Helmshore
Grits and associated strata.

of the Sheet but thin considerably to the east and north-east. They
become sandy towards the top and pass up ,by alternation into the
Brooksbottoms Sandstone.
The Holcombe Brook and Brooksbottoms Series shows throughout
the district extreme and rapid variation, which is impossible to
describe in detail. An attempt has been made to represent it graphic-
ally in Fig. 9, It will be seen that the principal increase in thickness
is due to the development of the Brooksbottoms Sandstone in the
western half of Sheet 76 and that this increase of thickness is
accompanied by warping of the lower marine bands from the position
of approximate horizontality in which they were presumably
deposited. It is rather remarkable therefore that this variable series
should be capped by one of the most constant of the marine bands
of the Millstone Grit, namely, that containing Gastrioceras
cancellatum Bisat. It has been decided to regard this easily traceable
horizon as marking the upper limit of the Middle Grits.
 P - KOSSENDALE :

The Haslingden Flags., The ,top Holcombe Brook coal is

overlain .by dark shales; which contain the marine hand just referred
:to- and frequently exhibit contorted- beds underlain and overlain by
‘evenly bedded strata. Above these dark shales are grey mudstones
of variable thickness which pass upwards into the Haslingden Flags.
The Haslingden Flags are a lithological phase of the Millstone
&it- Series mainlv developed in south and east Lancashire. z In
character they are =nearer mudstones than sandstones and where
they fail they do so by lateral passage into sandy mudstone. Natural
subdivision into anupper and lower series is effected by the constant
bccurrence of a marine band. just above the top of the Lower Flags,.
The characteristic goniatite is Gastrioceras cumbrie~se, but in a number
of localities to- the ‘south and west of Sheet 76 this is replaced by
Gastyioceras . Zisteri . and Gastriqceras coronaturn. Homoceratoides
&va&catum is of common occurrence. L . *
N E_

The .Lower Flags attain their maximum development along the

kossendale Valley, between Haslingden and Bacup, being commonly
about 100 ft. in thickness. Traced to the north and east they weaken
greatly -and are replaced by mudstone, disappearing completely
north of Stiperden Moor. To the south and west, though traceable,
they also.diminish in strength, being only 6 ft. thick along the line
I of Cheesden Brook and entirely wanting on Whimberry Hill in the
south-western corner of the Sheet. Towards the north-west they
appear to maintain their .strength as far as Blackburn, where the
series is 140 to 180 ft. in thickness. When followed to the north-east,
however, along this steeply-dipping outcrop they appear to fail
suddenly in the neighbourhood of Great Harwood, -. Near Harper
Clough the base is a massive white sandstone called the ’ ‘ lonkey ’
which is valuable for setts.
The Upper Flags are even more variable than the Lower and their
areas of maximum development are more difficult to define in general
 GENEPA& SLTRATIGRAPHY. 23
terms. In the central area they do not contain so great a. thickness
of workable stone as is found in the lower belt of flagstones in this
district. They have,-however, been extensively worked on thesouth
srde of Rossendale, e.g., Scout Quarries, etc., and they maintain their
character as economic flagstones in the Whitworth Valley district,
where they consist of 75 to 100 ft. of well-bedded fine-grained
micac_eous sandstone with lenticular beds of ‘ lonkey ’ up to 10 ft.
thick. Around Haslingden and east along the north side of the
Rossendale Valley, however, they fail almost entirely and above
Newchurch they are represented by a few feet of shaly flagstone. This
increases in thickness and improves in quality northwards. The
change can be traced up the Crawshaw Booth and Waterfoot valleys,
and seems to take place pari passti with the northward thinning of
the lower flagstone. These variations chiefly affect the amount of
workable stone at each horizon. In general they are due to lateral
replacement of sandstone by sandy shale and mudstone.
A small lamellibranch (Anthracomya bellula Bolton) has been
described from the grey ‘mudstone -which succeeds the Upper
Haslingden Flags in this district. 1
1
In a westward direction from Haslingden the Upper Flags also
reappear at Haslingden Grane and thicken westward, until at
Pickup Bank they become equal to the diminished Lower Flags ;
each being- perhaps
- 70 ft. thick at that place. North of Blackburn
they are entirely wanting. Southward from Pickup Bank the
Upper Flags appear to increase in importance and around Wayoh
Fold, Edge Fold, and Edgworth they are extensively worked.
Around Holcombe they are very weak.

The Rough Rock.-This has been long recognised as a con-

stant and readily, identifiable horizon. It maintains the co+-seness
of grain, which gives it its name, over a wide area and is distinguished
from all other grits of the series, except the Brooksbottoms Sand-
stone, by being split into an upper and lower division by a coal
called the Sand Rock Mine, which is in many places a workable
seam. The lower leaf is generally thinner in the central area along
the axis of the Rossendale Anticline than to north and south. ,
’ The Sand Rock Mine has an average thickness of 2 ft. 3 in. in the
south near Rochdale, but in the north varies between 6 and, 18 in.
and is in places entirely absent.
* over most of the area coarse grit extends from the Sand Rock
Mink to the base of the fireclay of the Six Inch Mine, but south of
I&owl Moor .and around Norden these strata show interesting
variations. Whereas in the north coarse grit rests on and frequently
erodes into and cuts out the coal, in the south the coarse grit base
becomes separated from the Sand Rock Mine by black carbonaceous
shales with thin coal streaks. Progressive thinning of the coarse
- --..
l Bolton, Herbert, ’ Descriptions of New Species of Brachiopoda. and Mollusca
from the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire,’ Mem. Manchcst.~
Lit. & Phil. Sot., vol. xii, No. 6, 1896.
24 ROSSEIiDALE :
grit takes place, until at a point about 14 miles north-east of Bury
the Sand Rock Mine and Six Inch Mine are separated by 15 ft. of
shale. It is believed that this failure of the upper leaf of the Rough
S.

FIG. IO.-Diagram shcwing the dying out of the upper leaf of the Rough Rock.

Rock has led to confusion1 of the Sand Rock Mine with the Six Inch
Mine above and that the statement2 that marine forms have been
found above the Sand Rock Mine is erroneous and due to this confusion.
The roof of the Sand Rock Mine has, everywhere within the area
dealt with in this memoir, been found to consist of either grit or
dark shales with abundant plant-remains, but entirely devoid of
marine fossils.
LOWER COAL MEASURES
The base of the Lower Coal Measures has, following precedent,
been taken at the Six Inch Mine or, where this is absent, at the marine
band which elsewhere occurs above the coal. The top is the base of
the Arley Mine which has fortunately been identifiable, wherever
it occurred within the limits of the map. The total thickness of this
column of strata averages about 900-l 100 ft. A well characterised
lithological succession and the presence of several well-known coal
seams and marine bands have made correlation a relatively easy
matter.
The Six Inch Mine and its overlying marine band, which mark
the top of the Rough Rock, are everywhere traceable and easily
recognised, although the preservation of the goniatites in the marine
band is rarely good enough to permit of specific distinctions. The
fireclay of the Six Inch Mine is of exceptional quality and thickness
near Bury, where it is from 4 to 12 ft. thick and is mined for brick-
making.
l Hull, E.. ’ The Geology of the Country around Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire ’
(Mm. Geol. Sum), 1862, p. 3.
2 Binney, E. W., ’ Observations on the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Field, with
a Section,’ Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. i, 1839, p. 78.
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY 25

SOUTH -WEST BLACKBURN l , BlJRNLEY ROCHDALE

I I I
ARM?-
Mm? --a rl0rwY
AJlhv
,---,,-----~----i RIDDLESCOUT ROCK _ _ a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
I I
~--I-------------
OLD LAWRENCE RO& _ _ _ _ _ _ !_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
_ a _ ACCRINGTON MUDSTONES _ _ _
________ ___-__-. DYNELEY KN?LL .FLAGS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
,

CRUTCHMAN SANDSTONE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MfLNROW SANDSTONE

I I I
YARI) (Y bk rMcynAlN *#NE CHMVfl MINE u?Fm Aew#rfflH nmt
ICCONHURiT SANDSTONE (LOCAL)
, YARDOR UPPERMOUNrUJN MINE
I ’

.____ WARMDfN SANDSTONE _ -.- _ _ :, _ ___ HELPET EDGE ROCK,,--,-

_a-c-s_ INCH MdE ROCK _ _ _ _ _ 1 I

_..e_.__.-. , G..?iibi 4 C. c?wwuem - . . . . ..

UC.OR dUU@N AUNC

OR LOWfR MOUNTfffN MIN.! O&L-R M0UNTff.W U/N&?

_____._ .____._._._- GANISTER ROCK ____ -~--..-,-~-~-f--~

-&-bd LOWCRFOOT MIN.? MmirrcBu.d

LR FOOT MINE ROCK____ LR..FOOf MINE ROCK

lkrr&op
I I
a4SY #lNE surfs 0~ rlA0 MIU~

C_____.______ -----~OODHEAD HILL ~OC~r--_-_---_--~------

<.-&y
e._
OUSEL NEST GRIT I I I
hfk &md.....,.,.,......S~~lNCU MtNt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M&w Bmd
.

ROUGH ROCK

FIG.11.--Table showiq the Subdivision and Nomenclature of the Lower Coal

Measures in S.E. Lancashire.

The marine band generally yields Pterinofiecten papyraceus in

abundance and in a few localities towards the south and west of the
area the state of preservation of the goniatites improves sufficiently
to allow of the determination of Gastrioceras listeri as the main
element of the fauna.
Above the Six Inch Mine Marine Band comes a considerable
thickness of barren mudstones with rare local beds of sandstone.
Normally these mudstones pass upwards by alternation into the
Woodhead Hill Rock, but in the south-west (see Fig. 12, p. 28) a
powerful grit, the Ouse1 Nest, is developed below the base of the
Woodhead Hill Rock, being separated from it by a few feet of barren
mudstone. The coarse character and massiveness of this grit led
in the past to its being mistaken for the Rough Rock. In the area
to the west of the Sheet,. north of Horwich, a series of flags very
similar to those of Haslingden are developed beneath the grit. The
(811) C
26: ROSSENDALE :
following characters ,however, serve for its separation from the
Rough Rock1 :- ,
(1) It is more felspathic and not so coarse..
(2) It contains no coal similar to the Sand Rock Mine.
(3) It is overlain by barren mudstones instead of by a coal and marine
band.
(4) A small coal, the Margery Mine, is found immediately beneath-
-
its base.

The Woodhead Hill Rock is extremely variable in character and

thickness. It attains its maximum development around Wardle,
Littleborough, and Rakewood ; and in the latter locality it is often
so coarse in grain as to be indistinguishable from the underlying
Rough Rock Throughout the eastern area it is well over 50 ft. in
thickness but thins away considerably to the north of. Wardle.
Towards the western half of the Sheet it is often reduced to a few
thin bands of shaly sandstone.
The Bassy Mine (known in the Littleborough and Rakewood
districts as the Yard Mine or Dirty Yard Coal) is generally repre-
sented by a few feet of coaly shale passing upward into mudstones,
which contain, at a height of about 5 ft. above the coal and also on
higher horizons, abundant shells of Carbonicola. The presence of
Carbonnicola at various horizons in the mudstones between the
Bassy Mine and the Lower Foot Mine serves as a useful distinction
between these beds and the unfossiliferous mudstones separating the
Six Inch Mine and the Woodhead Hill Rock. A thin sandstone
occasionally develops by lateral displacement in these Carboniiola-
bearing mudstones.
‘The ‘Lower 1Foot Mine is fairly constantly developed but only
locally workable. In the extreme west of the Sheet it is underlain
by a thin sandstone which is also locally developed elsewhere. The
roof is variable in character, and frequently fossiliferous. In the
Littleborough district, where it consists of fine black shale, it has
yielded abundant fragmentary fish-remains. 2 At Knowsley, near
Shawforth, the shales overlying the Lower Foot Coal contain an
estuarine molluscan fauna, while over the greater part of the area they
appear to contain only the freshwater form Carbonicola, but in
Cheesden Brook, Birtle, this is associated with other forms and
overlain by a bed with Gastrioceras Zisteri and cf. Posidoniella.
Marine forms have also been found in the Rochdale district and at
Aff eside.
The Lower Foot Mine is generally succeeded by shales of. variable
thickness, and these in turn bv the Ganister Rock, so called from the
almost universal hard and siliceous character of its upper layers.
The Ganister Rock varies considerably in thickness and locally

l Jones, R. C. B., ‘ Summary of Progress ’ for 1924 (Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1925,
p. 69.
2 Wellbum, E. D., ’ Fish fauna of the Lower Coal Measures of the Halifax and
Littleborough districts,’ Proc. Yorkshire Geol. 6%Polytechnic SOL, New Series, vol. xiii,
1899, pp. 419-432.
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY. 27
entirely replaces the shales below so as to comet right down on top of
the Lower Foot Mine and occasionally cut it out wholly or partially,
The Lower Mountain Mine which rests on top of the Ganisteq
Rock is one of the principal seams of the Lower Coal Measures and
has been extensively worked. Near Affeside, 3 miles south-west of-
Ramsbottom, it thins out to a few inches and is also thin and worthless]
west of Turton. The shales above occasionally yield fish-remains.
The Bullion Mine Rock or Great Arc Sandstone, which follows,
also varies considerably throughout the area. It is overlain by then
Upper Foot or Bullion Mine, a remarkably persistent seam which
is almost certainly represented by the Halifax Hard Bed of the
Yorkshire Coalfield, the Alton Coal-of Derbyshire and the Crabtree
Seam of Staffordshire, each being distinctive in possessing a similar
marine roof. One of the most remarkable features of the Bullion
Coal is the sporadic occurrence of calcareous concretionary masses
known as ’ coal-balls ’ or ’ bullions ’ embedded in the body of the
seam itself. Their occurrence is irregular, ‘for while abundant in
some places they are frequently absent altogether. Two well-
known localities from which they have been collected are Dulesgate,
two miles west of Todmorden, and Shore, one mile north-west
of Littleborough. In the coal balls, which contain only plant-
remains and no marine shells or organisms so far as is known, all the
delicate plant tissues including even phloem, endodermis, etc., are
so perfectly preserved that the complete structure of the plants can
be investigated. by microscopti ‘examination. From the two fore-.
going localities, where these bullions have been in. the past
assiduously collected, a considerable flora has .already been reported.
The coal balls are of very varying size, and one exceptional specimen
obtained from Shore, which was several feet in diameter, was
estimated from measurements to weigh at least two tons.1 Associated
with this coal are bullions also containing goniatites and occasional
plant-remains ;. but these always occur in the roof and so far as is
known have not been found in situ in the seam itself.
The shales above the coal are, however, always fossiliferous and
yield goniatites of the allied species Gastrioceras subcrenatum
(carbotiarium), G. listeri and G. coronaturn with Pteerinopecten
papyraceus, Posidonomya gibsoni and other rarer forms.
Towards the north-east the Bullion Mine Rock thins out and
disappears and the Upper Foot and Lower Mountain Mines come
together to form a single seam, the Union Mine or Lower Mountain
Mine of the Burnley district. The line (see Fig. 12) along which this
takes place has been traced, with the help of mining information
beyond the limits formerly set down. The general direction of the
line (N.W.-S.E.) is constant, but sharp zig-zagging on a small scale
is proved by mine surveying. The two coals come together somewhat
abruptly as a result of the dying out of the sandstone and sandy

l Stopes, M. C., and D. M. S. Watson, ’ On the present distribution and origin

of the calcareous concretions in coal seams, known as “ coal balls,” ’ Phil. Trans. Roy.
Sot. London, Series B, vol. 200, 1908, pp. 167-218.
(811 C2
28 ROSSENDALE :

shale separating the coals south of the junction. It may be men

tioned that the term Union Mine is chiefly a mining one ; the single
seam representing the coalescence of the two coals is commonly known
as the Lower Mountain Mine. The marine band overlying the
Bullion Mine thus- becomes associated, with the ’ Lower Mountain
Mme ’ in the Burnley and Cliviger districts.
Where associated with the Bullion Mine the marme band 1s
usually not more than 6 in. thick and immediately overlies the coal ;
as a result it is often difficult of detection, and a useful indicator 1s
provided by the occurrence of Posidonomya shells at higher levels and
their local concentration into a thin band which lies about 7 ft.

@ RA MSBOffoM

FIG. 12.-Sketch Map showitig the limits ‘of certain stratigraphicaE units in
Sheet 76.

above the marine band. The latter is thicker where it overlies the
Lower Mountain Mine, and lies a few feet above the coal.
Over the greater part of the area shales to the average thickness
of 50 ft. succeed the Upper Foot or Bullion Mine. In the Accrington
district these are known as the Dewhurst Shales. They are succeeded
by the Inch Mine, a thin persistent seam averaging only 1 to 3 in.,
but usually with a thick and valuable bed of fireclay, in demand for
stoneware. Towards the west a thin bed of ganister rock partly
replaces the fireclay, and ultimately develops round Blackburn and
Darwen into a rock of some strength, which has been called the
Inch Mine Rock. A variable thickness of shale usually follows the
Inch Mine and becoming sandy passes up by alternation into the
Warmden Sandstone. This bed is represented in the Rochdale
and Rakewood districts by the Helpet Edge Rock, a thick coarse-
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY. 29
grained massive grit. In these districts the Inch Mine Coal and
fireclay are apparently unrepresented. The Helpet Edge Rock thins
out somewhat abruptly around Wardle and Littleborough when
followed in a northerly direction, though it is strongly developed
to the immediate north of Rochdale (see Fig. 12, p. 28). In a similar
manner the Warmden Sandstone passes into a coarse pebbly grit
at Blackburn and on Turton Moor to the south of Darwen, and
extends downwards to close on the roof of the Inch Mine.
Above the Warmden Sandstone (or Helpet Edge Rock) come the
Upper Mountain Mine and the Cannel Mine, separated by variable
strata from 9 in. to 30 ft. in thickness, and not always readily dis-
tinguishable from one another. It would appear from the rather
imperfect evidence that the lower seam may be locally absent, the
Cannel Mine being the more constant of the two. The two seams
may possibly coalesce in places. It is almost certain that the coal
worked as the Upper Mountain Mine in some districts (e.g., Norden,
Rochdale) is the Cannel Mine of Burnley, the true Upper Mountain
Mine being represented by a thin band of fireclay and ganistcr.
This appears to be the state of affairs in the very fine section exposed
at the north end of the Sough Tunnel, near Darwen, where the
following succession is seen :-
, Ft. In.
Starchy and shaly mudstone with ironstone ... . ,. 50 0
Dark shale ... ... ... . .. ... . .. ... 6
Coal (Cannel Mine) .. . ... . .. .. . . .. ... 1 0
Fireclay with ganister ribs . . . . .. ... . .. .,.
Fireclay mudstone ... ... . .. . ,. ... ... 5”:
Sandstone with sandy shale partings (Icconhurst Sandstone) 18 6
Coal Smut (Upper Mountain Mine) . .. . .. ... 1
Fireclay . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. 2 11
Shaly sandstone with rootlet top .. . ... ... ... 29 0

115 0
As showing the rapid variation, however, it should be mentioned
that a mile to the north-east of this section the seams are separated
by only 9 in. of rock, the Upper Mountain Mine being here a foot
thick and the Cannel 1 ft. 8 in., while generally in the Darwen,
Blackburn and Accrington districts the Upper Mountain Mine is
from 2 ft. to 3 ft. 6 in. in thickness and is locally known as the Yard
Mine.
It should be clearly understood, therefore, that the single seam
mapped as the Upper Mountain Mine in the central and southern
parts of Sheet 76 may be and probably is the true equivalent of the
Cannel Mine of Burnley and Blackburn, the Upper Mountain Mine
of those districts being a local development (see Fig. 12, p. 28.) To
avoid any possible misunderstanding it should also be noted that the
Cannel Mine is not a cannel coal.
The shales which overlie the Cannel Mine, and are known at
Accrington as the Bookleaf Shales, are succeeded by the Crutchman
or Milnrow Sandstone. This is represented over the whole area
dealt with but varies considerably in strength and ‘thickness.
30 sr
A ROSSENDALE :
Between Burnley’and Rochdale it has a massive and in places, coarse
character, the thickness increasing from north to south. In the
west it is generally more shaly or-flaggy, but there is considerable
local variation. In ,places flags and shaly sandstones extend down-
wards *as far as the roof of the Cannel Mine. In Darwen a band of
flags forming part of the Crutchman was extensively quarried and
inined in the past. Their position is given by Dickinson as 105 to
120 ft. above the Cannel Mine.l In the country between Bacup,
Littleborough and Rochdale the Darwen flags appear to be repre-
sented by a thin but persistent band of flaggy sandstone, termed the
Trough Edge End Sandstone, which intervenes between the Cannel
,Mine and the Milnrow Sandstone. .
With the Crutchman Sandstone are associated two coal seams,
the Pasture Mine.on top of the rock, and the Cemetery Mine about
the middle. Both coals and both the upper and lower divisions of
the rock die out and reappear in sporadic fashion. This variation
is further complicated by the appearance and disappearance of a
band of white ganister sandstone in the dark shales which usually
succeed the Pasture Mine.
The Cemetery Mine is only known in the district between Burriley
and Bacup, where it was identified bv Hull2 as the Black Clay Coal
which name was also applied in places to the coal now called the
Pasture Mine. It seems probable that the original Black Clay Coal
referred to the Pasture Mine. ’ ’ *
The Pasture Mme is succeeded 1b.y a thick series of shales and
mudstones and these in *turn by the Dyneley Knoll Flags, which
thicken towards Darwen at the expense of the shales below and there
form the Heyfold Sandstone. The overlying black shales pass upward
into the Accrington Mudstone; famed as the material from which the
well-known red Accrington bricks are made. These diminish in
thickness eastward from Hapton Valley in consequence of the inter-
calation of or replacement by sandy beds. They appear to be the
equivalent of the New Hey Mudstones of the Rochdale district.
The great series of sandy strata known as the Old Lawrence
Rock has few points of interest. It shows a bipartite division in
the neighbourhood of Burnley. Above it is the Riddle Scout Rock,
traceable throughout the northern part of the Sheet and forming a
convenient index horizon for the Arley Mine above. The strata
immediately beneath the Arley Mine contain a number of small coal
streaks and fireclays.
Synonymy of the Seams of the Lower Coal Measures.-
The synonymy of the coal-seams of the Lower Coal Measures of
,South Lancashire has been exhaustively dealt with by Dr. Herbert
Bolton. The following list gives only those names which appear
to have been in use among miners in the area cqvered by Sheet 76.
The question of the significance of all names occurring in the literature
-_
l Dickinson, Joseph, ’ On the Coal Strata of Lancashire,’ Tvuns.Manchcsler
Geol.
Sot.,vol. iv, 1863, p. 163 and plate.
P Hull, E., ’ The Geology of the Bumley Coalfield ’ (Mem. GeoE. SUYZJ.), 1875, p. 54.
 GENEiiAL STRATIGRAPHY.

is a much wider one, and is complicated by the possibilities of mis-

correlation. Reference should be made to Dr. Bolton’s paper.1
SEAM. SYNONY~~S.
Sand Rock Mine (Millstone Grit) Featheredge Coal.
Six Inch Mine ,.. . .. . .. First Coal.
Bassy Mine .. . . .. . .. Salts (New Mills), Lower or Dirty Yard
(Rochdale), Shale Bed (Rishton) ,
Lower Foot Mine . .. .. . Little Mine (Littleborough).
Lower Mountain Mine .., ... Ganister Mine, Half Yard Mine (Blackburn
and Darwen), Yard Mine (Bacup) .
Upper Foot Mine ... . .. Bullion Mine, Little Coal (Darwen), Bin
Coal (Turton) .
Inch Mine ... . .. .. . Niddle Mountain Mine, Fireclay Coal.
Upper Mountain Mine . . . . .. Forty Yards Mine, Yard Mine (Blackburn
and Darwen), Top Bed (Burnley) .
Cannel Mine . .. .. . . .. Upper Mountain Mine (Rochdale) .
Pasture Mine . .. .. . . ..

MIDDLE COAL MEASURES

The Middle Coal Measures consist of a series of sandstones,

mudstones, shales and fireclays with’ numerous coal seams. The
general succession, character and thickness of the measures are
summarised in Figs. 17 and 19. Certain broad distinctions may
be drawn between the Lower and Middle Coal Measures. The
division between them is a purely arbitrary one, being taken at the
base of the Arley Mine ; but, on the whole, there is a distinct
difference between the beds above and those below this artificial
line. Broadly speaking, the sediments. of the Middle Coal Measures
are finer in grade than those of the Lower Measures. The sandstones
are usually fine-grained and only rarely approach the coarseness of
grain exhibited by several of the Lower Coal Measures sandstones.
The dark shaly mudstones, which make up so great a thickness of
the Lower Coal Measures, are rarely seen ; and their place is taken by
considerable thicknesses of pale grey mudstone (the ‘ soapstone ’ of
the miners). Coal seams are more numerous, show considerable
variation, are frequently split by dirt partings, and in places die out
altogether, These variations, as well as the changes in thickness of
the sandstones, take place more rapidly and more fortuitously in
the Middle Coal Measures than in the strata below.
A comhlete consideration of the Middle Coal Measures must be
deferred pending the survey of the northern part of the Burnley
coalfield, beyond the limits of Sheet 76, as the ultimate solution
of several important problems lies in the area north of Burnley.
It has not been possible to check all the many recorded
occurrences of fish beds, Carbo~~nicolabeds, etc., associated with
various seams, as in most cases the sinkings from which these details
were obtained are now bricked up or otherwise inaccessible, and field
exposures, such as exist, are too poor for this purpose. A
1 Bolton, Herbert, ‘ The Nomenclature of the seams 01 the Lancashire Lower
Coal Measures,’ Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot , vol. xxv, 1898, p. 428.
32 ROSSENDALE :
characteristic horizon is revealed, however, in the outcrop of the
Inferior Cannel Mine in Towneley Park ; the shale roof of this seam of
cannel is crowded with large Carbouticola, while fish-remains are
present in the upper part of the seam itself. Mr. Baldwin, of Burnley,
has reported having found Arthropod remains in the grey mudstones
above the Lower Yard, and the same beds have yielded small bivalves
enclosed in ironstone nodules. The Arthropod horizon described by
Mr. Baldwin and others1 from the shales 50 to 60 yds. above the
Arley Mme m the Rochdale district, has not been recorded in the
Burnley coalfield.
The Middle Coal Measures are not well exposed in the Burnley
district, lying as they do in the low ground where the drift is thick ;
but much information has been obtained from the many records of
shaft sinkings and bore-holes in this area A remarkable instance of
lateralvariation, accompanied by the displacement of two coal seams,
has come to light during the resurvey. The Tim Bobbin Rock, on
which the Inferior Cannel Mine rests, increases in thickness, by down-
ward transgression of its base, in a northerly and westerly direction
from Fulledge, and cuts out first the Fulledge Thin Mine and then the
King Mine. As a result of this great ‘ washout ‘, these two coals, which
are well developed and have been worked in the Cliviger area, are
not known on the western and north-western sides of Burnley. The
Tim Bobbin Rock is a fine-grained grey and brown sandstone, strongly
false-bedded, occurring in massive lenticular beds with irregular
partings of sandy shale crushed and thrust between the massive
lenticles. At Clifton Colliery it was over 130 ft. thick. It is well
exposed in Whitegate Quarry, Habergham, a little to the north of
the northern boundary of Sheet 76.
The thick coal seams above the Low Bottom Mine were formerly
exposed and worked in the centre of the synclinal basin under
Burnley. They are now exhausted and no new evidence has been
obtained as to their position or character.
A wedge-shaped trough of Middle Coal Measures extends down the
Cliviger Valley as an offshoot of the Burnley Basin. The succession
of the lower beds is well seen on the north side of the valley south-east
of Holme Chapel ; the Arley, Dandy and China Mines being associated
respectively with the prominent escarpments of Riddle Scout,
Bradget Hey and the Lowe. Riddle Scout owes its feature to the
rock underlying the seat earths of the Arley Mine ; Bradget Hey to
the rocks above and below the Dandy Mine ; and the Lowe to the
massive sandstone occurring some 60 ft. above the China Mine. The
succession from the Arley to the China Mine at the south end of the
Cliviger Valley wedge is very similar to that at Bank Hall Colliery,
Burnley . In the intermediate ground, however, the rock below the
Dandy Mine swells locally to a thickness of over 100 ft. ; and this
swelling, being due to addition of. strata and not replacement of
shale, results in an increase in the vertical distance between the Arley
..
1 Geol. Msg., Feb., 1911, p. 30.
 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY. .33
and Dandy Mines. The China Mine and Lady Mine are inferior
coals in the Cliviger area and have not been worked. Between the
two is everywhere a massive fine-grained siliceous sandstone (the
China Mine Rock).
In the Burnley Basin a considerable thickness of strata ‘from the
Arley Mine to the Doghole Mine Rock is developed, and the series
contains several important coal seams ; but in the absence of
detailed work in the South Lancashire coalfield any attempt at
correlating the coals of the Burnley Basin with those of South
Lancashire would be inopportune. One fact only is at present
clearly established. There can be little or no doubt that the Arley
Mine of Burnley and the Royley Mine of Rochdale and Bury are
identical seams. This correlation is established by the similar
character of the roofs of the two coals, the peculiar series of fireclays,
ganrsters, and thin coals which form their floors ; and no less ‘by
their vertical distances above the widely recognised horizons of the
Riddle Scout Rock and Old Lawrence Rock in the upper part of the
Lower Coal Measures.

SOME OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS

In concluding this general account of the stratigraphy of the

Rossendale Anticline it seems desirable to direct attention to some
problems that still await solution. Much, for instance, still remains
to be done in connexion with the determination of the areas of
maximum thickness of the varrous grits and sandstones, and borings
should be carefully recorded with this end in view. The Pendle
Grits attain a great thickness to the north of the Rossendale Anticline,
but nothing is known of them further south. In Derbyshire they are
proved to be completely wanting and there is some evidence that
higher beds rest locally upon the 1imestone.l They probably thin out
very rapidly to the south of their outcrops at Pendle Hill and
Wilpshire. The Kinderscout Grit is very thick north of Great
Harwood and in parts of the Todmorden District whence it extends
to the type area in Derbyshire. The Fletcher Bank Grit has its
greatest known thickness in the west and south of Sheet 76, and the
Ouse1 Nest Grit only comes in in the Turton district and thickens
south-west. There is a suggestion that the successive maximum
thicknesses lie in a general way further south and west as we pass
upwards in the succession. If this could be proved it would be a
stratigraphical fact of prime importance.
The diagram of the rhythmic deposition of the Upper Millstone
Grits (Fig. 4, p. 10) shews many instances, especially over coal seams,
in which marine conditions are approached but not quite attained.
It may fairly be assumed that they will in some cases be attained in
adjoining areas. Where and in what direction does this happen,
and is it a general direction common to all bands throughout the

l Jackson, J. W., ’ The Goniatite Zones below the Kinder Scout Grit in North
Derbyshire,’ The Naturalist, July, 1926, p. 205.
34 ROSSENDALE :

succession ? Certain marine or estuarine bands (see pp. 19,ZO and 116)
are known to make their appearance to the south-west in the general
direction of the thickening of the strata. Is this a general, rule ?
Conversely certain marine bands have no coal beneath them, e.g.,
several of the /l-beds. Such coals might be expected to occur in
other regions, more especially if grit beds develop also.
If it could be done it would be interesting to determine the
amount of unconformity associated with the transgressive bases of
the main grits such as the Ouse1Nest, Rough Rock, Fletcher Bank and
Main Kinderscout. Taking for instance the base of the Rough Rock,
it would be extremely interesting to try if the small lamellibranch
Artt?wacomya bellula discovered by Dr. Bolton in the mudstones
beneath it at Bacup can be traced over a wider area, and if so whether
it is ever cut out by the rock above.
Further light on the apparent failure of the Upper Mountain Mine
of Burnley in a south-easterly direction towards Rochdale is urgently
needed. In the areas where there is only one coal in the ‘ Upper
Mountam Mine ’ position is there always a fireclay streak some
distance below to represent the true Upper Mountain Mine of Burnley?
Again, several distinct seams seem to be grouped together in the
positron of the ‘ Pasture Mine.’ If analytical comparisons are ever
instituted between seams worked under this name in different
districts it would clearly be desirable to have an exact correlation.
At present the information at our disposal is insufficient for the
purpose.

--_--~ . _ .
 .:

CHAPTER 111

THE EASTERN ANTICLINE

By D. A. WRAY and-W. LLOYJ).

THE area dealt with in the present chapter comprises. the Millstone
Grit country of the eastern half of the Sheet, the description of the.
succeeding Coal Measures being reserved for a subsequent chapter
on the coal basins. The predominant structural feature of this
region is the asymmetrical Pennine Anticline, the axis of which
runs from Gorple in the north, due squth to the western edge of
Stansfield Moor ; and from thence swings south-eastwards through
Todmorden and across Langfield Common to Blackstone Edge and
Castleshaw Moors, beyond the limits of Sheet 76. Steep westerly
dips characterise the Lancashire side of the fold, contrasting sharply
with the low dipping or horizontal strata on the eastern side ; in
other words, the fold closely approximates to a monocline.
The Anticlinal Fault.-In the original survey of this area
Hull1 attached great structural significance to a supposed fault
which he maintained would be followed very close to or alongside
the axis of the Pennine Anticline. This fracture he termed the
‘ anticlinal fault .’ During the recent resurvey of the area, however,
it has been found possible with the aid of the zonal succession
established in the Millstone Grit Series (see Fig. 13, p. 37) to trace an
apparently unbroken succession across the axis of the anticline in
many places. The main fractures have been found to lie more
to the west, while any faults close to the anticlinal axis have a
relatively small effect on the tectonic structure of the area.

The Kinderscout Grit.-The greater part of this area is

free from glacial drift. The higher moorland areas are covered with
peat which ranges up to 15 ft. in thickness ; this in turn generally
overlies a thick deposit of highly weathered grit debris tihich contains
a considerable proportion of kaolin. In many places these overlying
deposits completely obscure the underlying solid formations. Over
this moorland area the strata are more or less horizontal, and the
outcrops are determined by the differential resistance to subaerial
denudation of hard and soft beds, and the cutting action of streams.
The Kinderscout Grit forms a kind of base to the moors, the upper
leaves of grit forming cappings to various hills which rise out of it.
The lenticular nature of these upper leaves of Kinder-scout and the
probability of an easterly thickening already suggested2 render it

1 Hull, E., ‘ The Geology uf the Burnley Coalfield ’ (Man. Gsol. Sum), 1875,
pp- 9, 88, 100. [See this Memoir, p. 38, for the new interpretatiok].
a See Chap. II.
36 ROSSENDALE :

difficult to correlate with certainty the various grit beds here

succeeding the main mass of Lower Kinderscout. It is probable,
however, that the grit capping the moor between the Hebden and
Colden valleys is the same as that forming Reaps Edge, Lady Royd
Edge, Lord Piece, Black Hill and Brown Hill, and that all are Upper
Kinderscout Grit, In none of the above cases is the top of the grit
exposed.
An exception to the widespread normal behaviour of the
Kinderscout Grit is seen in the Eastwood district, east of Todmorden
(see Fig. 12, p. !28), w h ere the grit undergoes rapid variation in a
short distance.
In Jumble Holes Clough, north of Eastwood, the Lower
Kinderscout Grit attains a thickness of at least 300 feet, while this
thickness is apparently maintained on the hill-side to the immediate
north of Eastwood Station. On the opposite’ side of the Caider
valley, however, the Lower Kinderscout Grit shows rapid
attenuation in Burnt Acres Wood and practically dies out altogether
at the head of Parrock Clough.
In the Eastwood area a prominent band of grit immediately
underlies the Lower Kinderscout Grit. This band, apparently un-
represented outside the Eastwood and Hebden valley districts, we
have termed the Sub-Kinderscout Grit. It lies at a much higher
horizon in the sequence than any of the prominent beds of grit in
the Todmorden valley ; consequently the term Todmorden Grit
would be misleading.
Like the Lower Kinderscout above it, the Sub-Kinderscout Grit
shows very rapid variations in thickness. At Jumble Holes Clough
it is strongly developed ; while less than half a mile in an easterly
direction at Dale Clough it consists mainly of sandy shale and
sandstone. On the south side of the Calder valley, however,
the Sub-Kinderscout Grit is well developed in Burnt Acres and
Callis woods.
The almost complete thinning away of the Kinderscout Grit at
the head of Parrock Clough, Eastwood, is a very remarkable feature.
It is however in accordance with the abrupt wedging out of the
Grit which can be clearly seen to take place in Stoodley Clough,
to the immediate south of Parrock Clough.
In the higher part of Hebden Valley, near Widdop Gate, the Sub-
Kinderscout Grit is represented by lenticular masses of grit in a
predoininantly sandy series which extends to the bottom of the
valley. The shales exposed in the stream at the foot of High Green
Wood have yielded Pterinopecten and a small bivalve, but a careful
search has failed to reveal the rich fossil horizon of High Green Wood
from which so many forms, including goniatites, were described by
Brown.1 Assuming that the specimens so described were correctly
labelled, an explanation of the apparent disappearance of the beds
1 Brown, Captain Thos., ‘ Description of some New Species of Fossil Shells, found
chiefly in the Vale of Todmorden, Yorkshire,’ Trans, Manchester GeoZ. Sot., vol. i,
1841, p. 212.
 THE EASTERN ANTICLIlrjE. 37

CL NIGER VALI &Y RDCHDALE 8t DULESGATE

R, __v-

__--

,700x
. --?-.

900

1000

FIG. 13,-Millstone Grit Succession in Bwnlev and Rochdule districts

retz’cltlatwn, mut. y * is only found in the Dulesgate Section.
 38 ROSSENDALE : ’

yielding them may be sought in two possibilities : (1) the section

has since been buried under landslips, or (2) the specimens were
obtained from a few rare bullions.

The Vale of Todmorden. -The Todmorden basin, formerly

regarded ‘&s an inlier of Yoredale beds, rimmed north and south by
escarpments of Kinderscout Grit and cut off on the west by the
anticlinal fault, has been shown to have a comparatively complicated
structure, The apparent continuity of the broad shelf on the south
side of the valley suggests that it consists of a continuous bed of
‘ Yoredale ’ Grit with the Kinderscout Grit lying several hundred feet
above, and dominating the basin by the apparently unbroken
escarpment from Langfield Edge south-west of:_Lumbutts to Stoodley
Pike, half a mile east of the hospital. Consistently with this, all
the glower grits on the north side of the valley were regarded as
Yoredale, and as on both sides of the valley these lower grits show
, considerable difference in texture and appearance, the conclusion was
inevitable that the ‘ Yoredale ’ Grit was characterised by rapid changes
in lithology. The present survey has. shown that several of the
masses of lower grit, e.g. at Cross Stone, Lob Mill, Doroad Scout and
Butt Stones,’ are Kinder-scout Grit faulted down to a lower level.
In each of the above localities the Kinderscout Grit is coarse and
massive, while the grits of the rest of the lower shelf are for the most
part fine or medium-grained and are split by partings of shale and
shaly sandstone. The contrast between the two types of grit is well
seen in the higher part of Lumbutts Clough, which deeply trenches
the shelf already referred to. On the south side of the clough the
Todmorden Grit is exposed as a variable bed .of grit with a flaggy .
base. On the north side the fault crossing the stream below
Causeway Wood throws in Kinderscout which makes a continuous
outcrop displaced twice by faults as far a< Lob Mill, half a mile to
. the’ north, beyond which the Todmorden Grit reappears as a result
of further faulting.
The chief point of interest .in the area west of the ancticline is
the’ evidence which has led to the removal of misconceptions con-
cerning the thickness of the Third Grit Series. The massive, coarse
and sometimes conglomeratic grit which makes bold crags on the
south side of the Calder_Valley at Lydgate, and the less massive and
somewhat shaly grit 6n the lower slopes, were formerly regarded as
additional lower members of the Third Grit Series. They are now
shown to be respectively the Kinderscout and Todmorden Grits,
for in the gulley behind Ewood Hall in Centre Vale, Todmorden, there
is exposed a marine band containing Reticuloceras reticdatum with
Eumor$hoceras owzatwn, which definitely places the shales in which
it lies below the Todmorden Grit. The massive coarse grit of Lydgate
then falls naturally into the position of the Kinderscout and can
be traced southwards to the massive grit east of Dobroyd Castle
.where its stratigraphical relations again place it as Kinderscout.
The grit of Hartley Naze, north of Lydgate; is true Kinderscout,
Geo/ogy of Rossendah (Mem. Gee/, 23~~)

w. 31”s. P/ate /I//

E.31” N.

W.34”S.
I

cowerMOO? E. 34” N.

___-_--
w/j
onionof fumorphoceras
b&/return

I
0’ Joa *loo0
,moof~
Mf‘C W.L.
#PC”.

SECTIONS ACR;OSS THE CL/ VlGER FAULT ‘EEL *

%I by&Sons $~+a !.I&o

 THE EASTERN ANTICLINE. 39

and the outcrop is continuous with that of the Kinderscout Grit

of Hudson Moor and Back Stone Hill.
On the north side of the valley between Lydgate and Todmorden,
the Todmorden Grit is for the most part concealed by the extensive
landslips which cover the lower slopes. The grit here, as well as
on the south side at Todmorden Edge, above Centre Vale, is split by
partings of sandy shale, which character is well seen in Stannelly
Clough, north-east of Lydgate. From this point the outcrop can
be traced by feature across the landslips to a fault which throws
down the Kinderscout Grit from Back Stone Hill to the Butt Stones,
east of Hole Bottom. The r&z&&urn-zone below the Todmorden
Grit is exposed in Bents Clough close to the fault just mentioned.
The great mass of Kinderscout Grit which covers the Blackstone
Edge Moors appears to be limited southwards by a prominent east
and west fault, for the fine grained massive grit capping the upper
parts of Clegg Moor and forming Hoar Edge appears to correspond to
the main lower bed (Gorpley Grit) of the Middle Grit Series.
’ Beds between the Kinderscout and Middle Grits.-The
beds between the Upper Kinderscout Grit and the Gorpley Grit
(the basal grit of the Middle Grit Series) consist of an alternating series
of sandy mudstones and shales with bands of flagstone. A good
section of these beds is seen to the immediate north of Cornholme
Station, where, in the small stream north of Hullet the Upper
Kinderscout Grit with an overlying coal is exposed. This is
succeeded by black shales containing the marine band characterised
by Reticdocevas reticulatzcm, late mut. a Bisat. Between this point
and Wittonstall Clough are about 1’06 ft.’ of strata, mostly sandy,
and with a steep westerly dip, succeeding which are dark shales
with Reticdoceras reticulaturn, mut. p Bisat, These are exposed in
the stream below the chapel. A similar succession, in which both
marine bands are present, is also seen in Paul Clough, while still
further to the north the late a-Bed is well exposed in Rams Clough.
Between the shales containing the @-Bed and the Gorpley Grit
about 60 to 70 ft. of sandy shales with bands of flagstone intervene.
An excellent section of these beds is seen in Gorpley Clough, two
miles west-south-west of Todmorden.
The Middle Grits.- The Gorpley Grit, the basal member of
the Middle Grit Series, is only 30 ft. thick on the moors east of
Hurstwood, where it was quarried during the construction of
Hurstwood Reservoir, but the thickness is found to increase steadily
southwards towards the Cliviger Valley,
In the Dulesgate valley, west-south-west of Todmorden, the.
succession from the Gorpley Grit to the Rough Rock can be studied
in detail. The complete sequence is exposed in Dulesgate and
Gorpley Cloughs in a series of fine natural sections, and the tabular
succession given in Fig. 13 (p. 37) has been largely obtained in this
area.
The Gorpley Grit is well exposed at Mellings Clough in the
40 ROSSENDALE :

D-&sgatc valley, and from thence it can be traced into Gorpley

Clough, where a natural section shows about 60 ft. of massive
grit. Overlying the grit in both places are soft mudstones and soft
sandy micaceous shales ; the former containing a marine band
about 10 ft. above the grit characterised by Reticuloceras reticulaturn,
mut $3 Bisat . c
This marine band is also exposed further north in Tower Quarry,
Portsmouth, where it overlies a much reduced representative of the
Helmshore Grit of the west. The upper marine band of the west,
characterised by the dominance of R. reticzdatum, early mut.y, is
however, wanting in this district, being replaced by sandy beds,
which form part of the Hazel Greave Grit Series.
The lowest bed seen in the Summit valley consists of a faulted
mass of Kinderscout Grit at Warland Gate End. This is in turn
overlain by a thick shale series with flaggy beds in the upper part ;
while in the lower part of this series occurs the marine band
characterised bv R. reticulattim, mut. fi Bisat, Above these shales
the Gorpley Grit forms prominent features on either side of the
Summit valley. This massive grit, over 50 ft. thick, is overlain
by a prominent bed of fireclay and a thin coal seam. The former,
which is 3 ft. 2 in. thick, has been worked on a small scale at
Reddyshore Scout. Between Warland and Bottomley, near Bottoms,
the Gorpley Grit forms the lower part of the Summit valley, being
faulted down between two prominent north-west-south-east faults.
At Warland Wood quarries the following section is exposed :-
Ft. In.
Sandy shale .., ,., .. . ,., . .. l.. 5 0
Flaggy grit . .. .. . . .. . .. .., .. . 10 0
Soft Sandy shale .. . . .. . .. .., .. . 1 0
Coal .. . . .. .. . ... ... .. . ... 3
Ganisteroid Grit ; upper part with large stigmarian
rootlets ... ... ... .. . .., .,. 4 0
Gorpley I Flaggy,grit ... ... .. . ... .. . ... 5 0
Grit Sandy shales with many flaggy partings ; abundant
plant impressions, especially towards base ... 15 0
\ Massive coarse grained grit . . . ... .. , ,..
50 0
The thin flaggy grit occurr;ng above the Gorpley Grit and its over-
lying coal appears to be the local attenuated representative of the
Helmshore Grit (see Fig. 6, p. 12).
Quarries occur in the Gorpley Grit at BlaCkstone Edge Delf,
a mile and a-half north-east of Littleborough. Here it is overlain
by a bed of fireclay and a thin coal. Excellent sections of this grit
also occur in Lead Mine Clough, near Blackstone Edge, where there
is a prominent north and south fault carrying considerable quantities
of barytes. Old overgrown dumps, in which are small masses of
galena, occur on what was probably the site of former lead-workihgs.
(See p. 157). No records of these workings are known. Thin veins of
pink and white barytes also occur in the fine-grained massive bedded
grit at Little Hoar Edge, about a mile to the south of Blackstone Edge.
The variable character of the Hazel Greave Grit is revealed in the
many exposures of this bed in the Cornholme district (see Fig. 14).
 3 5 6

VERTICAL o-

._.-
_.
SCALE

-.-.
-.-.-
.-.-.
.-
.-.
-.-._
-0 FT.

-.-
-H
.,
_
.-
-.-.
-,
.;_._
:.
AL’_
..,

‘.-I.-L-
.;,
‘...

‘.
..

‘_‘-““’
‘A L

._._.
_._._.
-.-.-._
.-.-
-.-.--Y-
.-.-._.

iz
Shale
UIIII
Ganister
?- Retikuloceras reticulaturn mJt Y.

& Gastriocek ? sigma.

L .Lingula . hAMhA Marine band. -Coal seam

FIG. 14.-_Comparative sections of Hazel Greave Grit in the Cliviger valley and Dulesgate districts.

1 Swinden Water. 8 Green’s Clough. 6 Tower Quarry. 7 Guide Quarry.

4 Paul Clough. 4 Railway Cutting. 6 Tower Clough. 8 Dulesgate.
42 ROSSENDALE :

The upper part of the grit is generally fine-grained and siliceous.

It shows these characters in several quarries on Lower Moor,
immediately south of Cornholme, e.g., Guide Quarry, where 30 ft.
of hard fine sandstone rests on a coal seam which is exposed in the
road. In Tower Quarry, near the disused Portsmouth brickworks,
the lower part of the grit is exposed, immediately underlying the
above-mentioned coal. It is from 12 to 15 ft. thick and shows rapid
lateral variations from grit at the top or western end of the quarry
to shaly flagstone at the lower end near the road,
The same subdivision of the Hazel Greave Grit is seen in the
railway-cutting at Portsmouth Station, except that here a coal and
fireclay are developed on top of the Grit while the coal separating
the upper and lower portions is absent.
In the Paul Clough section, 1 mile north of Cornholrne, and over
all the ground to the north, the Hazel Greave Grit is a fine-grained
sandstone diminishing in thickness northwards ; a 3 ft. bed of
sandy fireclay occurs near the top. The greater part of the Grit
in Green’s Clough, Portsmouth, is represented by sandy shale. It is
noteworthy that the shales overlying the Hazel Greave Grit in the
Cliviger valley area do not contain Reticdoceras reticulaturn, mut.7.
The band containing Gust. .J sigma is, however, present in these
shales in Green’s Clough and Tower Clough, south of Cornholme, and
from the fact that both forms, the sigma- and y-Beds, occur in Gorpley
Clough to the south, it would appear that the T-Bed does not extend
as far north as the Cliviger valley. A thin band of Lingda is
associated with the sigma-Bed in Green’s Clough. In Paul Clough a
careful search of the 30 ft. or so of shale exposed above the Hazel
Greave Grit has revealed only a few Lingula near the base ; Gust. ?
sigma therefore also appears to fail as a zonal form locally in the
east.
In its type locality, the d&used quarries near Hazel Greave farm-
stead, 400 yds. east-north-east from Clough Foot, the Hazel Greave
Grit consists of fine grained hard yellowish ganister-like rock. In
the Gorpley valley, where it is about 20 ft. thick, it contains many
partings of sandy shale. In Gorplev Clough the overlying black
shales are well exposed to the immediate east of Gorpley reservoir,
and hereabouts contain two distinct marine bands separated by about
5 ft. -of shale and mudstone. The lower one is characterised by
impressions of ReticuZoceras reticulaturn, mut.7 Bisat, while the upper
band contains Gastrioceras ? sigma.
The Hazel Greave Grit appears to be represented throughout the
Summit district though of a very variable nature ; but it thins away
in a south-easterly direction, not being recognisable south of Chelburn
Moor. In Light Hazzles Clough on Chelburn Moor it is only a few
feet thick, consisting of flaggy ganisteroid grit with many shale
partings. At Scout End, Calderbrook, on the western side of the
Summit. valley the Hazel Greave Grit, which consists of about 20 feet
of thin bedded flaggy grit, gives rise to a prominent escarpment.
i
 CoalI ft. 6in.

I hhhh
hhhhh I

80

too

.- -:::*
G.c. Gastrioceras cencelletum El Shale Ganistcr
cl
“,“,” ‘Fireclay
cl. :
‘.‘:::
. . . ..
Sandstone

7 Reticuloceras reticulaturn mut 7: *.. *:

Blackrock * * :*: Grit
*... .
El

M M M Marine band - Coal seam

FIG. IS.-Sections showing tke rapid variation of the Holcombe Brook Series in the Cliviger, Todmordeta and Littlehorozcgh Districts.
13 8 Paul Clough * Dulesgate. 10 Summit, Littleborough.
19
* Green’s Clough. a Ratten Clough Wood.
&
44 ROSSENDALE :

Throughout the Summit area the Hazel Greave Grit is invariably

overlain by a thin coal.
The HoJcombeBrook Series also shows considerable local variation
of facies in this area (see Fig. 15, p. 43). This is brought out by a
comparison of the sections in Paul Clough and Green’s Clough,
Portsmouth. In Paul Clough the Holcombe Brook Coal rests on some
25 ft. of sandstone and sandy shale, while in Green’s Clough the
coal succeeds a series of sandy mudstones, ganister bands and
fireclays with two coal streaks, resting on 30 ft. of grey mudstone at
the base of which is a variable bed of rather coarse grit.
At Ratten Clough Wood, a short distance north of Green’s Clough,
the following section of the Holcombe Brook Series is seen, showing
the further development of the fireclay beds and the replacement of
the top of the grey mudstone by sandstone.
Ft. Tn.
Mudstone and shale with marine band 30 ft. from base .. .
Holcombe Brook Coal 6
Fireclay . . . ... . .. 1:: 1:: 1:: 1:: “‘3 to 4 0
Variable dark sandstone and sandy mudstone ... 6to8 0
Coal streak .. . ... . .. .. . . .. ... ...
Fireclay and fireclay mudstone . .. .. , . .. ... 15 0
Coal streak ... .. . ... ... ... . .. . .,
Fireclay passing down to sandy mudstone ... ... 6 0
Strong fine siliceous sandstone .. . ... .. . ... 15 0

The fireclay between the two coal streaks is of good quality and
has been mined extensively from adits driven into the hillside.
South of Green’s Clough the series is found to regain its sandy facies,
and on the northern slopes of the Dulesgate valley a fairly massive
grit, ganister-like at the top, immediately underlies the Holcombe
Coal.
The Holcombe Brook Grit in the Summit district consists of a
massive thick bedded grit. Sections in it occur on the north side of
Chelburn Reservoir and also at Calderbrook, where there are several
large disused quarries. A fine section of Holcombe Brook Grit
also occurs at the southern end of the Summit tunnel, while the
uppermost beds of this grit form the floor of the extensive shale
quarries of the Brighouse Brick and Tile Works, Summit, where the
following section is exposed :-
Ft. In.
Dark grey and yello-w shaly mudstones (worked for bricks)
with an occasional thin flaggy parting . . . .. . ... 150 0
Fine black shales characterised bv Gastrioceras cancellatum 2 0
Dark shales and shaly mudstone .. . . .. . .. ... 12 0
Coal ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... . .. 1 6
Yellow fireclay . . . ... ... ... . .. .. . ... 3 6
Massive yellow thick bedded grit . . . . .. .. . ... 12 0

The Haslingden Flags and Rough Rock .-The higher beds

of the Millstone Grit Series show their fullest development in this
 THE EASTERN ANTICLINE. 45
area in Gorpley Clough, 14 miles west-south-west of Todmorden,
uvhere the following section is exposed :- -
I?-t.
Rough Rock ... ... ... . .. ... . .. ...
Sandy shale ... ... .. . ... ... .. . . .. 20
Upper Haslingden Flags . .. . .. .. . .. . ... 30
Sandy shale ... . .. ... .. . . .. . .. ... 15
Middle Haslingden Flags , . . . . .. ... . .. . .. 20
Soft shaly mudstone . . . ... . .. . .. .. . . .. 100
Marine band characterised by Gastrioceras crenulatum
Soft mudstone . . . ... ... ... ... .. . . .. 20
Lower Haslingden Flags .. . ... ... ... . .. 40
Sandy shale with thin AagS , . . ... . .. ... ... 50
Soft mudstone . . . ... ... . .. . .. ... . .. 30
Marine band characterised by Gastrioceras camellafum -
Mudstone ... ... . .. ... ... . .. ... 15
Holcombe Brook Coal and Fireclay resting on massive grit -

The Haslingden Flags are poorly developed and become even more
SO towards the north. Here the upper bed is separated from the
Rough Rock by 15 to 20 feet of sandy shale and mudstone in which
Mr. Spencer of Accrington has reported the presence of a small
bivalve, probably identical with Anthracomya b&da, described by
Dr. Bolton from this horizon in the Bacup district. It is often im-
possible to pick out a definite band of Upper Flags, e.g., in Ratten
Clough, half a mile north-west of Portsmouth, and Redwater
Clough, where an indivisible series of sandy shales with sandstone
bands underlies the Rough Rock. The Lower Flags, 20 to 30 ft. thick
in the Cliviger valley, diminish in thickness northwards, and die
out altogether on Worsthome Moor.
When traced south from Gorpley the middle band of flags dies
out and is gradually replaced by sandy shale. Still farther south
in the neighbourhood of Shore Moor the Lower Flags also fail, only
the Upper Flags persisting. Even these ultimately become very
thin on the moors to the east of Littleborough, but strengthen a little
to the south-east and form a considerable spread on Binn’s Pasture,
24 miles south-east of Littleborough.
The Rough Rock maintains a fairly normal development through-
out the district, the accompanying Six Inch and Sand Rock Mines
being everywhere represented. At Rakewood it may readily be
confused with the Woodhead Hill Rock which is hereabouts of a
very massive nature. Thus Schofield Hall Hill consists of a
prominent escarpment and dip-slope of massive grit stone. That
‘this is the local representative of the Woodhead Hill Rock is shown
by the presence of the underlying Six Inch Mine Coal with its marine
roof to the immediate east of Booth Hollings Wood. Beneath it
are old quarries in the Rough Rock, but the presence of the inter-
vening band clearly determines the succession.
46

CHAPTER IV

THE BURNLEY AND ROCHDALE COAL BASINS

THE BURNLEY COAL BASIN
BY W, LLOYD AND L. H. TONKS

THE limits of the area described in the present section are shown in
Fig. 2. A natural boundary on the east is provided by the Rough
Rock of Worsthorne Moor and Cornholme ; while for convenience
the southern limit of the area has been taken along the line of the
Thieveley and Deerplay faults as far as the junction of the latter with
the E.-W. fault crossing the lower slopes of Hapton Park. This
fault then forms the southern limit as far as the western boundary,
which corresponds roughly with a line running due north, about
200 yds. west of Old Barn.
It should be noted that in the present memoir only the south side
of the Burnley Basin is described. The full discussion of the coal
basin must be deferred pending the resurvey of the northern part,
beyond the limits of the present one-inch map.
There has been considerable mining activity and exploration
since the original geological map was published, and every oppor-
tunity of incorporating this information on the new map has been
afforded by the Bank Hall and the Cliviger Colliery Companies.
Special acknowledgment is made of the facilities afforded in this
respect by Mr. R. Landless, managing director for the Exors. of
John Hargreaves, Ltd., and by Mr. J. Jobling, manager of Cliviger
Colliery.
Structure of the Basin. -The structure of the Burnley Basin
proper is that of an elliptical basin with its long axis trending
approximately W.S.W.-E.N.E. Continuous with the eastern end
of this basin is the wedge of Lower and Middle Coal Measures pro-
jecting S.E. down the Cliviger Valley as far as Portsmouth, and
comprising the Cliviger Coalfield.
The basin is broken by many faults ; the larger ones, trending
N.N.W.-S.S.E., being remarkably constant in direction. Smaller
faults, having an approximate east-west trend, cross between the main
lines of faulting. The N.W. faults are, as a rule, not simple fractures,
.but narrow complicated fault-belts. A big fault is frequently
accompanied by a series of smaller faults throwing in the reverse
direction, and thus compensating . the throw of the major fault.
The net throw of each main fault-belt is down to the N.E., the amount
varying from point to point along the fault. Faults with a throw
of several hundred feet are known to fork and die out in a few hundred
yards.
 THE BURNLEE- COAL BASIN, 47
_ The general S.W. dip of the eastern part of the basin is interrupted
in a striking manner under Towneley Park by the effect of the
Fulledge Fault ,l between which and the Cliviger Valley Fault the
measures are swung round to dip north-west.
Lower Coal Measures .- The Lower Coal Measures of the
Burnley Basin are well exposed in the wedge-shaped area formed by
the converging of the Cliviger Valley and Thieveley faults between
Deerplay Moor and Towneley. South-west of Burnley exposures
are not numerous, the best section being that in New Barn Clough,
about a quarter of a mile east of New Barn. A detailed succession
down to the Lower Foot Mine was proved in one of the shafts of
Bank Hall Colliery, Burnley, and has been a useful guide to the
thickness of individual beds. A complete succession is also exposed
in the south-east corner of the area, between Riddle Scout and
Redwater Clough near Portsmouth ; but here the details are
obscured by extensive landslipping.
In New Barn Clough the Woodhead Hill Rock is a shaly sandstone ;
the base is not visible, but the top, with the Bassy Mine and its
overlying Carbonicola-band, is well exposed. The strata between
the Bassy and Lower Foot Mines here consist entirely of dark shaly
mudstone, but further east in the district south-east of Towneley there
is evidence of the incoming of a sandstone above the Bassy Mine,
for the following section is exposed in a quarry near Raw Nook,
south of Towneley Colliery (Cuckoo Pit) :-
Ft.
Dark blue shale .. . . .. ... . .. .. . ... . .. -
Coal. Lower Foot Mine . . . ,.. ... .. . . .. ... 1
Fireclay with ganister bands ... ... ... ... . .. 2
Fireclay mudstone with ironstone nodules ... . .. ... 3
Dark shale with bands of sandy mudstone and ironstone ... 20
Fine-pained flaggy sandstone .. . , .. . .. ... . .. 15
That the sandstone at the base of this section is not the Woodhead
Hill Rock is shewn by the fact that there is no trace of the Bassy
Mine above it. Moreover, a much greater thickness of shale normally
separates the Lower Foot and Bassy Mines. In Easden Clough,
north of Deer-play, about half a mile to the south-east, there is a
considerable thickness of sandstone at about the same horizon below
the Lower Foot Mine, and though this has been mapped as the upper
sandstone (repeated by a fault) it is possible that the lower part of it
may represent Woodhead Hill Rock proper. The same element of
doubt attaches the sandstone outcropping at Holme station in the
Cliviger Valley, but still farther east, in the belt of Lower Coal
Measures extending N.-- S. across Worsthorne Moors, the Woodhead
Hill Rock, a massive sandstone 40 ft. thick, is separated from the
Lower Foot Mine by about 50 ft. of dark shale with no trace of the
upper sandstone. It is only in this part of the area that the shales
below the Woodhead Hill Rock are exposed ; they are seen near the
junction of Pudsey and Redwater Cloughs (see Fig. 16, p. 48) resting

1 ’ The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield ’ (Me%. Geol. &WV.), 1875, p. 85.
48 ROSSENDALE :

on the Six Inch Mine at the top of the Rough Rock, with the marine
band characteristic of this horizon lying 4 ft. above the coal.
The. Ganister Rock underlying the Lower Mountain Mine is
apparently not developed over the greater part of the Burnley
Basin, the Lower Mountain Mine and Lower Foot Mine being
separated entirely by dark shale. In the extreme south-east, however,
in Coal Clough, the seat earth of the Lower Mountain Mine overlies
several feet of dark sandstone, ganister-like at the top, with
lenticular coal streaks.
Over the greater part of the Basin the Lower Mountain and
Upper Foot Mines are united to form a four-foot seam-the U&on
Mine-but in a small area in the south-west the two coals are
separated, the union having been proved in the Hapton Valley
-~

TOOMORDEN MOOR

FIG. 16.-Sketch Map of the Cliviger Valley, showing the principal cloz4ghs+

Colliery. A full account of the phenomenon is given in Chap. V1,

but it may be noted here that the marine band elsewhere associated
with the Upper Foot Mine occurs above the Union Mine in the
Burnley area. The horizon is well exposed in New Barn Clough,
Easden Clough, Dodbottom Wood and Coal Clough, and was passed
through in the shafts of Hapton Valley and Bank Hall Collieries. The
following section of the Lower Mountain Mine at Bank Hall Colliery
was kindly supplied by Mr. Walton :-
In.
Coal with irregular cannel streaks and iron pyrites which
partly infiltrate the middle portion . . . ... ... . . . 15 to 16
Good coal, comparable with true Lower Mountain Mine . . . 15
Pyritous coal with streaks of dirt . .. ... .. . . . . 12 to 14
1 See also the second part of this Chapter, p. 58.
 THE BURNLEY COAL BASIN. 49

The Upper Mountain Mine and Cantie Mine are exposed in small
‘streams flowing into New Barn Clough, about i mile east of New
Barn. Here they are separated by a few feet of sandy and dark
shale, but where next known, in the Hapton Valley pit shaft, they
.are 30 ft. apart and separated by sandstone and shale. The same
tendency to variation at this horizon is observed in the district north
of the Thieveley fault ; in Dodbottom Wood, near Holme station, the
Upper Mountain and Cannel Mines are 18 in. and 10 in. thick
respectively, separated by only a few feet of fireclay with ganister
ribs, but between this point and Easden Clough the intervening
strata swell to about 12 ft. and consists of hard ganister sandstone.
The Cannel Mine has not been seen along the eastern border of the
area.
The Crutchman or M&row Sandstone and its associated coal
seams, the Pas&e Mine and Cemetery Mine, show some striking
variations, as illustrated by the following sections :-
HAPTON VALLEY COLLIERY COPY QUARRY
OLD PIT NEW PIT TOWNELEY
Shale above Shale above Shale above
Sandy shale, 6 ft. 7 in. Rock, 10 ft. 1 in. Pasture Mine, 1 ft.
Rock, 4 ft. Grey shale, 3 ft. 5 in. Fireclay, 9 ft.
Sandy shale, 7 ft. Pasture Mine, 1 ft. S&in. Sandstone with coal-
Pasture Mine, 7 in. Seat earth, 2 ft. 74 in. streak (Cemeter_y Mine)
Seat earth, 4 ft. 6 in. Black metals, 3 ft. about middle, 60 ft.
Rock, 20 ft. 4 in. Rock, 3 in. Shale below.
Cemetery Mine, 1 ft. 2 in. Grey and blue shale, 5 ft.
Seat earth, 3 ft. 6 in. 8 in.
Sandy shale, 15 ft. Cemetery Mine, 1 ft. 10 in.
Rock, 14 ft. Grey flagstone 4 ft. 9 in,
Sandy shale and sand Dark metals, 1 ft.
stone bands below. White rock, 21 ft. 1 in.
Blue shale, 12 ft. 11 in.
Shale and rock bands
below.
The coals in the above sections are of poor quality, and recorded
ZLS ’ coal and dirt ’ or ‘ coal and shale.’ The New and Old Pits
of Hapton Valley are only 270 yds. apart, which emphasises the rapid
nature of the lateral change ; and it will be seen that, as is usual in
these changes in the character of Coal Measure strata, the develop-
ment of sandy beds in place of shales is accompanied by an increase
in thickness. The hard white sandstone sporadically developed
above the Pasture Mine is not known to exceed 12 ft. in thickness and
is absent altogether in the eastern part of the area. The Pasture
Mine has been proved in several borings in the Worsthorne district
and is represented in Cartridge Clough north of Cornholme by a
thick bed of fireclay with coal streaks. It may be stated in a general
way that the coal is only developed in the northern part of the area,
and then not constantly.
Eastwards from Accrington the Accrington Mudstones lose in
thickness by replacement with sandy shales and flagstones, represent-
ing in part the Dyneley KNoZZ FZags. The latter are typically
50 ROSSENDALE :
i
developed at Dyneley Knoll between Towneley and Deerplay,
overlain by dark shale passing up into grey mudstone with ironstone
nodules. They also attain a considerable thickness on the north
side of the . Cliviger Valley above Portsmouth, where they are
succeeded by over 60 ft. of Accrington Mudstone. The OZd Lawrence
Rock, some 250 ft. in thickness, consists of an alternating series of
sandstones, tilestones, and sandy shales which pass into one another
both horizontally and vertically. Their character is well displayed
in the streams running down from Higher Micklehurst and Long
Syke to join Habergham Clough, west of the Burnley-Rawtenstall
Road. In the area south of Bumley the rock is usually in two beds
separated by a belt of sandy mudstone; east of Bumley it is well
developed, apparently as one bed, making a great spread north of
Hurstwood on account of its low dip. Underlying the rock on the
north bank of Hurstwood Brook more than 100 ft. of Accrington
Mudstones were exposed in the trenches made during the construction
of the Hurstwood reserv0ir.l On the opposite side of the valley
the Milnrow Sandstone has the character of the Flag and Slate Rock
of Accrington, being a well-bedded brown ‘flagstone, and as such has
been extensively quarried.
A thin but constant coal occurs on top of the Old Lawrence
Rock and is characterised by a red spotted ganister seat.
The Riddle Scout Rock, separated from the Old Lawrence Rock by
about 60 ft. of dark shale, is 13 ft. thick near Bumley ; over the
eastern part of the area, including the type locality of Riddle Scout
in the Cliviger Valley, the rock reaches a thickness of 20 ft., usually
with a sandy shale parting. In character it is very similar to the
Old Lawrence Rock. A few feet of dark shaly mudstone separate
it from the seat-earths, ganisters and thin coals forming the floor of
the Arley Mine.
Middle Coal Measures .-The lower limit of the Middle CoaI
Measures is taken at the base of the Arley Mine ; the series, con-
sisting of sandstones, shales, fireclays and coal seams, extends upwards
for a distance of 1,030 ft. above the Arley Mine at Burnley. The
highest bed known here is the Doghole Mine Rock, which crops out .in
the trough of the Bumley basin under the town.
The Arley Mine of Bumley can be definitely correlated with the
Royley Mine of Rochdale and Bury both by virtue of the respective
positions of the two seams above widely recognised horizons in the
upper part of the Lower Coal Measures, and by the characteristic
series of seat-earths, ganisters and thin coals forming the floors of
the two seams.
It is probable that the series at Bumley represents only the lower
part of the Middle Coal Measures of South Lancashire, but no attempt
at detailed correlation can be made until this southern area has been
resurveyed.

1 We are indebted to Mr. W. Baldwin for valuable reservoir sections and much
help and information.
 t

Geology' of Rossendafe Mem. Geol. Surv. _______._~~_____._. --.- - __^-- ___- _--____ Platen

w.2o"s.
E.ZO”N.
Rot h,dcr/C e,

,
0

w.403. E.40”N. W.83. E.8”N.

Whitta‘ZCer I
Bikt,destu~ Edge Moors
 THE BURNLEY COAL BASIN. 51

The Adey Mine maintains a thickness of 4 ft. over the whole area.
Little of the coal now remains to be got, for the quality and thickness
of the seam have led to its continuous exploitation since the earliest
days of mining in this district. The resurvey has revealed a small
extension of the area of Arley Mine north of Holme Chapel in the
Cliviger Valley. The line of outcrop was formerly mapped crossing
the dry valley between Robin Cross and Broughtons Farm, above the
latter, whereas outcrop diggings and other evidence show the line to
lie south of Broughtons Farm and Helly Platt and to be continuous
with the outcrop on the north bank of Green Clough. An additional
area of Arley Mine has also been proved in the thin strip of Middle
Coal Measures brought up by the Thieveley fault north of Deerplay.
The coal has been traced here, beyond its former limits, from Easden
Clough to Black Clough and probably extends for several hundred
yards east of the latter before being cut out by the fault.
The Arley Mine is succeeded by blue grey mudstone, with iron-
stone bands, which passes up into the Dandy Mine Rock. The
base of this rock lies at varying distances above the Arley Mine but
is most commonly from 30 to 40 ft. above it. A notable exception
is at Knotts Colliery, where the shaft section shows the base of the
rock to have descended to within 15 ft. of the coal. The Dandy
Mine Rock attains what is probably its maximum thickness in the
Cliviger district, where a boring near Far Side Farm proved nearly
120 ft. of sandstone below the Dandy Mine. The same rock occupies
the picturesque gorge of Rock Clough, near Hurstwood, and forms
the base of the escarpment of Bradget Hey, south of Holme Chapel,
where, however, it is much thinner. On the south side of Burnley
the Dandy Mine is very variable in character and thickness and is
usually separated by shale from the Dandy Mine Rock.
The Coal was exposed in the road cutting made for the widening
of Sep Clough Lane, one mile south-west of Burnley. In the Cliviger
district it reaches a thickness of 3 ft. and is mined extensively.
The following section of the Dandy Mine and associated strata is
exposed at Bradget Hey :- Ft. In.
Black shale and impure cannel ...... .. . . .. 7 0
Fireclay and fireclay mudstone with ironstone ... ... 5 0
Coal ... ............ ... ... 10
Coaly fireclay 1:1 ............ ... ... 1 0
Ironstone band ...... ......... ... . ..
Fireclay ...... ... ... ...... . .. . .. 6-O
Sandy shale ...... ......... ... . .. 9 0
Sandstone ... ... ... ...... ... . .. 9 0
Dark mudstone ............ .. . . .. 6 0
Flaggy sandstone ............ ... 5 0
Dark mudstone passing up to sandy shale ... ... 7 0
Black shale ... ............ ... .. . 3
Coal, with 9 in. parting, Dandy Mine ... ... ... 2 oi-
Fireclay and mudstone ......... ... ... 10 0
Coaly shale ... ............ . .. ... ?
Fireclay and mudstone ......... .I. . .. 6 0
Sandstone. Dandy Mine Rock ....... . . .. . 15 0 .

Sandy shale and flags ......... . . ..

. .
-
52 ROSSENDALE :

The rock above the Dandy Mine as shown above is poorly

developed in this district, but in Habergham Quarry near Burnley
the rock consists of upwards of 30 ft. of hard grey blue massive
sandstone and has been extensively quarried. It is there flaggy at
the top and is succeeded by flagstones with intercalated grey mud-
stones which pass up into the seat earths below the Crackers Mine,
which appears to crop immediately north of the quarry. The coal
,was dug near its outcrop during the 1921 strike in a field a quarter
of a mile west of Hapton Valley Colliery, and consisted of 1 ft. of
good coal succeeded by 9 or 10 in. of cannel. It was also touched in
reconstruction work in Scott Park, Bumley, where the crop appears
to be in the stream flowing through the park.
The China Mine is a coal of poor quality and has not been worked.
It was exposed in the widening of Manchester Road, Burnley, where
it was 9 in. thick. In the Cliviger District the seam reaches in places
a thickness of 2 ft., and is known as the Cliviger Two Foot ; it has not,
however, been worked. It crops out at the foot of the Lowe, 8 mile
south-east of Holrne Chapel. The thin coal, which everywhere occurs
20-30 ft. above the China Mine, in this area crops out in the middle
of the same cliff face and has in the past been misidentified as the
China Mine.. Two thick beds of fireclay and fireclay mudstone occur
between this thin coal and the China Mine Rock, a massive hard
white sandstone capping the Lowe. The same rock makes the
feature of Mosley Height, a quarter of a mile south-east of Mere
Clough, and also gives rise to the conical hill south of Dyneley
Lodge, 1 mile north-west of Holme Chapel.
The Lady Mine, succeeding this rock, has been proved in several
pit shafts around Burnley In the Gannow and Rosegrove districts,
however, no trace of coal has been seen at this horizon, so that it
appears to die out entirely westwards. In the Cliviger district the
seam has not been proved, but the available evidence points to its
outcropping beneath the drift at the south end of Towneley Park
and south-westward towards the Hole House Pit of Cliviger Colliery.
‘It seems probable also from the structure of the district that the
Lady .Mine should crop out on the hillside east of Bents House,
half a mile east of Holme Chapel.
Three seams, the Kirzg, the Fulledge Thirt, and the Ivtferior
Cannel Mirtes are present in the Fulledge (Bumley) and Towneley
areas, but shaft sections to the west and north indicate that first the
Fulledge Thin and then the King disappear in this direction (see
Fig. 17). Pending the resurvey of the ground to the north about Gaw-
thorpe and Padiham, no definite statement as to the cause of this
can be made, but the evidence at present available suggests that
the Fulledge Thin and King Mines are successively cut out by the
descent of the base of the rock on which the Inferior Cannel Mine
rests (the Tim Bobbin Rock). This rock is 18 ft. thick at Fulledge,
but increases rapidly in thickness to the north and north-west.
It is a fine-grained grey and brown sandstone with some mica,
false-bedded and concretionary, and in parts ferruginous. Towards
W. 1.
HABE RGUAM GANIVOW Cl/f ?-ON BANK HAL L BEE HOLE
0
INDEX MAP.
2
NEW CUPOLA P/T BoREnoLLE ENG/NE P/T ff?f P/r BOREHOf E ,’
Mifa s

_
TIMBOBBIN
ROCK

INDEX OF SVMCIOL~

fE

1 CRACKERS Miff.5
Shafe

Coal
m
-
Fireday bc64s

Cer6onicoia
Bed v--y*

FTG. 17.-Comparative vertical sections showing the vaviafions in the lower part of the Middle Coal Measwes on the south side
of ihe Burnley Basin.
. 54 ROSSENDALE:
the base it becomes coarser. It occurs in massive lenticular beds
with irregular partings of sandy shale, which is crushed and thrust
between the sandstone lenticles. At Clifton Colliery, a little to the
north of the boundary of the present one-inch sheet, the sandstone
was proved to a thickness of 132 ft., and both the Fulledge Thin and
King Mines were absent. It was formerly exposed in the old Pickup
quarry, half a mile north of Rose Hill, Burnley, resting on the King
Mine. The rapid increase in thickness appears to be accompanied
by a transgression of the base of the rock across the underlying
measures, and it is considered that this transgression is part of a
great washout in the Middle Coal Measures.
The Inferior Cannel Mine has a shale roof in which Carbornicola
robusta occurs ; both are well exposed in Copy Clough, close to
Towneley Hall, and have been proved in Clifton Colliery.
The upper coals of the series and their accompanying measures
are nowhere exposed at present ; they have been mapped under the
town of Burnley solely from old shaft and borehole records, for the
bulk of which we are indebted to Mr: Landless, Managing Director
for the Exors. of John Hargreaves, Ltd. These upper coals were
long ago worked out, and no new information has been obtained to
justify any modification of the accounts published by Hull in the
Burnley Memoir, and by Wild and others in the Transactions of the
Manchester Geological Scciety.

THE ROCHDALE COAL BASIN

BY D. A. WRAY AND W. LLOYD

WITH NOTES BY L. H. TONKS

The Coal Measures district described in the present section embraces
a triangular shaped area with its apex at Clough Foot, west of
Todmorden, and extending southwards past Inchfield Moor,
Wardle, Littleborough, Rochdale and Norden to the southern margin
of the map. It constitutes in fact the more northern portion of what
might well be described as the Rochdale and Oldham Coalfield, the
southern portion of which will be described in the memoir explanatory
of Sheet 85 (Manchester).
On the whole the geological structure is comparatively simple.
The strata, being on the western limb of the Pennine anticline, have a
west or south-westerly dip over the greater part of the area. An
exception, however, is met with in the Whitworth valley, where the
influence of the broad Rossendale dome produces a slight easterly
dip in the strata to the east of Shawforth and Facit.
Between Clough Foot, two miles west of Todmorden, and
Rochdale, the Lower Coal Measures are subjected to frequent
repetition by powerful N.W.-SE. fractures ; and as nearly all the
workable coals are confined to these lower beds, exploitation both
by outcrop and shallow workings has thus been facilitated and
extended over a large part of the district. Another prominent
 THE ROCHDALE COAL BASIN. 55
structural feature of the Rochdale coal-basin is the presence of a
system of powerful E.N.E. W.S.W. fractures extending from
Hollingworth Lake to Rochdale. As a result of these faults there is
a complete repetition of the economically important lower beds of the
Lower Coal Measures on the hilly ground to the immediate south of
Hollingworth Lake. The highest beds of the Lower Coal Measures
and the small faulted outliers of Middle Coal Measures at Belfield and
Rochdale are largely concealed under a thick covering of glacial
drift, and our knowledge of these beds is very largely based on the
results of former mining operations,
The coals that appeared likely to be of economic value have long
ago been worked out. In later years, and at the present time, some of
the thinner seams that were formerly neglected are now being mined
on a small scale. These coals are all obtained in crop or shallow
workings, and consumed almost exclusively in the factories of the
neighbouring towns.
Lower Coal Measures. - The Six Inch Mine, the lowest
member of the Lower Coal Measure succession, is everywhere found
to be present where an exposure of the beds on this horizon occurs.
It is of no economic value, and is mainly of interest on account of the
readiness with which it can be identified by means of the charac-
teristic marine band a short distance above it.
In the Dulesgate valley it is exposed at Clough Foot, 2 miles west of
Todmorden, where it is seen to be 6& in. thick, resting on 3 ft. 3 in. of yellow
fireclay and overlain by 54 ft. of shales (with marine fossils at base), which
in turn are seen to be succeeded by the Woodhead Hill Rock. Other
excellent exposures of this coal and associated beds occur in an old quarry at
Range Hoyle in the upper part of Howroyd Clough, Gorpley, 24 miles west-
south-west of Todmorden, and also in another old quarry close to the south-
western corner of Ramsden Clough Reservoir, Walsden. In the many
cloughs descending from Shore Moor several good sections occur of this coal.
An excellent section is to be seen below Long Clough Reservoir, 4 mile
north-west of Clough, Littleborough, where the coal, 9 in. thick, rests on 3 ft.
of yellow fireclay containing hard ganister rock, Sections of this coal also
occur on Snoddle Hill, 300 yds. east of the canal bridge at Summit, and also
on the northern slopes of the Longden End valley close to New Nook,
Rakewood.
On the western side of the Whitworth valley the Six Inch Mine attains
a thickness of 10 in. in a stream section, 200 yds. north of Naden Head on
Rooley Moor. It is here succeeded by about 70 ft. of dark shale and mudstone
which pass upwards into Woodhead Hill Rock by a gradation of sandy shale
and shaly flagstone. Farther south another exposure of the coal is seen a
little east of Greenbooth Farm, while the marine band 5 to 6 ft. above the coal
is seen in the brook on the opposite side of Woodhouse Lane, Green Booth.

The Woo&ead Hill Rock in the neighbourhood of Clough Foot

consists of a massive flaggy sandstone 80 ft. in thickness. It main-
tains a similar character on Inchfield Moor and Shore Moor, where
there are numerous disused quarries in this sandstone. In the
Shawforth district, the Whitworth Valley, and to the north of Norden
and Rochdale it is found to be considerably thinner, while shale
partings are more frequent throughout it, At Bagslate, to the west
56 ROSSENDALE :

of Rochdale, it consists of a massive, rather coarse sandstone, while

it also maintains a somewhat similar character around Water Grove,
Wardle and Shore. In the neighbourhood of Lydgate, to the east
of Littleborough, it consists of a very massive flaggy grit indis;
tinguishable in appearance from the underlying Rough Rock, while
in old quarries on Whittaker Moor it is seen to be of a finetgrained
flaggy nature. Similar variations in texture occur in the Rakewood
district.
The Bassy Mine, more frequently termed the Yard Mine in the
Littleborough district, though everywhere present, is only of any
economic importance in the extreme south-east at Rakewood, where
it has been worked on a small scale. Generally it is very impure,
consisting of frequent alternations of coal and coaly shale, whence
the local name Dirty Yard Mine.
In the Clough Foot Colliery workings at Dulesgate it was found to be
only 9 in. thick, resting on 3 ft. 6 in. of fireclay, and separated from the top
of the Woodhead Hill Rock by about 9 ft. of black shale. In the Wardle
district, 300 yds. north of Higher Slack farm, there is a good section of this
seam in a brook section. Here it is about 9 in. thick, and in the black shales
about 12 ft. above occurs a band crowded with Carbonicoln cf. robusta. No
fireclay occurs underneath it here, but several feet of black shale crowded
with plant impressions intervene between it and the top of the Woodhead
Hill Rock. Numerous exposures of this seam occur around Wardle and Shore
Moor, and the following section was measured in Hills Clough, 200 yds,
north-north-east of Witlow Style, Shore :-
Ft. In.
Black shaly mudstones with abundant dull black ferruginous
concretions . .. .. . . .. ... .. . .. . . .. 5 Of
Micaceous shales, abundant impressions of Carbonicoh, fish
scales, etc. . .. .. . ... ... .. . . .. ... 2 0
Coal and shale in alternating layers ... ... .. . 2 0
Black shale with very occasional coaly streaks . . . ... 3 0
Band of prominent ferruginous nodules ... . .. ... 2
Dark shaly mudstones with many coaly partings ... 3 0
Thin coal, cuboidal fracture (Bassy or Yard Mine) ... 6
Dark grey and yellow fireclay with rootlets . .. .. . 2 0
Fine-grained yellowish” gritty sandstone (Woodhead Hill
Rock) . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. ... . .. - -
To the south-west of Norden an excellent section of this coal and associated
beds is well seen in the cliffs on the south side of Cheesden Brook. The coal,
2 ft. thick, rests on impure fireclay and coaly shale together with thin bands
of ganister rock which pass downwards into the Woodhead Hill Rock. The
details of the overlying strata are as follows :-
Ft. In.
Blue shaly mudstone . . . ... . .. ... .. . . .. - -
Contorted soft grey mudstone ., . ... ... ... 3
Rich blue shaly mudstone with Carbonicola cf. robusta ... 7 0
Soft papery shale ... ... .. . . .. . .. .. . 6
Hard dark sandy mndstone with Carbonicola cf. robusta 2 6
Micacedus shaly mudstone with fish scales .. . ... 1 0
Coaly shale and shaly coal (Bassy or Yard Mine) ... 2 0
The Bassy Mine and overlying Carbonicola band are also seen in Clay Lane,
south-east of Bagslate quarries. To the east of Littleborough the coal is
seen in Lydgate Brook resting directly on the massive Woodhead Hill Rock,
while an excellent natural section occurs at Rakewood in Longden End Brook
 THE ROCHDALE COAL BASIN 57
at the foot of Tunshill Hill. The coal, hereabouts 2 ft. thick, rests on 2 ft.
of fireclay which in turn rests on massive Woodhead Hill Rock. The shales
above the coal contain abundant plant impressions and about 12 ft. above
it is a band crowded with impressions of CarbonicoZa.

The Loser Foot or Little lWz%ze is a comparatively thin seam, but

maintains a remarkably uniform character and thickness throughout
the area. The coal is invariably of excellent quality so that despite
the fact it never exceeds 1 ft. in thickness it has been somewhat
extensively got by means of crop workings, notably on the moorlands
to the north and south oi Littleborough. It usually has a fireclay
beneath it ra%gingfrom 2 to 5 ft. in thickness, though not infrequently
a thin seam of ganister immediately underlies the coal.
In the Clough Foot and Inchfield Moor districts south-west of Todmorden
the Lower Foot Mine is 10 in. thick, while the underlying fireclay is over 5 ft.
thick in places. On the slopes of Knowsley, Hades Hill, Rough Hill, Brown
Wardle Hill, and Shore Moor the Lower Foot Mine maintains a uniform
character and thickness of from 9 to 10 in. and has been largely worked within
recent years. In the neighbourhood of Crook on the western slopes of Shore
Moor the coal has a ganisteroid seat-earth. In the shales overlying the Lower’
*Foot Mine in the above-mentioned districts a thin band 5 ft. above the coal
yields Posidoniella sp, and Lingula cf. mytiloides, while the fine black shales
immediately overlying the coal frequently yield abundant fish scales and
teeth.
A highly interesting section of the Lower Foot Mine is seen in the cliffs on
the south side of the Cheesden Brook, to the south-west of Norden. Here the
overlying shales not oniy yield an estuarine band, but reveal the presence of
a band with marine forms immediately overlying it, the section being as
follows :-
Ft. In.
Dark platy shale ... . .. . .. ... . .. ... - -
Dark grey shale with Gastrioceras Zisteri and Posidoniella sp. 6
Grey brown sandy shale with Carbonicoh cf. acuta . .. 2 6
Grey shale with Carbonicola cf. acuta, Carbonicola sp.,
Posidoniella sp., Orbiculoidea ? and Naiadites . . . . .. 1 6
Coal (Lower Foot or Little Mine) .,. ... .,. . .. 1 0
This is the most easterly known occurrence of goniatites in the shale over-
lying the Lower Foot Mine. Everywhere to the east of this these shales
yield apparently estuarine forms only.
In the faulted areas of coal measures at Clough and Calderbrook the
Little Mine, which has been worked by means of numerous day-eyes,
maintains its uniform character and thickness of 10 in. Similarly it has been
worked on the sides of the steep valley running from Summit to Lydgate.
Practically all the Little Mine in the area around Whittaker and Syke has _
been mined down to the water level. In this area it ranges in thickness
from 8 in. at Lane Foot to 12 in. at Sheepbank. South of here it crops out
on the southern slopes of Tunshill Hill, Rakewood, and behind Hollingworth
Lake, where it maintains its uniform nature. In the .Rakewood district the
estuarine band characterised by Posidoniella sp. and Lingula sp. occurs about
5 ft. above the coal.
The Lower Mountain Mine is economically by far the most
important seam in the district, but has been largely worked out.
Very frequently it has a ganister seat-earth so that it is occasionally
referred to as the Ganister Coal. Over the greater part of the
Rochdale coal basin it is separated from the overlying Bullion Mine
either by a sandstone, the Bullion Mine Rock, or by sandy shale,
(811) E
58 ROSSENDALE :

averaging about 40 ft. in thickness. A remarkable feature, however,

is the union of the two seams to the immediate north of Clough Foot
in the Dulesgate valley, while on the western side of the Deerplay
fault the coals also come together somewhat abruptly on Inchfield
Moor.
In a brook section at a place known as the Wreck Beds on Inchfield Moor
the following section is exposed :-
Ft. In.
Black shales with Gastrioceras list&, etc. . . . ... .. . - -
Bullion Mine . .. ... . .. . .. .. . ... .. . 2 0
Sandy impure fireclay ... . . . . .. . .. . . ..
Grey sandy mudstones ... ... ... . .. . .. 1: i
Lower Mountain Mine . .. .. . _ . . . . .. . .. 2 6
Good fireclay with ganister rock . ,. .. . ... ... 6
Sandy fireclay . . . ... ... ... ... ... . .. 3 0
The coalescence of the Bullion and Lower Mountain Mines appears to take
place along the outcrops at a point about 900 yds. north-west of here, or about
a mile north-west of Foulclough Colliery.
Southward from Inchfield Moor to Norden, Rochdale and Littleborough
the seam varies from 18 to 27 in. in thickness and has closely similar characters
in both roof and floor, being merely separated from the Upper Foot Mine by
a greater thickness of rock. The following sections are representative :-
_ Millwood Pit, Shore
Ft. In.
Flaggy sandstone (Bullion Mine Rock) . .. ... ... 20 0
Sandy shale and thin flags . . . ... ... . .. ... 6 0
Dark sandy mudstones . . . . , . .. ... . .. .. . Zj E
Coal (Lower Mountain Mine) . .. ... ... .. .
Crust or hard ganister rock . . . . .. .. . .. . ... 1 0
Yellow fireclay . . . . .. .. . . .. .., ... .. . 4 0
Raghole Colliery (8 mile due south of Rakewood)
Ft. In,
Shale . .. ... . .. .. . ... ... ... ... 39 0
Rag rock ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 0
Black shale . .. ... . .. ... ... 84 0
Coal (Upper Foot or Bullion Mine) *” : :1 ... ... 10
Fireclay . . . .. . . .. .,. ... .. . ... . .. 3 0
Rock (Bullion Mine Rock) .. . . .. ... ... . .. 15 0
Grey legs (Flaggy shale) . .. ... . .. .. . . .. 12 0
Black shale ... .. . . .. 12 0
Coal (Lower Mountain Mine)“’ 1:: 1:: 1:: ... 2 0
Hard ganister rock ... . .. . .. . .. . .. ... 1 0
The ganister floor fails locally on the western slopes of Hunger Hill, $ m.
due north of Norden and on Rooley Moor where there is only 15 ft. of dark
shale separating the fireclay of the Lower Mountain Mine from the Lower
Foot Mine.
The U$+er Foot or Bullion Mine occurs throughout the district,
maintaining a very uniform thickness and character. It averages
1 ft. in thickness and is therefore often referred to as the Upper
Foot Mine. Owing to its frequently being of a pyritous or sulphurous
nature it is not so often worked as the other mines. It is always
accompanied by a black shale roof full of Gastrioceras, Pterinopecten
and other marine fossils. The remarkable feature of its coalescence
with the underlying Lower Mountain Mine in the Inchfield Moor and
Dulesgate’districts has already been referred to.
? THE ROCHDALE COAL BASIN. 59
On the Inchfield and Shore Moors where several excellent natural
exposures of the seam and its associated beds occur, the coal is uniformly
1 ft. thick, and rests on about 1 ft. of fireclay which in turn overlies 40 ft.
of flaggy sandstone (termed the Bullion Mine Rock). It maintains a similar
character and thickness in the hills around Wardle and Whitworth where it
has been mined from day-eyes in numerous places. At the present time it
is being worked alongside the steep-sided valley running in an east and west
direction from Hamer Pasture Reservoir past Clough Bottom and Rydings
Dam to Wardle, where it averages 12 in. in thickness and contains many coal
balls together with roof nodules crowded with impressions of goniatites.
A fine natural section of the Bullion Mine and associated beds occurs at
Reddyshore, to the north-west of Rochdale, where this seam and the Lower
Mountain Mine are as much as 70 ft. apart. East of Littleborough the
Bullion Mine usually occurs about 36 ft. above the Lower Mountain Mine ;
but owing to its inferior quality and sulphurous nature it has not been largely
worked. In the Handle Hall Colliery shaft at Calderbrook, however, the
Bullion Mine (12 in. thick) was separated from the underlying Lower Mountain
Mine by only 18 ft. 8 in. of rock. Around Whittaker &d on the hills to the
south of Hollingworth Lake the seam shows its normal development.

In the northern and eastern part of the Rochdale basin, the

Bullion Mine is succeeded by about 80 ft. of mudstones, above which
comes a very prominent band of fireclay overlain by a thin persistent
coal seam, the Iutch Mine. This seam is readily recognisable over the
whole country between Dulesgate, Shore, Littleborough, Dearnley
and Hollingworth ; while the fireclay is being worked at Starring,
to the immediate north of Littleborough, where it averages 5 ft. in
thickness. South-west of a line drawn from Healey through
Smallbridge and Hollingworth Lake to Rakewood this coal and
fireclay are unrepresented. In their place occurs a massive sandstone,
the Helpet Edge Rock, which increases in thickness rapidly when
traced southwards and westwards. At Rushy Hill to the north of
Rochdale the Helpet Edge Rock consists of a massive grit resembling
the true Millstone’Grits, but from here it thins very rapidly in a
northerly direction, being unrepresented on the slopes of Brown
Wardle Hill.
The Upper Mozmtain Mine which overlies the Helpet Edge Rock
is often referred to as the Forty Yards Mine in this area, 120 ft. being
the average distance between the Lower and Upper Mountain Mines.
Except in the neighbourhood of Healey this seam maintains a fairly
uniform character over the Rochdale basin, ranging from 12 to
24 inches in thickness. A valuable bed of fireclay occurs beneath
it and has been worked in many places.
In the river Spodden, just below Healey Hall Mills, the Helpet Edge Rock
is overlain by several feet of fireclay succeeded by dark pyritous shales with
merely a streak of coal, apparently the local representative of the Upper
Mountain Mine ; while at Rooley Moor Colliery, less than a mile to the
west, the coal appears to be entirely absent. The seam, however, has
been worked to the south of Norden, where it ranges from 18 to 22 in.
in thickness. Along both the western and eastern slopes of the plateau
stretching from Reaps Moss (to the north of Shawforth) southwards to Rough
Hill, Hades, Middle Hill and Brown Wardle Hill the Upper Mountain Mine
has been extensively mined by means of numerous day-eyes. In these areas
the coal averages 18 in. in thickness. Around Syke, Buckley and Shore
(811) E2
60 ROSSENDALE :

to the north and north-east of Rochdale the coal has also been largely
worked.
The Upper Mountain Mine has been worked in many places in the
immediate vicinity of Littleborough, both to obtain the coal and also the
thick seam of seat-earth which everywhere underlies it in this district. At
Handle Hall Colliery, Calderbrook, it was worked by means of day-eyes,
while on the opposite side of the Roth valley it has been worked at
Lightowlers, Rake and Cleggswood. The coal hereabouts ranges from 12 to
18 in. in thickness, while the soft yellow fireclay runs from 4 to 5 ft. Around
Hollingworth it maintains similar features ; in the old Hollingworth shaft
it was met with at a depth of 145 ft. and found to be 118 in. thick, while
it was recorded that the underlying fireclay here attained the abnormal
thickness of 15 ft.
The Upper Mountain Mine crops out on the northern slopes of the hilly
ground to the south of Hollingworth Lake, while it can be traced continuously
from there along the eastern slope of Tunshill Hill to Dick Hill. To the
immediate south of Hollingworth Lake its outcrop is much cut up by faulting.
In this area it varieefrom 12 to 22 in. in thickness.
In the Lower Coal Measure series the beds above the Unner
Mountain Mine in this area consist almost entirely of flags&es,
mudstones and shales. In a general manner the succession is that
indicated in Fig. 18, though the relative thickness of each sub-
division often varies considerably when the beds are traced from one
place to another. The Trough Edge End Sandstone is a series of
flaggy sandstones which usually lies about 30 ft. above the Upper
Mountain Mine, and from which it is separated by dark shaly mud-
stone with bands .of ironstone nodules. They form a prominent
elevated plateau at Trough Edge End, to the east of Shawforth,
and are represented throughout the Rochdale coal-basin. North of
Dulesgate, however, they become thinner, and on the west side of
the Cliviger valley are represented by only a few feet of flaggy sand-
stone. The Trough Edge End series appears to be the local
representative of the Darwen Flags of the western areas. At Clough
Foot and on the moors to the south of Trough Edge End these
sandstones are in turn succeeded by 50 ft. of sandy shale, above which
comes a thick sandstone which we have termed the MiZ~nroz~Sandstone
owing to its typical development at that locality. It is the
equivalent of the Crutchman Sandstone of the western part of the
sheet. Hades Hill, Middle Hill and Brown Wardle Hill are all
capped by faulted outliers of this sandstone, and in the old disused
quarries here it is seen to consist generally of false-bedded flaggy
sandstone, while occasionally it exhibits a more massive nature.
To the north of Rochdale the Milnrow Sandstone is well exposed
near Shawforth Railway station. Here it is massive and coarse in
its lower part. It is also seen further north in a quarry to the
immediate east of Healey Hall. A continuous section of the beds
succeeding the Upper Mountain Mine is also seen in Naden Brook
to the south of Norden. On the western bank of the brook, 300 yds.
downstream from Coal Bank Bleach Works is an exposure of Trough
Edge End Sandstone, consisting of strong fine-grained flagstone
overlain by 10 ft. of fireclay and fireclay mudstone, on which rests a
thin coal seam, the only known instance of an occurrence of coal at
 THE ROCHDALE COAL BASIN.
NOROEIV 8 .
ROCHDAL E

FIG, ,-Sections showing the succession of Lower Coal Measures in the Bacup
and Rochdale districts.
 .

62 ROSSENDALE :

this horizon. Farther downstream the Milnrow Sandstone is seen

to be well developed and to be capped by a bed of fireclay, though no
coal occurs. At Cheesden Brook to the south-west the Milnrow
Sandstone is well exposed alongside Cheesden Brook and consists of
about 50 ft. of shaly sandstone and sandy shale, with a lo-ft. band
of flaggy sandstone in the middle of the series. The top of the
Milnrow Sandstone is ganister rock, though no coal occurs above it.
On Todmorden Moor, to the north of the Rochdale coal basin, the
Milnrow Sandstone is overlain by fireclay as in the Norden district.
These fireclays and ganisters are the seat-rock of a variable seam,
the Pasture M&e, which appears to be unrepresented in the Rochdale
district. A series of shaly mudstones, the New Hey Mudstone_;,
succeed the Milnrow Sandstone and appear to correspond to the
Accrington Mudstones of the country to the north-west. An
excellent section of these is seen in the Roach brickyard to the
immediate north of Rochdale, where they are being quarried for
bricks by the Rochdale Brick and Tile Company. Other sections
occur in Clough Brook-and along the left
bank of Cheesden Brook to the south of
Norden on the extreme southern margin
of the map. In the Rochdale district
these mudstones attain a thickness of at
least 60 ft., but nowhere is a complete
section of them exposed.
Over the greater part of the country
around Rochdale the higher beds of the
Lower Coal Measures are largely con-
cealed by a thick covering of glacial
drift. Massive sandstone is exposed in
the Beal valley at Belfield Mill, appar-
ently the local representative of the Old
Lawrence Rock, while strongly current-
bedded sandy shales and shaly flags seen
in the cuttings alongside the railway
and canal between Belfield and Clegg
Hall probably represent a slightly lower
horizon.
Middle Coal Measures. - The
Middle Coal Measures form two faulted
and drift covered outliers at Belfield
and Rochdale. l The base of the
Middle Coal Measures is represented by
the Royley Mine, the local equivalent
of the Arley Mine of the Burnley and
Wigan districts (see p. 50). The Royley
Mine was mined some fifty years ago
FIG. 19.-Section qf Beljield from a shaft (now dismantled) 220 yds.
Colliery, Rochdale. south-west of Belfield Hall, and exactly
1 For much of the following information ‘we are indebted to Mr. C. Lord. ’
 THE ROCHDALE COAL BASIN. 63
one mile east-north-east of Rochdale railway station (see Fig. 19,.
The general section of the seam was as follows :-
Ft. In.
Black shale . , . ... ., . . .. .. . .. . - -
Roofing coal .. . . .. .. . ... ... 3
Dirt . . . ... .. . . .. .. . ... . .. 3
Royley Mine ( Top coal . .. . .. .. . ... ... . .. 1 6
4 ft. 4 in. Mining coal . ._ ... . .. ... . .. .. . 6
Bottom coal ... . .. .. . . .. . .. 1 8
i Jack or Inferior coal .. . .. . ... . .. 2
Fireclay .. . . .. .:. .. , . .. . .. - -

The coal, however, was found to be much cut up by small faults,

and to be replaced by shale over considerable areas. . The record
obtained during the sinking of the shaft enables a comparison tq be
made of the overlying 300 ft. of strata above the Royley Mine
with the corresponding strata in the Burnley district. This reveals
evidence of considerable lateral variation. The Smith or Bottom
Neddy coal, 140 ft. above the Royley Mine, appears to correspond
with the Dandy Mine of the Burnley succession, while the Bone or
Top Neddy coal, 180 ft. above the Royley Mine, may be the local
representative of the Crackers Mine of the Burnley District.
64

CHAPTER V

THE CENTRAL PLATEAU

BY W. LLOYD AND L. H.TONKS, WITH NOTES BYW. B. WRIGHT AND
R. L. SHERLOCK

THE area described in this chapter comprises the great block of high
ground in the central part of Sheet 76, from Holcombe and
Haslingden Moors on the west to the Whitworth Valley on the east.
The northern limits of this block are taken at the fault running along
the north side of Haslingden Moor and north-eastwards towards
Hambledon Hill. Thence the boundary crosses the lower slopes of
Hapton Park along the western branch of the Deerplay Fault.
Within this area the beds are approximately horizontal, except where
locally disturbed by faulting ; and, in consequence, the oldest beds
occupy the valleys, and the newest beds the high ground. The
geological structure leads to the development of a type of scenery
in which steep escarpments backed by flat or gently sloping shelves
rise tier on tier above the narrow valleys. This characteristic
scenery is perhaps best developed in the high ground south of
Rossendale.
MILLSTONE GRIT
Fletcher Bank Grit. -The lowest bed exposed in the area is
the Fletcher Bank Grit, the principal member of the Middle Grit
series. It is brought to the surface on the upthrow side of the
Ramsbottom fault, where it is well exposed in stream sections and
small quarrie3 around Stubbins. Its pebbly, coarse, and massive
character is well displayed in the large quarries at Fletcher Bank,
half a mile east of Ramsbottom Station. The upper part of this
grit is often full of carbonaceous material or interbedded with coaly
shales, as for example in the Alden Brook, half a mile south-west of
Sunny Bank near Helmshore. It even contains here and there thin
and impersistent coal horizons, of which a typical example is seen
in a small quarry immediately east of the Edenfield-Shuttleworth
road, about 300 yds. south of the inn north of Shuttleworth. Here
the section is :-
Ft. In.
Sandy shale . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. ... 4 0
Coarse sandstone &th eroding base . .. . .. . . .4 to 6 0
Black sandy shale . .. .. . . .. ... ... . ,. 9
Sandy shale and thin sandstones . .. ... ... . .. 3 0
Coal ... ... ... . .. .. . .. . .. , ... 3 to 9
Coarse, massive grit ... . .. . .. ... . .. seen 9 0

The increase in thickness of this grit when traced south-east from

Cliviger is illustrated in the general diagram (Fig. 5). The
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 65
maximum known thickness was proved in the boring at the northern
end of Gin Hall Reservoir, north of Walmersley. Here, although the
bottom of the grit was not reached, no less than 364 ft. of coarse,
massive, current-bedded grit with only occasional thin partings of
sandy shale was seen. Records of wells and borings in the Irwell
Valley, at Stubbins, which have been obtained since the publication
of the six-inch maps, show that the Fletcher Bank Grit is here of
much the same thickness, for grit has been proved to a depth of
200 ft. below the valley floor.
The shales between the Fletcher Bank and Helmshore Grits are
nowhere exposed in this area ; but in the Gin Hall boring about .
20 ft. of sandy dark mudstone and sandy shale with scattered plant
remains was seen at this horizon. About the middle occurred six
inches of brown pyritous shale with plants, Naiad&s ? and
S@rorbis ? Although this thin fossiliferous band is fairly well
known in the west, this is the most easterly point in sheet 76 at
which it has so far been recorded.
Helmshore Grit. -This grit has a maximum thickness of
some 50 to 60 ft., but thins to the north and east. It is distinguished
from the main mass of the Fletcher Bank Grit by its fine-grained,
close-textured character. A thin coal, about 3 in. thick, is usually
found either resting directly on the grit or separated from it by a
few feet of sandy shale. Good exposures may be seen in the stream
sections north-west of Stubbins, in the banks of the Irwell at Lumb,
and along the Ogden Valley, north-west and south-east of Helmshore
Station. Ori the north-eastern side of the Naden Valley fault around
Rawtenstall the Helmshore Grit is in the main covered by drift, but
is visible in the stream below the mill at Balladen. In this neighbour-
hood the uppermost beds, 15 ft. thick, which as elsewhere consist
of flaggy sandstone, are locally known as the Balladen Fiags.
Shales above the Helmshore Grit.-An interesting series
of shales with marine bands succeeds the Helmshore Grit. The
lowest beds are well exposed in Hodge Clough, west of Lumb, near
Stubbins. A well marked marine band, containing Reticuloceras
reticulaturn, mut. /3 of mixed types showing dominantly late charac-
teristics, rests on the little coal which caps the Helmshore Grit
(see Fig. 7, p. 20). The marine band is followed by about 18 ft. of
sandy mudstone and dark mudstone with sporadic goniatites and
fossiliferous pea-like nodules of ironstone in the upper part. A
15 ft. bed of barren sandy mudstone separates the lower marine
horizon from the upper, in which a thin mudstone with pea-ironstones
occasionally yielding diminutive goniatites underlies a thick marine
band with Reticuloceras r&datum, early mut. y, and a rich associated
fauna. Other exposures of these beds are seen in Alden Brook,
Sunny Bank, about a mile to the north-west.
Peculiar evenly-bedded siliceous ironstones succeed the early
mut. y marine band, and are only developed on this horizon in the
south-western part of Sheet 76. They form the waterfall (called
66 ROSSENDALE:

locally “ Jacob’s Ladder”) at the head of Hodge Clough, and are well
exposed in the cutting behind Sunny Bank Mill. These banded
ironstones are succeeded by a fireclay and a small coal with the
so-called ‘ Ironstone ’ Ganisterl immediately above. This well-marked
horizon is the south-western equivalent of the ‘ black rock ’ of
Green’s Clough, etc.,2 and more generally of the top of the Hazel
Greave Grits of the eastern area. The Ganister, with its overlying
marine bands containing Reticdoceras reticulaturn, mut. 7 and
Gastrioceras ? sigma is well exposed in the ‘ ironstone pit,’ on the
downthrow side of the Ramsbottom Fault, five furlongs east of Bull
Hill. The underlying coal and fireclay can be seen in the road-
metal quarry 650 yds. N.N.E. from the pit.
The ganister thins out considerably towards the north, and at
Helmshore, 800 yds. north-west of the station, in the bed of the
River Ogden, 6 in. of ganister (the ‘ Ironstone ‘) is seen on a foot of
fireclay. About 6 ft. above the ganister occurs the mut. y marine
band, Hth a Lingzda band 6 ft. above it.
The character of the rocks seen in the above exposures is typical
of their development in the south-western part of Sheet 76, and is in
marked contrast to that of the eastern area (see Chapter III). On
the east side of the Irwell Valley and east of Rawtenstall there are
only occasional exposures of these beds beneath the thick cover of
drift, and it is therefore difficult to follow the eastward changes in
detail ; but an important exposure at Cheesden Lumb Mill in
Cheesden Brook, 440 yds. south-west of the Inn at Cheesden on the
Edenfield-Rochdale road, does, to some extent, bridge the gap.
Here, on the upthrow side of a fault which crosses the stream 125 yds. .
south-west of CheeEden Lumb Mill, the section is :-
Ft. In-
Micaceousand carbonaceous sandy mudstone . .. seen 7 0
Black shaly mudstone .., . .. . .. .. . ... 10 0
Shale with Reticuloceras reticulaturn, early mut. y, etc. .. . 5 0
Gap : Sandy mudstone and dark shale debris . .. .. . 15 0
Grey mudstone with an occasional Posidoniella sp. and
Pterinopecten sp. ... ... .. . ... ... ... 6 0
Dark micaceous mudstone with dark sandstone ribs . .. 4 0
Shaly sandstone .. . ... . .. ... ... ... 7 0
Gap: ... . .. ... ... . .. .. . .. . . .. i 0”
Fine grained yellow sandstone ... ... ... . ..
Gap: ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. 5 6
Dark micaceous mudstone . .. ... . .. . .. ... 10 0
Platy mudstone . .. . .. . . .. . .. ... . .. 4 0
Shaly mudstone with Reticulocevas reticuZatum, mut. /!I . . . 2 0
Shaly mudstone ... .., ... ... . . . seen 2 0
The lower (mut. /3) marine band has been found in the eastern
area, but the uppermost (early mut. y band) has not been recorded
east of this locality. It seems probable that the 10 ft. of sandstone
seen in this section is the most westerly extension of the lower part
of the Hazel Greave Grit (see the general section : Fig. 8, p. 21).
..-__-_-_ _-__ _
l See p. 20.
t Fig. 14, p. 41.
] THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 67
This local representative of the Hazel Greave Grit is also seen at the
overflow from the disused reservoir 100 yds. above Croston Close Lower
Bridge, 350 yds. north-east of the school in Deeply Vale ; and at the top of
the north bank of the adjacent tributary valley the early mut. 7 band can be .
seen. The mut. y marine band is not exposed hereabouts, and about 300 yds.
further south these beds are thrown below the surface by the Ramsbottom
fault ; but at Deeply Vale Lower Bridge, 1,000 yds. S.S.E. of the school,
the Lingula band can be seen in the small shale cliff on the east side of the
road, and 1 ft. of shale containing Reticuloceras reticulaturn, mut. y has been
dug out below the scree. Four miles to the north-west in the bank of the
reservoir below Dearden Clough Bridge, 600 yds. south-west of New Hall,
Edenfield, the marine band containing Gastrioceras ? sigma may be seen with
a Lingula band about 3 ft. below. The mut. y marine band does not appear in
the section, but may be only a short distance below the base of the exposure.
The scanty exposure of the beds between the Helmshore Grit and the
Brooksbottoms Sandstone around Rawtenstall seems to indicate that the
beds are of the eastern rather than of the western type. There are no ex-
posures of the shales which elsewhere contain the later B and early y mutations
of Reticulocevas ret&datum, but a development of shaly sandstones seen on
the south side of Rossendale on the approximate horizon of the Hazel Greave
Grit suggests that the marine band with R. reticulaturn, early mut. y may be
absent here as it is in the eastern area. A small exposure above Vale Mill,
Waterfoot, 600 yds. W. 8” S. of Waterfoot Station, shows the following
section :-
Ft. In.
Dark shales with occasional specimens of Lingula in the
lower part ... ... . .. . .. ... . .. ... 12 0
Hard dark platy shale with Gastrioceras ? sigma . .. 9
Unfossiliferous platy shale .. . .. . .,. ... ... 1 0
Hard dark platy shale with Gastrioceras Z sigma ... 9
Below the reservoir a section immediately south of Vale Mill shows about
four feet of barren shale resting on twelve feet of dark sandstone and sandy
shale. The mut. y marine band may be hidden in the gap between this
exposure and the one above, but it is also possible that it may be absent
here as it is in Green’s Clough, Cliviger (see p. 42).
Brooksbottoms Sandstone .-The Brooksbottoms Sandstone
forms the bed of the brook below Holcombe Brook village and
appears to underlie the thick drift extending across the valley of
the Irvitellto Nuttall and Brooksbottoms where, in the great gorge
cut by the Irwell, the following section is seen :-
Ft. In.
Dark shale above ... ... ... . .. ... . ..
Massive flaggy sandstone ,. . .. . . .. . .. ... 12 0
Coal . ., .. . , .. , ., .. . .. . . .. . .. 6
Fireclay . . . .. . . .. ,.. .. . . .. ... . .. 1 0
Sandy shale ... . .. .. . ... . .. ... .. . 4 0
Massive sandstone ... ,.. ... ... .. . . .. 10 0
Thin bedded sandstone and shales . .. . .. .. . . .. 15 0
Sandy shales with thin sandstones . .. .. . . .. .. . 12 0
Sandy mudstone .. . . .. .. . ... .. . . .. 10 0
Dark blue mudstone with ironstone nodules beIow.
To the north the outcrop of this sandstone and the positions of the various
horizons of the overlying Holcombe Series are well defined by borings in
Ramsbottom which penetrate to the hcrizons of Reticuloceras reticulaturn,
muts. y and B. Eastwards the sandstone dies out entirely, and along the line
of Cheesden Brook, 19 miles east of Brooksbottoms Gorge, where the beds
next come to the surface, it is absent. Northwards on the eastern side of the
68 ROSSENDALE :
Irwell Valley, however, it continues for some little distance. In Shuttle-
worth Brook, Q mile east of the church at Shuttleworth, the coal and sand-
stone are seen, and in Dearden CJough, about 8 mile south-east of the Inn at
Edenfield, the lower part of the rock is exposed. North of Edenfield its
outcrop is buried beneath the drift, and the sandstone must thin rapidly,
for a little over a mile further north only a few feet of shaly sandstone is seen
at this horizon and both the coal and the rock overlying it seem to have
disappeared. The heavy cover of drift makes it impossible to trace these
changes with any approach to accuracy, and the representation on the map
is purely diagrammatic.
On the spurs which stretch north-east from Bull Hill and Musden Head
Moor are two outliers of the Holcombe Brook Series which enable the develop-
ment of the Brooksbottoms Grit to be followed in this direction. It is about
40 ft. thick, and the Brooksbottoms Coal, which occurs near its base, is
1 ft. 6 in. thick and has a mf which is in some places of sandstone and in
others of shale. A line of basset workings marks its outcrop round Beetle
Hill, the spur north-east of Bull Hill, and is by a curious coincidence continuous
with a similar line of outcrop workings in the Sand Rock Mine on the other
side of the Ramsbottom Fault.
North-west of Helmshore the lower leaf of the Brooksbottoms Sandstone
varies from about 10 to 39 ft. in thickness. It can be seen at the tall chimney
above Hollin Bank, 550 yds. west of the station, and also in the prominent
feature that extends up the valley to the lowest of the three reservoirs at
Haslingden Grane . The Brooksbottoms Coal, about 6 in. thick, is also
visible at several places along this feature, notably in the disused upper end
of the lane past the Smithy. At Holden Wood Bridge, at the east end of the
lower Haslingden Grane reservoir, a remarkable section is exposed in the
banks of the Ogden.1 A reversed fault, with a throw of about 6 ft., crosses
the series of lenticular beds of argillaceous sandstone and shale, without,
however, affecting the strata above. This is considered to be a small con-
temporaneous thrust. Above the broken strata a seam of coal, a few inches
thick, with false-bedded sandstone above, is apparently the Brooksbottoms
Coal. At the base of the section the occurrence of an 18 in. coal on 2 ft.
of shale with plant remains appears to be only a local development for it
dies out southward, and to the north is lost beneath the reservoir. The coal
was worked in 1921 to supply the adjoining mill. The lower leaf of the
Brooksbottoms Sandstone is exposed in a disused quarry between the milI
and the railway on the north side of the stream. Here 12 ft. of speckled brown
sandstone is faulted against sandy shale with thin flagstones. The upper leaf
of the Brooksbottoms Sandstone forms the prominent plateau-like feature
lying between Helmshore and the reservoirs. In the trench for the .embank-
ment of the middle reservoir two coals were proved, 45 ft. apart. The lower
coal, 10 in. thick, is apparently the Brooksbottoms Coal, but was succeeded
by about 37 ft. of shale. Some 74 ft. of sandstone immediately below the
upper coal is probably the diminished representative of the upper part of the
Brooksbottoms Sandstone ; and the upper coal is probably only locally
developed at this horizon. This upper coal appears to be that seen at the
top of the lane leading from Helmshore to Hill End, 1,400 yds. E. 30” N. of
Helmshore Station.

Holcombe Brook Series. -The beds between the top of the

Brooksbottoms Sandstone and the Holcombe Brook Coal are very
variable, and the variations appear to be local and irregular in their
occurrence. The accompanying diagram (Fig. 20) illustrates the
four principal types of variation which these beds display. The
upper sandstone on which the Holcombe Brook Coal rests may die
c-

1 Section given by Hull as Third Grit, ’ The Geology of the Bumley Coalfield ’
(Mew. G8ot. Sum.~, 1875. p. 41.
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 69
out altogether or may increase in thickness so as to cut out the coal
and fireclay series which separate it from an equally inconstant lower
bed of sandstone.
The series is fairly well exposed in the type locality,l and the
marine band is visible also near Greenthorne, two miles to the
north-west. The marine band yields Gastrioceras cancellatum and
its variants, Reticuloceras yeticulatum, mut. y and Homoceratoides
divaricatum. The upper coal is 15 in. thick with one inch of dirt ;
but does not appear to have been worked in this locality. The
upper Holcombe Sandstone is weak, but the lower, separated from
the upper by shales with a coal seam 8 in. thick, is in fair strength
and forms the floor of the brook above the village.
CHEESDEN HOLMES WA&?RFtWt CLOUGH
BROOK MLi PIT SOT TOA B. H.

._.__

FIG. 20,-Diagram showing the variations in the Hdcombe Brook Series.

The small streams flowing into the east side of the Brooksbottoms Gorge
expose various parts of the Holcombe Brook Series. Very good exposures of
the marine band can be seen in Sunny Clough, & mile north-north-west of
Gin Hall Reservoir at Walmersley, and in the stream which joins the Irwell
opposite Nuttall Mill, 600 yards south of the Hall, south of Ramsbottom.
For half a mile north of Cheesden Bridge, 660 yds. W .N.W. of the Inn
at Cheesden, Cheesden Brook flows as a strike stream along the Holcombe
Brook Series, and in the bed of the stream and in the eastern banks
exceptionally fine exposures of these beds are visible. The marine band itself
is nowhere exposed along this part of the crop, but the typical fossils can
be collected from a series of air shafts to a big water main which runs to
Ashworth Moor Reservoir, north a Cheesden. The upper coal, here 15 in.
thick, was formerly mined from small shafts to the north and south of the
main road. West of Cheesden Brook the lower Holcombe Brook Sandstone

1 First described by Binney, ‘ Observations on the Lancashire and Cheshire CTal:

field,’ Duns. Man&ester. GeoE.Sot., vol. i, 1839, p. 79.
 70 ROSSENDALE :

makes a wide spread, but appears to die away rapidly northward. North
of Rawtenstall the series is well exposed in the steep right bank of Limy
Water, west of Reeds Holme, particularly behind Holmes Mill, about 1,900
yds. north of Rawtenstall Station (see Fig. 20). The marine band and coal
are well exposed in Cribden Clough, about 2 mile north-west of Rawtenstall,
where their relations to the overlying Haslingden Flags are well displayed.
On the south side of Rossendale the marine band is exposed in the streams
above Far Fold Farm and Lower Fold Farm, 1,200 yds. and 1,600 yds. south
of Waterfoot Station respectively. The series was proved in the trench dug
for the dam of Cowpe Reservoir, and here the lower Holcombe Brook Sand-
stone was proved to be nearly 40 ft. thick.
In the Helmshore area the Holcombe Brook Grit is very variable. It is
a weak sandstone, in places resting directly on the Brooksbottoms Sandstone,
elsewhere separated from it by a thin belt of shale. It attains a maximum
thickness of 27 ft. in this area. A smut of coal seen in the lane leading to
Hill End, 2 mile E. 30” N. of Helmshore Station, probably represents the
Holcombe Brook Coal, but no other exposure is known in this area, nor has
the marine band been seen.

Lower Haslingden Flags .-The dark mudstones which

succeed the Holcombe Brook Marine Band pass gradually upwards
into greenish spheroidal weathering mudstones at the base of the
Haslingden Flag Series, The lower belt of flagstones, below the
marine band with Gastrioceras cumbriense and Gastrioceras listeri
. appears to attain its maximum thickness in Rossendale and around
Haslingden.
Along the Rossendale valley from east of Stacksteads ‘to the area around
Rawtenstall the lower belt is in great strength. Although frequently split
by variable partings of sandy shale, it appears to consist, in places, of over
100 ft. of workable flagstone, In this area the flags have been for many years
extensively quarried and mined, and the numerous large quarries afford
frequent exposures. To the south the amount of workable flagstone thins
rapidly by interdigitation and replacement of flagstone by sandy shale and
sandy mudstone. This change can be well traced from Horncliffe Quarries,
north-east of Dearden Moor, along the lower part of the western escarpments
of Dearden Moor, Scout Moor and Turf Moor. Over 100 ft. thick at Horncliffe
Quarries, the flagstones weaken rapidly southwards and wedges of sandy
shale replace strong flagstone laterally, until, along the line of Cheesden Brook
and Deeply Vale, 6 ft. of flagstone amid a sandy shale and mudstone series
is all that remains of the great flagstone belt of Rossendale. Although this
change is primarily due to lateral replacements there is at the same time a
decrease of thickness between the Holcombe Brook and Haslingden Flag
Marine Bands (see Fig. 5, p. 11).
The lower flagstones make a’strong plateau around and below the great
whale back of Cribden Hill. Here two belts of flagstone, separated by sandy
shale, can be traced on the west side of the hill. The lower one appears to
be the more important economically, and has been mined in the past. The
upper belt is divided at Top of Slate Quarry, 600 yds. east of Haslingden
Station, by 3 ft. of greenish shale, which is abruptly replaced by flagstone.
The lower belt of flagstone is seen to be about 30 ft. thick at the northern
end of the quarries but wedges out very rapidly northwards. The upper
division continues and is still worked at Duckworth
; Clough, south of Cribden
Side.
On the downthrow side of the Naden Valley fault the flagstones are seen
in Pike Law Quarries, near Haslingden Workhouse, and appear to be the
upper belt of flagstones seen in Top of Slate Quarry. West of the railway the
extensive old quarries of Hutch Bank show that the flagstones are here
about 100 ft. thick without any thick partings of sandy shale. That this
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 71
thickness is continued as far west as Edgerton Moss is proved by the sections
seen in the streams flowing north-eastwards from the moss into the uppermost
of the Ogden reservoirs near Haslingden Grane. A local band of shaly
flagstone, about 25 ft. thick, is developed here some 50 ft. below the base of
the main mass, and can be traced round the head of the Ogden Valley as far
as Slate Pits. Southwards from Edgerton Moss the lower flags diminish very
rapidly and at the Uglow Quarry, l$ miles south of Slate Pits, are reduced
to 27 ft. The Lower Flags are poorly developed around Holcombe Hill,
but improve in quality to the north-west and are worked above Broadhead.
Where the Lower Haslingden Flags are thick the marine band.
with Gastrioceras cwzbriense and Gastrioceras Zisteri occurs in the
shale immediately above the top bed of flagstone. In this position
it may be seen in a ditch behind the quarry 900 yds. north-east of
Haslingden Grane Church, and in the large quarries in Rossendale
where the top of the Lower Flags is exposed. Elsewhere the band
is commonly about 15 ft. above the top of the Lower Flags, except
along the line of Cheesden Brook where it is some distance above the
top of the diminutive bed of flagstone there developed.
Upper Haslingden Flags .-This upper belt of flagstone is
well developed on the south side of Rossendale, where it has been
extensively quarried. In many cases the quarries have been carried
so far back from the natural escarpment that at the present day a
considerable overburden of the overlying shale, and in some places
the Rough Rock, is being removed. South of Turf Moor and south-
wards to the edge of the map the flagstone diminishes rapidly in
quality and thickness.
Around Whitworth and Facit the Upper Flags attain a thickness
of 75 to 100 ft., and workable flagstone occurs to within a few feet 01
the base of the Rough Rock. The working of ‘ lonkey ’ bands is
the main object of present quarrying ; these bands vary in thickness
up to 10 ft. and are frequently lenticular.
,4lthough the Upper Flags are in fair strength on the south side of Rosscn
dale, on the north side they are poor and thin. Thus, north of Newchurch,
around the promontory of Seat Naze, only one band of shaly flagstone, 6 ft.
- thick, occurs between the base of the Rough Rock and the top of the Lower
Haslingden Flags. Northward up the valley of Whitewell Brook, wedges
of flagstone develop in the sandy shales and amalgamate to form a thick
band of flagstone, which is mixed and quarried south of Lumb. Similarly,
along the east side of the Limy Water valley, the flags increase in thickness
and strength northwards and have been quarried on the hillside east of
Crawshaw Booth. The flagstones exposed in this quarry were formerly
mapped by Hull as the Lower Flags, so striking and rapid are the variations
in thickness. Subsequent quarrying, however, has carried the quarry face
back into the hillside so far as to expose the basal part of the Rough Rock.
On the western side of the Limy Water valley the Upper Flags are again
poor and undeveloped ; and only one small band of shaly flagstone has been
mapped round the hill, and even this has disappeared on the western side,
east of Haslingden. The greenish mudstones and sandy shales below the
Rough Rock are seen in several places west of Cribden. South of the Naden
Valley Fault, however, flagstone is seen on this horizon near the Workhouse,
south-east of Haslingden ; but on the main crop a few feet of shaly flagstone,
45 ft. below the Rough Rock, is first seen above Haslingden Grane, 3 miles
west of Cribden. Westward the flagstone band expands, and has been
. quarried Q mile west of Slate Pits. It is here about 50 ft. thick, and extends
72 ROSSENDALE :

westward to cover the plateau above Pickup Bank. South of Edgerton Moss
this band of the Upper Flags diminishes rapidly to a few feet, and an upper
band of flagstone is developed immediately below the Rough Rock, and
becomes the more important. This upper band is first seen in the pathway
over Causeway Heights, a little ‘over a mile S.S.W. of Haslingden Grane
Church. It also occurs round the small outlier of Rough Rock, called Hog
Lowe Pike, 1 mile south of Slate Pits. Around the southern end of Holcombe
Hill the Upper Flags are poorly developed, but improve in quality to the
north and west, and are worked at Crowthorn Delf, + mile east of Children’s
Homes. This is only the beginning of their extremely powerful development
in the area west of that now being described (see p. 101).
Rough Rock and Sand Rock Mine .-The Rough Rock in the
Central Plateau forms the surface of a number of moors usually, but
,not always, covered with thick peat. Oswaldtwistle Moor, Holcombe
Moor, Know1 Moor, Hail Storm Hill, the moor south of Bacup and
Cribden Hill east of Haslingden are the most extensive. The
margin of the rock is generally an escarpment, a short distance in
from which is a slight feature marking the outcrop of the Sand Rock
Mine. When, however, ,the escarpment is slight or absent the peat
,often extends over and obscures both the margin of the rock and the
minor feature, as for instance on the north-west sides of Holcombe and
Oswaldtwistle Moors. Small patches of Coal -Measures capped by
the Woodhead Hill Rock, such as Know1 Hill and Bull Hill, are
preserved locally and form small eminences rising above the general
level of the moor. Elsewhere, especially towards the north-east,
the capping Coal-Measures become more extensive and the Rough
Rock only outcrops along a narrow belt.
On Holcombe Moor the Sand Rock Mine is present and is exposed in one
of the quarries above Holcombe, but it appears to be of poor quality and
generally unworkable in this neighbourhood. The large area of Rough
Rock covering most of Oswaldtwistle Moor is buried under peat, but the base
of the rock is readily traceable along the southern border ; the north-western
boundary, is, however, buried under both peat and drift.
On Cribden Hill the full thickness appears to be about 70 ft. It is a
coarse grit, often pebbly, and can be seen in ditches and trivial excavations
on the moor. The Sand Rock Mine may occur all round the hill, and was,
as pointed out by Mr. J. Spencer of Accrington, formerly exposed on the
upthrow side of the fault which passes across the hill. On the downthrow side
of the fault the Rough Rock occurs on both sides of the valley north of Craw-
shaw Booth. Good exposures of the Sand Rock Mine, here from 9 in.
to 1 ft. in thickness, may be seen in Pinner Clough, the stream running past
the southern end of the large quarry west of Crawshaw Booth, and in Gin
Clough, nearly a mile east of Stone Fold. The base of the rock is exposed
in the flagstone quarry at Bonfire Hill, east of Crawshaw Booth, and the
Sand Rock Mine was formerly worked to a small extent from a small day
eye above the quarry. Southwards towards Seat Naze, north of Newchurch,
and on both sides of the Whitewell Brook valley, the Rough Rock and the
Sand Rock Mine make well-defined features, and are exposed in small quarries
in many places. Above Edgeside, at a point 1,000 yds. north-east of Water-
foot Station, a small digging into the Sand Rock Mine shows the coal varying
in thickness between a few inches and 1 ft. 3 in., this variation being, in”this
place, due to a ‘ washout ’ of the coal by the descent of the base of the upper
leaf of the Rough Rock.
On the moors of the south side of the Rossendale Valley the Rough Rock
is well exposed over the whole of its outcrop. The pebbly irregular base is
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 73
displayed for nearly a mile in the great quarries on the western edge of Scout
Moor. In this area, too, the Sand Rock Mine is thicker than it is to the north
and has been worked from many small pits and adits, notably on Scout and
Turf Moors and to the south of Know1 Moor. The incoming of shale above
the coal and the thinning out of the upper leaf of the rock have already been
described in Chap. II (see also Fig. 10). A local break in this southern change
occurs at Bagslate Moor, west of Rochdale, where, in the old Bagslate Colliery
shaft, the Sand Rock Mine, 2 ft. 6 in. thick, is overlain by 23 ft. of “ sand-
rock.” On Whitworth and Brandwood Moors the Rough Rock is coarse and
pebbly in the upper part and less coarse in the lower part. Old workings of .
the Sand Rock Mine, chiefly by adit, are traceable everywhere, and the present
workings at Lark Hill Colliery,.Bacup, East Know1 Colliery, Norden, and on
Whitworth Lower End Moor, represent the few remaining areas of unwrought
coal in Rough Rock which lies at the surface. A large area of Sand Rock
Mine, bounded by two north-west faults, lies under the Coal Measures of
Rooley Moor at a workable depth ; and though the coal probably averages
I ft. 8 in. inthickness and is of good quality, the difficulties of dealing with
underground water have so far discouraged the mining of the seam here.
A very fine section of Rough Rock is exposed in the quarry overlooking Naden
Lower Reservoir on the east side. The Sand Rock Mine crops out in the top
of the bank at the south end of the quarry, overlain by grit, rubble and drift.
Below this the section is as follows :-
Ft. In.
Sand Rock Mine and fireclay . .. . .. .. . . .. -
Massive coarse grit ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 0
Sandy shale and shaly flagstone . .. . .. ... . .. 10 0
Fine grained current-bedded and flaggy sandstone ... 35 0
Cap
Haslingden Flags.
The same character at the base of the Rough Rock is seen in the stream
below Brook House, Norden, and in the quarries west of Spring Mill Reservoir.

LOWER COAL MEASURES

The Central Plateau includes the whole of the important Bacup

coalfield, consisting entirely of Lower Coal Measures. In addition
there are outlying masses of Lower Coal Measures on Dearden and
Scout Moors on the south side of the Naden Valley fault ; on the high
ground between Baxenden and Love Clough ; and around Hapton
Park. A thin capping of Lower Coal Measures occurs also on
Haslingden Moor. These outlying areas will be noted separately
at the end of the account of the Bacup coalfield, which, for the sake
of convenience in presenting a connected account, will be regarded
as extending north-westward so as to include the Gambleside district
The Lower Coal Measures of the Bacup district are exceedingly
well exposed, and the combined evidence of numerous natural sections
and mining information provides data for a detailed succession from
the Rough Rock to the Old Lawrence Rock. The chief seams of the
series, the Upper and Lower Mountain Mines, have been exploited
over considerable areas, and greater facility in the mining of these
seams is afforded by the horizontal or gently inclined nature of the
measures in this district, and the comparatively shallow depths at
which the coals may be worked over wide areas. The extensive
outcropping of the seams has naturally led to the adit method of
(811) F
74 ROSSENDALE :

mining, and the tracing of these outcrops offers little difficulty in

consequence.
The separation of the Lower Mountain Mine and the Upper Foot
or Bullion Mine (see pp. 77-S), and. the incoming of the Bullion Mine
Rock results in an expansion of the measures between the Upper
and Lower Mountain Mines, from a thickness of 120 ft. on the south-
east to 1&Oft. on the south-west of the line of union.
In addition to the two important seams already mentioned, the
Lower Coal Measures are characterised by other coals no less
constant but of inferior commercial value. The Lower Foot Mine,
lying 20 to 30 ft. below the Lower Mountain Mine, rarely reaches
a thickness of a foot in the Bacup district and has not been worked ;
it is nevertheless a persistent horizon, and the fair quality of the coal
may attract attention to it in the future. An equally persistent and
recognisable horizw is to be found in the Inch Mine, which occurs
30 ft. or so below the Upper Mountain Mine. The coal itself is
worthless, being only 2-3 in. thick, but the underlying fireclay, with a
constant thickness of 5-6 ft., may some day prove of commercial
value ; an ironstone band has been observed often to occur in the
hard dark spangly shale succeeding the coal.
The Bassy Mine in this area rests directly on the Woodhead Hill
Rock ; the seam varies in thickness and character, consisting of
coaly shale with varying proportions of true coal showing cubical
jointing. The Six Inch Mine immediately overlies the Rough Rock
wherever seen, and frequently belies its name by reaching a thickness
of 9 or 10 inches.
North of the Deerplay Fault.-The Rough Rock skirting the
eastern edges of Deerplay, Heald and Todmorden Moors forms a
natural eastern boundary to the Lower Coal Measures of the Bacup
coalfield ; a gentle south-westerly dip results in the exposure of
successively higher beds of the series in unbroken regular ridges and
‘ slacks ’ across these moors until broken off by a large fault (the
Deerplay fault) ranging N.W.-S.E. through Holden Gate and
across the south side of Deerplay Moor. The belt of Lower Coal
Measures thus exposed is of rare value as affording an unbroken
succession which can be measured and examined by means of stream
sections, quarries and other natural exposures.
The higher part of Green’s Clough (Fig. 16) descending Car-r and Craggs
Moor, contains a complete succession from the Six Inch Mine to the shales
above the Milnrow Sandstone. A level tunnel was driven, many years ago,
from the base of the Woodhead Hill Rock, for a distance of several hundred
yards in the direction of dip, and from it the Lower Mountain Mine was
worked. The tunnel, when reopened recently by the Cliviger Colliery Co.,
was found to be choked with ‘ carr,’ or ochreous clay. This has been cleared,
and it is proposed to drive forward to the Upper Mountain Mine, which has
already been worked a little at the outcrop in Green‘s Clough.
The coal overlying the Woodhead Hill Rock, known variously as the Bassy
or Salts Mine and Shale Bed, was proved in the main adit, with a thickness
of 2 ft. An old shaft 9 yds. to the Lower Mountain Mine has been deepened,
and the Lower Foot Mine proved 11 yds. below the Lower Mountain Mine.
The intervening strata consist of dark shale in the upper part, resting on
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU, 75

15 ft. of hard white siliceous sandstone, which extends down to within a few
feet of the Lower Foot Mine, the roof of which is black shale. The Lower
Mountain Mine is here 4 ft. thick, and the Lower Foot Mine 9 inches. A
similar section is seen in the return airway, the entrance of which commences
in the shales below the Lower Foot Mine on the south bank of the stream.
The crop of the Lower Mountain Mine and the marine shales forming the roof
is obscured in the stream, but the coal has been exposed by digging on the
north bank ; the succeeding shales containing the Inch Mine are well seen in
a small gully entering the main stream on the south side. On the opposite
bank, about a hundred yards further north, the Upper Mountain Mine is
exposed in outcrop diggings. The coal is 1 ft. 9 in. thick and rests on 3 ft. 9 in.
of fireclay, underlain by 3 ft. of ganister, the bottom of which is not seen.
The roof is a dark slightly pyritous shaly mudstone in which fish remains
have been found. It is highly probable that this seam is not the true Upper
Mountain Mine but represents the Cannel Mine of Easden and Black Cloughs,
2 to 3 miles to the north-west. A return to this question, however, will be
made later. Higher up the clough a few feet of flagstone are exposed, 30 to
40 ft. above the Upper Mountain Mine, the attenuated equivalent of the
Darwen Flags. The stream section is completed by 60 ft. or more of coarse
massive sandstone representing the Milnrow or Crutchman sandstone. A
fireclay dump at the bend of the stream indicates the site of ancient adit
workings in the thick bed of fireclay capping this sandstone (see p. 150). There
is no evidence of the presence here of the Pasture Mine, which is developed
at this horizon around Burnley, and a little farther south conclusive proof of
its absence is furnished by workings in the fireclay on Todmorden Moor,
where the fireclay is upwards of 10 ft. thick and is mined by adits from the
crop.
Northwards from Green’s Clough the coals and sandstones above described
may be traced without difficulty across Heald and Deerplay moors to the
Thieveley Lead Mine Fault. Between Green’s Clough and Ratten Clough
(Fig. 16) the trend of the Lower Foot Mine is indicated by the debris of the
white ganister sandstone which lies above the coal. The Lower Mountain
Mine and Lower Foot Mine are well exposed in the higher part of Ratten
Clough, where they are separated entirely by shales, the ganister sandstone
having died out : lower down the clough is the Woodhead Hill Rock, which
is cut off by a fault and repeated farther downstream ; the Bassy Mine is
not visible.
The shales between the Woodhead Hill Rock and the Lower Foot Mine
are somewhat sandy in the lower part, suggestive of the incoming of the sand-
stone which is developed at this horizon near Bacup.
The Inch Mine is exposed at the top of the small gully branching south-
wards from Ratten Clough, while in the moor above, a slack shows the position
of the Upper Mountain Mine. The small quarry near the old shooting box
is in Darwen Flags, above which, cresting the moor with a bold ridge along
the line of Old Dike (the supposed ancient boundary of the Forest of Rossendale)
and Thieveley Pike, is the Milnrow Sandstone.
Black Clough, on the north side of Deerplay Moor, gives another clean cut
section of the beds between the Milnrow Sandstone and the Lower Mountain
Mine, the succession being terminated in the shales below the coal by the
Thieveley fault, throwing in the Arlev Mine. The Inch, Lower Mountain and
Lower Foot Mines are also visible in several small streams east of Black
Clough ; the Lower Foot Mine was here seen to have the unusual thickness
of 18 inches.
The tipped material from the Lower Mountain workings in Black Clough
affords an excellent opportunity for examining the marine shales, bullions
and coal balls associated with this horizon. The head of Black Clough is
occupied by Milnrow Sandstone, in the middle of which is evidence of old
outcrop diggings, said to relate to an S-in. coal, which is probably the same as
the one exposed in Whitewell Brook on the north-east side of the Deerplay
fault, 2 miles south of Towneley Hall.
(811) B-2
76 ROSSENDALE :

The development of the Cannel Mine in close conjunction with

the Upper Mountain Mine in this area is of interest. The two seams
are exposed at the entrance of an old level in the headwaters of
Easden Clough, near the line of Thieveley fault, one and three
quarter miles due south of Towneley Hall, and again in Black
Clough, and have been worked over the intervening ground by the
Deerplay Colliery Co,
The following section shows the relations of the two seams :-
Dark shale roof
Cannel Mine .. . ... . .. .. . . .. 15 to 18 in. with pyrites
Fireclay, sandy at base . .. .. . .. . . .. 8 to 15 ft.
Upper Mountain Mine . .. .. . .. . . . . 26 to 28 in.
Sandy fireclay . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. 2 to 3 ft.
Shaly sandstone with strong ribs ... . .. .. . 12 ft.
It was reported by Mr. Maden, manager of the colliery, that the *
Upper Mountain Mine thinned out in the working south of Black
Clough, coincidently with a thickening of the Cannel Mine, while
the measures separating the seams also decreased in thickness.
Unfortunately, the abandonment of the Upper Mountain Mine
workings on this account has cut off at a critical point the evidence
for the inferred failure of the Upper Mountain Mine. It seems
probable, however, that the Upper Mountain and Cannel Mines
unite as a result of the dying out of the intervening fireclay, with the
added possibility that the Upper Mountain Mine becomes a mere
coal streak long before the actual junction of two horizons is reached.
Further details concerning the Cannel Mine development have been
discussed in Chapter IV.
The dark shales succeeding the Milnrow Sandstone are exposed in the
footpath following the county boundary at the head of Green’s Clough and
again in the south bank of the stream below the Bacup road at Holden Gate ;
at the latter point they are seen to become sandy in the upper part, and thus
pass gradually up into the micaceous brown flagstones and tiles constituting
the Dyneley Knoll Flags, which have been extensively quarried for a mile
along the crop north-westwards from Holden Gate. In the streams near
Deerplay Colliery the flagstones are intercalated with a good deal of sandy
shale, but the bed can be traced by a small feature across Deerplay Moor
until cut off by a branch of the Deerplay fault, which throws up Milnrow
Sandstone on the west side of the Burnley road as far as Bent Hill Slack,
l& miles north-west of Weir. On the roadside opposite the old farm dark
shale is visible in a small excavation said to have exposed a coalseam, which
must lie above the Milnrow Sandstone and therefore must be the Pasture
Mine, but apart from the doubtful thickness and quality of the coal, the area
close to the surface at this point is restricted to a small wedge between the
Deerplay fault and the branch fault above mentioned.
Deerplay Hill, on the south-west side of Deerplay Moor, consists of an
outlying mass of Old Lawrence Rock fault-scarped on the south side by the
Deerplay fault, which is visible in the quarry-road opposite Ashworth Farm.
Entangled in the fault-plane is a coal which probably represents the Bassy
Mine, thus indicating the amount of the throw of the fault.
The disposition of the beds in the vicinity of Irwell Springs, half a mile
north-east of Weir, reveals a synclinal structure on the north-eastern down-
throw side of the Deerplay fault, due no doubt to extra ‘ drag ’ at this point.
The throw of the fault at this point is clearly demonstrated by the juxtaposition
of Woodhead Hill Rock and Milnrow Sandstone, the latter being exposed in
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 77
the lane east of the print-works, overlain by about 12 ft. of fireclay with
ganister ribs, The Pasture Mine is absent. A thin coal is present in the
rock 17 ft. below the top, equivalent to the coals in Whitewell Brook and
the head of Black Clough (see p. 75). The Dyneley Knoll Flags are brought
to the surface a short distance from the print works by the steep north-easterly
dip, and make a sharp feature, but thereafter the dip slackens to the north-
east, and is finally reversed ; as a result the Flags are repeated along the
south-west margin of Heald Moor, and in the basin so formed lie the Accrington
Mudstones, well exposed in Heald Brook, half a mile east of Weir. An
important effect of this synclinalstructure is that it brings within easy reach
from the surface a considerable area of the thick Pasture Mine fireclay, which
would otherwise, i.e., with a continuous south-west dip, have taken on a cover
of something like 200 ft.
South of the Deerplay Fault.-The country south-west of
the Deerplay fault from Gambleside to the edge of the Millstone Grit
area south of Bacup provides an expanse of Lower Coal Measures
remarkable for the richness of its exposures, which in conjunction
with a simplicity of structure makes the district a veritable open
book of Lower Coal Measure geology. North of Gambleside, however,
the complex faulting renders it difficult to interpret the ground
with certainty, except where the coals have been mined. The
structure of the doubtful ground has been elucidated to some extent
by the faults proved in the Lower Mountain Mine workings from
Gambleside Colliery.
The area now -to be described comprises the most important
part of the Bacup coalfield, and contains extensive areas of the two
Mountain Mines, singularly free from disturbance and lying almost
horizontal. The south-east portion of the area is a natural continua-
tion of the Littleborough coalfield ; to the north-west it passes into
the complicated Gambleside region. The general succession of Lower
Coal Measures as given in Fig. 18 is fairly uniform over the whole
district and attention here will be devoted chiefly to the consideration
of exceptions and variations.
The most striking feature of the Bacup coalfield, the union of the
Lower Mountain and Upper Foot Mines, is revealed in the broad

FIG. 21 .-Diagrammatic sketch of the Union of the Lower Mountain and Upper
Foot Mines at Racup.
78 ROSSENDALE :

belt of Lower Coal Measures now under consideration. The manner

and phenomena of the junction were long ago recognised and a concise
account thereof by Captain Aitken appeared in the Transactions of
the Manchester Geological Society in 1865.1 The accompanying
diagrammatic section (Fig. 21) is based partly on that taken in the
working,s under Tooter Hill by Capt. Aitken, and from observations
of the junction in the workings of Old Meadows Colliery, Bacup,
The’ phenomenon may be interpreted as resulting either from the
depression of one part of the original surface on which the Lower
Mountain Mine was formed, or from elevation in another part, or
both. The infilling of the depressed area with sandy material was
contemporaneous with the continued growth of the coal bed in the
elevated part, and terminated in the emergence of a sandbank on
which the original vegetation of the Upper Foot Mine grew.
Thenceforth, a continuity in the surface conditions accompanying
the formation of the coal obtained until the final submergence and
flooding by the sea of the whole area, indicated by the succeeding
marine shales.
In the area where the two seams are united the Union Mine ranges in
thickness from 4 to 6, and in rare cases even 7 feet, whereas the thickness of
the Lower Mountain Mine around Bacup, where it is separated from the
Upper Foot, is from 2 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft., with an average of 3 ft. Slickensides
and joints running at an angle of 45” to the cleavage of the coal are common
near the line of junction, their surface being coated with a thin layer of iron
oxide, called by the miners ggagantails.’
The bullions or coal balls found in the coal seam contain plant remains
only, while the roof nodules or ‘ baum pots ’ yield both plant remains and solid
specimens of Gastrioceras subcrenatum (carbonarium), G. listeri, Posidoniella,
Pterinopecten, etc. The nature and origin of these coal balls and roof nodules
has been closely investigated by Stopes and Watson, whose results are
published in the Transactions of the Royal Society.2 The line of union has
been laid down on the 6-inch maps, chiefly from mine-plans and information.
It lies in a direction nearly S.E.-N.W., passing under Tooter Hill on the
north side of Reaps Moss, and thence a little west of Sharneyford and across
Stake Moss to a point of outcrop on the east bank of the River Irwell, south-
east of Weir. It is ’ in the air ’ from here to the opposite side of the Irwell
valley, where the Lower Mountain Mine outcrops in the fields west of the ’
Burnley road. The line of junction is again proved for a short distance to
the north-west by mining until thrown above the surface by a branch of the
Deerplay fault ._ -Several hundred yards further north-west the Lower
Mountain Mine is brought in again by another branch of the Deerplay fault,
and evidence of proximity to the junction was observed in the workings near
the crop, which lies near and parallel to the Burnley road on its south side.
Union Mine has been worked under Deerplay Moor to within a short distance
of the Deerplay fault, so that the iine of junction here is probably ‘ in the air’
between the Deerplay fault and the crop of the Lower Mountain Mine on
the west side of the fault.
The north-westerly continuation of the line of junction from this point
cannot be traced with precision ; but it must lie between the old pits at
Wholaw Nook, 1,200 yds. S.S.W. of the Isolation Hospital, where the coal
was worked as ’ Union Mine,’ and Burnt Hill, 550 yds. south-west of Wholaw
Nook where the coals were separate.
The Upper Foot Mine is everywhere overlain by a considerable % .
1Vol. v, p. 185.
2 Phil. Tvans. Roy. Sot., Series B, vol. 200, 1908, pp. 167-218.
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 79
thickness of dark shale, at the base of which is a marine band
containing G. subcrenatum (carbo~arium). This roof character is taken
on by the Lower Mountain Mine north-east of the line of union, where
the Lower Mountain Mine and Upper Foot Mine are united, e.g. at
South Graine, south of Holden Gate, and in Heald Brook near its
junction with the R. Irwell. The roof of the true Lower Mountain
Mine, on the other .hand, consists of several inches only of barren
black shale, succeeded by dark grey sandy mudstone which passes
up gradually through shaly sandstone into the variable and irregu-
larly bedded Bullion Rock. In natural exposures and outcrop
diggings the thin black shale roof is often concealed by debris, giving
the appearance of a sandy shale roof, the character of which serves
to distinguish the Lower Mountain Mine of this district from the
Upper Mountain, Upper Foot, and Lower Foot Mines.
The succession seen in the area south of the Deerplay fault is
from the Six Inch Mine to the Milnrow Sandstone, the latter forming
outlying masses on Brex Height, Stake Moss, Tooter Hill and
Hogshead Law Hill (names on six-inch maps).
Only two exposures of the Six Inch Mine have been observed, i.e., in the
streams south-east and south-west of Stacksteads Colliery, south of the Hile ;
the overlying beds in both cases being sandy shale which, about 20 ft. above
the coal, pass into sandstone. This development of sandstone at a horizon
where normally there occurs a thick bed of dark shale and mudstone, is
referred to as a “ lower leaf ’ of the Woodhead Hill Rock.
The Woodhead Hill Rock appears in considerable force south-west of
Greave, near Bacup, but the lower part of the bed so mapped may be referable
to the ‘ lower leaf .’ This lower leaf is again in evidence on the hillside south
of Britannia Station, and is visible in stream sections which also show the
succession of beds up to the Bullion Mine Rock.
On the western margin of the coalfield the Woodhead Hill Rock is shaly
and thin, but makes a great spread on Swinshaw Moor.
The prominent conical hill called The Hile, 400 yds. N.W. of Stacksteads
colliery, is capped by Ganister Rock, as is a similar conical hill farther east.
The Bassy Mine is exposed at the foot of the western slopes of the Hile, and
the Lower Foot Mine, with the Ganister Rock, near the top of the second
hill. The north-westerlv fault terminating the Lower Mountain workings
of Stacksteads colliery is visible in Low Clough, 800 yds. E.S.E. of the colliery.
Another north-westerly fault, the Bacup Fault, with a downthrow north-east
of 27 yds., ranges from the middle of Bacup, across the hillside north-west of
the town, and in the hill between the two faults are good exposures of the
beds between the lower leaf of Woodhead Hill Rock and the Darwen Flags.
The Woodhead Hill Rock is here of poor development and is seen to contain
a lot of sandy shale in the upper part of Low Clough.
The shales separating the Woodhead Hill Rock and the Lower
Foot Mine in this area are everywhere sandy in the lower part, and
in places, e.g., near Stacksteads Colliery and at Broad Clough, the
sandy shales are replaced by micaceous tiles or flagstones, which
rest directly on the Bassy Mine or are separated from it by a few feet
of shale.
The Bassy and Lower Foot Mines and the intervening strata are well
exposed in the upper part of the River Irwell, east of Weir ; again in Nabb
Clough, north-east of Dean, and the streams feeding the reservoir at Windy
Bank, north of Dean ; and in the stream below the disused Broad Clough
so ROSSENDALE

Colliery, Q of a mile north of Bacup station, where the following succession

is visible :-
Ft. In.
Lower Mountain Mine
Fireclay and ganister . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. 12 0
Shales with Lower Foot Mine about 25 0
Shaly sandstone and sandy shale. “’ “’ ” ’
Upper leaf of Woodhead Hill Rock . .. ... . .. 15 0
Soft dark shale with plant remains-coaly at base . .. 4 0
Coal. Bassy Mine ... ... . .. . .. ... . .. 6
Fireclay . . . . .. ... .. . . .. . .. ... . ,. 2 0
Dark micaceous sandstone. Woodhead Hill Rock . .. - -
In the small streams east of Lumb, on the western border of the coalfield,
the Bassy Mine roof shales are found to contain Carbonicoh.
The following1 may be selected from the many points of outcrop of the
Lower Mountain Mine in the Bacup district, as showing also the nature of
the strata associated with the coal :-Oaken, Whitaker, Broad and Shepherd
Cloughs ; Higher Hogshead ; and the stream south of Britannia Station.
The following section is well exposed in Oaken Clough, south-east of Greave.
Ft. In.
Irregularly bedded sandstone. (Bullion Rock) . .. . ..
Sandy mudstone with flaggy bands .. . . .. . .. 5 0
Sandy mudstone . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... 5 0
Black coaly shale ... . .. ... . .. . .. 3
Coal (Lower Mountain Mine)“‘ ... ... . .. ... 2 8
Fireclay . . . ... . .. .. . . .. . . . several feet
Ganister (Ganister Rock) . .. . . . thin variable band
Black shaly mudstone with ironstone . .. . .. .. . 20 0
Hard black coaly shale .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. 6
Coal (Lower Foot Mine) . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. 4
Fireclay, passing down to sandy fireclay mudstone . ..2to3 0
Dark mudstone
The section is interesting in that it reveals the absence or poor development
here of the Ganister Rock, for in the quarry near Bent House, 500 yds. to the
south-west of the above section, the rock is present in force, entirely replacing
the shales between the Lower Mountain Mine and the Lower Foot Mine.
Still further south, however, it fails again, while north of Oaken Clough the
same irregular behaviour is seen. The rock occupies the bed of Scar End
Brook near its junction with the River Irwell, E.S.E. of Weir, and can be
traced south-eastwards for 500 yards along the banks of the latter to where
the Lower Foot Mine crops out ; from this point southwards for some distance
the Ganister Rock rests directly on the Lower Foot Mine, frequently on an
eroded surface of the coal.
The same phenomenon, together with good exposures of the Lower Foot
Mine and overlying Ganister Rock, is seen in the small streams flowing west-
wards into Whitewell Brook, south-east of Gambleside.
The shales and grey mudstones succeeding the Lower Foot Mine in the
adit of Old Meadows Colliery, Bacup, are said to contain sporadic Cavbonicola
often in ironstone nodules. A band of freshwater shells with plant remains
occurs in the mudstones below the Lower Foot Mine near Shepherd Clough
Farm, Dean.
The Upper Mountain Mine, with a thickness of 1 ft. 7 in. to 2 ft ., is worked
by adit from the crop at Top Colliery, lt miles north of Stacksteads Station.
Below the colliery a narrow gorge in the underlying shales is cut by Bridge
Clough Water as far as Lower Brex, 200 yds. south-west of the Colliery, where
the Bullion Mine Rock is exposed. The actual junction is obscured by debris,
--._ ---
l See six-inch maps
 THE CENTRAL PLATEAU. 81
with the consequent concealment of the Bullion Mine and its marine shale
roof ; but the two thin bands of Posidoniella, separated by 5 ft. of dark
pyritous mudstone, and exposed at the base of the shale section, are character-
istic of the shales above the Bullion Mine Marine Band in the Bacup district.
The Upper Mountain Mine, like the Lower Mountain Mine, has been
extensively mined in the district south of Bacup. To the north of Bacup
it is being worked by adit under Stake Moss, north-west of Sharneyford, from
the colliery at Sharneyford ; and under Smallshaw Height, on the opposite
side of the Irwell valley, by tunnelling through the Bacup fault from Top
Colliery. The coal and fireclay are well exposed in Grime Clough, south-west
of Smallshaw Height, resting on 12 ft. of strong flagstone equivalent to the
Helpet Edge Rock ; below is a considerable thickness of dark shales with
ironstone, including the Inch Mine, and overlying the Upper Foot Mine which,
together with characteristic marine shale roof, is visible in the stream opposite
the colliery.
The outcrop of the Upper Mountain Mine on the western slopes of the
Irwell valley is best seen in Lane Head Plantation and Whitaker Clough, due
west of Broad Clough. At the latter place the succession down to the upper
leaf of the Woodhead Hill Rock is also visibIe.

The higher beds of Lower Coal Measures in this area call for little
comment ; their stratigraphical subdivision is shown in Fig. 18.
The shales succeeding the Upper Mountain Mine are dark and platy
in their lower part, passing up to shaly mudstone rich in ironstone
bands and nodules. A fine-grained flagstone of varying thickness
(the Darwen Flags) is encountered at distances varying from 30 to
60 ft. above the Upper Mountain Mine, and is overlain by splintery
black shales which have been reported to contain a marine band?
These shales are exposed in the road near Heap Barn, 4 mile north of
Sharneyford ; and in several streams draining off Smallshaw Height, and the
hill to the south.
Around the north end of Hapton Reservoir, Clow Bridge, the Pasture
Mine and the Crutchman Sandstone, which may be seen in a quarry east of
the north fork of the reservoir, have been proved in borings.
In the high ground between Baxenden and Love Clough the
Six Inch Mine and its marine band are not well exposed, but can be
seen in the small stream at the head of Gin Clough, half a mile
W.N.W. of Goodshaw. Above it the Woodhead Hill rock forms
the northern part of the Cribden ridge. Northwards again towards
Great Hambledon the Lower Coal Measures up to the Warmden
Sandstone make well-marked features along the hillside west of Love
Clough. In this area the Lower Mountain Mine has been got by
adits from Goodshaw Colliery as far north as the E.-W. fault
which brings in Middle Coal Measures south of Hambledon Hill.
At a point half a mile W.N.W. of Goodshaw Fold the Bullion Mine
Rock suddenly thins out and appears to be entirely wanting for some
yards along the hillside. This is the more interesting in that it is of
average thickness elsewhere in this area. The various members of
the Lower Coal Measures are exposed at intervals along this hillside,
and 1080 yds. north-west of Love Clough mill, the Upper Mountain
Mine, with the Icconhurst Sandstone above, is visible in a small adit.
l Dugdale, C., - General Section of Rossendale,’ Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot.,
vol. x:x, 1887, pp. 220433.
82 ROSSENDALE :

In the outlier of Lower Coal Measures on Haslingden Moor the

Six Inch Mine is seen in a ditch, three quarters of amile N.N.E. of
Haslingden Grane Church. Here 1 ft. of coal is visible under 2 ft.
of dark shale. The shales and mudstones above the coal are seen
at Jumbleholes (71 N.E.), in a clough on the south side of the road
from Haslingden to Blackburn, near the second milestone. The
Woodhead Hill Rock is inferred to cap the moor under peaty drift.
North of the belt of Middle Coal Measures on Hambledon
Hill the Old Lawrence Rock, here divided into two parts by sandy
shale, makes a magnificent escarpment fronting northwards over
the lower slopes of Hapton Park. The base of the rock, with the
Accrington Mudstones and Crutchman Sandstone below, is exposed
in Thorney Bank Clough on the west side of the park.
On the south-west side of the great Naden Valley fault Coal
Measures occur on Dearden and Scout Moors. The Six Inch Mine
and its marine band can be seen 200 yds. south-south east of the
Colliery on Scout Moor and again higher up the same stream east of
the small reservoir. The Woodhead Hill Rock, here a massive
sandstone, is exposed in various small quarries and streams on the
moor. The feature it makes is, however, subdued by the bold
dominating escarpments of the Ganister Rock on Higher Hill,
north-west of Hail Storm Hill, and Whittle Pike, the highest point of
Scout Moor, 1534 ft. The Lower Mountain Mine crops round
Whittle Pike, where it has been worked by adits, and the coal
entirely removed.
MIDDLE COAL MEASURES

On Hambledon Hill a belt of Middle Coal Measures is thrown in

between two large faults (see also p. 95). The Arley Mine has been
worked from shafts and adits, and was dug from crop workings in
the 1921 strike. The Dandy Mine Rock makes a well-marked feature
in this area.
 CHAPTER VI

THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN

BY R. L. SHERLOCK

THE area with which the present chapter deals embraces the
Blackburn, Accrington and Darwen Coalfields and the high ground
formed by the steeply-dipping Millstone Grits to the north of
Blackburn. The general structure has already been briefly referred
to in Chapter I and the stratigraphy in Chapter II. Some notes on
the folding and faulting of the area will be found in Chapter VII,
We are here concerned with the more interesting of the details and
with the evidence upon which the published maps and sections are
based.
Millstone Grit of the Wilpshire Anticline.-The lowest
strata exposed in Sheet 76 appear in the railway cutting at
Wilpshire, where contorted shale, cut off by a fault, is exposed. By
the incoming of sandstone bands the shales pass up into the Lower
Wilpshire Grit, a fine to medium-grained -sandstone. A band of
shale is inferred, from the shape of the ground, to separate this sand-
stone from the Wilpshire Grit, but there is no exposure of the shale.
The Wilpshire Grit is probably fully 700 ft. thick and contains
massive pebbly grits, as well as medium and fine-grained sandstone,
and also shale wedges and partings. The best exposure is in a quarry
300 yds. E.N.E. of Wilpshire Station. The Grit is followed
by grey shale and mudstone with an occasional thin sandstone bed,
the whoie of this series being estimated to have a thickness of
about 850 ft. Some 25 ft. below the succeeding sandstone is a
marine band with Reticuloceras ret&datum, Homoceras striolatum and
.? Eumorfihoceras ornatum. This is exposed near Lower Hen Moss,
1,500 yds. north-east of Mickle Hey and also just beyond the western
margin of the Sheet at Ramsgreave Laundry.
The Parsonage Sandstone, which follows and is the equivalent
of the Todmorden Grit, is from 450 to 500 ft. thick and is mainly
sandstone with shale partings, grit being exceptional. The entire
thickness was cut through when making the dam for the Blackburn
Reservoir (not shewn on map), three quarters of a mile E.S.E. of
Wilpshire Station. Badly preserved fossils were found just above
the sandstone.
In the north-east of the area about 500 ft. of shales and mudstones
follow and are overlain by about 400 ft. of flaggy grit, the Kinderscout
Grit. This splits and becomes replaced by shale, and opposite
Mickle Hey is represented by two 40-ft. bands of sandstone separated
by about 145 ft. of shale. The Kinderscout has not been mapped
.

84 ROSSENDALE :

beyond a point half a mile north-east of the middle cemetery church.

Here it appears to be represented by a 15-ft. bed of grit and some
sandstone ribs. Where thickest the Grit is followed by about
490 ft. of shale and mudstone containing marine bands with
Reticzcloceras reticuulatum~ mut. CCand mut. j3 (early form), about 212
and 170 ft. respectively below the overlying Revidge Grit. After
the Kinderscout has died out there is a mass of argillaceous strata
not less than 1,800 ft. thick between the Parsonage Sandstone and
Revidge Grit.
The Revidge Grit consists, near Edge End, of about 250 ft. of
sandstone with shales. Towards the south-west it passes into pebbly
grits and on the western margin of the area is about 350 ft. thick.
A 6 in. coal on 4 ft. of fireclay occurs above it and is seen at H?rper
Clough Quarry. In this quarry 8 ft. of flaggy shale covers the coal
and then comes 7 ft. of flags representing the Helmshore Grit. This
becomes mappable to the south-west. beyond the railway and appears
to unite with the Revidge Grit north of Blackburn. At Harper
Clough, Reticdoceras reticdatum, mut. 18 occurs in shale about 5 ft.
above the flags. The flag and shale beds above, extending upwards
from this horizon to the succeeding Hazel Greave Grit, total about
97 ft., whereas at Royshaw (Bastwell on one inch map) they amount
to about 160 ft.

FIG. 32 .--Section west of Great Harwood. Vertical scale l& times the horizontal.

P.S. = Parsonage Sandstone. K.G. = Kinderscout Grit. Rv. = Revidge

Grit. H.G. = Hazel Greave Grit. B.B.S. = Brooksbottoms Grit.
H.B. = Holcombe Brook Grit. L.H. = Lower Haslingden Flags.
R.R. = Rough Rock. W.H. = Woodhead Hill Rock. L.M.M. = Lower
Mountain Mine. U.F.M. = Vpper Foot Mine. I.M. = Inch Mine.
CM. = Cannel Mine. C. = Crutchman Sandstone. P.M. = Pasture
Mine. D.K. = Dyneley Knoll Flags. AC. = Accrington Mudstones.

The Hazel Greave Grit was penetrated by the adit connecting

Harper Clough Quarry with Close Brow Quarry about 150 yds. to
the south. From the records of this tunnel it appears to be a well-
bedded sandstone with shaly partings which increase downwards
until the sandstone beds fail altogether. A coal 1 ft. 4 in. thick
occurs about 10 it. from the top of the rock. The sandstone above
the coal is probably the equivalent of the ‘ ironstone ’ ganister in
the district nor’th of Bury. It is overlain by about 100 ft. of ‘ black
shale,’ above which is the Holcombe Brook Series.
 THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN. 85

At Royshaw Brickworks, Bastwell, the same series of beds is

exposed and can be examined in detail. Here the rock above the
coal is a ganister sandstone and the shales above yield LinguZa
and the marine band with Reticulocevas reticulaturn, mut. y, so
characteristic of this horizon. Details are given in Fig. 23.
The Holcombe Series shows a fairly full
development in this area except that the
Brooksbottoms Grit appears to be weak or
absent. The section intermittently exposed
at Royshaw Brickworks and that recorded in
the adit at Harper Clough and in the adjoining
Close Brow Quarry are shown in Fig. 24. The
m&rine band above the upper Holcombe
Brook Coal is well exposed in both localities.
It yields Gastrioceras cancellatum, both in its
type form and in the variety known as
HAZEL crencellatum, Orthoceras sp., PterinoPecten
papyraceus, and Posidoniella sp. At Royshaw
GREA YE

GRJT
there are large bullions in the marine band,
but they are extremely hard to break and
the solid specimens of G. cancellatum obtained
from them are invariably entirely devoid of
Base not seen;
ornament. At both Close Brow and Royshaw
near fault the dark shales above the marine band contain
FIG. 23 .--Section of beds of highly contorted shale both under and
the Hazel Greave Grit and overlain by undisturbed shale. From these
overlying strata at Roy-
shaw Brickworks, Bnst-
beds greenish mudstones of variable thickness
weil, Blackburn. lead up to the Lower Haslingden Flags.
The lower part of the Haslingden Flag
Series in Close Brow Quarry, Harper Clough, is locally known as the
‘ lonkey ’ and is a massive white saccharoidal, rock 11-12 ft. thick.
Then follows a thickness of 45 ft. of inferior flags followed by 48
ft. of good flags. The extension of the Haslingden Flags, as such, to
any great distance along the strike to the north-east of Close Brow
is problematical.
At Royshaw Brickworks, Bastwell, where the Haslingden Flags
are also exposed, there is no ‘ lonkey.’ In these quarries there is a
thickness of 100 ft. of true flags and these, and the adjoining shaly
sandstones and sandy mudstones, all show bright red mottling on
weathered surfaces. The succeeding shales contain the usual marine
band with Gastrioceras crenulatum and other allied forms.
The mudstone and shale between the Flags and Rough Rock
appear to vary from 84 to 212 ft. The Rough Rock consists of about
60 ft. of strata ; coarse grit below but the top beds sandstone. These
latter are seen in the quarry at the head of the tramway, 1,100 yds.
south-east of Mickle Hey. The Sand Rock Mine is not now visible,
but Mr. J. Spencer records it as from 6 to 9 in. thick with a 3 ft.
fireclay, resting on a foot of shale and this on grit. The coal is only
about 8 ft. below the top of the Rock. About 6 ft. of shale separates
86 ROSSENDALE :

the top of the Rough Rock from the fireclay of the Six Inch Mine
above.
Lower Coal Measures of Blackburn and Accrington.-
It-is convenient to regard the Coal Measures as commencing with the
Six Inch Mine, a very constant coal surmounted by a marine band.
It is probable that the marine band was passed through in the boring
at Messrs. Hodson and Taylor’s DyeWorks, Willow Street, Blackburn,
at a depth of between 70 and 112 ft., for Mr. F. Marsden found
goniatites in the specimens preserved. The record of the bore-hole

--

\.
.

..

BI
I ’ BRQOKS8OTTOMS
COAL I’iYrqotutud

FIG. 24.-Comparative sections in the Holcombe Brook Series at Close Brow

Quarries (A),and Royshaw Brickworks (B). Descriptions in inverted commas
are from record of adit section.

at Messrs. Nuttall and Co.‘s Lion Brewery, situated 170 yds. south-
west of the boring just mentioned, is given in Fig. 25.
In the quarry 1,100yds. south-east of Mickle Hey the Rough Rock
(p. 85) is followed by 6 ft. of shale, covered by a foot of fireclay
and then a foot of coal, the Six Inch Mine. Mr. J. Spencer has
found ‘ coal-balls ’ with badly preserved plants in the coal, and
‘ bullions ’ with goniatites and occasionally plants in shale 3 ft.
above the coal. The quarry is excavated in mudstone and shale,
formerly worked for bricks. About 77 ft. above the Rough Rock is
 THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN. 87
the base of the Woodhead Hill Rock, seen in the tramway leading out
of the quarry.
The bed of the stream forming the Blackburn boundary, near the
auarrv iust mentioned and west of the tramway from the quarry,
shows the Woodhead Hill -Rock and, after-a
gap, the shale over the Lower Mountain Mine.
::..+:.,..
g:::: :;:>;.:.;.:.::i<
. . . . . .. . . .
Gm& Arc Next comes the Great Arc Sandstone, or
:.;::..: . ..x:. &7&J&J=
Bullion Rock, about 27 ft., and then the
:I :.:.::

Upper Foot or Bullion Mine, from 6 to 8 in.,

. . . . ..i.... ..:.: . .. . M,
with bullions. The dip is about 50” to the
,,L,M

south-east.
East of the tramway the Bassy Mine forms
the back wall of a quarry and about 69 ft. of
shale and mudstone are exposed in the excava-
tion. The Lower Foot Mine is nowhere exposed
in this north-western area.
There are few exposures in the middle of the
basin between Blackburn and Clayton-le-Moors.
Thin-bedded sandstone seen at the entrance to
the tunnel, 550 yds. north-east of Blackburn
Station, is believed to be the Old Lawrence
Rock. The Croft Head Shaft, 1,000 yds. E.S.E.
from the central chapel in Blackburn Ceme-
tery, is said to have struck the Lower Mountain
Mine at a depth of 135 yds. Another old shaft,
at Little Harwood (Burnley Mem., p. 69), is
supposed to have reached the Upper Mountain
Mine (30 in.) at 80 yds. The clay-pit at Higher
Audley appears to be excavated in shales over-
kc. 25 .--Lion lying the Pasture Mine. A N.N.W. fault,
Bwwwy, Blackbzam.
probably quite small, crosses the pit.
L Rl .n4.= Lower Moun-
tain Rhine. R.M. = At Grimshaw Park, south of Blackburn, large
Bassy Mine, quarries show about 60 ft. of sandstone under-
(Scale 1 in. = 200 ft. neath a coal and a fireclay. The latter is
corrected for assumed about 5 to 6 ft. thick and the coal about 15 in.
dip of 45”) and covered by grey mudstone with thin flags.
The coal has been worked and has been supposed to be the Lower
Mountain Mine1 but is probably the Pasture Mine with the Crutchman
Sandstone below.
Several old shafts were sunk at Whitebirk in a much faulted area.
One shaft, 130 yds. from where the Blackburn boundary crosses the
road to Burnley, is said to have reached the Cannel Mine (17 in.) at
67 yds. and the Upper Mountain Mine at 83 yds.
Rishton New Colliery shaft commences high up in the Crutchman
Sandstone, and its record is given in Fig. 26.
Rock is seen at intervals in the banks of the River Hyndburn
between Church and Great Harwood. On the south side of the

l ‘ The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield ’ (1Menz. Geol. SW.), 1875, p. 64.
88 ROSSENDALE :

canal at Church about 60 ft. of Crutchman Sandstone is visible behind

the factory and the disturbance produced by the Church Fault is
also seen. North of the canal sandstone with shaly bands is seen in
the Sewage Works, and the upper part of the Crutchman and shales
above are seen in Dunkenhalgh Park. At the north end of the Sewage
Works at Clayton-le-Moors the Old Lawrence Rock is well seen in a
small quarry, and the top of the Rock is exposed 1,000 yds. E.N.E.
of Tottleworth.
The disused Enfield shaft, situated on the canal bank, 650 yds.
E. S. E. of Dunkenhalgh (Church Colliery of Hull) 1 reached
the base of the Lower Mountain Mine (28 in.) at 396 ft. According
to Hull’s section this shaft passed through the Cannel Mine (14 in.)
at 187 ft. ; the Upper Mountain Mine (2 ft. of bad coal) at 216 ft. ;
the Inch Mine (5 in.) at 277 ft. ; and the Upper Foot Mine (9 in.) at
340 ft. Joseph Dickinson2 gave a continuation of the section showing
that the Lower Foot Mine (1 ft.) was passed through at 425 ft. ; the
Bassy Mine (15 in.) at 500 ft. ; the Six Inch Mine (11 in.) at 634 ft. ;
and the Sand Rock Mine (7 in.) at 6564 ft.
At Clayton-le-Moors there are several large and deep clay-pits,
of which an account is given later (p, 151). Some 50 yds. north of
the Enfield Co.‘s clay-pit is a quarry in the lower part of the Old
Lawrence Rock showing about 20 ft. of well-bedded greenish-yellow
sandstone ; and 250 yds. farther north another quarry shows 40 ft.
of higher strata of the rock. The section of Moor-field Colliery is
shown in Fig. 26.
In the park of Clayton Hall the Riddle Scout Rock is badly exposed
in stream sections. Round about Huncoat there is much evidence
from borings. The section of Huncoat Colliery is shown in Fig. 26.
The strata above the Pasture Mine differ considerably in thickness
in different borings, particularly in the case of the Old Lawrence
Rock. The Borings Nos. 1 and 2 John Hargreaves and Brick Barn
differ from the shaft section in giving about 180 ft. of rock and rag
for the Old Lawrence, the 91+ ft. of shale between two rock bands
in the shaft record having become rag in the boring records. The
borings are more consistent with the surface evidence and also with
the known thickness of the Old Lawrence farther east. Large
auarries in this rock are situated half a mile east of Huncoat Station.
The Riddle Scout Rock is best seen in a quarry a third of a mile
north of Huncoat station, and the shale, with rag, above it in the
bed of the stream that crosses the canal here.
Castle Clough, extending from the Burnley Road to the River
Calder (north of the map) and in part a precipitous gorge, shows a
fine succession from above the Pasture Mine to near the base of the
Old Lawrence.
The boring, Hapton Valley No. 2, 350 yds. S.S E. of Lane Ends,
proved the Cannel Mine (1 ft.) at 176i ft. and the Upper Mountain
1 Ibid., p. 64, and Vertical Sections, Sheet 33.
2 ’ On the Coal Strata of Lancashire,’ Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. iv, 1864.
 THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN. 89
Mine (3& ft.) at 200 ft., ending in the fireclay below the coal. East
of the fault shown on the map the Old Lawrence Rock is seen in
two quarries. The Pasture Mine (30 in. with 4 in. of clay) isvisible

CALDER
COLLIERY

HUNCOAT
COLLIERY

(3)
oFt.

Ias

200

300

RISHTON
COLLIERV
HAPTON
(1) VALLEY
n I I NoI.B.H.

--_‘“I_

---------a_ ---M---w-- LOWER

FOOT _
M,“,?

FIG. 26.-Coszjmrntive ver,hnl sections of Coal Mmsures in the Accri?zgton

Distrid.

at the head of Castle Clough, south of the Burnley Road. In the

stream crossing the road, three quarters of a mile south-west of
Lane Ends, the coal’is from 9 in. to 1 ft. over fireclay.
(811) G
 90 ROSSENDALE ;

The country described above lies north of a feebly developed

anticline that extends through the middle of the Blackburn-
Accrington Basin. The anticline is visible in the Grimshaw Park
quarries (p. 87) and passes through Knuzden Brook. The trend of
the axis is about 25” north of east and it probably passes near the
parish church of Church. Here it either alters its direction to more
nearly east and west, or, more likely, dies and is replaced by a
parallel axis passing through Accrington Cemetery north of Hillock
Vale. Here the core of the anticline appears to be cut out by the
east and west fault that bounds the Crutchman at the foot of
Hameldon Scout (Fig. 29).

FIG. 27.-Horizontal Section south of Rlackburn. Vertical scale twice horiaoMal.

L.M.iV. = Lower Mountain -Mine. I.M. = Inch Mine. U.M.M. = Upper
Mountain Mine. C.M. = Cannel Mine. C. = Crutchman Sandstone.
P.M. = Pasture Mine. D.K. = Dyneley Knoll Flags. AC. = Accrington
Mudstones. O.L. = Old Lawrence Rock.

Describing now the area south of this anticlinal axis, there is a

clay-pit north-east of the Workhouse, Blackburn, showing 30 ft. of
Accrington Mudstone resting on black shale. The Old Lawrence is
badly exposed in adjacent lanes and the Dyneley Knoll Flags, to a
depth of 20 ft. of laminated sandstone and shale, are exposed at
Higher Croft in a stream-bed west of the Roman Road. The next
stream to the south, north of the cross-roads, shows the top of the
* - Dyneley Knoll Flags covered by Accrington Mudstones. Almost
Q m. south-west of Lower Darwen Station a disturbance in the
Flags indicates the vicinity of a fault. Presumably this is the fault
exposed in the River Darwen west of the Iron Works. Hull recorded -
the crop of the Yard Mine as crossing the railway 400 yds. south-west
of the Iron Works. The site is now covered by railway sidings but
it is highly probable that the coal is the Dib Hole, a seam found at a
variable distance above the Old Lawrence Rock. The large fault.
that crosses the railway about 100 yds. farther along may be regarded
as the natural boundary of the Da&&enCoalfield. East of the railway
and south of the Iron Works a large clay-pit shows strata which may
be generalised as follows :-
i;t. In.
Drift
Dark shale with ironstone ... . ., ... ... . .. 100 ’
Grey spheroidal mudstone (replaced to south by sandstone
with plants) . . . ... . .. . .. ... ... . .. 10 0
,
 THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN. 91
Ft. In.
Bright coal . ., ,.. . .. . .. ... . .. . .. - 18
Fireclay . . . ... ... . .. . .. ... . .. . .. 10 0
Coaly shale . .. ... . .. . .. .. . ... . .. - 04
Grey mudstone . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . ... . .. 15 0
Grey sandy mudstone and shaly sandstone ... . .. 15 0

The coal is probably the Dib Hole Coal and is impersistent.

Returning to Blackburn, we find a quarry in Warmden Sandstone
half a mile north-east of the workhouse. The rock is in part sandstone,
in part a grit, and is much cross-bedded. In a lane, 400 yds. south
of the cross-roads at Moss Hall, the rock is an ordinary sandstone
with only subordinate bands containing small pebbles. It is surprising,
therefore, to find that under the middle of Blackburn, as proved by
boring, the Warmden has become a coarse pebbly grit resembling
coarse Millstone Grit. Nearly half a mile E.N.E. from the church
at Knuzden Brook there is a quarry in sandstone, mostly cross-bedded
and micaceous. Hull recorded 6 to 8 in. of coal on fireclay as cropping
immediately north of the quarry, and this is probably the Cannel
Mine with only a few feet of shale between it and the Crutchman
Sandstone of the quarry. In another quarry, three quarters of a
mile east of the church, coal rests on 6 ft. of fireclay and this on
flag. A fault forms the western face of the quarry and the coal is
thought to be the Pasture Mine.
At Stanhill 32 ft. of Warmden Sandstone is seen in a quarry.
Beneath is 6 ft. of shale and then the Inch Mine. These strata are
also well seen north of the quarry and behind the factory at West
End. The coal is 5 in. thick and rests on 5 ft. of fireclay and 3 in.
of ganister over 25 ft. of mudstone.
South of the area just described the ground is nearly featureless
and drift-covered, with, however, some quarry-sections. One of
these, by the side of the road, a quarter of a mile south of
Shadsworth Hall, is probably in Crutchman Sandstone. There are
extensive road cuttings about the farm (Bank Fold) 500 yds. S.S.W.
of the chapel at Belthorn. A 25-ft. quarry, half a mile south-east
of the chapel, shows a 7 ft. bed of coarse sandstone under finer
sandstone. This massive phase of the Crutchman is well seen in
quarries on an eminence, three-quarters of a mile east of the chapel.
Here, sandstone, up to 10 ft. or more, without bedding-planes,
underlies thinner sandstone.
Between Oswaldtwistle Moor and Oswaldtwistle there is a
northerly dip and the ground falls towards the north : consequently,
outcrops are wide. In the streams flowing off the Moor rock is
frequently seen under drift, but nearer the town the drift is not
cut through.
The boundary-fault of the coalfield can be seen in Cattle
Plantation Higher (71 N.E.), three-quarters of a mile east of
Cocker Brook, at the head of a small clough, where it emerges
with a hade of 70” to the south. A waterfall shows 30 ft. of
mudstones, which are covered by Rough Rock above the fall,
(811) G2
 92 - ROSSENDALE

faulted against shales believed to lie immediately below the

Warmden Sandstone. Between the main fault and a subsidiary
fault 30 yds. to the north the shale rests on a coal believed to be
the Inch Mine. The main fault is also seen in the clough (Sure
Clough) a mile east of Cocker Brook. The slickensided Rough
Rock here supports the road and is raised above the swampy ground
marking the Coal Measures. The Inch Mine, on a thick fireclayj
is seen 60 yds. north of the road and cut off by the subsidiary fault
as in the previous case. The Icconhurst Sandstone is seen at the
junction of the two streams, and 200 yds. below the junction an
upthrow fault brings in the Warmden, which can then be followed to
Cocker Lumb Mill (71 N.W.), 1,200 yds. north-east of Cocker Brook.
Here the Warmden forms a waterfall, the sandstone resting on shale.
The Colliery at Oswaldtwistle (Town Bent) works the Lower
Mountain Mine (20 in.) at a depth of 97+ yds. The Upper Mountain
Mine was found in this pit at 18 yds. and was 26 in. thick. (Record
of adjacent boring on Fig. 28.)
At Broadfield large disused clay-pits expose dark shale, the
equivalent of the Icconhurst Sandstone. The Cannel Mine above is
1 ft. thick resting on 4 ft. of fireclay. In the clay-pit at Miller Fold,
half a mile north of Bedlam, there is about 35 ft. of dark grey hard
laminated shale, with many ironstone nodules, resting on the Cannel
Mine.
. The Warmden Sandstone is visible in a gorge at Fern Gore
(71 N.E.), 1,000 yds. north-west of Bedlam ; but down-stream,
three-quarters of a mile north-west of Bedlam, the Crutchman is
faulted against it. A boring situated 1 m. north-west of Bedlam
and 100 yds. north-east of the Catholic Church (63 S.W.) proved
the Cannel Mine (2 in.) at 47 ft. ; the Inch Mine (3 in.) at 145-1,ft. ;
and the Lower Mountain Mine (30$- in.) at 2764 ft. The Upper
Mountain and Upper Foot Mines probably occur at 75 and 198 ft.,
but were not proved.
In Oswaldtwistle, and especially in Accrington, numerous borings
have been made, the sites of which are recorded on the six-inch maps
(63 S.W. and S.E.), but they are far too numerous to be described
individually. Records of two of the deepest are given in Fig. 28.
These are the Mechanics’ Hall boring, at the corner of Willow and
St. James’ Streets, and 200 yds. east of Accrington Station ; and
John Riley’s Yard boring, at the corner of Grange Lane and Syke
Street, 630 yds. south-east of the Station. The records show con-
siderable variation in the thickness of individual beds within the
Accrington area and the map shows numerous faults. Both these
phenomena are probably due to the unusual amount of evidence
available and the rocks of the area are doubtless no more variable
and broken than in other parts, where, however, there is less
evidence.
On the south of Accrington there is a deep valley, in part a gorge,
known as Shoe Mill Clough, through which runs the railway to
Baxenden. The section commences at Woodnook with the Lower
 VtlWltAL HEY FOLb &f&?EV BANK
SCALE COLLIERY COLLIERY
-2
-0 FT. BLACKBURN (5) (7)
~I

w
STA.

o,“,o DRIFT

ACCRINGTON
MUDSTONE
- 100 MECHANIC’S 8.H:
ACCRINGTON > ::.:...

-200

J.RILEY’S B.H.
ACCRINGTON
(1)

ROUGH ROCK

FIG. 28.~-Cmparative vertical sections of the I.owe7~ Coal Measuws at BIachbwn and Damen.
94 ROSSENDALE:

Mountain Mine (26 to 27 in.). The dip of the strata does not differ
much from the slope of the valley. The Great Arc Sandstone is seen
1,500 yds. from Accrington Station and about 50 ft. above the stream
is a quarry in Warmden Sandstone showing the Inch Mine at the
entrance. The farm, one mile north-west of Baxenden Station gives
its name to the Icconhurst Sandstone, but this rock is no longer
well exposed opposite to the farm. The Upper Foot Mine occupies
the bottom of the valley, with 6 ft. of shale above it, and this contains
bullions with goniatites. The section extends all the way from Wood-
nook to Baxenden. Opposite the latter place a tributary valley
gives a continuous section for 1,000 yds. This is all in shale, the
Dewhurst and Bookleaf Shales, respectively below and above the
Warmden Sandstone, being faulted together. The fault is visible
350 yds. from the railway and the Icconhurst Sandstone forms a
small waterfall. Above the fall is the fireclay of the Cannel Mine
but the coal is not visible. The Crutchman Sandstone comes in
just at the head of the tributary valley.
In the faulted area at Baxenden little can be seen, but a boring,
a quarter of a mile W.S.W. of Baxenden Station, records . the
Pasture Mine at a depth of 63 yds.
At The Laund, south-east of Accrington, the Great Arc is seen in
a valley, and working down-stream there is a waterfall where the
sandstone caps the underlying shale. At 350 yds. from The Laund
there is, in downward succession, 2 ft. of sandy fireclay, 6 in.
micaceous ganister, 6 in. fireclay, 3 ft. of ganister. This indicates
the position of the Lower Mountain Mine. Above The Laund is
Dewhurst Shale.
Another. excellent section is in the valley containing the
Reservoir situated half a mile north-east of The Laund. The Ganister
Rock shows in a tributary flowing in below the reservoir embankment.
Above the Reservoir the Great Arc Sandstone is well seen in its type
locality. The shales above are capped by the Inch Mine (3 in.) with
2 to 3 ft. of fireclay, to which the Warmden Sandstone succeeds.
This rock takes its name from a large quarry nearly half a mile
above the reservoir. It is here a whitish, coarse, cross-bedded sand-
stone, gritty in places. Up-stream is another quarry, the Crutchman,
which is the type locality for the Crutchman Sandstone. A 40-yd.
fault passes through the spoil heap between the quarries and
separates the two sandstones. The Crutchman is here a white flag
with glistening, white, micaceous surfaces. It lies in a trough
between faults and has a dip of from 10 to 36”.
In the stream (Tag Clough) extending from Accrington to High
Riley, rock first appears about one mile south-east of Accrington
Station. Here 30 ft. of Warmden Sandstone is seen, disturbed by an
adjacent fault. Rock appears at intervals as one proceeds up-stream..
In the stream next to the north the section commences at the
mill (Plantation Mill) situated a mile a little north of east from the
Station. First, Warrnden Sandstone, with a northerly dip of from
25 to 30” due to a fault, is seen. At 250 yds. slightly east of north
 THE BLACKBURN AND ACCRINGTON BASIN. 95
sfrom High Riley ganister shows in a small anticline, followed by shale
with flag. Farther up still appears the Crutchman. The four small
reservoirs in the fault-trough to the north are on Old Lawrence Rock,
and 100 yds. north-west of the Farm (Slate Pits) 6 in. of coal on
fireclay may be seen. This is most probably the Dib Hole Coal.
Behind the farm the Riddle Scout Rock forms a marked feature and
the shale above it appears below the crop of the Arley Mine.
The Recreation Ground on the plateau above Hillock Vale rests
on Old Lawrence Rock, as may be seen in several quarries round the
margins. The Accrington Mudstone beneath is exposed in paths
leading to the top of the escarpment.
Half a mile north-west of Great Hameldon is a deep gorge, where
Old Lawrence Rock is seen resting on Accrington Mudstone. East
of the gorge the rock is exposed in extensive old quarries.
Middle Coal Measures of Blackburn and Accrington.-
These strata occupy the middle of the coalfield between Great
Harwood and Hapton, in addition to a faulted trough extending
east and west through Great Hameldon.
The Arley Mine, 4 to 5 ft. thick, by convention forms the base of
the Middle Coal Measures. Between Great Harwood and Clayton
Hall the position of the crop is estimated from a plan of the old
Hyndburn Colliery, and east of Clayton Hall from a plan of Moorside
Colliery. The disused shafts of Clayton Colliery, situated on the
alluvial Aat of the Hyndburn, appear to have reached the Arley
Mine at a very moderate depth. East of the Huncoat Fault old crop
workings can be seen in the clough near Head-o’-th’-Town.
Above the Arley is a belt of strata on the whole argillaceous. .
The strata are seen in a clay-pit, 300 yds. south-west of Hyndburn
Bridge, and also in the steep bluff north-east of the bridge. They
are best seen, however, in quarries, one on each side of the canal,
at Head-o’-th’-Town.
The Dandy Rock, which follows, is exposed in the quarry just
mentioned ; also in the adjacent clough. Here it is laminated flag,
but in the clough west of Shuttleworth Hall it is a thick-bedded sand-
stone making a gorge. In a quarry north of the canal, in the clough
west of Hapton Station, is about 25 ft. of sandstone with two solid
beds, and south of the canal a disused quarry still showed 30 ft. of
massive sandstone. The Dandy Rock seems to vary from about
50 to 100 ft. Above it are grey mudstones which appear to replace
more or less of the Dandy Rock and are succeeded by the Dandy
Mine, the crop of which just enters the area on the north. Here a
boring gave coal 18 ft. on fireclay 2 ft. 8 in.
Great Hameldon, 1,343 ft. above O.D., is capped by Dandy
Rock under which is shale and then the Arley Mine. In 1921 the
coal was dug at the outcrop south of the highest point. Faults
(Fig. 29) drop d own a narrow strip of Middle .Coal Measures. The
Arley Mine was worked in 1921 on Moleside Moor. The Dandy
Rock is seen. in pathways leading up the hill. The positions of the
Dandy and Crackers Mines are inferred from the depth of the Arley
96 ROSSENDALE :

456 yds.) at an old shaft situated 140 yds. north-west of the

reservoir. A cross-fault repeats the succession and also tilts the
&rata south-westward, so that the Dandy Rock and shale above it
emerge from beneath the Dandy Mine and form the higher ground.
N. s.

FIG. 29.~Section across Great Hawteldon Hill. Vertical scale three times
hovizontal.
L.H. = Lower Haslingden Flags. R.R. = Rough Rock. W.H. = Woodhead
Hill Rock. L.M.M. = Lower Mountain Mine. C. = Crutchman Sand-
stone. P.M. = Pasture Mine. D.K. = Dyneley Knoll Flags. O.L. =
Old Lawrence Rock. R.S. = Riddlescout Rock. A.M. = Arley Mine.
D.R. = Dandy Rock.

The Darwen Coalfield.-The Darwen Coalfield is bounded

on the north by the Eccleshill Fault, a prolongation of the southern
boundary-fault of the Accrington Coalfield ; on the west by the
Darwen Valley Fault ; and on the east by the fault that btings up
the Millstone Grit of Haslingden and Pickup Bank. The coalfield
is sliced by numerous faults into small blocks, making the area a
very difficult one to describe. For the most part the faults follow
one of two directions ; the majority have a trend from 20 to 30”
west of north and are crossed by the second set, approximately at
right angles, but somewhat more variable in direction.
Bisecting the Darwen Coalfield longitudinally is a fault which at
the north end, where it is stopped by the Eccleshill Fault, has a
small downthrow west ; but at Old Sett End (71 S.W.), half a mile
west of Hoddlesden, this fault dies, and a new fault, practically
in line with it, commences and immediately receives a cross-fault
having a throw supposed to be 70 yds. to the south-east. The
result is that the southerly-trending fault commences with a
considerable downthrow to the east and it grows in importance south-
ward, splitting, however, at Blacksnape into several branches. A
further result is that comparatively high strata, the Dyneley Knoll
Flags and Accrington Mudstones, occur between Sett End (71 S.W.)
and Hoddlesden. These higher strata are only found elsewhere in
the coalfield under the town of Darwen, near the Darwen Valley
Fault.
Almost all the evidence available for the town area is obtained
from the records of the colliery shafts of Eccleshill, situated three
quarters of a mile north of Darwen Station ; Hey Fold, half a mile
 THE BLACKBURN, AND ACCRINGTON BASIN. 97
north-west of the station ; and Shorey Bank, 200 yds. west of the
, station. The sections are drawn in Fig. 28 and that of Shorey Bank
has been previously published (Vertical Sections, Sheet 33). Hey
Fold alone reached the Lower Foot Mine ; the others stopped at the
Lower Mountain Mine, consequently we have no knowledge of the
lower strata of the Coal Measures under Darwen. The thicknesses .
of strata from below the Crutchman Sandstone to the Upper Moun-
tain Mine are identical in the records of Hey Fold and Shorey Bank
Collieries, which suggests a doubt if these are really independent
records.
The Cocker Garden Pit, situated 130 yds. south-east of the bridge
over the railway at Sough, Darwen, apparently began in the Upper
Mountain Mine fireclay. There is 47 ft. of Warmden Sandstone on
8 ft. 1 in. of shale ; then the Inch Mine (2 in.) and fireclay (46 ft.),
the Inch Mine Rock being represented by 224 ft. of rag ; shale 56 ft.
7* in. ; and then comes a mixture of coal and rag that probably
represents the Upper Foot Mine.
The section of Taylor’s Green Colliery, 600 yds. W.S.W. of the
Inn at Blacksnape, is also given on Fig. 28. A ‘ cockle-bed ’ is reported
to occur over the Lower Foot.
At Hoddlesden Colliery the Cannel Mine (20 in.) is separated by
9 in. of rock from the Upper Mountain Mine (1 ft.). The Lower
Mountain Mine (16 in.) is approximately 70 yds. below the Upper
Mountain, hence it is known locally as the 70-Yards Mine.
The shale below the Lower Foot appears to crop out in the
north-east corner of the coalfield, near Water Side ; and also in a
narrow strip west of the bisecting fault, from Blacksnape southwards.
The sandstone capping the hill south of Blacksnape is believed to be
the Bullion Rock (Great Arc Sandstone). The shales below the
Warmden (Dewhurst Shales) were formerly worked for bricks in a
pit 500 yds. W.N.W. of Hoddlesden Church and are visible in the
stream-bed 150 yds. nearer the church.
The Warrnden Sandstone in this district is a flaggy cross-bedded
rock, seen in a quarry 400 yds. west of the church ; also in a quarry
nearly a mile north-west of the church.
The strata between the Cannel and Upper Mountain Mines,
always variable, are particularly so in the Darwen Coalfield, as is
shown by the sections. It will be noticed that the Icconhurst
Sandstone, 34 ft. 8 in., together with 4 ft. 7 in. of fireclay at Hey
Fold and Shorey Bank, are represented at Taylor’s Green by 12 ft.
of strata, chiefly fireclay, and at Hoddlesden by 9 in. of rock. There
is shale between the coals in the lane 500 yds. west of Hoddlesden
Church.
The Cannel Mine is visible between faults in the railway cutting
nearly one and a half miles south-east of Darwen Station. Here the
coal is 11 in. thick and immediately beneath it is 6 in. to 1 ft. of
ganister, resting in turn on 5 ft. of fireclay.
The Crutchman Sandstone is in part known locally as the Darwen
Flags and is a thick mass of flags and sandstones with shale bands.
98 ROSSENDALE l
.
In the railway cutting half a mile north of Darwen Station it is a
rather massive sandstone.
The Pasture Mine is seen on the edge of Hoddlesden Moss, almost.
a mile south-east of the church. This coal has not been recorded
under Darwen and is either absent or it has been missed. The shales
above are well exposed in the stream-banks between Hoddlesden
Moss and Hodclesden.
The HeyIold Sandstone appears to represent the Dyneley Knoll
Flags. It is exposed in the roadside, 350 yds. west of Hoddlesden
Colliery. The Accrington Mudstone is known only from records.
Area wkst of the Darwen Valley Fault.-The Lower
Haslingden Flags are well exposed in a quarry at Higher Sunnyhurst,
three-quarters of a mile west of Darwen Station. Over some 25 ft.
of sandstone there is 3 ft. of mudstone and then shale with marine
fossils. The flags are also seen in Bold Venture Park (70 S.E.) and
again, with the marine band over them, in a quarry half a mile
south-west of Darwen Church. The lower leaf of the flags is not
seen but the presence of this is inferred from evidetice obtained to
the west. The Upper Flags show small sections but there are no
quarries.
The Rough Rock is well exposed in several quarries, one situated
half a mile west of Darwen Church, another three-quarters of a mile
south-west of the church. They show massive pebbly grit. The
Sand Rock Mine (10 in.) is seen in a quarry nearly a mile south-east
of the church. The upper part of the Rough Rock is flaggy.
The Lower Coal Measures cap the high ground west of Darwen.
The Six Inch Mine and marine band are exposed in a stream section
three-quarters of a mile west of Darwen Church and just over the
map boundary. The feebly developed Woodhead Hill Rock shows
in a lane, two-thirds of a mile from the church, as a shaly sandstone.
 99

CHAPTER VII

THE COUNTRY AROUND TURTON AND EDGWORTH

BY W. B. WRIGHT

THE area dealt with in the present chapter occupies the south-
western corner of Sheet 76. It contains a good deal of low-lying
ground and is in places deeply drift-covered. The complicated
system of faulting brings to the surface an extensive range of strata
from the Middle Grits to the top of the Lower Coal Measures. The
dominant faults have a north-westerly trend, but on the western
margin of the map these are crossed by an east-and-west system,
which is now known to grow in importance towards the west beyond
the limits of the present sheet.

MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES

‘The Middle Grits .-The lowest bed exposed in the district
is the Fletcher Bank or Main Third Grit. No strata beneath it are
anywhere to be seen, but several hundred feet of sandy shales have
been proved by boring to underlie it to the south of Belmont, just
outside the western margin of the sheet.
The Fletcher Bank Grit is coarse and often pebbly and is generally
a good water-bearing grit. It is exposed in the Longworth Valley
near Belmont and here, as elsewhere, it is capped by a small coal
and fireclay horizon, the shales above which contain a marine or
estuarine band with Lingula and small gastropods and lamellibranchs,
This is not actually exposed in the Longworth Valley but is proved by ’
boring both to the west near Belmont and to the east north of Bury,
so that it is to be looked for as a characteristic horizon when boring
for water in this district.1
The Helmshore Grit is a very much finer grained rock. It is
exposed in the Long-worth Valley above the bend a quarter of a
mile west-north-west of Longworth Hall (now in ruins), where it is
seen to be capped by a coal and fireclay horizon and shales with
R. reticulaturn, mut. /3 of dominantly late forms and R. reticulaturn,
early mut. y. Above these are some banded siliceous ironstones
similar to those of Hodge Clough, Lumb Mill, Stubbins but exhib-
iting in this locality cross-bedding of a character difficult to under-
stand. The marine band with R. reticulaturn, mut. 7 follows, but
the peculiar ganister with its underlying coal and fireclay, which
..--
1 An exposure of this fossil band in the River Roddlesworth, 2 miles west-south-
west of Darwen, has been described by l&-. R. C. B. Jones. See ’ Summary of Pro-
gress ’ for 1924 (Mew. Geol. Sure.), 1925, p. 66.
t See p. 65. .
100 ROSSENDALE :

occurs beneath this marine band to the east, is absent. The iron-
stones in their turn fail farther west beyond the limits of Sheet 76.
The strata above the y-Fed up to the Brooksbottoms Grit are
intermittently exposed on the slopes of Longworth Valley. The
lower portions are dark mudstones with ironstone nodules but there
is a small sandstone some distance below the base of the Brooks-
bottoms Grit. Judging by the series of boreholes put down at Lower
Folds in the valley south-west of Longworth Hall, this sandstone
must lie from 120 to 150 ft. above the y-Bed, which was proved in
one of the bores.
’ In the absence of any really good exposures which would serve to show
their local character, the mapping of the very variable series of strata between
the base of the Brooksbottoms Grit and the Holcombe Brook Coal is fraught
with considerable difficulty and possibility of error in the district now being
described. A full development of this succession shows three sandstones or
grits, the Upper and Lower Holcombe Grits and the Brooksbottoms Grit.
The shaly base of the latter is well exposed in the Longworth Valley due south
of Longworth Hall, but in none of the other localities where it is mapped is
this grit identifiable with any certainty. The massive brown sandstone in
the valley of Bradshaw Brook between Wayoh Reservoir (west of Edgworth)
and Turton Bottoms is considered from its character and its relation to the
Haslingden Flags to be probably the Brooksbottoms Grit. This outcrop is
presumed to continue to the north-west between two faults as far as Entwistle
Reservoir where some other sandstone outcrops are provisionally included in
it. The outcrop shown crossing the railway in the low drift-covered ground
south of Entwistle is entirely theoretical.
To the north of Longworth Hall, on the moorlands north-west of Delph
Reservoir (not yet marked on the Ordnance Maps) are some quarries in a
massive yellow sandstone, which is tentatively referred to the Brooksbottoms
Grit. The area is thickly covered with drift and the only other evidence is
the most north-easterly of the Lower Folds series of boreholes, referred to
above, which is very diffierent from the others and penetrates a series of small
sandstones with fireclays suggestive of the highly variable Holcombe Series.
It is clear that the evidence is hardly sufficient to warrant any reliance being
placed on the mapping of this area. The oblique fault shown separating it
from the Coal Measures of Turton Moor to the north is mere guess-work.

The valuable index-horizon of the Holcombe Brook Coal and

marine band is nowhere exposed in the district, but the coal formerly
mined on the east side of the road a quarter of a mile north of Dimple
is presumed to be this seam on the ground of the discovery in its
tip heaps of R. reticulaturn, mut. 7 1 The very inadequate plan
available of these workings indicates that there were two seams, a
character which suggests the Holcombe Brook horizon rather than
that of the y-Bed proper. No coal is known to be associated with the
latter in Longworth Clough, a mile to the west. The failure to find
Gastrioceras cancellatztm in the tip at Dimple is against this con-
clusion, but it is thought that more extensive collecting would
probably reveal its presence.

Haslingden Flags .-The Upper Flags have a very considerable

development in this area and are well exposed along the railway to

l See p. 118.
 TURTON AND EDGWORTH. 101
the south of Sough Tunnel between Whittlestone Head and Wayoh
Fold. They have been worked by quarrying and mining at Edge
Fold and more extensively at Edgworth, where a very fine section
600 yds. long affords an interesting study of the minor lateral
variations to which these beds are subject. This is in the lower leaf
of the Upper Flags and is some distance below the Rough Rock.
Higher flags immediately beneath the Rough Rock are being quarried
at Round Barn Delf, north of Wayoh Fold.
The Lower Flags are poorly developed and seldom exposed. A
small thickness of them is preserved below the dam of Wayoh
Reservoir (Edgworth) on the south-west side of the fault which
traverses this reservoir. They were also proved in a borehole by the
road side close to Springs Reservoir, north-east of Whimberry Hill
(south-west corner of map), being here represented by about 10 ft.
of ‘ bastard sandstone.’ In Shaly Dingle, about half a mile farther
west, on the extreme western margin of Sheet 76, they are completely
wanting, being replaced by sandy mudstone. They clearly die out
and disappear in this direction, but to the north, in the neighbour-
hood of Darwen, they extend farther west.
At a first glance the worked flags of Edgworth appear to bear
approximately the same relation to the Rough Rock above as the
obviously Lower Flags around the flanks of Holcombe Hill (see p. 72).
It is therefore necessary to state the reasons for regarding them as
belonging to the upper group. They are so regarded because it
is considered that the stratigraphical distance up to the Rough
Rock is less than it ought to be if these were the Lower Flags, and
also because the marine band with Gast. cumbriense or G. aff. Zisteri,
so constant at the top of the Lower Flags, has not been found any-
where above them. It is, moreover, known that there is a very
rapid thickening of the Upper Flags in a south-westerly direction
combined with an equally marked thinning of the Lower Flags
(see p. 22).
The Haslingden Flag Marine Band has been seen in only one
locality in this area, and that is in Shaly Dingle on the western
margin of the map, where the Lower Flags are wanting. The zone
form, G. cumbriense, has not been found in this locality in spite of
assiduous searching, being replaced completely by a form allied to
and as yet not separated from G. Zisteri, a state of affairs which cast
considerable doubt on the identity of the horizon, until it was found
to be paralleled by numerous similar cases elsewhere.
Rough -Rock .-The Rough Rock of the district is a coarse
grit, often pebbly. It is, as elsewhere, divided into two leaves by the
Sand Rock Mine, which appears, however, not to be of any economic
value. The upper leaf of the rock maintains a fair thickness
throughout, but the lower is locally very thin in the neighbourhood
of Edgworth.
The mapping of the Rough Rock may generally be regarded as fairly
accurate. Between Whimberry Hill and Dunscar, however, the outcrops
shown must only be regarded as a rough approximation, the ground being
102 ROSSENDALE :
thickly covered with drift and unproved by boring. The north-western end
of this outcrop north of Whimberry Hill must be especially regarded as open
to doubt, the rock exposed in the stream at this point differing considerably
in character from the more common type. The Sand Rock Mine can be seen
in the gorge & of a mile south of Cadshaw on the Darwen-Bolton road, in the
gorge of Bradshaw Brook, north of Horrobin Mills, in the Quarlton Brook east
of Edgworth and in the railway cutting south of Summerseat. A small pit
has apparently been sunk to it, 200 yds. east of Turton Tower, but has not
been extensively worked.

LOWER AND MIDDLE COAL MEASURES

The Lower Coal Measures are fairly well represented in the
Turton and Edgworth district, most commonly in the form of
outliers on the higher ground, as, for instance, on the Turton Heights
and Turton Moor, but also forming lower ground in areas where the
dip is considerable, as along the southern margin of the sheet, and
where they are thrown down between faults, as at Turton Bottoms.
The sequence is fairly normal and can in general be interpreted
with confidence in terms of the better known succession in other
districts. The most remarkable variation from the succession to the
north and east is the incoming of the massive Ouse1Nest Grit to the
south of Turton.
The Six Inch Mine is well exposed in several places. The over-
lying marine band is better developed than to the north and east,
and some of the localities have even yielded identifiable goniatites
referable to (or at least up to the present indistinguishable from)
Gast. listeri. Well preserved remains of Pterino+ecten papyracezts
are a feature of the band. The mudstone above is quite
unfossiliferous.
The Ouse1 Nest Grit is of very coarse texture and often pebbly.
It has in the past been consistently mistaken for the Rough Rock,
with resulting serious confusion in the reading of the geology of the
areas where it is developed. It is not known north of a line joining
Belmont, Turton and Walmersley (see Fig. 12) and so affects only a
small portion of the present map. The recognition of its presence
as a new element in the stratigraphy of the district was not accepted
with any confidence until the putting down of the Horwich Bore
w.34 s. E.34 N.

FIG. SO.-Section from Holcombe Hill to Egerton awoss Turton Heights to shoze,
the i&coming of the Ousel Nest Grit (03.).
F.B. = Fletcher Bank Grit. H.B.C. = Holcombi: Brook Coal. R.R. = Rough
Rock. BR. = Bullion Mine Rock, W. = Warmden Sandstone.
 TURTON AND EDGWORTH. 103
proved its existence farther to the south-west.’ Its most striking
feature is the abrupt manner in which it fails going north. It
wedges in under the southern end of Turton Heights Coal Measure
outlier but does not reappear to the north.
A character of the Ouse1 Nest Grit is the presence immediately
beneath its base of a small coal known as the Margery Mine. In
places this is eroded away and caught up as wisps in the base of the
grit, as at the type locality, Ouse1 Nest Quarry, on the west side of
the railway, north of Bromley Cross.
This grit has also been extensively quarried on Horrock’s Scout along the
Bolton-Belmont road and at Egerton on the opposite side of the valley. In
both these localities the Margery Mine is apparently intact beneath the rock.
Quarries on the Tottington-Turton road, 2 of a mile east of Affeside, are
interesting as showing the relation to the Woodhead Hill Rock above.
In this last mentioned locality the Woodhead Hill Rock and the under-
lying Ouse1 Nest Grit are exposed in two tiers of quarries, one above the other
on the hillside, the Ouse1 Nest being seen to be overlain by blue mudstone
and the Woodhead Hill, which is of a much more flaggy nature, by a small
coal and fireclay-the Bassy Mine. The lower quarries have been hitherto
regarded as in Rough Rock, but the absence of the universally present Six
Inch Mine horizon and the nearness to the Woodhead Hill Rock above ought
to have aroused suspicion.
The Woodhead Hill Rock is very variable in strength, being in
general only a poor flaggy sandstone. Qn the eastern slopes of
Turton Moor it has the appearance of being divided into two leaves
by a band of mudstone, the lower leaf as well as the upper being
capped by a thin coal and fireclay. The establishment of this local
variation is, however, in need of confirmation, as it is dependent to a
considerable extent on the interpretation of rather obscure ground.
The Bassy Mine can be seen in many localities to cap the
Woodhead Hill Rock. It is always a poor shaly seam. The mud-
stones above, up to the Lower Foot Mine, contain Carbonzicola on
several horizons, the most marked of which are those about 5 ft.
above the coal, and another about half-way up to the Lower Foot,
above a small ganister-like sandstone which appears in places on this
horizon. These beds can be quite well seen in the streams which
descend the hill slopes south of Darwen, and here also they can be
contrasted with the mudstones beneath the Woodhead Hill Rock,
which unlike them are quite unfossiliferous.
In the higher beds exposures are less frequent and mapping
becomes more and more a matter of applying the experience gained
in other districts. The Lower Foot Mine appears to be fairly well
developed and has been mined in a small way in several places, as,
for example, at the south end of the Turton Outlier, north-east of
Egerton and west of Affeside. It is sometimes underlain by a small
sandstone, as, for example, south of Darwen, and both marine and
freshwater forms occur above it -The former, mainly Posidorniella,
can be obtained from a small tip half a mile west of Affeside Cross and

1 See p. 25 ; also ’ Summary of Progress ’ for 1923 (Menu. Geol. Sure.), 1924,
Appendix II, p. 150.
104 ROSSENDALE :

the latter (Carbonic&) in two localities, one on Turton Moor and the’
other three-quarters of a mile farther north in the direction of
Darwen.
The Lower Mountain. Mine is poorly developed and in places
entirely wanting. Its position is, however, readily traceable by
the Ganister Rock beneath, which, though never very thick, is
generally prominent on account of its hardness. The coal is quite
unworkable throughout the greater part of the Turton district, but
north of Turton Moor it has been extensively mined on the hill tops.
“Iurton Moor colliery to the south of Turton Moor is presumed, from the
recorded section of the shaft, to have worked the Lower Mountain Mine.
The section is as follows :-
Drift and shale to 51 ft.
Bin Coal 10 in. at 51 ft. 10 in. = Upper Foot Mine
Rock 54 ft. to 105 ft. 10 in. = Bullion Mine Rock
Shale, etc., 54 ft. to 159 ft. 10 in.
Coal 10 in. = Lower Mountain Mine
Fireclay 6 ft.
in two leaves
Coal (Half Yard) 1 ft. 8 in. at 168 ft. 4 in.
This subdivision of the Lower Mountain Mine into two leaves has not been
encountered elsewhere within this sheet, but it is not inconsistent with the
exposures in Duckshaw Clough 14 miles to the north, where the following
section is observable :-
Ft.
Mudstone passing locally to fireclay .. . ... . ,. ... 4
Shaly coal . . . ... ... .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. 2
Grey fireclay with ironstone balls . .. ... ... ... 7
Ganister sandstone.
The Ganister Rock is very variable in thickness and in places
comes quite close down on to the Lower Foot Mine, which it may
possibly occasionally cut out. Where exposed in Duckshaw Clough,
half a mile south-west of Height Side, Darwen, it contains tree stumps
with spreading Stigmarian roots.
The Upper Foot Mine has been worked at Affeside and also at
Turton. Very little is known about it and the marine band above
has never been seen in this area. The Bullion Rock below is always
fairly prominent and forms the capping of the Coal Measure outlier
west of Turton.
The Inch Mine is of no importance but forms a useful traceable
horizon in some localities. In the Aff eside district it is marked by the
presence beneath the coal of a hard white ganister rib about a foot
thick, which seems to expand northwards into a rock of some thick-
ness, well seen in the stream which enters Jack Key’s Reservoir,
south of Sough, Darwen, from the south-east.
A coal in the approximate position of the Upper Mountain Mine
has been worked on Cranberry Moss, south of Darwen, and probably
also at Hawkshaw, east of Turton. Still less is known about it than
about the lower mines. The section exposed in the railway cutting
north of Sough Tunnel, Darwen (see p. 29), would seem to indicate
that it is the Cannel Mine of the districts to the north that is here
workable and not the Upper Mountain Mine proper.
 TURTON AND EDGWORTH. 105
The Pasture Mine was once extensively worked at shallow depths
on the southern end of Grey Stone Hill, Darwen, where it can be seen
to outcrop, but it is not unlikely that the miners mistook it for the
Upper Mountain Mine. Its identity is now established by the fact
that, in the workings of Hoddlesden Colliery, the fault which can be
seen to limit the surface workings (in the Pasture Mine) on the north-
east brings the Upper Mountain Mine on the south-west into contact
with the Lower Mountain Mine on the north-east, thus making it
impossible for the Upper Mountain Mine to outcrop on the moor to
the south-west of the fault.
The Crutchman Sandstone which occurs everywhere beneath the
Pasture Mine is here as elsewhere a rather flaggy sandstone. It is
questionable whether any portion is workable for commercial flags,
as at Darwen, for any considerable distance south of that town.
Higher strata than the Pasture Mine are only found in this last
mentioned locality and in two inconsiderable areas on the south
margin of the map. One of these is at Hawkshaw and the other at
Dunscar. The occurrence of basset workings at Toppings, just off
the map, and the exposure of the mudstones beneath the seam, with
their characteristic small fireclays, prove the presence of the Arley
Mine, which, however, does not appear to be a seam of any value.
The mapping of the subdivisions of the Lower Coal Measures around
Dunscar is so inferential that it is desirable to explain the evidence on which
it is based, To the south, on the margin of the map, is the Arley Mine dipping
S.S.W. at 15-20” and above it strata of obvious Middle Coal Measure type.
About 300 yds. farther north are yellow shaly sandstones with a similar dip
quite like those in the upper portion of the Lower Coal Measures, There is
no exposure between this and the massive brown sandstone, which forms an
anticline in the stream south of Egerton and is very similar to the Ouse1
Nest Grit of the adjoining quarries of Horrock’s Scout and Edgworth. There
is no other sandstone in the district to which this could be referred. Mr.
Lomax informs me that he has found some slight evidence of the ‘presence
of the Upper Foot Mine in the occurrence of a loose bullion in the stream
north of Dunscar Bridge. Beyond this all is theoretical construction, con-
trolled by the knowledge that the pre-Glacial valley of Eagley Brook, north
of Dunscar, lay well to the west of its present course.
A very similar piece of inferential construction was necessitated in the
fault block on which are situated the Children’s Homes, N. of Edgworth.
At the south end of the block are poor exposures of the Rough Rock and
Upper Haslingden Flags. On the hills to the north of Broadhead Brook is
the Pasture Mine. Midway between the two, on Edgworth Moor, are quarries
in a coarse sandstone interpretable as the Warmden Sandstone. The rest ‘is
construction, the weakness of which is the assumption that there is no faulting
beyond that shown as limiting the block,
 106

CHAPTER VIII

TECTONICS
BY ALL AUTHORS

THE principal elements in the structure of the district covered by

Sheet 76 have already been referred to in Chapter I and need only be
summarised here. To the north-east is the asymmetric Pennine
Anticline ; to the north-west the Pendle Anticline and inside it the
Blackburn-Burnley Syncline. In the centre of the Sheet is a large
area of approximately horizontal beds on the crest of what has been
commonly referred to as the Rossendale Anticline, and on the south
side of this plateau the beds dip away towards the South Lancashire
Coalfield. The whole is intersected and much disturbed by a system
of faults, which from evidence further south appear to be both pre-
Triassic and post-Triassic in age.
Folding .-In order to make their effect more readily appreci-
able these elements of structure have been disentangled from one
another and presented in diagrammatic form in Figs. 31 and 32.
With reference to Fig. 31, which attempts to give a. generalized

FIG. 31.-Sketch Map showing in a genevalized ovm the main variations in dip
and strike in. Sheet 76.
 TECTONICS. 107

FIG. 32. -Sketch Map showing the principal lines of faulting in Sheet 76.

view of the variation in dip and strike of the beds, it should

be noted that it is not and cannot claim to be in itself a complete
representation of the deformation of the ‘area by folding, because
it is everywhere obvious that widespread changes of dip are
brought about by the alteration in the throw of faults when
followed along their length. For instance, on the south-eastern
margin the strike lines are seen to end with apparent irrationality
against the area of horizontality. This is unquestionably due to
the great number of faults with rapidly changing throw which
intersect this area, as will be readily appreciated by consulting
Fig. 32. The highly faulted area to the south-west displays
considerable inconstancy in dip and strike for the same reason,
and along the line of Cheesden Brook many small complex flexures
are also clearly due to the heavy faulting. On the other hand
in the Todmorden smash belt the faults are approximately along
the strike of the beds and so the fairly steep dip persists with
little change across the belt. Near Burnley, however, the Fulledge
Fault which belongs to this belt seems to be accompanied by a marked
change of both dip and strike, the beds to the west dipping N.N.W.
towards Burnley while those to the east are affected by the W.S.W.
dip of the Pennine Axis.
The central area of approximate horizontality and the main
areas of fairly consistent dip are interrupted by minor local flexures
not indicated in Fig. 31. Some of these are intimately connected
with the faulting, as for example the slight syncline which ranges
along the Deerplay fault (see p. 76) on its north-eastern side, and is
clearly the result of a reversal of the norrnal dip by upward bending
(811) H2
108 -- ROSSENDALE

on the downthrow side of the fault. Others are apparently inde-

pendent of faulting, as for example a small synclinal basin with its
axis running approximately E.S.E. from Dunnockshaw, which
locally interrupts the horizontality of the beds in the central plateau.
Other minor folds less definite in their relations occur in the south-
east of the Sheet. The faulted outliers of Middle Coal Measures
at Belfield and Rochdale are situated in asymmetrical basin-like
folds. The Woodhead Hill, Rock which forms the floor of the
Wardle Valley, a mile north of Wardle, lies in the centre of a shallow
faulted antichne, and the Kinderscout outcrop along the Summit
Valley at Warland has a similar relationship to the surrounding beds.
More conspicuous are certain periclinal structures which probably
owe their origin to stratigraphical anomalies rather than to subse-
quent distortion. Two of these occur on the Kinderscout moors
of the Pennine Anticline, one at Gorple and the other at Wardle.
In both instances the shales beneath the Kinderscout Grit appear in
the centre of the pericline. That at Gorple seems to be partly
connected with a thinning of the Kinders:out Grit.
The Blackburn-Burnley Syncline intervening between the horizon;
tally bedded central area and the highly tilted strata of the Pendle
Chain, forms one of the best marked features of the district, and is
responsible for the preservation of considerable areas of Coal Measure
strata. The north-westerly margin is very straight, trending
E.35”N-W.35”S, while that on the south-east is more irregular
but averages about E. 15”N-W. 15’s. Consequently the coalfield
narrows westward.
In the north-west the rim of the basin turns up with great
abruptness and the Millstone Grit beneath emerges at angles of
45” to 60’. On the south side, however, the dips are low and the
limitation of the coalfield in this direction is not brought about by
them but by a fault that brings up the Millstone Grit.
Owing to the much greater dip on the north-western margin the-
axis lies considerably nearer the north-westerly than the south-
easterly limit of the basin and passes through Blackburn, Little
Harwood, Rishton and Tottleworth. Much the greater part of the
basin lies south of the axis and is wrinkled by minor folds and tom
by faults. The most important wrinkle causes a flat anticlinal
axis to extend from Grimshaw Park, Blackburn, through Church,,
Milnshaw, and Accrington Cemetery. Here it appears to terminate,
being replaced by a fault, extending east and west midway between
Great Hameldon and Lane Ends, which cuts out the centre of the
anticline, causing the strata to dip away from the fault on both sides.
This anticlinal axis is sufficient to divide the coalfield into northern
and southern areas, the central part of each being occupied by Middle
Coal Measures which are preserved between Great Harwood and
Hapton in the northern and at Great Hameldon in the southern
section.
Faulting.-The dominant trend of the faults which traverse
the district is north-westerly. There is, however, a much more
 : TECTONICS. IO@
irregular system trending on the average west and east, but locally
showing considerable divergence from this general direction. Fig. 32
shews in diagrammatic form the distribution of the faulting in
Sheet 76, minor faults with a throw less than 50 ft. being in most
cases omitted. The two systems referred to above are easily
discernible. Both show a tendency to avoid the central plateau area,
but trench on it in places. The powerful Deerplay, Naden Valley
and Ramsbottom faults break right through. The relation to the
lesser faults, however, is such as to indicate that the central,
horizontally bedded area functioned as a resistant block, less easily
deformed than the surrounding country. The cause of its resistance
is not known, but it is possible that some of the lower grits may
attain exceptional thickness in this region.
. The faulting of the north-westerly system shews a tendency -to
concentration into two belts, one extending from Todmorden to
Burnley and the other from Turton to Darwen. The latter of these
smash-belts runs right across the Rossendale anticline and breaks
up its plateau-like character. Faults of the east and west system are
of greater importance on the west side of the sheet and are dominant
farther west outside its margin. A very marked belt of these faults
runs west and east through Accrington. The Boundary and
Thieveley Faults have considerable throws. Towards the south of
the Sheet the faults of the east and west system take on a direction
approximately E.30°N, thus tending to arrange themselves nearly
at right angles to the north-westerly system.
It is difficult to conceive of a state of tension which would
simultaneously produce two such divergent systems, so that one
naturally looks for a difference of age between them. Apart from
a jwiori probabilities it must be admitted that no satisfactory
evidence bearing on this point can be adduced. In several cases,
indeed, one system seems to flow into the other. Thus one of the
branches of the Deerplay fault at its north-western extremity curves
round into the east and west group of faults at Accrington, and the
Cliviger fault at its south-eastern end branches into two systems,
one of which continues south-east along the Summit Valley while
the other swings away eastward into a system which is probably
the continuation of that at Accrington. We cannot, however, draw
the conclusion that the two systems were contemporaneous because
the faults of the earlier system, once started, would readily move
during the initiation of the second, and deflect the latter into already
established courses. On the contrary the fact that faults of the east
and west system sometimes stop abruptly on reaching a north-west
fault seems definitely to exclude any possibility of their being earlier.
Thus the Thieveley Fault stops dead where it meets the Cliviger
Fault, its throw being taken up by the latter, and south and east of
Littleborough there is a still more definite case of this kind proved by
mining. Here a system of faults running about E.30”N. is interrupted
south-east of the town for a mile and a half between two north-west
faults, but continues on the uplands to the east. The only possible
 110 ROSSENDALE :

explanation is to suppose that the northlwest faults absorbed the

displacement of the cross fault, a relation which seems inconsistent
with the idea that the cross faults were the earlier. Thus if either
system has precedence it was the dominant north-west system, but
. the possibility of contemporaneity cannot be excluded.
There is a general tendency in many parts of the area for faults
of the north-westerly system to take on a slightly more northerly
trend. This is especially marked in the west around Darwen, and .
east of Blackburn some,even take a course due north. The structure
of the Blackburn basin is rendered very complex by the intersection
of these with the east and west system, which forms such a marked
belt through Accrington. The eastern branches of the Boundary
Fault and the Acre Fault form an interesting system of curved
faults, which assume a north-easterly trend before they join the
main Accrington belt.
 111

CHAPTER IX

PALAEONTOLOGY
BY W. B. WRIGHT

THE period occupied in the resurveying of the Rossendale area

witnessed a remarkable advance in the study of the goniatite faunas
associated with the culm phase of the Carboniferous. This advance
is due to the researches of Mr. W. S. Bisat and several energetic
fellow-workers in Yorkshire, among whom Mr. John Holmes was
pre-eminent . Simultaneously active work was carried on in
Lancashire, by the Rev. G. Waddington, S. J., at Stonyhurst, by
Dr. Donald Parkinson at Clitheroe, by the members of the Geological
Survey in the Rossendale district, and by Mr. J. W. Jackson in Derby-
shire. It should, however, be remembered that all this work, as far
as it is concerned with goniatite-zoning, owed its effectiveness and
inspiration to the fact that Mr. Bisat’s palaeontological treatment
of the goniatites combined with his energetic field work first raised
these fossils to the status of reliable zonal indices. Mr. Bisat’s work
is in its turn based upon that of Dr. Wheelton Hind, but marks
an advance not only in classification, but more particularly in its
careful reference to the facts of stratigraphy.
The majority of the geologists on the Lancashire unit of the
Survey have been in repeated contact with Mr. Bisat during the
progress of the work and have obtained valuable guidance and
instruction from him. They have made themselves familiar with the
zonal forms, and have thus been able not only to test the accuracy of
the zonal system, but also to use the fossils as a direct guide to
mapping where independent evidence was weak. Mr. S. W. Hester
has made extensive collections from all the localities indicated by
the geologists, and this material has been worked up by the present
writer, who, unless the contrary is stated, is alone responsible for the
accuracy of the identifications.
Fauna of the Sabden Shales .-As pointed out on p. 9,
there was, throughout the deposition of the Millstone Grit and Coal
Measures of Lancashire, a progressive falling off in the frequency and
duration of marine invasions. Altogether about twenty marine
bands have been proved within the limits of the area now dealt with,
and the presence of another six or seven may be inferred from closely
adjoining areas as occurring within the range of strata dealt with.
An analysis of the distribution of the more important species of
goniatites throughout these bands is presented in Plate V, and need
not be further elaborated. Nevertheless, a certain amount of
 l-1.2 ROSSENDALE

ccmment is necessary to qualify the appearance of precision in-

separable from diagrammatic presentation of the facts. The lower
beds are rarely exposed and some hitherto recorded localities are
now inaccessible. The out-cropping succession commences several
hundred feet down in the Bowland Shales, but no marine fossils
have been proved below the middle of the Sabden Shales. In
Oakhill Clough, Todmorden, about 40 ft. below the well marked bed
with Eumorphoceras bisulcatum Girty and Nuculoceras m.aa?~m
Bisat, occurs a band with obscure diadema-like forms probably
referable to the genus Homoceratoides Bisat. The strata here are
badly exposed and, though probably is situ, cannot as yet be guaran-
teed to be so. In this connexion also should be mentioned some
fossiliferous beds at the foot of Pennant Clough which contain a
single form, referable, if one may judge from the associated delicately
striated but unribbed centres, to some species of Homoceras. The
mature form has radial striae very similar to those of H. striolatum
but somewhat more irregular. There are no ‘ umbilical spirals.’
The horizon is supposed to be lower than the Bistiuleattim-Bed,
.
which is exposed higher up the stream, but there is a good deal of
disturbance of the strata,
Apart from these rather doubtful horizons the lowest marine
band exposed is that containing E. bisulcatum and N. %ucuZum
which is well seen in both Oakhill and Pennant Cloughs. It is an
easily recognised and well marked horizon in the Sabden Shales.
Both species are preserved in limestone.
The Homoceras proteum and H. diadema beds of Roughleel are
represented in Todmorden by the exposure at Eastwood, where the
relations of this zone to the surrounding strata are not very clear and
the material, preserved in soft black rottenstone, is so poor that no
extensive collection could be made. H. proteum (Brown) and
H. diadema (Beyrich) were both observed. Brown’s locality of
Millwood near Todmorden, from which he records H. proteum and
H. smithi (a variety of H. diadema), was probably on the same horizon,
as well as his locality, Lob Mill, from which he records H. proteum
alone. The various forms of H. diadema cannot yet be regarded as
satisfactorily separated and referred to their horizons, and the
present area has little to contribute to the elucidation of their history.
The next important horizon exposed is that which marks the
entry of Reticuloceras xeticulatum (Phill.), the intervening _
beds with H. striolatum (Phill.), Homoceratoides prereticulatum
Bisat and R. inconstans (Phill.) of the Roughlee succession being
nowhere exposed, although there is little doubt that they must
occur in both the Todmorden and Blackburn areas. The basal
Reticuulatum-Bed is completely exposed at Ewood Hall and Shewbroad
Clough in the Todmorden district and partially exposed at Bar
Hole and Cross Stones Road. It is also seen at Lower Hen Moss,
Rishton, and at Ramsgreave Laundry north of Blackburn, just
1 Bisat, W. S., ‘ The Carboniferous Goniatites of the North of England and their
Zones,’ Proc. Yorizshire Geol. Sot., vol. xx, pt. I, 1924, p. 10 (of reprint).
 PALAEONTOLOGY. c 113

outside the limits of the map. There are in reality two highly
fossiliferous bands separated by about 20 ft. of shale with sporadic
Pterinopecten and Dimorphoceras. Both bands yield R. reticulaturn
and H. striolatum but the upper, where it can be seen, is easily
.distinguished from the other marine bands yielding these species by
the occurrence of a thin bed of very black shale containing
Ezwzorphoceras orrcatum (Foord and Crick). The fauna of this bed
is as follows :-
Posidonomya tifl. insignis J. W. Jackson
Posidoniella cf. minor (Brown)
-Pterinopecten rhy thmicus J. W. Jacksnn
Dimorphoceras sp.
Eumorphoceras ornatum (Foord and Crick)
Homoceras striolatum (Phill.)
Orthoceras koninckianum d’Orb.

RetidLlocer2f’reticulatum (Phill.)

Passing to the horizons above the Todmorden Grit, it has to be

admitted that the poorness of the exposures makes it difficult to say
how many marine bands occur between this grit and the Kinderscout
above. The lowest seen is about 300 ft. below the Kinderscout and
is exposed in Spittle and Heeley Cloughs on the south side of the
Vale of Todmorden. ,It yields Reticuloceras reticulaturn, Homoceras
striolatum, Pterinopecten rhythmicus Jackson and Poiidoniella minor
(Brown).
The marine band in Lumbutt’s Clough, although faulted down to
a low level, appears to occupy a distinctly higher stratigraphical
horizon than that in Spittle Clough, being about 150 ft. below the
Kinderscout. It is rather remarkable in containing in abundance
Reticuloceras inconstans (Phill.) , hitherto only known from an horizon
just below the entry of R. reticzkitum.1 This 1s accompanied in
Lumbutt’s Clough by H. striolatum, Homoceratoides aff. divaricatum
(Hind), Orthoceras ? , Ptevinopecten rhythmicus, Posidorniella cf. Zaevis
(Brown) and a tuberculated Nautiloid. The Homoceratoides from
this locality would probably repay further collecting and study.
The occurrence of a form up to the present indistinguishable from
Reticuloceras inconstans is sufficiently surprising to raise doubts as
to whether the beds are is situ or the relations properly understood.
Appearances are, however, all in favour of the interpretation given
above. Brown’s locality ‘ Lambert’s Clough,’ from which he
records his species, Gonniatites unduZatus (according to Mr. Bisat a
variant of H. diadema), is probably the same.
The Range of R. reticulatum.-Nowhere within the limits
of the present Sheet, but just outside its north-eastern corner, in
Row&w Brook, three-quarters of a mile east-north-east of Widdop
Gate, a bed containing R. reticulaturn (type) has been proved above
the Main Kinderscout Grit. The same bed, also containing R. reticula-
turn, has been found in Sabden Brook, near Whalley, four miles north

l Bisat, W. S., op. cit., pp. 2 and 79.

 114 ROSSENDALE :

of Accrington. It is therefore clear that R. reticulaturn has a very

considerable stratigraphical range from below the Todmorden to
above the Kinderscout Grit. It is well known to show considerable
variation both in form and ornamentation, and it is quite possible
that some of these variations may have stratigraphical significance.
At present, however, on account of the limited number of localities
from which collections have been made, it is impossible to make any
such discrimination.
Late Mutations of R. reticulaturn. - In the strata ranging
from the Kinderscout Grit to the Rough Rock Mr. Bisatl has
distinguished six mutations of R. reticulat~m, as follows :-
mut. y = mut. supsrbilingue Bisat
mut. B = mut. bihgue (Salter)
early mut. fl
late mut. cL
mut. a = mut. grade Bisat
early mut. u

To these mutations the investigations of the Geological Survey in

Lancashire, where a more complete succession is available, have
added a seventh2 :-
early mut .y = mut. metabihgue Wright3
a form which is clearly transitional between mut. p and mut. y.
Early mut. CChas not up to the present been found in Sheet 76,
’ and there is considerable doubt as to the relations of mut. a and
late mut. a to one another. A bed containing late mut. cx is widely
recognised on the east side of the sheet and forms a valuable index
horizon. It overlies a small coal above the Upper Kinderscout
Grit and yields the following fauna :-
Posidoniella minor (Brown)
Pterinopecten speciosus J. W. Jackson
Dimorphoceras sp.
Cf. Eumorphoceras ornatum (Foord and Crick) [local, Paul Cloughf
Cf. Homoceras striolatum (P/&Z.)
Homoceratoides divaricatum (Hind)
Nautiloid, tuberdate
Reticuloceras reticulaturn (Plzill.), late mut. u Bisat.

Mut. a (type) occurs near Middle Mickle Hey, in the Blackburn

district, in a bed which apparently lies no great distance below that
containing the lowest occurrences of mut. /3. It seems fairly certain
that it must occupy a higher horizon than the ’ late ’ mut. cc of the
Todmorden district. At Pule Hill, near Marsden, to the south-
east of the present sheet, it is late mut. a which occurs close below
the lowest P-Beds. In this perplexity one can only quote Mr.
l Bisat, W. S., op. cit., 1924, pp. 12, 76.
2 Wright, W. B., ‘ New Goniatites from the Millstone Grit of Lancashire,’ ‘ Sum-
mary of Progress ’ for 1925 (Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1926, Appendix, p. 194.
3 It is now thought desirable to introduce this mutational name as a contribution
towards the consistent nomenclature of the rek&ztzrm-series.
 PALAEONTOLOGY. 115
Bisat’s remark that ” it is not impossible that both early and late
mut. a are merely local variants of typical mut. a."l
The earliest occurrence of R. reticulaturn, mut. /3, is that close
above the a-Bed at Middle Mickle Hey in the Blackburn district.
The form of mut. ,8 occurring here is a distinctly early one, but the
measurements given by Mr. Bisat” of the number of striae to the mm.
at diam. 18-20 mm. seems to preclude its reference to his early mut. /3
from the comparable horizon at Pule Hill.
The most widely known and easily recognised of the beds yielding
R. reticulaturn, mut. /3, is that which occurs 60 ft. below the Gorpley
Grit in the eastern part of the sheet. It forms a valuable strati-
graphical horizon. The included forms of mut. /3, according to Mr.
Bisat, probably represent Salter’s Goniatites bilingue and may be
considered as normal mut. /L The known fauna of this bed is as
follows :-
Posidoniella cf. minor (Brown)
Pterinopecten speciosus J. W. Jackson
Dimorphoceras sp.
Cf. Eumorphoceras ornatum (Foord and Crick)
Homoceratoides divaricatum (Hind) [local, Paul Clough]
Orthoceras sp.
Reticuloceras reticulatum (Phill.), mut B Bisat

The next marine band in the ascending sequence is that above

the coal which rests on the Fletcher Bank Grit in the district north of
Bury and Bolton. It contains no goniatites, so we may pass on
to that overlying the small coal on top of the Helmshore Grit. In
the east and north this band, on account of the thinning out of the
last-mentioned grit, comes to lie close above the Gorpley Grit. It
is a well known horizon and contains for the most part late forms of
R. reticulaturn, mut. j3, with a varying admixture of R. reticulaturn,
early mut. y, the latter being more abundant in t.he west. The
fauna is very limited.
Posidonomya sp.
Pterinopecten afl. elegans J. W. Jackson
Dimorphoceras sp.
Orthoceras sp.
Reticuloceras reticulatum (PM!.), mut. B Bisat [late forms]
3, 9, 1, early mut. y Wright

In the district north of Bury and Bolton a second marine band

occurs at varying distances up to 40 ft. above the last. It is not
found in the north and east of the area covered by Sheet 76, being
replaced by sandy strata. This is the horizon of the dominance of
R. reticuZatum, early mut. y. It contains the following fauna :-
Echinoderm
Brachiobnd
Pterinobectexj sp.
Gastrioceras sp, [very rare]
Cf. Homoceras striolatum (Phill.)

1 Bisat, W. S., op. cit., 1924, p. 78.

2 Bisat, W. S., ibid.
116 0 ROSSENDALE :
Pleuronautibis ?
Reticuloceras reticulatum (PM!.), mut. B Bisat [late forms ]
,8 9, early mut. y FC’~ighl[dominant]

I In these last two marine bands can be found specimens showing

every grade of transition from mut. /3 to early mut. y of R. reticulaturn.
We come now to the final mutation of the genus Reticuloceras,
the beautiful little form known as R. reticulaturn, mut. y ( -R.
sz@erbiZingue) . Above the Hazel Greave Grit, or the little ganister
bed which represents it in the west of Sheet 76, is the y-Bed proper.
This bed thickens considerably to the south-west: and fails altogether
in the north-east of the sheet,. The fauna is as follows :-
Posidoncmya ufl. insignis J. W. JacRson .
Pterincpecten @. carbonarius Hind
11. sP*
Gastwo;od -_ .’
Dimoqhoceras sp.
Gastricceras cancellatum Bisat , ’
Gastricceras Iineatum Wright1 * .
Gastrioceras? sigma Wright2
Gastrioceras spp. [cf. G. crqwlatum Bisat and G. c&nb&wse Bisat]
Homoceratoides divaricatum (Hind)
Reticuloceras reticulaturn (Phill.) , mut. y Bisa t

The species of Gastrioceras found in this bed are of considerable

interest, including, as they do, forms with ornament closely
resembling that of the cancellatzcm gens. They are not abundant;
but G. cascellatum seems definitely to be present in the band at
Belmshore. R. reticulaturn, mut, y, persists into the Holcombe
Brook marine band, in which it is limited to a narrow streak of black
shale at the base of the bed. This marks its last appearance, and
with it the genus Reticuloceras disappears, as far as is at present
known, from the North of England.’
From two to ten feet above the y-Bed occurs a thin marine band
dominated, to the entire exclusion of other contemporary goniatites
such as R. reticulaturn, mut. y, b the obscure form Gastrioceyas ?
sigma, which, as noted above, is a Pso found in less abundance in the
y-Bed. It is a valuable zonal horizon and penetrates further to the
north-east than does the y-Bed* proper.
The Genus Romoceratoikies .--The’ genus ,l?oynocera toides,
established by Mr. Bisat3 with H. prereficulateLm ‘Bisat of the Upper
Sabden Shales as genotype, and represented as we have seen in the
lowest beds of the Todmorden succession, persists into the higher
zones of the Millstone Grit Series in Lancashire. The genus is badly
in need of subdivision into species, the upper forms being at present
grouped under Hind’s species divaricatum.4 The rounded ribbing of
H. prereticulatum persists in the young form throughout the series,

l Wright, W.-B., op. cit., 1926, p. 196.

2 Wright, W. B., ibid., p. 197.
=.3 Bisat, W. S., 09. cit., p. 73.. I _ .
4Hind, Wheelton, ’ On the Distribution of the ~&itish Ckboniferous Goniatifes,
Geol. Mug., Dec. VI, vol. v, 1918, p. 443. a %~*
 P&LAEONTOLOGY. 117

but, in mature specimens of the more advanced forms, is replaced

by the flat-topped ridges cited by Hind as characteristic of
H. divaricatum. These develop in width until they form the greater
part of the surface of the shell, which thus comes ultimately to have a
smooth exterior transversely crossed by widely spaced grooves
semi-circular in section. The forms below the Kinderscout, e.g.,
those from Lumbutt’s Clough, Todmorden, have the flat tops of the
ridges slightly tilted so as to rise forward towards the aperture of the
shell, whereas in the higher forms the plateau-like tops are
’ horizontal,’ or, more accurately, parallel to the general surface of
the shell. As a consequence the. transverse grooves have their
forward edges less clearly defined in the lower forms. Crushed
specimens of H. divaricatum are usually preserved as external moulds,
so that these are seen to be crossed by radial ribs, semi-circular
in section, the casts of the grooves.
The Dominance of Gastrioceras .-After the sudden
disappearance of R. reticdatwn, mut. y, various members of the genus
Gastrioceras become the dominant forms in the marine bands of the
Upper Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures. The species appear
to reach their maximum development in the following order :-
(5) Gasiioceras subcrenatum (Schloth.) [= G. carbonarium (v. Buch)]
listeri (Martin) and G. coronaturn Foord and Crick
8 ” cumbriense l Risat
(2) :: crenulatum Bisat
(1) cancellatum Bisat
In this list Gadl. Zineatum is not included, since it is never a dominant
form and, as far as is known, is confined to the y-Bed ; nor is Gast. ?
sigma, because, though absolutely dominant in its own marine band,
it is only very doubtfully referable to the genus Gastrioceras. The
five zonal forms cited show a considerable amount of overlap, G.’
cancellatum on G. crenulatum and G. cumbriense, G. crenulatum on
G. cumbriense, G. cumbriense on G. listeri, and G. listeri on G.
carbonarium. Still further overlap may take place locally and -
sporadically, for the sudden entry or disappearance of a species seems
to be the exception rather than the rule. ‘All the species are closely
related and intermediate forms occur, but apparently never in such
abundance as the species themselves. There is clearly an evolution-
ary connection between the various members of the series, but it is
not necessarily a simple descent in the order cited.
The Holcombe Brook Marine Band, which comes next in order
of succession above the Sigma-Bed described on p. 116, is one of the
best marked and most easily recognised of the whole series. The
fauna is as “follows :--
Crinoid stems
Posidonomya insignis J. W. Jackson
Pterinopecten elegans J. TV. Jackson
Dimorphoceras sp.

1 Given by Mr. Bisat as a variety of Gast. crenuhtum, now raised with his consent
to specific rank.
118 ROSSENDALE :
Gastrioceras cancellatum Bisat [dominant]
,, crenulatum Bisat
cumbriense Bisat [in west]
Homo&ratoides divaricatum (Hind)
Nautiloid, tuber&ate
Orthoceras sp.
Reticuloceras reticulatum (Phill.), mut. y Bisnt [in south]
Fish scales

The bed is repeatedly exposed both within the limits of the sheet
and also farther west, and is thus the lowest marine band which gives
ample opportunity for the study of lateral variation in fauna. This
is found to be very considerable. The occurrence in the basal layers

FIG. 33.~ Sketch Map showing the fauna1 variations in the Holcombe Brook
Marine Band. [Ca=G. cancellatum, Cr =G. crenulatum, Cu = G. cum-
briense, y= R. retriculatum, mut y. The line shews the supposed northern
limit of mut y.

of R. reticulattim, mut. y, is in the main confined to the southern half

of the sheet. Gast. crendatum, which is never found associated with
mut. y in the dark shales at the base of the bed, increases in
abundance westward, and the forms referred to as having affinity to
this species in the east are not typical. Gast. cumbrie~se occurs
sporadically and is generally small, but in the extreme west near
Horwich, 3 miles W.S.W. of the south-west corner of Sheet 76,
it is dominant in the upper part of the bed. These relations are
shown diagrammatically in Fig. 33. _Therelation to R. reticulaturn,
mut. y, on the one hand and to Gast. cumbriense on the other,
combined with the presence in this bed of Gast. crewdatum in
Lancashire generally and its greater abundance in the west, seem to
 PALAEONTOLOGY. 119
indicate an invasion of the sea from the south and its subsequent
retreat to the west or south-west.
The Haslingden Flag Marine Band is an extremely thin but
very constant bed, separating the upper and lower series of flags.
The fauna is variable :-
Lingula sp.
Aviculopecten sp. nov.
Posidonomya sp.
Pterinopecten u$,f. papyraceus (J. Sow.)
Lamellibranchs, indet. [rare]
Gasteropods (rare]
Dimorphoceras sp.
Gastrioceras afi. coronatum Foord and Crick [in south-west]

SCALE OF MLLES
,o .I .2 .3 ,4
ROYSHAW G. CUM9RlE~SE & CRENULATUM

ACCR/NG TON

FIG. 34.- Sketch Map showing the fauna1 variations in the Haslingden Flag
Marine Band. L=G. Zisteri, P=passage forms.

Gastrioceras crenulatum Bisat [in north and east of sheet]

,t cumbriense Bisat [dominant in centre of sheet]
listeri (Martin) Tin south-west.)
Homo&atoides divaricatum- (Hind)
Nautiloid
Orthoceras sp.
Fish-scales
The lateral variation is even more remarkable than in the case of the
Holcombe Brook Marine Band. To the north and east (see Fig. 34)
is an area where the bed contains both Gast. crenuZatum and Gast.
cumbriense and occasional forms which seem to indicate a passage
from Gad. crendatum to Gast. Zisteri by partial suppression of the
crenulation of the radial striae. To the south-west is an area where
Gast. Zisteri occupies the bed to the exclusion of the other species.
Between these two areas is a belt where all three species are repre-
 .

120 ‘ROSSENDALE :

sented. In ;Yorkshire, according to Mr . Bisat, Gast. crenuZatum,T

which in Lancashire is subordinate to Gast. cumbyiense, is the_
dominant form in this bed., There is thus a marked change in fauna
from north-east to south-west, distinctly higher forms coming in in.
this direction and lower forms dropping out,- This behaviour is in.
marked contrast to that of the Holcombe Brook Marine Band,
which contains both lower and higher forms to the south-west. It
would appear that the sea in which the Haslingden Flag Marine Band
was laid down advanced from’ the north-east and withdrew to the
south-west.
In view of this remarkable phenomenon the goniatites of the next
marine band in the sequence, that above the Six Inch Mine, become of
exceptional interest. Unfortunately they are for the most part so
badly preserved as to be unidentifiable. Only in the south and west
of the sheet and at Howroyd Clough, Gorpley, two miles W.S .W.
of Todmorden, is the preservation sufficiently good to allow of
tentative naming of species. The forms here appear to be Gast.
Zisteri and more rarely Gast. subcrenatum, or at least close allies of
these species, Some fragments of ornament suggestive of Gast.
cumbriense have occasionally been seen, but they are not common.
The following is an approximation to the fauna :-
Posidonomya ~$5 insignis J. W. .Jackson
Pterinopecten papyraceus (J, Sow.)
. Dimorphocergz sp.
Gastrioceras cf. cumbriense Bisat
89 ujjf. listeri (Marlin)
af. subcrenatum (Schloth.) [G. carbonarium (v. Buch)]
Homoc&atoides divaricatum (Hind)
In the west, at Cadshaw, two and a-half miles south of Darwen
Station, Carbonicola cf. acuta (J. Sow.) appears beneath the basal
layers of the bed.
The marine band above the Lower Foot Mine in the Rochdale
district is only a thin bed yielding Posidonomya and Lingula, over-
lying shales with fish-remains which extend down to the coal, but in
Cheesden Brook, Birtle, Gast. Zisteri appears in this band, and at this
locality and further west the .beds beneath, which separate the
marine band from the coal, yield freshwater, or estuarine forms
including Carbonicola cf. acuta and cf. Naiadites se. In some
localities in the west, as, for example, 2 mile east-north-east of Egerton,
the marine band appears to be wanting, the Carbonicola-bed alone
persisting. Exposure in general is, however, not good enough to
allow of detailed study of the relation of the marine and freshwater
phases.
The so-called Bullion Bed above the Upper Foot Mine is the
highest marine band observed within the limits of the sheet. It is;
unfortunately, very rarely seen in natural exposure, but, the coal
having been extensively mined, abundant material has been obtained
in the past. The marine band is commonly a black shale, but
locally calcareous concretions or bullions are found in great
abundance and in these the fossils are preserved uncrushed. The
 PALAEONTOLOGY. 121

fauna, in so far as it has been possible to confirm it by recent

collecting, is as follows :-

Posidonomya gibsoni (Brown MS., Salter)

Pterinopecten papyraceus (J. Sow.)
Gastrioceras coronatum Foord and Crick
>f listeri (Martin)
,t subcrenatum (Schloth.) [G. cnrbonariuvn (v. Buch)]

To the kindness of Mr. James Lomax, of Bolton, we owe a splendid

series of specimens of the three common forms of Gastrioceras derived
from the bullions mined by him at Shore, north of Littleborough.
These can be arranged in series to show a continuous passage from
Gust. subcrenatum through Gust. listeri to Gust. coronaturn, indicating,
as maintained by Haug, 1 that there are no real lines of demarcation
between the species. Moreover, if specimens of Gust. subcrenatum
be broken back they are found in all cases to have in their earlier
stages the form of Gust. Zisteri, and similarly Gust. Zisteri starts its
development with the form of Gust. coronaturn, the young tending in
both cases to have a more cadicone form than the mature specimens.
Nevertheless, it is possible for individuals of each species to reach a
considerable size without departing from the form to which the name
is applied. Thus Gust. coronatum may attain a diameter of 35 mm.
and Gust. Zisteri even 100 mm.
Before leaving the subject of the Bullion Bed it is desirable to
call attention to the local occurrence in it of forms allied to Gust.
crenulatum and Gust. cumbriense. The Bullion Bed species, Gust.
Zisteri, is distinguished from these by the absence of crenulation of
the radial striae, except actually on the tubercular margin of the
umbilicus, and by the almost complete absence of spiral striae. At
Old House Clough, Norden, near Rochdale, however, in addition to
Gust. Zisteri forms occur in the Bullion Bed showing, in varying
degree, crenulation of the radials and the presence of spiral striae
far out towards the periphery of the shell. There is no doubt regarding
the stratigraphical horizon from which these specimens were
obtained. Similar forms have been obtained from this bed at New
Barn Clough, Habergham Eaves, Burnley.
Old Age Forms. -It has been pointed out by Mr. Bisat2
that the form hitherto known as Glyfihioceras davisi Foord and Crick
is really an old age development of R. inconstans and R, reticulaturn.
He states, moreover, that it also occurs as an old age variant of R.
reticulaturn, mut. cc. The characters of davisi which these goniatites
tend to develop at a diameter of about 40 or 50 mm. are (1) an acute
or keeled venter, (2) ridges on the lateral area, (3) a wide umbilicus,
and (4) the dying out of the crenulation of the radial or transverse
striae. R. reticulaturn, mut. /?, shows a similar development in old
age, but mut. y has never yet been observed to reach this stage.

l Haug, E., ‘ Ikudes sur les Goniatites,’ Mtm. Sot. Gtol. de France, PaZCont.,
vol. vii, No. 18, 1898.
2 Bisat, W. S., op. cit., 1924, p. 76.
(811) I
 122 ROSSENDALE :
Even more noteworthy is the occurrence of a similar phase in the
genus Gastrioceras, or at least in its more ellipsocone species. Gust.
cancellatum is especially liable to develop a keeled and simply striate
form in old age, and in this connection it is interesting to note that
II. Schmidt1 figures a keeled goniatite 60 mm. diameter from the Gust.
rurae zone of Germany under the name Eumorphoceras carinatum
Frech., a species which he regards as equivalent in part to Bisat’s
species Gust. cancellatzim, the other equivalents being Gust. yuyae
and Gust. martini. E. carinatum would appear therefore to be merely
an old age form of G. cancellatum (rurae Schmidt)
The more cadicone species of Gastrioceras may, on the other hand,
attain a diameter of even 80 or 90 mm. without showing much
departure from their more normal shape, e.g., Gust. Zisteri of the .
Bullion-Bed.

Evolution of Pterinopecten and Posidonomya, with

diagnoses of some new species by Mr. J. W. Jackson.-The
marine lamellibranchs collected from the Millstone Grit and Lower
Coal Measures of the district dealt with in this memoir have been
submitted to Mr. J. W. Jackson, of the Manchester Museum, who has
made a careful study of them and has succeeded in establishing a
zonal sequence of forms on which he reports as follows :-
“ The material submitted consists chiefly of Pterinopecten and
Posidonomya together with a few examples of PosidonieZZa and one
species of Aviculopecten. An examination of the numerous specimens
belonging to the first genus has led me to the conclusion that more
than one form has been included in the past under the name of
Pterinopecten papyraceus (J. Sow.). Though superficially very much
alike in the possession of strong radii, as in P. papy~aceus, certain
forms differ somewhat in the detail of the concentric ornament, and
I feel that the recognition of these forms under distinctive names
would serve a useful purpose.
“ As a preliminary to a more detailed account of these forms it is
here proposed to indicate the chief features whereby they differ from
the typical P. papyraceus. The new names proposed for these
Lancastrian forms are P. rhythmicus, P. speciosus, and P. elegans
All these occur at lower horizons than P. papyraceus.
“ Pterinopecten rhythmicus sp. nov. is characterised by a
rhythmic accentuation of certain growth-lines, showing a spacing
of at least 1 mm. down the centre of the valve, with the normal
growth-lines visible in the interspaces. This form is common in the
shales below the Kinderscout Grit belonging to the zones of
ReticuZoceras reticuZatum (Phill.) and R. inconstans (Phill.).
Pterinopecten speciosus sp. nov. presents similar features to the
last species in the accentuation of certain growth-lines, but differs
in the possession of concentrically elongated nodules at the inter-
section of the radii, giving the shell a nodose or postulose appearance.

l Schmidt, H., ‘ Die Carbonischen Goniatites Deutschlands,’ J&b. der Pveuss.

Geol. Landesanst. ftir 1924, Bd. xlv, 1925, p. 590.
 PALAEONTOLOGY. 123
The chief horizon for this form is late mut. a, but it occurs also in the
lower horizons of mut. /?.
“ Pterino#ectert eZegans sp. nov. retains the ornament of P.
rhythmicus during adolescence, but with spacing on the average less
than 1 mm. Later it takes on the characters of the succeeding P.
PapyYaceus. The valves are sometimes slightly nodose, especially
near the posterior wing. This form is characteristic of the zone of
Gastrioceras cancellatum Bisat .
“ Pterilzopecten papyraceus (J. Sow.) is characterised by the
general absence of the rhythmic ornament of the three preceding
species, but occasional traces are present near the wings. The
fine growth-lines are closely crowded over the whole surface of the
valves. This species occurs in the Lower Coal Measures, especially
in the roof of the Upper Foot or Bullion Mine of Lancashire and in
the Halifax Hard Bed. Specimens from the Six Inch Mine cannot be
separated from typical P. papyyaceus.
“ Specimens of Pterinopecten also occur at the following horizons :
mut. /3 (above the Third Grit) and early mut. y, but the material
seen is too fragmentary for diagnosis.
“ The Posidonomya material supplied by the Geological Survey
sorts itself out readily into at least two forms, one being an old but
ill-defined species, the other a new form distinctly related to the
last. The species concerned are P. insignis sp. nov., and P. gibsoni
(Brown MS., Salter). The chief characters of these are briefly
indicated below.
“ Posidoutomya insignis sp. nov. is obliquely-ovate, with a short,
straight hinge-line, and anterior and posterior ears. The angle
between the hinge-line and axis of the shell is about 60”. The
surface ornament in adolescence consists of distinct concentric
wrinkles or folds, separated by wide sulci. Later it shows an
approach to that of the next species. This form is fairly abundant
in the zone of Gastrioceras cancellatum Bisat. A poor specimen from
the zone of Gastrioceras crenulatum, var. cumbriense Bisat may also
belong to the species
“ Posidonomya gibsoni (Brown MS., Salter) possesses the
characteristic hinge-line of P. i&g&s (with angle of 65-70”) but the
surface is entirely covered with distinct, concentric lines in addition
to a number of folds. About three of the lines occur in the
depressions between the folds. The horizon of this species is the Upper
Foot or Bullion Mine of Lancashire. It is also present in the Halifax
Hard Bed. Some material from the Six Inch Mine may be either
P. gibsoni or P. irtsignnis. The examples are badly preserved.
“ There is an anterior mould and a portion of its counterpart
obtained from below the Kinderscout Grit at Ewood Hall, Todmorden,
which resembles the above species in the hinge-line and angle, but the
concentric lines are much closer. More material is required of this
interesting form.
“ The examples of Posidonziella are referable in the main to
P. minor (Brown), the characters of which are stated here.
(811) 12
*124 ROSSENDALE :

, “~PosidoheZZa minor (Brown) is very oblique, with an angle of

30~35” between the hinge line and the axis of the shell. The surface
is covered with numerous concentric wrinkles or folds. Well-
prese~rved examples show a small anterior ear-like process and the
beaks are not quite terminal. This species is characteristic of the
beds -below and immediately above the Kinderscout Grit. At
Spittle Clough, Todmorden, much elongated specimens occur with
more normal examples. Certain specimens with stronger ornament,
obtained at higher horizons, may be related to this species.”
-This may for the sake of clearness be summarised as follows :-
Bullion Mine Pterinopecten papyraceus Posidonomya gibsoni
Holcombe Brook Series ,, elegans >, insignis
Shales above Kinderscout ,, speciosus
Grit
Shales below Kinderscout ,, rhythmicus Posidoniella minor
Grit
It is considered that these zonal effects obtained in forms which
show ‘a much slower rate of evolution than the goniatites may have
considerable value in long distance correlation. A good state
of preservation and plentiful material is, however, required for
their detection, and it is absolutely essential that specimens should
show either the exterior of the actual test or an external mould of
the same.
Concerning the Aviculopecten (p. 119)) Mr. Jackson reports :
“ The species of AvicuZo~5ecten requires further study. It may be
referred to, for the present, as Avicdopecten cf. Zosseni (v. Koenen).
The principal horizon of this form is the zone of Gastriocevas
crenuZatum, var. cumbriense Bisat .”
On the Crossing of Stratigraphical and Fauna1 Horizons .--
The lateral change in the fauna of the upper marine bands of the
Millstone Grit Series illustrated in Figs. 33 and 34 is a fact of con-
siderable significance. It is brought out even more strikingly in
Fig. 35. Of the general order in which the forms concerned attain
SOUTH1 WES,V NORTH d EAST
8QLTON & HORWICH OARWEN, ROSSENOALE TOOMORDEN k
~~---‘_---“_7-‘-_-___-_~~~~-_~~
k LITTLEBOROUGH BLACKBURN
____ -~

FIG. 35.-Generalized pre: entation of the fauna1 variations in the Haslingden Flag
and Holcombe Brook Marine Bands.

their maximum development there can be no doubt, nor is it in

question that this order is the same in different areas. It is difficult
to conceive of similar stages being reached at different dates in
connected areas not more than twenty miles apart. One may more
reasonably regard the development of the goniatite fauna as a measure
 PALAEONTOLOGY 125
of the passage of time and a test of contemporaneity. If so, a marine
band showing systematic lateral variation in fauna, such as is.
exhibited by the Haslingden Flag Band, cannot be deposited .con-
temporaneously over its area of distribution. Thus examining
Fig. 35 we see that the Haslingden Flag Marine Band was deposited
in crertulatum-time in the Todmorden district, in ctimbriense-time-
in the Rossendale district and in Z&e&time in the Bolton and
Horwich district. None the less the band is a continuous one,
traceable by unquestionable stratigraphy from one area to the other.
The case of the Holcombe Brook Marine Band is somewhat
different. The marine invasion which it-marks seems merely to have
had a more protracted existence in the south-west than in the north-
east. Thus in the Bolton and Horwich area deposition of the marine
band began in mut. y-time and lasted till cumbrieanse-time, but in
the north of Rossendale it did not begin until after the failure of
mut. y and hardly outlasted creuluZatum-time, and in the Todmorden
area appears to become further restricted so as to indicate ultimate
complete confinement to canceZZatum-time. In a similar fashion the
y-Bed proper (p. 116) seems to be thicker and embrace a greater number
of forms to the south-west and can be actually seen to thin outand
fail to the north-east. In these last two cases we are dealing clearly
with simple marine invasion from the south and south-west and
retreat towards the same points of the compass. The case of the
Haslingden Flag Marine Band is much more difficult to understand,
because, when followed south-west, it drops the lower zonal forms
as it takes on the higher. The sea in this case clearly invaded the
country from the north-east and retreated towards the south-west.
There may be a possible connection with the fact that no ooal seam
is ever developed beneath this marine band.
Correlation of the Lower Zones with the Sabden Valley .-
In his classical paper on the ‘ Carboniferous Goniatites of the North
of England ’ Mr. Bisat dismisses the Todmorden area in four lines,
which he devotes to saying that there is no need for him to describe
it, as it will be dealt with by the Geological Survey in due course.
It was, in fact, the area where he first demonstrated to the officers of
the Survey the utility of goniatites as zone fossils, and instigated
them to further study of the group. It is therefore with all due
acknowledgments that the following correlation with the type areas
of Roughlee and Warley Wise is now put forward :-
TYPE AREAS (BISAT~) TODMORD~N
’ Zone 5. Re ticuloceras reticula turn Ewood Hall, Shewbroad Clough,
(base only seen) &c. R. reticulaturn, H. strio-
datum and E. ornatum.
,, 4. Reticuloceras inconstans .Not seen
3. Homoceratoides firereticulatum ,, ,,
1: 2. Homoceras striolatum (entry)
\ #, 1. Homoceras proteum Eastwood, ihb &ll and Mill-
wood. H. proteum and H.
diadema (Smithi)
1 ofi. cit., 1924, p. 10.
126 ROSSENDALE :
ha TYPE AREAS (BISAT) TODMORDEN.
3 .z Zone of Eumorphoceras bisukatum Oakhill and Pennant Cloughs
6S and Nuculoceras nuculum E. bisulcatum and N. nuculum
B
Correlation with the Edale District of Derbyshire.-In
view of the adoPtion in this area of the name Kinderscout to denote a
stratigraphical horizon, a palaeontological comparison with the type
area of this grit is of considerable importance. This the recent
publication by Mr. J. W, Jackson of the goniatite succession in the
Edale Shales, south of Kinderscout, enables us to make. *
The following table gives the correlation to date :-
NORTH DERBYSHIRE(J.W. J.) TODMORDEN
Kinderscout Grit Kinderscout Grit
R. inconstans -j- H. strio-
Upper Eadum(Lumbutt’s Clough)
Sabden i
1R. reticulatum + H. strio-
Shales ,
Grindslow Shales Eatum (Spittle Clough)
(unf ossilif erous ?)
R, ( Shale Grit
Todmorden Grit
; Mam Tor Sandstone )
’ R reticulatuk + H. strio- E. ornatum + R. reticulatum-f-
latum + Eumorphoceras H. striolatum (Ewood Hall,
ornatum Shewbroad Clough, &c .)
R. inconstans + H. strio- ! $
latum ‘;;1
’ A
u-l
Homoceratoides fwereticu- ‘I Not exposed cn
latum f Homoceras strio- 1 g
latum 1 3
H. proteum + H. diadema- H. proteum+H. diadema (East- $
wood, Lob Mill and Millwood) ti
H. diadema (solus) .r(
H. striolatum (var. sub- Not exposed z
\ globosa) 1
Nuculoceras nuculum + N. nuculum f E. bisulcatum
E
-C \Eumorphoceras bisulcatum (Oakhill and Pennant Cloughs) ,
Correlation of the Upper Zones with Yorkshire .-Mr.
Bisat records in Yorkshire the following detailed zones above the
Kinderscout Grit :-
Gastrioceras subcrenatum [carbonarium] and Gast. listeri
,, crenulatum
cancellatum
ReticGloceras reticulaturn, mut.r
8, I, mut.B
,, ,t early mut .fi
8, ,, late mut.a
,, 2, mut.u
,, ,, early mut .a
type (exit)
These are' reproduced in Lancashire with slight modification and some
amplification. The modifications are here summarised :-
(1) A zone of Gust. cumbriense (originally considered as a variant of Gust.
cvenulatum) is introduced above Gust. crenulatum.
1 Jackson, J. W., ’ On the Correlation of the Yoredales and Pendlesides ’ : The
Naturalist, Oct., 1923, p. 337 ; ‘ The Goniatite Zones below the Kinder Scout Grit
in North Derbyshire,’ ibid., 1926, p. 205.
 PALAEONTOLOGY. 127
(2) A sub-zone of Gust. ? sigma’is introduced just above the maximum
of B. reticulaturn, mut.7.
(3) A zone of 22. reticulaturn, early mut.y is introduced between muts.
B and y.
(4) R. reticulaturn, mut.8 covers a wide range of strata and is dominant
in three distinct marine bands. It is capable of subdivision, but
remains as yet undivided.
(5) R. r&datum, early mut.B (in the strict sense of Mr. Bisat’s descrip-
tion) has not been found, but a closely allied form occurs in an
analogous stratigraphical position, in the Blackburn district.
(6) R. reticulaturn, mut.a and late mut.a appear to be inverted. Late
mut.o seems to be locally replaced by type R. reticulaturn.
(7) Early mut.a has not been proved.
Correlation with North Wales .-Although the succession in
Flintshire is at present only imperfectly understood, it appears to
yield a fair number of zonal forms. The specimens preserved in the
Geological Survey collection from the higher beds of the Holywell
Shales1 are Gastrz’oceras cancellatum. Mr. H. C. Sargent, in an as
yet unpublished paper read in 1925 before the Liverpool Geological
Society, recorded in addition to Gast. cancellatrum, R. inconstarts,
E. bisulcatum, H. Zeioti (nom. nud.) and E. $seudobilingue. Mr.
J. W. Jackson2 has also put on record the occurrence of H. diadema
and H. @roteurn. Mr. Sargent now informs me that he has also
obtained H. proteum in association with a diadema-like form, and
further that all the zones recorded by him are in the normal order of
succession as determined by Mr. Bisat. It will be noted that R.
reticulaturn type and muts. CC,18 and y have not yet been proved.
It is, however, apparent that a great part of the Millstone Grit Series
of Lancashire has its stratigraphical equivalent in North Wales.

Correlation with Belgium .-Professor G. Delepine3 of Lille

has recently been in collaboration with Mr. Bisat regarding the
equivalence of the Belgian and British goniatites. He records the
following species from the localities cited :-

Homoceras diadema (Beyrich) Chokier

subglobosum Bid Chokier, Baudour
Nuculoceras nuculum Bisat Malonne, Baudour
Eumorphoceras bisulcatum Girty Malonne
pseudobilingue Bisat Bois Borsu
Gonia&es spiralis Phill. Warnaut, Bois Borsu
>9 crenistria Phill. Vise (limestone)

The first five forms are characteristic of the Sabden Shales, the last
three of the Bowland Shales. The lowest beds exposed in Todmorden
appear therefore to be the equivalent of the upper portion of the
‘ Assise de Chokier.’

l ’ The Geology of Liverpool ’ (Mem. Geol. Sure.), 1923, p. 36.

2 Jackson, J, W., ‘ Sabden Shale Fossils near Holywell, Flintshire,’ The Naturalist,
June, 1925, p. 183.
3 DelPpine, G., ’ Sur les Zones & Goniatites du Dinantian SupCrieur et du 1’Assise
de Chokier en Belgique,’ Compte Rendue de 1’Acaddmie des Sciences, vol. 181, 1925,
p. 877.
I
128 ROSSENDALE :
Correlation with Germany .-Dr. H . Schmidt 1 of Gottingen,
has recently published a detailed account of the goniatite succession
in Germany, and records a series of twenty zones, of which the
following appear to be approximately the same as those of
Lancashire. The equivalents of the species as far as one can judge
from the descriptions and figures are given in brackets :-
V. Gast. subcrenatum Schloth. (idem)
Magerkohle - rurae H. Schmidt (= Gast, cancellatum Bisat)
‘I IV. E. superbilingue Bisai (= R. reticulaturn, mut. y Bisat)
E. bilingue Salter (= R. reticulatum, mut. B Bisat)
Flijzleeres R. reticulatum Phill. (idem)
1 R. inconstans (idem) + E. ornatum (idem)
Schief er od . III. Glyphioceras leodicense + H. beyrichianum (= H.
Grauwacken 1 diadema pars) + E. bisulcatum (idem)
It would appear, therefore, that the German ‘ Magerkohle ’
are the equivalent of the coals of the Lower Coal Measures and Upper
and Middle Millstone Grits of Lancashire down to the zone of R.
reticulatum, mut. y (mut . superbilingue), i.e. down to the top of the
Hazel Greave Grit. The Flijzleeres includes the bulk of the Middle
Grits and all the Kinderscout group of grits down to the base of
X. inconstans in the Sabden Shales, or in other words it corresponds
roughly to Mr. Bisat’s zones R, and R,. The slate and grauwacke
below are probably equivalent to the lower part of the Sabden Shales
and the Pendle Grits.
Fossil Plants of the Millstone Grits and Lower Coal
Measures. -The Millstone Grits of Lancashire are notoriously poor
in plant remains, but there is an extensive literature on those of the
.Lower Coal Measures. No attempt has been made to work up this
literature or to bring the nomenclature up to date. Mr. S. W.
-Hester has, however, while working at the marine bands, incidentally
collected a few specimens of fossil plants, and these have been
identified by Mr. John Walton of Manchester University. They are
probably worth citing because of the exact determination of horizon
now possible, and the rarity of previous records in the Millstone
Grit Series.
Shales above the Upper Foot Mine
Sigillaria mammilaris Brongn.
Neuropteris heterophylla Brongn.
Sphenopteris nummularia Gutbier
Shales above the Bassy Mine
Lepidodendron obovatum Sternb.
Lower simile Kidston
Coal Cf. Lepidodendron aculeatum Stew&.
Measures Lepidostrobus sp.
Sigillaria sp.
Stigmaria ficoides (Stew&.)
Calamites cf. undulatus Stevnb.
Shales above the Six Inch Mine
Lepidodendron obovatum Sternb.
Lepidostrobus sp.

1 Schmidt, H., ’ Die Carbonischen Goniatiten Deutschlands,’ Jahrb. cker Preuss.

Geol. Landesamt. fiir 1924, Bd. xlv, 1925, p. 489.
 PALAEONTOLOGY. 129

/ Shales in the Holcombe Brook Series (Zone of Gust. canceZEatum)

Sigillaria sp,
Calamites sp.
Calamites schiitzeiformis Kidston and Jongmans (above
the H.B. Coal)
Millstone Shales below the Holcombe Brook Series (Zone of R. reticulaturn,
Grit ( mut. y)
Series Lepidophloios laricinus Sternb.
Shales below the Main Third Grit (Zone of I?. reticulaturn, mut. S)
Alethopteris lonchitica (Schloth.)
Calamites sp.
Shales below the Parsonage Grit (Zone of R. reticulaturn)
\ calamites sp.

According to Mr. Walton all the species cited above are of Upper
Carboniferous age, none being known to occur in the Lower
Carboniferous. We may therefore conclude that the Millstone
Grits of Lancashire as far down as the zone of R. reticulaturn type
lie above Kidston’s line of separation between the Upper and Lower
Carboniferous floras as observed in Scotland and in the Congleton
district of North Staffordshire.

Some Outstanding Problems .-Before leaving the subject

of the palaeontology of the Rossendale Anticline it is desirable to
say a few words to avoid giving any impression of finality such as
the above highly condensed account might possibly produce in the
minds of readers. The tables and distribution maps are merely a
digest of existing records, and all that can be hoped for them is that
the general conclusions which they illustrate will stand the test of
further research. There is still much to be done in supplementing
these records both by the discovery of new exposures and collecting
from those already known. Some of the thicker bands may be
susceptible of further subdivision so as to give evidence of evolution
during their deposition, and localities further south-west might in
many instances give a wider range of forms than those to the north-
east. To take a special case the gradual increase of Gastrioceras
crenulatum and appearance of G. cumbriense in the Holcombe Brook
Marine Band as it is followed westward and the similar appearance
of G. Zisteri in the Haslingden Flag Marine Band give opportunities
for studying the connecting links between these forms. Inter-
mediate stages between G. crendatum and G. Zisteri seem fairly
common, but there appears also to be a passage from G. cumbriefise
to G. Zisteri. Have the forms associated with G. Zisteri a double
descent and is the species capable of subdivision ?
Again, what is the meaning of the apparent survival of youthful
forms ? G. crenuulatum and G. cumbrie%se both resemble certain
forms of young G. cancellatum. The contrast between this type of
evolution and the more normal ‘ summing-up ’ as exhibited in the
genus ReticuZoceras is sufficiently striking.
Passing to the lower beds we find similar problems which await
the discovery of a sufficient number of exposures before they can be
attacked. There is the question of the true relation of late mut. a
130 ROSSENDALE :

to mut. u and of these to R. reticula&m type. There is also the

problem of the apparent reappearance of R. inconstans above the
Todmorden Grit. Mr. Jackson’s tentative zonal subdivision of
Pterinojvcten and Posidortomya requires further testing and elabor-
ating. The forms from the OF and B-Beds referred to above as cf.
Eumorphoccras owzatum need study to determine their true relation-
ship. The genus Homoceratoides requires subdivision, and there is
even a possibility that certain forms of Dimorphoceras might have
zonal value. There is, for instance, in the y-Bed a spirally striated
Dimorphoceras which may be distinctive.
 131

CHAPTER X

GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS

BY ALL AUTHORS

IT not infrequently happens that the limits imposed by a one-inch

sheet make adequate discussion of the glaciation a rather difficult
matter. For the appreciation of many of the problems which
present themselves a wider view is necessary. It is therefore a matter
of great good fortune that the district, with which the present memoir
deals, forms part of a larger area very effectively studied by Dr. A.
Jowett,r and from his memoir on the subject and the contributions
of many former students of the glaciation of South Lancashire,
combined with the more local and detailed observations made in
the course of the recent revision, it is now possible to give a fairly
connected account of the glacial geology. It should be noted at
the start, however, that no noteworthy advance has been made on
the conclusions set forth by Dr. Jowett.
As noted by Dr. Jowett and before him by Tiddeman2 two
distinct types of foreign drift have been carried into the district from
different sources. These are the Ribblesdale Drift and the North-
western Drift. The former is characterised by a great abundance of
limestone boulders and the latter by erratics from the Lake District
and the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The former is the product
of ice which advanced on to the Rossendale Uplands from a northerly
direction, while the latter is clearly the product of what is now
generally known as the Irish Sea Ice, which crept up everywhere
over South Lancashire, bearing with it its load of shelly debris from
the sea-bottom. That these two ice-sheets had a more or less
contemporaneous existence is indicated by the sections described by
Professor P. F. Kendall,3 at Whalley, about six miles north of
Blackburn, where layers of Ribblesdale and North-western Drift
inter-digitate without any mingling of the contents. Dr. Jowett’s
observations, however, seem to indicate that the Ribblesdale Ice
occupied a greater area of the country round Burnley, and of the
Rossendale Uplands to the south, in the earlier stages of the
glaciation than it did later, and that it was subsequently to some
extent overwhelmed and forced eastwards by the North-western or
Irish Sea Ice Sheet. For a discussion of the apparently very complex
interplay of these glaciers in the district north of Bacup and
Rawtenstall the reader is referred to Dr. Jowett’s paper.4 His

1 Jowett, A., ‘ The Glacial Geology of East Lancashire,’ Quart. Journ. Geol. SOL,
vol. lxx, 1914, p. 199.
2 Tiddeman, R. H., ‘ On the Evidence for the Ice Sheet in North Lancashire, &c.,’
Quart. Journ. Geol. SOL, vol. xxviii, 1872, p. 485.
s See H. Carvill Lewis, ’ GIacial Geology of Great Britain,’ 1894, pp. 415, 416.
‘O$. cit., pp. 209-212.
132 ROSSENDALE :

conclusions are based largely on the varying levels on the hill slopes
attained by the two varieties of drift, and the observations of the
Survey provide ample confirmation of the facts from which he reasons.
The glacial geologist working in South Lancashire is, on account
of the friable character of the grits, largely without the valuable aid
afforded by glacial striae. Such rare striae as have been observed are
recorded diagrammatically in Fig. 36, and it will at once be noticed
that they lie in two dominant directions, one west of south and the
other east of south. Both series are in the area of the North-western
Drift, and are clearly referable to the ice-sheet which brought this
drift into the district. It naturally occurs, however, to the observer
to interpret these two directions as a further expression of the waxing
and waning of the conflicting ice-sheets to the north, and to refer

Striu2~ ~ermlhd curvuture 7 /booty: contour L-c J

FIG. 36.-Sketch Map showing the recorded striae and the distvibu?ion of the
Ribblesdale and North-western Drifts in Sheet 76.

those with a S.S.W. trend to an earlier phase-of the glaciation, when

the Ribblesdale Ice was at its maximum development, and prevented
the eastward expansion of the Irish Sea Ice. Caution in drawing
such a conclusion is dictated by Dr. Jowett’s attitude in regarding
the topography as having a potent influence in controlling the flow
of the lower layers of the ice, but individual examination of the
localities of the striae seems to indicate that they are little, if at all,
influenced by adjoining slopes. Moreover, the experience of one of
the present writers in hill districts of similar relief, where abundant
striae allow the ice motion to be followed in detail, seems to show
 GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 133
that the detailed topography in such districts exerts little influence
on the direction of ice-flow during the maximum of glaciation. A
general deflection due to the bulk of the hill-mass as a whole is often
observable, but there is very little control valley by valley.
It is therefore regarded as highly probable that the two directions
of striation record two phases of the maximum of glaciation, during
the first of which the ice which crossed the western area of the Sheet
swept out on to the Manchester Plain in a direction somewhat west
of south, until the growth of the North-western Ice and the gradual
‘failure of the Ribblesdale enabled the former to take a more south-
easterly course, There is no sign in these records of any west to east
motion along the south flank of the Rossendale Hills, unless possibly
there was a deployment round the south side of Hail Storm Hill
into the Rochdale Basin and thence north into the Naden and
Whitworth valleys. The only indication of ice-motion in this area
is a record by Dr. Jowett of terminal curvature towards the north
at a height of over 1,000 ft. south of Rough Hill, two miles E.N.E. of
Whitworth. The fact that Hail Storm Hill is covered only by local
drift would seem to necessitate such deployment to fill the Rochdale
Basin to the level demanded by the marginal drainage phenomena, *
for the supply of the North-western Ice across the co1 between Bacup
and Whitworth can never have been great and must have been cut
off at a fairly early stage of the retreat.
Character of the Boulder Clay .-In addition to the Ribbles-
dale and North-western types of drift, a third type called Local
Drift was separated by Dr. Jowett. This is not indicated in Fig. 36,
as it is simply a marginal phase extending a little higher on the hill
slopes and a little farther into the unglaciated area than the foreign
drifts. It contains only local stones and is dominantly clayey or
sandy according as it overlies shale or sandstone. Dr. Jowett’s
hypothesis] that it represents the product of the upper cleaner layers
of the ice-sheet seems reasonable in view of its distribution. Its
principal area of development is on Hail Storm Hill, where a mass of
clay and stones, entirely devoid of erratics, underlies the peat to a
depth of six feet or more. Careful search has failed to reveal the
presence of any foreign material.
The Ribblesdale Drift is generally a stiff plastic clay of a blue
grey colour, full of limestone and chert boulders. It is particularly
abundant in the Whitewell Brook and Limy Water valleys, and on
the southern slopes of Great Hameldon. Good sections can be
seen along the eastern side of Whitewell Brook. It is also prominent
around Cliviger and can be examined in the Hurstwood and Shedden
Brooks and below Cant Clough Reservoir, Worsthome.
The North-western Drift has a matrix composed of clay of a
reddish brown colour,_ generally somewhat sandy. It contains
abundant erratics from the Lake District and the Southern Uplands
of Scotland, but limestone and chert boulders are comparatively rare.

l Ofi. cit., p. 213.

 ,134 ROSSENDALE:

The drift of the west and south of Sheet 76 is almost exclusively of

this type, but it clearly invaded a considerable area formerly occupied
by Ribblesdale Ice. Thus near Edenfield to the east of the Irwell
valley, and north of Rawtenstall there are considerable remnants
of Ribblesdale Drift, and the drift around Burnley is modified by
the incorporation of Ribblesdale material. Intermingling of the two
types can be observed at Hurstwood and in Shepherd Clough, east
of Water in Rossendale. Dr. Jowett’s line separating the areas of
these two types of drift (see Fig. 36) is the extreme limit of the
North-western Drift, and the area of overlap is included in the
latter.
Driftless Areas. -On the unglaciated uplands to the east rotted
and kaolinised grit debris locally attains considerable thickness, and
exposures of the solid rock are in these districts comparatively rare.
Only in the deeper valleys are the softer shales exposed, and even in
these the sections are frequently obscured by heavy screes from the
overlying grits. The absence of glaciation by no means spells ideal
conditions for the student of Millstone Grit stratigraphy. Another
character of these unglaciated areas is the existence here and there of
isolated tors of weathered grit, and the occurrence of one of these
about a mile south of Todmorden, at the south-western end of
Langfield Common, is considered to preclude the possibility of the
ice having overtopped the l,OOO-ft. contour at this point, as repre-
sented by Dr. Jowett.
The level (1,510 ft.) attained by the Ribblesdale Drift at Gorple,
north-east of Cliviger, shows that ice must have escaped eastward
across the watershed at Gorple Gap. The glacier produced in this
manner cannot have been a very powerful one and probably had no
great extension to the east.
Considerably stronger flows appear to have occupied the Cliviger
and Walsden Gorges, and these probably coalesced at Todmorden
and occupied the valley of the Calder for some distance to the east of
this town. Very little trace of these valley glaciers is now apparent,
landslips and talus having obscured the slopes. Limestone boulders
have, however, been recorded1 at a depth of 18 ft. below the floor of
the valley at Lineholme, a mile north-west of Todmorden, and a blue
clay with chert occurs at Hare Hill, over half a mile nearer Todmor-
den, about 50 ft. above the floor of the valley. 2 At the gasworks at
Millwood, to the east of Todmorden, there was a deposit of stiff
blue clay with striated boulders of north-western type.” These
records seem sufficient to establish the existence of ice in the Calder
Valley, which extended at least to the east of Todmorden. Outwash
material from this glacier has been proved at localities considerably
further east.
The Retreat of the Ice.-With the waning of the ice-sheets a
complex system of marginal drainage was inaugurated around the
l Spencer, J., ‘ Erratics of the Calder Valley,’ Halifax Naturalist, vol. i. 1896, p. 48.
2 Jowett, op. cit., p. 203.
3 Spencer, J., op. cit., pp. 21-25 and 45-49.
 GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 135 *
Rossendale Uplands. A study of the drainage channels and lake
deposits formed at the various stages enabled Dr. Jowett to draw
the conclusion that the retreat was more rapid in the sheltered embay-
ment to the south of the hills. The tendency was therefore for the
bulk of the drainage waters to find their way south into this
embayment and thence through the Walsden Gorge into the Calder
Valley. At a later date the Walsden Outlet was abandoned and the
marginal waters passed south along the western side of the Pennines.
The Walsden Gorge only carried off the drainage from the
Rossendale Uplands. At no period of its operation did it receive
any waters from the Pennine slopes to the north of Cliviger, for the
Cliviger Gorge, owing to the less rapid retreat on the north, remained

Frc,. 37 --Sketch Map showing diRerent stages of the glacial retreat (A-E) off
the hi& of the Rossendale Anticline.

in operation until a much later date and took not only this northern
drainage, but also a limited amount from the hill slopes to the west
of it.
An attempt is made in Fig. 37 to indicate several stages of the
retreat. There was apparently little or no marginal drainage at the
maximum of glaciation, and in the early stages of retreat it was
extremely feeble. The significance of this fact, which is probably
observablt in most hill masses invaded by foreign ice, seems hitherto
to have been overlooked. It implies that the maximum advance
was not determined by the balance of ablation and supply, but
rather by the failure of supply, while the climate was still too cold for
active melting.
136 ROSSENI'ALE :

In stage B the feebleness of the marginal drainage is still apparent.

The ice at this period probably extended to the watershed in the
Cliviger Gorge and there was direct drainage from the ice-front at
this point with little ponding. At Summit in the Walsden Gorge
there was a small lake the level of which was between 600 and 650 ft.,
as is indicated by the cutting of the drainage channels opening
into it. Lakes Naden, Whitworth and Wardle were in existence at
this stage and drained by a series of aligned channels into the Summit
Lake. Lake Whitworth extended through the Britannia Gap,
south-east of Bacup, and had an ice-barrier at its west end as well
as to the south.
On further retreat the level of Lake Whitworth was reduced below
the l,OOO-ft. contour, and the Britannia Gap was laid bare and
became a drainage channel taking the waters of Lake Rossendale into
lesser Lake Whitworth. Withdrawal of the ice-lobes occupying the
Upper Irwell and Roth valleys was particularly rapid, and con-
siderable quantities of gravel (X and Y of Fig. 37) were deposited
in Lakes Rossendale and Littleborough. Finally Lake Rossendale
ceased to drain over the Britannia Gap and became Lake Irwell.
The Lake Irwell stage (C) is particularly well marked. The
drainage from the north still went through the Cliviger Gorge, but
lobes of the Ribblesdale Ice crossed the watershed into the valleys
of the Irwell Basin and laid down small moraines (C, and C,). From
here west all the drainage went south to feed Lake Irwell. Marginal
gravel deltas laid down in this lake form conspicuous features at
Haslingden and Ramsbottom (C, and C,). The level of Lake Irwell
was determined by the great Cheesden Series of overflow channels
with successive intakes at 850, 820, 810 and 760 ft. These drained’
south-west into Lake Rochdale, a new phase of Lake Littleborough,
which towards the end of the interval between stages B and C had
probably ceased to drain over the Walsden Gap, having found a
lower outlet to the south.
Stage D is also fairly clear in its main features and is of particular
interest in witnessing the parting of the Ribblesdale and North-
western Ice-sheets. Where this first took place on the northern face
of Hambledon Hill, three miles south-west of Burnley, there is a
group of morainic gravel mounds (DJ which on the east side are
composed mainly of limestone and on the west of north-western
drift. At this stage Lake Irwell had ceased to exist, but a small
lake occupied the embayment south of Darwen and drained by the
Cadshaw Channel into Lake Edgworth. Gravel deltas of these lakes
are shown at D, and D,, Fig. 37. Lake Edgworth in its turn was
drained by the Hawkshaw Channel into Lake Bury.
Stage E witnessed the complete severance ,of the Ribblesdale
Ice-sheet, which invaded the Burnley area from the east side of
Pendle Hill, from the North-western Ice. The Cliviger Gorge was
no longer in operation, and a large lake covered the Accrington
district and extended west to Brinscall four miles beyond the margin
of Sheet 76, where its level was determined by the great Brinscall
 GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 137
overflow channel at about 500-550 ft. Hummocky moraine mounds
between Burnley and Cliviger and frontal gravels in the neigh-
bourhood of Blackburn (E,) seem to indicate a halt in the retreat.
The Retreat of the Rochdale Ice-Lobe.- If Fig. 37 be
compared with Dr. Jowett’s diagrams of the various stages of retreat
it will be noticed that the ice-front north of Rochdale in Stage B is
given a higher west to east gradient. The grounds upon which this
departure from Dr. Jowett’s interpretation is based are exhibited
in some detail in Fig. 38, which brings out fairly clearly the arrange-
ment of the channels in a series of aligned sequences, It will be
noted that the terminal channel of the 4th ice-front of this figure,
which belongs to a slightly later stage than B of Fig. 37, cuts as low
as 525 ft. O.D. There is only a small hill to the south of it and
against this the ice-front must clearly have abutted when the channel
was cut. This gives the level of the Walsden Gorge when the ice-
front was at Littleborough. The alignment of this series of channels
shows that the ice-margin at this stage stood at 800 ft. on the south
side of Rushy Hill, giving it a gradient of 275 ft. in three miles and
a continuation of this gradient west would place the margin over the
1,000 ft. contour on Know1 Moor. Four miles of frontal retreat and a
drop in level of over 200 ft. separate this stage from the time
when the Cheesden channel came into operation. The evidence of
the network of channels formed subsequently to withdrawal from
stage 4 is considered to show a retreat of the ice-front of the nature
indicated in the diagram (Fig. 39, and in this manner the Cheesden
stage (C of Fig. 37) was reached. The Cheesden Channel in its initial
stage cut a little below 525 ft. at Bagslate Moor, but subsequently
appears to have opened out a second outlet, which it may have cut
much lower. Subsequent erosion makes the determination of level
at its point of discharge extremely doubtful, and until a proper study
is made of the drainage channels to the south it will be impossible
to determine the level at which it opened into Lake Rochdale. Dr.
Jowett states (op. cit., p. 223) that the highest of the southward
draining channels cuts below 550 ft., but we have cited evidence
above that the Walsden overflow was reduced to 525 ft. at quite an
early stage of the retreat when there was very little possibility of the
southward channel being available. It is clear that a good deal
yet remains to be done before the problem of the change of outlet
can be solved. The present altitude of the watershed in the Walsden
Gorge, 610 ft. above O.D., clearly gives no help in the matter since,
as Dr. Jowett points out, its floor maintains a nearly uniform level
for three-quarters of a mile, and is raised a quite unknown height by
the alluvium brought in by a lateral stream. Hull states that a
pit sunk on the watershed of the Cliviger Gorge went through 180 ft.
of gravel so that the supposition that there is about 100 ft. on the
Walsden watershed is not unreasonable.
The Cliviger System of Drainage Channels .- The retreat
of the ice-barrier westwards from the Pennines resulted in the forma-
Wl) II
~GLACIAL DRAINAGE

FIG. 38.-Sketch Map showing the glacial drainage and stages of retreat in the Rochdale Embayment.
 GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS, 139
tion of a chain of glacial lakes extending along the ice front from
south-west of Boulsworth Hill to the Cliviger valley.
The most northerly of these lakes, including the one formed at
Gorple, first drained eastwards across the Pennines at varying levels
above 1,200 O.D. The lake impounded at the head of Shedden
Clough at this time was evidently cut off from the more northerly
lakes, for its waters reached the Cliviger valley via Paul Clough;
the course of these escape waters is indicated by a dry gap crossing
the Long Causeway at 1,250-1,275 O.D. on the south-west side of
Stiperden Moor, and a small overflow channel at 1,000 O.D. west of .
Shore.
As the ice front retreated still further, Gorple Lake ceased to drain
across the watershed and became one with the enlarged Shedden
Lake, now occupying the upper reaches of Shedden and Cant Cloughs,
and Hurstwood Brook. These lakes were cut off from the Cliviger
valley by a ridge, the axis of which coincides roughly with the trend
of the Long Causeway (marked on the one-inch map).
The successive stages of retreat of the ice are shown by the over-
flow channels which notch this ridge at decreasing levels. During
the early stages of retreat the Cliviger gorge was occupied by ice, and,
following the disuse of the Paul Clough overflow, the drainage from
the lake north of the ridge was received by a channel notching the
Long Causeway at 1,090 O.D. a mile and a quarter south-east of Mere
Clough and connecting with the present stream-course of Cartridge
Clough. The lower part of this stream-course shows appreciable
erosion.
The initial use of the Cliviger gorge as a glacial overflow channel
probably synchronised with the drainage of the Shedden Lake into
one formed at Holme Chapel following a retreat of the ice north-
westwards up the Cliviger valley, for the next overflow channels
cutting across the ridge, at 925-950 O.D. half a mile south-east of
Mere Clough, are directed south-westwards and open into the
Cliviger valley north of Holme Chapel.
The last overflow channel of the series commences a little south of
Hurstwood and crosses the ridge at Mere Clough at 725 O.D. This was
succeeded by the union of the Shedden Lake with that in the Cliviger
valley ; and the present watershed in the Cliviger gorge. being at
760 O.D., it might at first sight appear that this union occurred
subsequently to the abandonment of the Cliviger gorge as an over-
flow channel. It is probable, however, that at that time the water-
shed was at a lower level than at present, for the floor of the gorge is
strewn with land-slips and rock debris ; the union of these two lakes,
therefore, may have taken place prior to the closing of the Cliviger
outlet into Calderdale.
According to Jowett (p. 219) there is no gap across the main
watershed of Rossendale below 770 O.D., until Brinscall Gap is
reached, near Chorley. Thus, with an ice-barrier preventing
drainage northwards from the Holme Chapel lake, the Cliviger gorge
could only be abandoned when the ice had retreated far enough west-
(811) K2
140 ROSSENDALE :

wards to allow the Brinscall gap to be used as an overflow. The

initial intake level of this last mentioned gap being probably between
550 and 600 ft., and there being no signs of any higher drainage
between it and the Cliviger level, it seems clear that the Cliviger
outlet must have operated at about 600 ft. The 180 ft. of ‘ gravel ’
recorded1 as lying on its watershed must, therefore, be post-Glacial
filling. Indeed, if we are to regard the gorge as produced by the
glacial drainage this seems an essential conclusion, and it is no
longer necessary to regard this magnificent feature (Plate VII, A.),
as cut by the overflow from a few small lakes of short duration.
It formed instead for a protracted period of the retreat the outlet
of Lake Accrington, which probably attained an area of 40 or 50
square miles and had an ice-barrier 20 miles long before it found a
lower point of discharge at Brinscall.
The level at which drainage was initiated over the Cliviger outlet
cannot be determined with any great accuracy. A lower limit of
750 ft. is given by the discharge levels of the channels draining into
the Holme Chapel Lake, but, as the lake was a mile and a half long
at this stage, considerable erosion may have already taken place.
If a start was made at over 800 ft. the total cutting would be between
200 and 250 ft.

Post -Glacial Denudation .-As pointed out by Hull2 all the

main physical features of the district had their origin in pre-Glacial
times. The changes brought about during the Ice Age and later are
mere modifications in detail. The main rivers have in many
instances been locally thrown out of gradient by drift deposition and
their activity is at the present day largely confined to the removal
of the irregularities thus produced. The smaller lateral streams are,,
on the contrary, actively eroding their beds. The minor valleys.
called ’ cloughs ’ are, for the most part, of post-Glacial origin, even
where determined by pre-Glacial hollows. These cloughs often end
upstream in a waterfall, which lifts the stream course to the floor of a.
wider valley, at some point where a more resistant bed has checked
the backward erosion. They suggest rejuvenation, but the condition
of the main valleys to which they are tributary seems to preclude
any idea that this rejuvenation is due to a lowering of the general
base level. The ultimate cause is more likely to be sought in the
oversteepening of the slopes by glacial erosion, and more locally in
slight redistribution of the drainage by glacial deposition. Some of
the glacial drainage channels, as for example Cheesden Brook,.
have to a limited extent guided the course of post-Glacial drainage.
Of the modifications produced by drift accumulation the most
remarkable instance is that of the Irwell Valley near Ramsbottom.
The valley is here choked with thick drift deposits over which the
river flows, and to the south of the town at Brooksbottoms the stream
has been displaced to the east right out of its previous course and has.
1 ’ The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield ’ (Mem. Geol. Sure.), 1875, p. 7.
z Ibid., p. 128.
A.--THE C~rvicrn GORGE.
 GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 141
cut a rock gorge over 70 ft. deep. At Summerseat it breaks back
into its original channel, where, owing to the relatively easy
denudation in the drifts, it has meandered and deposited a wide
stretch of alluvium. To the south of Summerseat, however, it
enters a second gorge at the downstream end of which begins the great
series of high-level terraces referred to by Hull.1
The valley of Longworth Clough west of Egerton is also choked
with drift and the stream has been thrown against its eastern bank
and cuts into the rock in the neighbourhood of Longworth Hall.
The existence of the buried channels of this stream and of the River
Irwell produce considerable complications in the calculation of
outcrops, as can be readily seen by consulting the six-inch maps of
these areas.

Peat Deposits .- The uplands of the Rossendale Anticline and

of the Pennines to the east are largely covered by monotonous
cotton-grass moors, the peat on which ranges from 2 to 10 ft. or more
in thickness, but is commonly about 4 ft. Heather only occurs in
a few isolated localities. The peat itself seems uniform in com-
position throughout and is probably here, as elsewhere on the
southern Pennines, largely composed of cotton-grass. A basal layer
with birch and possibly some other trees is observable in places, as
for example on Scout Moor, north-east of Ramsbottom, Cranberry
Moss, south-east of Darwen, and the moors north of Rochdale. The
rarity of cuttings makes it difficult to say whether this layer is of
general occurrence. On the whole only the margins of the moors
have been subjected to erosion, and this mostly in places where the
activities of man have destroyed the covering of vegetation and
started channels. Peat fires, such as those which swept these moors
after the drought of 1921, are contributory causes of denudation,
but they are also almost certainly due to the presence of man.
The substratum of the peat, whether drift or local debris, is usually
bleached to a depth of a foot or two (see Plate VII, B.).
The researches of Mr. F. Buckley on the pygmy flint implements
found beneath the peat on the Pennine Moors a short distance south
of the present area and the valuable results obtained by him make a
brief reference to the flints recorded in Sheet 76 especially desirable.
Worked flints have been obtained from time to time on many of
the hills around Rochdale and Littleborough. Most of these have
been obtained from the sandy weathered matrix underlying the peat.
The most prolific collecting ground in this area has, so far, proved to
be Middle Hill, one mile east of Facit ; from this locality Messrs.
R. Law and J. Horsfallz obtained over 350 flint chips, of which 15
are stated to show clear evidences of human workmanship. Among

l ‘ The Geology of the Country around Bolton-le-Moors ’ (Mem. Geol. SUYV.), 1862,
p. 29.
2 Law, R., and J. Horsfall, ’ On the Discovery of flint implements on the hills
between Todmorden and Marsden,’ Proc. Yorkshire Geol. SW., vol. viii, 1882, pp. 70-76;
and ’ On the Discovery of flint implements on the high hills in the neighbourhood
of Rochdale,’ Trans. Manchester Geol. SOL, vol. xvi, 1882, pp. 287-293.
142 ROSSENDALE :

other localities in this district from whence smaller numbers have

been obtained may be mentioned Robin Hood’s Bed, Blackstone
Edge ; Ramsden Clough, Basin Stone, and Trough Edge, Walsden ;
Hades Hill and Brown Wardle Hill, Wardle ; and Rushy Hill,
Healey, to the north of Rochdale.
Farther north similar flints are reported to have been found on
Worsthorne Moor and also on Great Hameldon. It would be going
too far to say they are absent from the rest of the Rossendale
Anticline, but they have not been observed in the course of the-
survey and no other reports or records have come to our knowledge.
 ‘

123

CHAPTER XI

MINERAL PRODUCTS
BY ALL AUTHORS.

ALTHOUGH about one-third of the area embraced within Sheet 76

lies above the l,OOO-ft . contour, and the district is in the main
merely a dissected upland, yet it has nevertheless become largely
industrialized. For this many factors are responsible. Perhaps
the most important of these is the existence in the adjoining lowlands
to the south, west and north of a densely packed industrial population.
From these lowland areas, already overcrowded, mills and factories
have, in the continual search for clean water, been pushed upwards
into the valleys. The relatively easy winning of coal by adit workings
and shallow pits upon the hillsides in the early days, when mining
engineering was in its infancy and the richer measures of the plains
were but little known, may also have had its influence. Haslingden,
Rawtenstall, Waterfoot, Bacup and Whitworth partly owe their
growth to the flag industry, at one time of great importance.
Now many other industries have sprung up in these towns. In
general, however, the stage in which development is dependent on
local products is long past. Raw materials are brought in by the
railways and canals which penetrate every valley. Cotton spinning
and weaving, bleaching and dyeing occupy a large proportion of the
population.

COAL MINING
The amount of mining being carried on at the present day in the
area covered by Sheet 76 is small in comparison to that of the districts
to the south and west. Active workings in the seams of the Middle
Coal Measures are confined to the Burnley and Cliviger districts.
The seams of the Lower Coal Measures are often of excellent quality,
but being relatively thin require specially favourable conditions or a
local market to make their exploitation profitable. In the early
days of mining many of these seams were extensively worked, because
of their easy accessibility by day-eye and shallow pit and the facility
with which they could be drained. Moreover, the competition of the
larger pits in the lowlands was at that date limited not only by the
want of transport facilities, but by their rarity, there being little
doubt that the ’ Mountain Mines ’ were the nrst to be discovered and
exploited. Many of the workings are so old that all plans and
records, if such ever existed, have now been lost. Fortunately, the
easily recognisable character of the Lower, Coal Measure strati-
144 ROSSENDALk :

graphy and its constancy when traced laterally have in most cases
made it possible to determine which seams were reached from the
innumerable pits and adits scattered over the hills.
A return to the early methods of working is witnessed periodically
during a protracted strike. After such a strike as that of 1921 the
coal crops are riddled with small adits and pits. In such workings no
coal is apparently too thin to be grubbed, so that it is true to say that
at some time or other every coal in the Millstone Grit and Coal
Measures has been worked in this area.
The strike of 1921 revealed, among the working miners and the
industrial population generally, a very remarkable traditional
knowledge of the outcrops of the various seams, and this knowledge,
which might otherwise have been lost, has now been incorporated
in the recently issued six-inch maps of the area.
The Blackburn and Accrington District.-The main coal-
seam of this area is the Loser Momtaiuz Mime, which has been worked
for a long period. The average thickness of the coal is about
2 ft. 6 in. at Blackburn ; 2 ft. 14 in. at Oswaldtwistle and Rishton ;
2 ft. 3 in. at Accrington ; 2 ft. 4 in. at Huncoat and Altham ; and
1 ft. 9 in. in the Darwen coalfield. The following reserves seem to be
available in this district :-
A strip about half a mile wide from Pleck Fault southward, in the
western part of Accrington from the station to Church.
Under the Arley in the trough south of Grea.t Hameldon, and under
Great Hameldon and Hameldon Scout to the Portersgate Fault.
Between Hapton and Padiham.
The area of high dip, except a small portion in the middle of Great
Harwood town.
Blackburn, except the eastern part around Moss Hall and Whitebirk.
South of Blackburn, west of the fault passing through Guide and as
far south as the east and west fault through Eccleshill. It has been
assumed that the coal formerly worked at Grimshaw Park was the
Lower Mountain Mine, but the recent survey points strongly to it
being the Pasture Mine, and if so the Lower Mountain as well as the
Upper Mountain and Cannel Mines remain untouched.

The U#+Y Mountah M&e has been got to a much less extent than
has the Lower Mountain Mine. It averages in the Accrington-
Oswaldtwistle area 2 ft. 3 in. ; north of Clayton-le-Moors and Huncoat
3 ft. 4* in. ; at Rishton 3 ft. ; near Blackburn (Little Harwood)
2 ft. ; and in the Darwen Coalfield 3 ft. At Hoddlesden, however,
it is only about 1 ft.
The Upper Mountain Mine has been mined in the area south of
Accrington, Oswaldtwistle, and Knuzden Brook, and is believed to be
the coal formerly worked at Little Harwood, east of Blackburn
(Hull, p. 63). It has been worked to a small extent from Moorfield
Colliery near Oakenshaw. It appears to remain untouched under the
rest of the area that it underlies. Although this coal is nearer the
surface and usually thicker than the Lower Mountain Mine it is said
to be much inferior, as the upper half of the seam contains thin bands
of stone, difficult to separate. The fact that the Lower Mountain
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. 145

Mine is usually got first is said not to affect the subsequent working
of the higher coal.
The Cannel Mine averages about 1 ft. It is worked only at
Taylor’s Green Colliery, Darwen, where it is called the Little Coal, and
then only to a small extent for the sake of the underlying clay.
The Lower Foot Mine, from 7 in. to 1 ft. thick, is also worked to
a small extent at Taylor’s Green Colliery with the underlying fireclay.
The Pasture Mine appears to have been worked near its outcrop
at Grimsha.w Park, south of Blackburn, under the impression that it
was the Lower Mountain Mine. The error may have arisen on
account of the ganister that underlies the fireclay. The coal is about
15 in. thick here. At Huncoat it is about 3 ft. thick, but is not worked.
The other Lower Coal Measure seams have not been worked in
the area.
The ArZey Mine appears to have been worked out in this district. l
It had a thickness of from 4 to 5 ft. and was partly Cannel.
The Dandy and Crackers Mines are believed to be present in the
trough of Middle Coal Measures south of Great Hameldon. Neither
is worked and nothing is known about them.
The Sand Rock Mine is not worked. At Pike Law, Haslingden,
where it is seen in a quarry, it is very irregular and impure.
Twrton and Edgworth District. - In the area extending
south and south-east from Darwen, and geologically described
in Chap. VII, there has in the past been a good deal of shallow
mining, but very few plans of the workings are available at the
present day. On Cranberry Moss, south of Darwen, both the
Upper and Lower Mountain Mines have been worked and were known
respectively as the Yard and Half Yard Mines, but it is not certain
whether the seam which has been mapped in that area as the Upper
Mountain Mine is the true Upper Mountain Mine of Burnley or the
Cannel Mine. At Turton Moor Colliery the Lower Mountairc or Half
Yard Mine was 1 ft. 8 in. thick and was worked with its fireclay for
tile and pipe making. It had an upper leaf 10 in. thick separated by
6 ft. of fireclay from the main seam. The ‘ Bin ’ or Upper Foot Mine
10 in. thick was penetrated in the shaft.
To the south-east around Turton and Edgworth and on to Affeside
the Lower Mountain Mine fails as a workable seam, being either
entirely absent or represented by a thin shaly coal. The ganister
floor can, however, be traced, and on the hill to the west of Affeside
an attempt has apparently been, made at one time to exploit it for
some purpose or other. The coals that have been worked in this
area are the Upper and Lower Foot Mines, the former at Turton
Bottoms and the latter under the south end of Turton Heights, east
of Egerton. Both seams have been worked to a small extent at
Aff eside.
The Upper Mountain Mine has probably been worked on the hill
north-west of Hawkshaw Lane Ends, but very little is known about it.
An attempt has been made north or Dimple on the Bolton-
l Hull, E., ‘ The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield ’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1875, p. 74.
146 ROSSENDALE :

Darwen Road to work two seams which occur there, apparently

under the impression that they were some of the Lower Coal Measure
seams. It may now be regarded as established that these are the
Holcombe Brook Coals of the Millstone Grit Series (see p. 100).
None of the other seams either in the Lower Coal Measures or
the Millstone Grit seem to have ever repaid working in this area.
The Pasture Mine is wanting although its position can generally be
recognised. The Bassy Mine is merely coaly shale. The Six Inch
Mine is too thin. The Sand Rock Mine where exposed is poor and
shaly, and elsewhere, if one can judge by the apparent early abandon-
ment of pits and adits, is uneconomic. The Upper Holcombe Coal
is 13 to 15 in. thick where exposed in Holcombe Brook. The Lower
Coal has probably not even this thickness, although both have been
dug at the outcrop during the strike. The Brooksbottoms Coal has
been worked at many places on the outcrop, more probably because it
has an easily supported roof than because of its thickness or quality.
The Central Plateau. -In this area the Sand Rock Mine
becomes of some economic importance. It has been extensively
worked from many small pits in the southern part of the area,
especially about Ashworth Moor and Red Lumb, on Scout Moor and
in the district of Walmersley and Shuttleworth.
In this southern area it has an average thickness of about 2 ft. 3 in.
and is thus known as the Three Quarters Mine. It is a good steam
coal and is profitably worked where. a local market exists nearby.
Northwards the coarse pebbly grit of the upper part of the Rough.
Rock descends into and cuts out the coal over considerable areas ;
and in the northern part of the area it is seldom more than a foot
thick, and in places fails altogether, running out to a ‘ feather edge.’
This seam also appears to deteriorate towards the south-west for it
has not been worked on Holcombe Hill, and although pits have been
sunk to it here, they have been soon abandoned.
On the other hand the Sand Rock Mine has been extensively
worked in the past around Bacup and Whitworth and the moors to
the west as far south as Norden. The thickness varies from 1 ft. 2 in.
at Bacup to 2 ft. 4 in. at Norden. It is still being got by adit workings
at Lark Hill Colliery on the south side of Bacup, at Whitworth
Lower End Moor, and at East Know1 Colliery, Norden. An
apparently profitable area under Rooley Moor has yet to be won,
but there are difficulties in coping with the water. In general the
mines in the Sand Rock are extremely wet, on account of the
porous character of the roof.
The Holcombe Brook Coal was formerly worked from several pits
on or near its outcrop at Cheesden. Here the coal is 1 ft. 3 in. thick
and appears to have been of fair quality.
Wherever the Lower Mountain Mine occurs in the area it has been
extensively mined. In many places it has been entirely worked out
to its crop. In others, various causes, such as extensive and heavy
faulting, failure of markets, or flooding difficulties, appear to have led
to cessation of-work in the seam before it has.been fully. 1exhausted
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. 147
Where this coal 1s not united with the Bullion Mine it is from
2 ft. to 2 ft. 6 in. thick and of good quality ; but where the union of
the two seams takes place the coal, although it has increased its
thickness to about 4 ft., is inferior in quality, being impregnated with
iron pyrites.
The Lower Mountain Mine is practically worked out in the Norden
district, in the neighbourhood of Healey and on Brandwood Moor.
It is already extensively worked round Bacup, but a considerable
area has yet to be won and is now being mined in this district. The
same remark applies to the area on the upthrow side of the Cliviger
Valley fault under Deer-play and Heald Moors.
The Lower and Upper Foot Mines have not been worked except
locally at Healey and Oaken Clough. Both coals are less than a foot
in thickness. Occurrences of the Upper Mountain Mine in the
Central Plateau are in the main confined to the neighbourhood of
Bacup. On the south-east side of this town it is practically worked
out, but is at present being mined on the north side under Deer-play
Moor. A large area has yet to be got under Heald Moor. It was
formerly worked at Gambleside and over a fairly large area under
Hapton Park.
The Pasture Mine appears only to be present in the north of the
Central Plateau. Borings have proved its thickness to be from
2 ft. to 3 ft. under Worsthorne Moor, but nothing is known as to its.
quality.
Burnley District .-In the Burnley and Cliviger districts the
seams of the Lower Coal Measures are largely intact. The Upper
Mozmtain Mine has been mined in the Dyneley district on the
upthrow side of the Cliviger Valley fault from the Cuckoo Pit of the
Towneley Colliery. The Lower Mountain Mine of this area forms
part of the Uniort 2Mine (see p. 48), and although a fairly thick seam,
is largely spoilt by contamination with pyrites.
Very little coal has been got from the area of Lower Coal Measures
extending north and south across Worsthorne Moors to the Cliviger
Valley at Cornholme. There are some abandoned workings in the
Lower Mountain Mine at Cornholme.
The Middle Coal Measures of the Burnley Basm are of considerable
importance economically, but only the southern and less important.
part of the basin comes within the scope of the present memoir.
. The Arley M&e has been extensively worked. The quality is good
and the thickness constant at about 4 ft. Comparatively little of
the seam, however, remains to be worked.
The Dandy Mine has been largely worked between Towneley and
Worsthorne and is still being got here as well as at Cliviger.
The Fulledge Thirt, King and Lower Yard Mines are completely%
worked out in the Towneley estate.
The China and Lady Mines have not* been worked in either the
Towneley or Cliviger districts. They are said to be inferior coals.
The LOW Bottom Mine is at present being worked from-Bee Hole
Colliery: on the northern border of the map, in Burnley, _ _. -1
, I. I
 148 ROSSENDALE :
The higher seams of the Middle Coal Measures in&ding the Maiden,
Burnley Four Foot, Shell, Kershaw and Doghole Mines have long
been exhausted.
Rochdale Coal Basin . -Practically all the seams in the
Rochdaie Basin have been tried at one time or another, their
,exploitation having been largely dependent on local requirements
and circumstances. The most important seam is the Lower Mountain
Mine, a valuable coking coal, now, however, largely exhausted through-
out the area. The only unworked areas probably underlie the
country to the immediate north-east of Littleborough and also to the
immediate south of Rochdale.
Scattered small workings still occur in the Lower Foot, BuZZiorn
or Upper Foot, and Upper Motintairt Mines. -Of these, the first-
named, though never exceeding 1 ft. in thickness and usually less,
invariably yields good quality pure bright coal. The other two are
less pure, while the Bullion Coal is often distinctly pyritous or
sulphurous. It also never exceeds 1 ft. in thickness. In the neigh-
bourhood of Norden the Upper Mountain Mine reaches in places a
thickness of 1 ft. 10 in., and areas still remain to be got here.
The Sand Rock Mine has been mined at the outcrop on a small
:scale in several places, but only for purely local use. At Lower
House, Wardle, a shaft was sunk to it from the Woodhead Hill
Rock. It was here encountered 135 ft. from the surface ; the coal
was 20 in. thick and had a rock roof. It was mined over a small
.area.
The Bassy M&e is so shaly as to be practically worthless over
the greater part of the area. The only localities in which it has been
worked are around Rakewood and on the northern slopes of Tunshill,
where it appears to be somewhat purer and more free from shale.

FIRECLAY

Blackburn District. -During the war, firebricks, furnace

and destructor blocks, and a variety of other special goods were
made from fireclay. Reference should be made to the Fireclay
Memoir-l which gives an account of the industry as it was in 1916.
s At the time of the new survey, however, the fireclay industry had
shrunk considerably. The centre of the industry is now in the
Darwen-Hoddlesden area and the chief use of the clay is for the
manufacture of stoneware.
The fireclay underlying the Lower Mountain Mine is reputed to
be decidedly the best for refractory purposes, though some other
underclays have occasionally been used. All are improved by
weathering.
In the Darwen-Hoddlesden area coal mining is subordinated to
fireclay mining, the coal being primarily used for burning the clay.
The Lower and Upper Mountain Mines are worked, and in one
1 Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. xiv.-Refrac-
tory Materials : Fireclays (Mem. Geol. Swrv.), 1920, pp- 19-36.
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. 149
instance the Upper and Lower Foot Mines are also got to a small
extent. At Hoddlesden the Cannel Mine is separated from the Upper
Mountain Mine by about 9 in. of rock, but this is quite local, and at
Taylor’s Green (nearly a mile south-west of Hoddlesden) the Cannel
(called the Little Mine) is separated from the Upper Mountain Mine.
by 12 ft. of strata, mainly clay, which is used to mix with other
underclays. Drain-pipes, sanitary ware, and flower-pots are the
chief articles manufactured.
The Cannel Mine fireclay, about 4 ft. thick, has been worked at
Higher Antley Quarry, about a mile south of Arcrirtgt6 Stati0n.l
The fireclay of the Lower Mountain Mine, obtained from Town Bent
Colliery, Oswaldtwistle, was used before the war for mixing with
shales from below the Cannel Mine, obtained from quarries situated
half a mile south-west of the Higher Antley quarry, and made into,
coke-oven bricks, but the colliery is now closed.
The Norden Fireclay works (on the canal bank three-quarters
of amile S.S.E. of Harper Clough, Rishton) drew its supplies mainly
from the Lower Mountain fireclay in Rishton Colliery and to a less.
extent from Huncoat Colliery and other sources, but the works were
closed at the time of the survey.
The fireclay of the Lower Mountain Mine was also worked at
Eccleshill Colliery, Darwen, until the coal was exhausted, and at
the same time some Upper Mountain Mine fireclay was raised for
making stoneware.
The upper mine-workings at the Whitebirk Colliery, east of
Blackburn, are in the Cannel Mine, which appears to have been.
worked for the six-foot fireclay below.
Burnley and Bacup District. - The horizons from which
fireclay is being won at present are :-
(1) The Lower Mountain Mine and Pasture Mine, in the Lower
Coal Measures, and
(2) The Holcombe Brook Coal, in the Millstone Grit (p. 44)..
The fireclay in each case underlies the coal mentioned. In the
case of the Pasture Mine horizon, however, the coal is absent over
wide areas (pp. 49 and 75).
The workings in the fireclays of the Lower Mountain Mine and the
Holcombe Brook Coal are situated respectively at Towneley and
Portsmouth, and are under one concern ; the two clays are mixed,
after weathering, for the production of sanitary and glazed ware.
Both fireclays are of good quality, but the superior clay of the Lower
Mountain Mine is sometimes used alone for fire-resisting goods.
The present workings of the Deanwood Mine near Portsmouth,
in the beds immediately beneath the Holcombe Brook Coal, are said
to prove an average thickness of 12 ft. of good fireclay. There are
fewer bullions in this fireclay than in that of the Lower Mountain
Mine.
--^
1Op. cit., pp. 23-24.
 *
150 ROSSENDALE :
The Pasture Mine ho.rizon is exploited at Sharneyford,l near
Bacup. The fireclay reaches a thickness of 10 ft., but in places
only half this thickness is of workable Quality. The workings extend
from the outcrop on Carr and Craggs Moor to a moderate depth.
Sanitary and furnace ware, flues, tiles, drainpipes and firebricks,
etc., are produced.
The Upper Mountain Mine is won from neighbouring adits, for
use in connexion with the fireclay workings.
Details of past fireclay workings are recorded in ’ The Geology of
the Burnley Coalfield ‘2 and ‘ Geology of Rossendale.’ 3
The fireclays of the Lower and Upper Mountain Mines have been
worked successfully in the Bacup district, but no workings exist at
present.
The fireclay of the Upper Mountain Mine was formerly worked
at Towneley, but was not used in the manufacture of firebricks. The
same fireclay, however, was mined at Clough Foot, Dulesgate, where
it was made into firebricks.
The now abandoned fireclay works at Dyneley Hill, on the west
side of the Towneley-Bacup road, drew their raw material from the
seat-earth of the Upper Mountain Mine, and the locally thick fireclay
separating the Upper Mountain and Cannel Mines (p. 76).
South -Western and Central Districts. - In these districts
fireclay has in the past only been worked in two localities, and neither
of these are producing at the present day. The most extensive of
these workings was at Turton Moor about 3 miles south of Darwen.
The seam exploited was the Lower Mountain Mine, the section of
which is given on p. 104. No information is available with reference
to these works, the dismantled state of which would seem to indicate
a considerable lapse of time since their abandonment.
At the Windy Bank Firebrick Works, north of Water, the fireclay
seat of the Lower Mountain Mine and the grey mudstone immediately
below were formerly worked.
Rochdale District. -The most widely useful fireclay in this
area is probably the underclay of the Lower Mountain Mine.
Locally, however, others such as the Inch Mine or Upper Mountain
Mine underclays are relatively more valuable and important. The
underclays of the following coals have been tried with varying
results : Gorpley (or Main Third) Grit Coal ; Holcombe Brook Coal ;
Six-Inch Mine ; Lower Mountain Mine ; Inch Mine ; and Upper
Mountain Mine.
The fireclay of the coal above the Gorpley Grit has been tried on a
small scale at Calderbrook, to the north of Littleborough, where the
clay averaged 3 ft. 6 in. in thickness ; and also on the western slope
l Details of the Sharneyford, Towneley and Deanwood workings are given in
Vol. xiv of the Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain ; Refractory
Materials ; Fireclays (Mem. Geol. Sure.), 1920, pp. 33-4 and 30-32.
* Mem. Geol. SUYV., 1875.
8 ‘ History of Forest of Rossendale.’ London, 1868. Geology of Rossendale,
Capt. J. Aitken.
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. _ 151
of Blackstone Edge Moor, half a mile east of Lydgate, Littleborough.
The fireclay of the Holcombe Brook Coal, together with the overlying
coal, has also been worked on a small scale near Wellfield Mill, one
mile north-east of Littleborough, where it was 4 ft. 6 in. thick. .
The Lower Mountain Mine underclay has been worked along with
the overlying coal in numerous places. At Whittaker to the west of
Littleborough it was formerly employed for the manufacture of
common stone ware.
The Inch Mine fireclay is at present being worked at Starring
Pottery, Littleborough, for sanitary pipes and glazed goods, together
with fire-resisting wares. Here it averages seven feet in thickness2
The Upper Mountain Mine (or Forty Yards) fireclay has been very
extensively worked in the past in the Littleborough district. It has
in fact been largely exhausted from the area immediately south-east
of the town. In this area it averaged 4 ft. in thickness. To the
north of Littleborough, where it still maintains the same thickness
and apparent quality, considerable reserves probably still exist.

GANISTER ROCK .
The Ganister of the Lancashire Lower Coal Measures is almost
everywhere of inferior quality and calls for little comment. It
occurs as ribs in the seat-earths of several seams, but the bed which
underlies the Lower Mountain Mine is the thickest and most
continuous. The percentage of silica is said rarely to rise as high as
85, so that it is of little or no use for the manufacture of silica bricks.2
It passes locally into siliceous fireclay and is sometimes crushed and
mixed with fireclay to increase its refractory character. The ganister
of the Lower Mountain Mine was formerly worked in the Dulesgate
district, west of Todmorden, where it is unusually well developed.

BRICK-MAKING

Economically the most important clay-band is the Accrington

.Mudstone (locally known as shale) which affords the material for
the famous Accrington Brick. This industry has arisen since the
previous survey in 1875, and it is noticeable that almost all recent
buildings in Accrington are of brick, whereas the older parts of the
town are built of stone. The Accrington Brick industry is almost
confined to a small area to the north of the town, known as Whinney
,Hill, between Clayton-le-Moors and Huncoat, where there are five
large clay-pits, one of them disused. The pits show working faces
of from 90 to 100 ft. and in one case the entire thickness of the
mudstones is visible in the face. These are covered by the Old

l See Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain. Vol. xiv.
Refractory Materials : Fireclays (Mem. Geol. Sure.), 1920, pp. 19-23 and 3536, for
description of these areas in East Lancashire.
2 See Op. cit. pp. 21, 22 and Special Reports, Vol. vi. Refractory Materials :
Ganister, etc. (Mem. Geol. Sure.), 2nd Edition, 1920, p. 88.
152 ROSSENDALE :

Lawrence Flags, which commence as thin flags in the mudstones.

Below the flags there is the following succession ;--
Ft. In.
Brown mudstone of variable thickness, .. . , .. say 20 0
Ironstone band . . . .. . . .. ... .. . . . . about 2 0
Brown mudstone .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . ... 50 0
Ironstone band . . . .. . . .. ... . .. . ., . .. 4*
Brown mudstone passing down into greenish (‘ blue ‘)
shaly mudstone . .. .. . . .. ... . . . about 40 0

The base is a worthless black shale.

At one clay-pit a steam-navvy is used, but the usual method of
working is to allow part of the face to weather until it falls in a
landslip, when the slipped material is put into wagons. As much of
the loose clay is removed as safety allows. Meantime another part
of the quarry-face has collapsed and work is transferred there. In
this way excavation becomes unnecessary.
Bricks are the chief product but terra-cotta goods are also made.
The bricks are of a bright red colour and of good quality. The
Accrington Mudstones are also worked to a small extent north-east
of the Workhouse to the south of Blackburn.
At the Roach Brickworks at Shawclough immediately to the
north of Rochdale the New Hey Mudstones, which appear to be the
stratigraphical equivalent of the Accrington Mudstones, are being
made into bricks, and mudstones on the same horizon have been
extensively worked in the past on the east side of the railway from
Ramsbottom to Bury, 700 yds. south of Summerseat Station.
In appearance the mudstones above the Holcombe Brook Coal
resemble the Accrington Mudstones, and at the present day they are
extensively used for brick-making at Royshaw, near Bastwell,
north of Blackburn and at the Summit Brickworks, north of Little-
borough. The existence of a fairly large pit north of Redisher
Bleach Works, Holcombe Brook, indicates a third district in which
they were once exploited.
The shales and mudstones both above and below the Woodhead
Hill Rock have been worked for brick-making about l$ miles west of
Rishton, and the shales below this rock at Shawforth, Both brick-
pits are now abandoned, but the bricks from the Shawforth locality
were employed in the building of Facit Mill.
The shales above the Hazel Greave Grit have also been exploited in
two widely separated localities, namely, at the Rossendale Brick
Works, about $ mile south-east of Rawtenstall and at Portsmouth.
Other beds have in the past been used for brick-making in one
locality only. Among these are

(1) Eccleshill, Darwen-mudstones midway between the Old Lawrence

and Riddle Scout Rocks.
(2) Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle-shales below the Inch Mine.
(3) Gaulkthorn, Oswaldtwistle-shales above and below the Cannel Xne.
Higher Audley, Blackburn-shales above the Pasture Mine.
14; Head-o’-th’-Town, near Huncoat and further west at Hyndburn
Bridge, Clayton-le-Moors-mudstones above the Arlep Mine.
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. 153
(6) Baxenden Station and Rising Bridge, south-west of Accrmgton-
mudstones between the Rough Rock and the Lower Haslingden
Flags.

BUILDING STONE, FLAGS, SETTS, ROAD STONE, CRUSHED SAND

The extensive beds of grit, sandstone and flagstone which

characterise the Millstone Grit and Coal Measure rocks have paid a
heavy contribution to the economic life of Lancashire. Every bed
has been quarried in one locality or another, and has yielded up its
quota for walls, roads and buildings. Besides the rocks, which have
been quarried for more or less local needs, there are others of
sufficient importance to supply wider markets, and pre-eminent
amongst these are the Haslingden Flags, a general account of the
development of which has been given on p. 22. The trade in natural
flags is, however, very largely a thing of the past, owing to the
competition of artificial flags, either sawn from massive sandstone or
manufactured from the slag of refuse-destructors, or as a by-product
from chippings of igneous rocks. In former times the excellent
quality of the Haslingden Flags caused them to be exported to great
distances, but nowadays the trade is almost entirely local. The
winning of the better grades of flag has also become increasingly
difficult with the passage of time, on account of the enormous amount
of waste material, the tipping of which has not always been managed
to the best advantage, The question of increasing overburden in
open quarrying is also a serious matter, but has for a long time past
been overcome by mining for the best beds.
Paving flags were, however, not the only product of the industry.
The smaller material was largely worked up into an excellent squared
building stone of which many of the South Lancashire towns are
built. Of recent years bricks, especially the famous Accrington
bricks, have largely taken the place of this stone. The thinner
flags were also formerly used as tilestones.
At various horizons in both the Upper and Lower Series of flags
occur beds of hard fine-grained sandstone or ‘ freestone ’ locally
known as ‘ lonkey.’ These have always been greatly sought after for
the making of setts, which find a ready market even at the present
day. The question of overburden in quarrying this limited belt of
rock is, however, a serious matter, and it is only in cases where it
can be successfully mined, or where a use can be found for the over-
burden, that its exploitation is profitable. In the case of the Upper
Flags the overburden in certain quarries is largely Rough Rock, and
the discovery that this can be easily crushed and sold as sharp sand
for concrete has given a new lease of life to the sett industry.
The great centre of the flag industry in the past has been the dis-
trict around the Rossendale Valley from Pickup Bank on the west to
Bacup and Whitworth on the east. In the centre of this district, ’
along the southern side of the Irwell Valley between Rawtenstall
and Stacksteads, both the Upper and Lower Series have been worked,
but more commonly only one series is well developed. For instance,
(811) L
154 ROSSENDALE :

going eastward the Lower Series becomes useless at Stacksteads,

whereas the Upper Series is workable as far as Whitworth, where it
also fails. Westward the Lower Series continues in strength beyond
Haslingden Grane, the Upper failing to the north and west of
Rawtenstall. Both series are weak around Holcombe Hill, but to
the west and south-west the Upper Flags again develop enormously
and are, or have been, worked on a large scale at Pickup Bank, at
Edgworth, at Round Barn Delf, east of Whittlestone Head, and to a
lesser extent at Edge Fold, and in this area the Lower Series is almost
unproductive.
In the area of high dips between Blackburn and Great Harwood
the Lower Flags are still worked, though to a small extent. The
size of the quarries along the outcrop shows that a great mass of
stone has been obtained in the past. The beds all belong to the
Lower Flags and are inclined at angles of 42” to 50”. The total
thickness seems to be from 150 to 200 ft., but not all of this was
valuable. At Close Brow Quarries, Harper Clough, the base of the
Flags is a white, saccharoidal, massive sandstone about 11 to 12 ft.
thick, and the most valuable part of the formation. It has been mined
here to a depth of perhaps 50 to 60 ft. below the quarry floor, for it
emerges at an angle of about 50”. Above it lies about 40 ft. of flags
and shales, which are waste, and the remainder are flags which were
formerly worked. At present the massive base or ‘ lonkey,’ is the
only part in demand as it makes good setts. Towards Blackburn
the ‘ lonkey ’ thins and disappears ; at the south-west end of the large
quarry situated three-quarters of a mile south-west of Close Brow
Quarries it has diminished to 6 ft., and in the quarry half a mile to
south-west is not seen.
Good flags have also been obtained from the Crutchman Sand-
stone, the Dyneley Knoll Flags and the Old Lawrence Rock. The
name ‘ Flag and Slate Rock ’ locally given to the Crutchman indicates
the uses to which this sandstone was formerly put. It is a very
variable rock, being for instance a thick-bedded sandstone on
Oswaldtwistle Moor, but elsewhere mainly a flag-rock as in the
Crutchman Quarry, about two miles E.S.E. ot Accrington Station,
where the bedding planes are covered with glistening white mica. The
well-known Darwen Flags occupy a stratigraphical position similar
to that of the Crutchman between the Cannel and Pasture Mines,
and are probably the equivalent of the lower portion of this rock.
These flags were both quarried and mined at the south end of Darwen,
but the quarries are now built over -and obscured. The beautifully
evenly bedded flaggy series seen in the railway cutting west-south-
west of Spring Vale Station is approximately on this horizon, but it
is not certain whether the limited thickness of flags which were
mined and which are stated by Dickinson1 to lie 40 yds. above the
Upper Mountain Mine are actually included in this section.
The Dyneley Knoll Flags and Old Lawrence Rock have both been
1 Dickinson, Joseph, ‘ On the Coal Strata of Lancashire,’ Trans. Manchester Geol.
Sm., vol. iv, 1863, p. 163.
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. 155

quarried for flags in the Deerplay district south of Burnley, and the
Old Lawrence Rock was formerly worked extensively at Hameldon
Scout, nearly half a mile north of Great Hameldon. In this locality
it is known as Hameldon Scout or Coppice Sandstone and consists
of yellowish flags with, usually, a greenish tint, which frequently
bear a close resemblance to the Haslingden Flags.
For building purposes most of the sandstone and grits of the Coal
Measures and Millstone Grit Series have been used in one place or
another according to local circumstances, but certain beds have been
exploited on a larger scale and these will now be noted.
In the Burnley district the Dandy Mine Rock is a good building
stone and has been worked at Habergham Quarry, and in the same
district the Tim Bobbin Rock, which reaches a thickness of over
100 ft. at Habergham, has been quarried in several places on the
west side of Burnley, and is still being worked at Whitegate Quarry,
Habergham (p. 32).
The Crutchman or Milnrow Sandstone occurs as a well-bedded
sandstone on the east side of Hurstwood Brook, where it was
formerly extensively quarried, and used for building purposes.
The Warmden Sandstone has been quarried at several places
south and south-east of Accrington, and at Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle.
At the latter place it is still worked to a small extent for flags and
ashlar, and is also crushed into sand for covering mill-floors. Large,
roughly spherical concretions, called ‘ burnt ‘, have outer coats of soft,
ferruginous sandstone round a core of intensely hard sandstone
called ‘ tank.’ These are rejected.
The Warmden Sandstone is in places a fairly pure siliceous sand-
stone. The silica-content of the whitest samples is about 90 per cent.,
with 6 per cent. of alumina and less than 1 per cent. of iron oxide.
It was formerly used at Baxenden mixed with fireclay for the manu-
facture of a siliceous firebrick for beehive coke 0vens.r
The Ouse1 Nest Grit is at present being quarried on a large scale
in the area of its development south and west of Turton in the
south-west of Sheet 76. Large quarries are in operation between
Turton and Bromley Cross (Ouse1 Nest Quarry) and at Egerton, and
the same rock has also been extensively quarried on Horrock’s Scout
on the Bolton and Belmont Road. The rock is extremely even
grained and massive and comes out in large blocks, being thus
adaptable to many purposes.
The Rough Rock was used locally for building in the earlier days,
but in many localities, as for example in the Whitworth Valley, it
was found to be too porous. At Shawforth, on Scout Moor, and
near Children’s Homes, north of Edgworth and also at Holcombe,
it is crushed to obtain sand and gravel for concrete. The railway
viaduct across Healey Dell is built partly of Rough Rock. In the
’ south-east of Sheet 76 numerous small openings are found everywhere

1 See Special Reports, vol. xiv. Refractory Materials : Fireclays (Mem. Gcol.
1920, p. 30 ; a&I vol. vi, Refractory
Surv.), Materials : Ganister, etc. (Mew. GeoZ.
Surv.), 1920, 2nd edition, p. 87.
(811) L 2
 .

156 ROSSENDALE :
along the rock outcrops, but in the south-west more extensive
quarrying has taken place south of Darwen at Bold Venture
Quarry, near Height Side, and Bull Hill Quarry, half a mile north-
west of the Isolation Hospital.
The Hazel Greave Grit has rather a special use. Being in its
upper layers at any rate an extremely tough and hard siliceous
sandstone it is valued as a road metal, and is much quarried for this
purpose at Lower Moor, Todmorden. On the west side of the Irwell
Valley, halfway between Ramsbottom and Helmshore, the attenuated
representative of this bed, not more than 5 or 10 ft. in thickness, has
been, and is still, quarried under considerable difficulties and crushed
for road metal. It is known locally, on account of its extreme hard-
ness, as ‘ ironstone,’ but is really an impure ganister.
The Fletcher Bank Grit is worked in the large quarry at Fletcher
Bank, near Ramsbottom, for setts, building stone, and sand. It
was used in the restoration of Manchester Cathedra1.r Its
equivalent, the Gorpley Grit, forms one of the best building stones
in the eastern district, and has been worked at Summit and elsewhere
for this purpose. The employment of local stone, however, in this
area is being largely replaced by brick, etc., owing to the pro-
hibitive cost of quarrying and dressing it. At Hurstwood it yielded
good blocks for constructional work in making the new reservoirs.
In the Rochdale district the Kinderscout Grit, a coarse massive
pebbly grit, was formerly worked for foundation stones for engine
beds, etc., and other constructional purposes at several large quarries
at Blackstone Edge. Since the introduction of concrete these
quarries have, however, largely fallen into disuse. This grit was also
widely quarried in the past for building in the grit country north of
Todmorden. Heptonstall Church is built of stone from one of the
upper members. Weaker lenticular beds as well as the calcareous
grit at the base of the Kinderscout in Hebden Valley are quarried
for road metal.

SURFACE DEPOSITS

Sand.-Sand is dug locally for various purposes, and large

supplies are available in most of the low-lying districts. The glacial
sands are, however, not always sufficiently clean for building and
cement work, and considerable discretion is necessary in using them.
Lime .-The moraine covering the lower slopes of Hapton Park
contains many boulders of limestone ; and about half way along the
course of Tower Brook extensive diggings mark the site of former
workings in this moraine for the limestone boulders, which were
burnt for lime.
Peat -Peat covers a considerable area on the moorlands,
but it is mostly hill-peat of low density and not very suitable for
fuel, for which, however, it is cut on a small scale locally. On
1 Hull : ‘ The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield ’ (Mem. Geol. Sure.), 1875,p. 41.
 WATER SUPPLY a 157
Cranberry Moss, south of Darwen, a peat is dug which is said to be
used for colouring brown paper.

LEAD AND BARYTES

A series of attempts have been made in the past to mine lead in

the Forest of Rossendale, but none of these appear to have had even
a temporary success. The ore, with which barytes was associated,
occurred along some of the east and west faults extending from
Accrington towards Cliviger and the branches of these which run
south-west from Dunnockshaw towards Acre, north of Haslingden.
Two faults south of Hameldon Hill, the Thieveley Fault and the Acre
Fault, are specially mentioned as having definite lodes associated
with them. Mining was attempted first in 1753 and subsequently
in 1836 and 1870. An account of these operations1 given by Mr.
James Kerr ought to be sufficient to deter any future attempts at
exploitation, should such be contemplated. Failure appears to have
resulted from the poorness and discontinuity of the lodes rather
than from any external cause.
One of the steep cloughs descending from Blackstone Edge
Moors to the Lydgate Brook, Littleborough is termed the Lead Mine
Clough (both locally and on the six-inch Ordnance Map). Here a
north and south fault in the Middle Grits constitutes a vein containing
considerable quantities of crystalline white barytes with occasional
small pockets or crystals of galena. Old overgrown tips occur
along its course, but nothing is known as to when the vein was
last exploited. Its lead ore content as far as can be judged from
samples examined appears to be small. Thin veins of white and
pink barytes occur in the Kinderscout Grits where they form a
conspicuous line of crags on Low House Moor.

WATER SUPPLY

The water-supply of the towns situated in and around Sheet 76

has in the past been largely obtained from reservoirs on the moors.
Of recent years, however, the growth of the population and the
increased requirements for industrial purposes has led to great
competition between the various corporations to enlarge their
catchment areas and acquire new ones. In many instances further
expansion in this direction has become highly expensive if not
impossible, and recourse is being had to boring in order to supplement
the surface supply. The possibilities of the supply to be obtained
from boring and its effect, if any, upon the surface run off have not
as yet been seriously tested. A large proportion of the bores put down
for water in the Millstone Grit country, and even in the Lower Coal
Measures, have served their purpose and some of them have been
extremely successful. As has been pointed out by Professor Kendall
1 Kerr, James, ‘ On Lead Mining in the districts of Stansfield, Holmes Chapel,
Rossendale and Great Hambledon ; N.W. Yorkshire and N.E. Lancashire,’ Trans.
Manchester Geol. SOL, vol. xiii, 1875, p. 344.
158 ROSSENDALE :
in a recent pamphlet, 1 the low porosity of the Millstone Grits
militates against their usefulness as sources of water. Most of
the water in the grits appears to be stored either in their joints or
in the weathered portions within a short distance of the outcrop.
In most instances the rock is sufficiently jointed to allow of a fairly
free passage of water, but instances have been known where a
borehole remained almost dry after penetrating considerable thick-
nesses of massive .,grit. It is therefore highly probable that the
chances of success are greater in faulted or sharply folded ground than
in undisturbed areas.
The south-westerly thickening of the Millstone Grits and Lower
Coal Measures referred to on p. 10 is of vital importance in relation
to the problems of water finding. The Main Third (Gorpley or
Fletcher Bank) Grit, which is generally found to yield a copious supply,
is easily reached towards the north-east by borings starting on any
higher horizon in the Millstone Grit Series. In the south-west it
becomes increasingly difficult of attainmeat, and the necessity of
finding sites where boring can start on relatively low horizons
becomes insistent. At the same time, the thickening and increased
coarseness and massiveness of the grit may make it an improving
reservoir in this direction.
The incoming and progressive development of the Brooksbottoms
Sandstone towards the south-west affords a source of supply which
is more easily reached, but can hardly be expected to be as copious
as that of the larger grit below. It has, however, been found to give
a satisfactory yield at Horwich to the south-west of the present sheet,
a result due largely no doubt to its highly jointed nature.-
The rapid development of the Ouse1 Nest Grit in the quth-west
also promises a still more accessible source of supply in this area, but
its capacity has not yet been tested.
It is essential that seekers for underground water in this district
should ascertain as accurately as possible the stratigraphical horizon
at which it is proposed to start boring ; otherwise disappointment and
failure may ensue.
In Blackburn water ror industrial purposes is obtained from
several deep borings which penetrate the Lower Coal Measures
and reach the Rough Rock and Haslingden Flags. Oswaldtwistle
Corporation has a boring near Cocker Brook said to yield a ferruginous
water which is mixed with the moorland water. The mixture of the
two is said to produce an excellent drinking water. Bolton Cor-
poration has a deep bore, 1139 ft., in the Long-worth valley west of
Egerton, which starts, as well as can be judged from the imperfect
record, in the Ouse1 Nest Grit and ends in the Helmshore Grit. The
supply is considerable but the water is only used for compensation
purposes. A much more successful bore belonging to the Bolton
Corporation is that at Lower Heights near Belmont, on the Bolton-

l Kendall, P. F., ‘ The Porosity of Rocks and its Influence upon the Yield of
Wells and Boreholes.’ Published by the Institution of Water Engineers, n.d. _
 WATER SUPPLY. 159
Preston road, just outside the margin of Sheet 76, where a copious
supply is obtained from the Fletcher Bank Grit.
In Ramsbottom there are two boreholes which probably derive
the bulk of their water from the Holcombe Brook and Brooksbottoms
Sandstones. One at the Hope Works near the junction of Nuttall
Lane and the Bolton Road is 400 ft. deep and penetrates the 10 ft.
local representative of the Hazel Greave Grit, which, however,
probably contributes very little to the supply. The other, at Messrs.
Hepburn’s Bleach Works, adjoining Ramsbottom Station, is 465 ft.
deep and reaches the top of the Helmshore Grit. It is questionable
if either of these bores have appreciably augmented their supply by
going below the bottom of the Brooksbottoms Grit at about 250 ft.,
but the second is now within easy reach of the Fletcher Bank Grit,
and if an increased supply is ever required it could probably be
obtained by boring another 100 or 200 ft.
At Clough Bottom, near Water, the Holcombe Brook Grit has
been tapped by a boring, and the Fletcher Bank Grit supplies several
mills at Rawtenstall. The Bury and District Water Board have a
very successful bore at Gin Hall, half a mile north of Walmersley, near
Bury, where the supply is probably derived in the main from the
Fletcher Bank Grit. The borehole is 906 ft. deep and went through
364 ft. of this grit without reaching the base. The same Board, in
putting a hole, 1,260 ft. deep, down to the Fletcher Bank Grit at
Haslingden Grane, one and a half miles west of Haslingden, had the
misfortune to find it completely dry, although the grit was 388 ft. thick
This failure is unquestionably connected with the exceptionally
massive character of the rock penetrated in the borehole, and
illustrates the necessity of a certain amount of jointing to allow
the passage of water, even in this coarse grit.
Another fairly deep borehole which penetrated the Main Third
or Gorpley Grit and yet failed to obtain water was that put down
by the Rochdale Corporation at Spring Mill Reservoir, west of Healey.
This bore, which was 840 ft. deep, started just below the Rough
Rock and went through 126 ft. of grit between the levels of 604 and
730 ft. The record is an old one and the cause of the failure is
unknown.
A few deep bores in Rochdale obtain their water from the upper-
most beds of sandstone in the Lower Coal Measures, and the same
sandstones yielded a fair supply at Shedden Plantation in the
Cliviger District. The borehole at this locality, which was 210 ft.
deep and penetrated the Milnrow Sandstone, overflowed at the
surface and yielded 33,000 gallons per day. It is reported that, in a
boring at Cornholme put down from below the Lower Haslingden
Flags, water was tapped in a white sandstone, probably the Holcombe
Brook Grit. The water overflowed at the surface, but the supply was
uncertain.
AGRICULTURE AND SOILS
Owing to the industrialization of the district there is very little
tillage, most of the agricultural land being under grass. Much
160 ROSSENDALE :

land formerly enclosed on the higher slopes is passing back to a wild

state. Large areas of hill pasture have in places been taken over
by the Water Boards and the farms thereon dismantled. Much of
the soil still grazed seems very infertile, probably on account of acidity
and want of drainage
As regards the variety of soils the Ribblesdale and North-western
drifts (SF~p. 133) produce essentially different types. The Ribblesdale .
drift makes a stiff clay soil, and the North-western a stony loam,
locally tending to sandy loam. The associated sands produce a
sandy-loam soil not always easy to distinguish from that produced by
the boulder-clay of North-western type.
The soil of some of the cultivated ground is essentially modified
by an admixture of peat, and in some places a pure peat-soil is tilled
or grazed.
 161

APPENDIX I

LIST OF PAPERS REFERRING TO THE GEOLOGY OF SHEET 76, ROCHDALE

1832-6. HALL,, ELIAS.-A Mineralogical and Geological Map of the Coal

Field of Lancashire. [Several editions.]
1836. HALL, ELIAs.-Introduction to the Mineralogical and Geological
Map of the Coalfield of Lancashire, &c. 8vo. Manchester.
1839. BINNEY, E. W.-Observations on the Lancashire and Cheshire
Coalfield, with a Section. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. i,
p. 67.
1840. BINNEY, E. W.-On the Marine Shells of the Lancashire Coal Field.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. i, p. 80.
1841. BROWN, T.-Description of some new species of Fossil Shells, found
chiefly in the Vale of Todmorden, Yorkshire. Trans. Manchester
Geol. Sot., vol. i, p. 212.
1843. BINNEY, E. W.-On the Great Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Fields.
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1842. Sections, p. 49.
1855. HOOKER, J. D. and BINNEY, E. W.-On the Structure of certain
Limestone Nodules enclosed in seams of Bituminous Coal, with
a Description of some Trigonocarpons contained in them. Phil.
Trans. Roy. Sot. London, vol. 145, p. 149.
1860. BINNEY, E. W.-Observations on the Fossil Shells of the Lower
Coal Measures. Trans. Manchester GeoE. Sot., vol. ii, p. 72.
1860. BINNEY, E. W.-Excursion to Brooksbottom and the Neighbour-
hood. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. ii, p. 85.
1861. WILKINSON,T. T. and WHITAKER, J.-On the Burnley Coalfield and
its Fossil Contents. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1860, 1861, p. 135 ; also
Geologist, vol. iv, p. 508. Published with additions in Trans. Hid.
Sot. Lams. 4% Ches., vol. xiv.
1862. BINNEY, E. W.-On some Fossil Plants showing Structure from the
Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire. Quart. Jouyn. Geol. Sot.,
vol. 18, p. 106.
1862. BINNEY, E. W.-Nodules in Coal from the Lower Coal Measures of
Lancashire. Manchester Lit. &Phil. Soc..Proc., vol. ii, p, 71.
1862. BINNEY, E. W.-On some Fossil Plants, showing Structure from
the Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire. Quart. Jown. Geol. Sot.,
vol. xviii, p. 106.
1862. HULL, E.-The Geology of the Country around Bolton-le-Moors,
Lancashire [being the Explanation of the One Inch Geological
Map 89 S.E. (Old Series)]. Mem. Geol. Sure.
1862. WILKINSON, T. T.-On the Burnley Coalfield. Manchester Lit. 4+
Phil. Sot. Proc., vol. iii, p. 31. [Note additional to the 1861
paper.1
1863. DICKINSON, J.-On the Coal Strata of Lancashire. Trans. Man-
chester Geol. Sot., vol. iv, p. 155.
1863. WILD, GEORGE.-On the Fulledge Section of the Burnley Coal Field.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. iv, p. 180.
1863. WILKINSON, T. T.-Section of Strata near Worsthorne, Burnley.
Manchester Lit. & Phil. Sot. Proc., vol. iii, p. 31.
1864. AITKEN, J.-Notice of Bones from the Valley of the Irwell, near
Rawtenstall. Trans. Manchesfey Gecl. Sot., vol. iv, p. 333.
1864. WILKINSON, T. T.-On the Drift Deposits near Burnley. Tvans.
Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. iv, p. 108.
162 ROSSENDALE :

1866. AITKEN, J.‘On the Union of the Gannester and Higher Foot Coal
Mines at Bacup, together with some remarks on the circumstances
under which it occurs. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. v,
p. 185.
1866. BINNEY, E. W.-Account of Calcareous Nodules from the Lower
Coal-seams of Lancashire and Yorkshire full of Fossil Wood.
Manchester Lit. G- Phil. Sot. Proc., vol. v, No. 7, p. 61.
1866. DICKINSON, JOSEPH.-On some of the Leading Features of the
Lancashire Coalfield. Trans. N. Inst. Mining Eng., vol. xv, p. 13.
1866. HULL, E.-Geology between Bacup and Todmorden. Trans.
Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vi, p. 33.
1866. WHITAKER J.-On the Outcrop of the Lower Coal-Measure Rocks
on Boulsworth and Gorple, together with Observations on the
Origin of some “ Rock Basins ” therein. Trans. Manchester
Geol. Sot., vol. v, p. 94.
1866. WILKINSON, T. T.-Additional Notes on the Drift Deposits in
Burnley and the Neighbourhood. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot.,
vol. v, p. 65.
1868. AITKEN, J.-The Geology of Rossendale. [A chapter in Thos.
Newbigging’s History of the Forest of Rossendale, Lond.]
1868. AITKEN, J.-Excursion of the Manchester Geological Society to
Bacup and Todmorden . Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vi,
p. 22. Excursion of the Manchester Geological Society from
Stubbins to Bacup. Ibid., p. 67.
1868. AITKEN, J.-Remarks on an Outlier of Drift Gravel on Holcombe
Hill. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vii, pp. 57 and 80.
1868. AITKEN, J.-Horizontal Section of the Geology of Mid-Lancashire
by Mr. Edward Hull. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vii, p. 78.
1868. AITKEN, J.-Origin and Structure of a Flint Pebble from the Drift
on Holcombe Hill. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vii, p. 80.
1868. BINNEY, E. W.-Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants
found. .. in the Carboniferous Strata.. Palaeont. Sot. Lmdon, vol.
XVlll, p. 1.
1868. BINNEY, E. W.-Shales, Grit and Drift on Holcombe Hill. Trans.
Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vii, pp. 39 and 61.
1868. ECCLES, JAMES.-On the Excursion to Holcombe. Trans. _&fan-
Chester Geol. Sot., vol. vii, p. 36.
1868. HULI,, E.-Observations on the Relative Ages of the principal
Physical Features of and lines of Elevation of the Carboniferous
District of Lancashire and the adjoining parts of Yorkshire.
Quart. Joum, Geol. Sot., vol. xxiv, p. 323.
1868. ECCLES, J.-Superficial Curvature of Inclined Strata near Black-
burn. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. vii, p. 20.
1868. TIDDEMAN, R. H.-The Valleys of Lancashire. Geol. Mag., vol. v,
p. 39.
1871. AITKEN, J.-Notice 01 Specimens from Drift, Holcombe Hill.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. x, p. 115.
1871. KERR, J.-On Traces of Glacial Phenomena in the Valley of the
River Irwell and its tributaries in Rossendale. Trans. Man-
chester Geol. Sot., vol. x, pp. 116, 126.
1872. BINNEY, E. W.-Additional Notes on the Lancashire Drift Deposits.
Manchester Lit. & Phil. Sot. Proc., vol. xi, p. 139.
1872. TIDDEMAN, R. H.--On the Evidence for the Ice Sheet in North
Lancashire. Quart. Joum. Geol. Sot., vol. xxviii, p. 471.
1873. AITKEN, J.-Flint Pebbles from the High Moorlands. Trans Man-
chester Geol. Sot., vol. xii, p. 41.
1873. AITKEN, J.-Slickensides from the Millstone Grit, Todmorden.
Trans. Manchester Geol. SOG., vol. xii, pp. 43 and 47.
1874. AITKEN, J .-Occurrence of High Level Drift in the neighbourhood
of Bacup. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xiii, pp. 133, 139.
 APPENDIX I. 163
1875. HULL, E., DAKYNS, J. R., TIDDEMAN,R. H., WARD, J .C., GUNN, W7.,
and DE RANCE, C. E.-Geology of the Burnley Coal Field
[Explanation of Sheets 88 N.W ., 89 N.W ., N.E. and 92 S. W ,,
Old Series]. Mem. Geol. Surv.
1875. KERR, J .-Lead Mining in Lancashire and Yorkshire in 1753-62.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xiii, p. 344.
1876. AITKEN, J.-Drift Deposits on the Western Pennine Slopes of the
Upper Drainage of the rivers Calder and Irwell, . . . . Trans.
Manchestev Geol. Sot., vol. xiv, pp. 51-70.
1877. AITKEN, J.-Flint Arrow Tip and some Flint Flakes found in the
neighbourhood of Bacup . . . . Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot.,
vol. xiv, p. 284.
1877. CROFTON,A.-Old Oak Trees in the Bed of the Irwell at Brooks-
bottoms. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xiv, p. 238.
1877. DE RANCE, C. E.-Variation in Thickness of the Coal Measures of
the Lancashire Coalfield (Part I). Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot.,
vol. xiv, pp. 207 and 245.
1879. AITKEN, J.-Occurrence of a Bed of Iron Pyrites in the Millstone
Grit in the Walsden Valley, near to the remains of an ancient
Bloomary. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xv, p. 185.
1857. DUGDALE, CRISPIN.-General Section of the Lower Coal Measures
and Millstone Grit Rocks in the Forest of Rossendale, with
Remarks on some Fossiliferous Beds contained therein. Trans.
Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xix, p, 220.
1887. STIRRUP, MARK.-Granite Boulder and Fossil Plant from the
_ Gannister Coal, Bacup. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xix,
p. 233.
1885. BOLTON, HERBERT.-Boulders from the High Level Drift of Bacup.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xix, pp. 393 and 400.
1889. BOLTON, HERBERT.-Fish Remains from the Lower Coal Measures.
Trans. Manchester Geol. SOC., vol. xx, pp, 215 and 223.
1890. BOLTON, HERBERT. The Geology of Rossendale.
1890. PLATT, S. S .-Notes on the Paving Stones used at Rochdale.
Trans. Rochdale Lit. and Sci. Sot., vol. ii, p. 4.
1890. TONGE, A. J.-Fossils of the Lancashire Coal Measures. Trans.
Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xx, p. 564.
1890. WALKDEN, R.-Stigmaria Ficoides found in a Mine at Over Darwen,
Lancashire. Trans. Manchester Geol Sot., vol. xx, p. 461.
1891. KIDSTON, R.-Fossil Plants from the Lancashire Coal Measures.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxi, p. 401.
1891. STIRRUP, MARK.-Granite Pebbles from the Sand Rock Mine,
Bacup, Lancashire. Trans. Manchester Geol. SOC., vol. xxi,
p. 172.
1891. TONGE, A. J.-On a Collection now being formed of the Fossils of
the Lancashire Coalfields. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxi,
p. 260.
1892. BOLTON, HERBERT.-Marine Shells in the Boulder Clay of Bacup.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxi, p. 574.
1892. PLATT, S. S.-Some of the Recent Results of the Investigation into
Local Erratic Blocks. Trans. Rochdale Lit. and Sci. Sot., vol. iii,
p. 52.
1892. WILD, GEORGE.-The Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire. Trans.
Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxi, p, 364.
1893. STIRRUP,MARK.-Further Notes on Boulders from the Coal Measures.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxii, p. 321.
1894. KIDSTON, R.-Fossil Plants from the Lancashire Coal Measures
(Part 2). Trans. Mawhester Geol. Sot., vol. xxii, p. 632.
1896. BOLTON, HERBERT.-Descriptions of New Species of Brachiopoda
and Mollusca from the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures
of Lancashire. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Sot,, vol. xii, No. 6.
164 ROSSENDALE :

1896. SPENCER, J.-[B ou Iders of North-western Drift at Todmorden].

Halifax Naturalist, vol. i, pp, 21 and 45.
1897. LAW, R.-Report of Erratic Blocks of the British Isles. Rep.
&it. Assoc. for 1896, Proceedings, p. 371.
1898. BOLTON, HERBERT.-The Nomenclature of the Seams of the Lan-
cashire Lower Coal Measures. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot.,
vol. xxv, p. 428. Also in Manchester Museum Handbooks.
1898. STIRRUP, MARK.-Fossil Remains in the Lancashire Coalfield.
Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxv, p. 581.
1899. LOMAX, JAMES.-Recent Investigation on Plants of the Coal
Measures. Trans. Manchester Geol. Sot., vol. xxvi, p. 237.
1902. LOMAX, JAMES.-on the Occurrence of the Nodular Concretions
(Coal Balls) in the Lower Coal Measures. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1902.
1904. BOLTON,HERBERT.-PalaeOntOlOgy of the Lancashire Coal Measures.
Trans. Manchester Geol. SOL., Part I, vol. xxviii, p. 378 ; Part 2.
ibid., p. 578 ; Part 3, ibid., p. 668. Reprinted as Manchester
Museum Handbooks, Parts i, ii, and iii.
1905. PARKER, W. A.-Remains of Fossil Fishes found near Rochdale.
Trans. Rochdale Lit. & Sci. Sot., vol. viii, p. 24.
1906. BOLTON, HERBERT, and LYDEKKER, R.-A History of the County
of Lancashire : Part I, Geology and Palaeontology. Vict. County
Hist. Lond.
1907. WATSON, D. M. S.-The Formation of Coal Balls in the Coal
Measures. Trans. Manchester Geol. & Min. Sot., vol. xxx, p. 135.
1908. STENHOUSE,T.-Some Underground Waters of Rochdale and Neigh-
bourhood. Trans. Rochdale Lit. & Sci. Sot., vol. ix, p. 30.
1908, STOPES,M. C. and WATSON, D. M. S.-On the Present Distribution
and %igin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, known
as “ Coal Balls.” Phil. Trans. Roy Sot., Ser. B, vol. 200, p. 167.
1908. WILMORE, A .-Glacial Geology of Colne and District. Proc. Calne
Lit. & Sci. Sot., 1908, p. 17.
1911. BALDWIN, WALTER.-The Pleistocene Lakes of Rochdale. Trans.
Rochdale Lit. & Sci. Society,vol. x, p. 17.
1914. JOWETT, A .-The Glacial Geology of East Lancashire. @art.
Jown. Geol. Sot., vol. lxx, p. 199.
1923. JACKSON,J. W.-On the Correlation of Yoredales and Pendlesides.
The Naturalist, Oct., 1923, p. 337.
1924. TONKS, L. H., and WRIGHT, W. B.-The South-Westerly Thickening
of the Millstone Grit in Lancashire. Summary of Progress for
1923 (Mem. Geol. Sure.), Appendix ii, p. 150.
1924. BISAT, W. S.-The Carboniferous Goniatites of the North of
England and their Zones. Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Sot., vol. xx,
Part I, p. 40.
1926. JACKSON,J. W.-The Goniatite Zones below the Kinder Scout Grit
in North Derbyshire. The Naturalist, July, 1926, p. 205.
1926. WRIGHT, W. B.-New Goniatities from the Millstone Grit of
Lancashire. Summary of Progress for 1925 (Mem. Geol. Surv.),
Appendix; 1926, p. 194.
1927. JACKSON,J. W.-New Carboniferous Lamellibranchs, and Notes on
other forms. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Sot., vol. lxxi. (In
the press. )
 APPENDIX II

LIST OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PHOTOGRAPHS

(NEW SERIES’ ONE-INCH SHEET 76)

.
Copies of these photographs are deposited for public reference in the
Library of the Geological Survey, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. 1. Prints:
and lantern-slides are supplied at a fixed tariff.

2523.-Millstone Grit : mudstones. Hodge Clough, Lumb, Stubbins.

2524.-Millstone Grit : ganister rock. Pleasant View Quarry, Helmshore.
2525.-Millstone Grit : shales and mudstones. Beetle Hill Quarry, Helm-
shore.
2526.-Millstone Grit : Rough Rock escarpment. Dulesgate, Todmorden.
2527.-Millstone Grit : scenery. Ramsden Wood, Walsden.
2528.~Millstone Grit : steep-sided valley in shales and mudstones. Ramsden
Wood.
2529.-Glacial gorge and landslips. Walsden.
2530.-Glacial gorge and water parting. The Summit, Warland.
253 1.-Millstone Grit : Holcombe Brook Coal and fireclay. Summit Brick-
works.
2532.~Millstone Grit : scenery with Glacial gravel and gorge. Summit
Brickworks.
2533.-Millstone Grit : Holcombe Brook mudstones. Summit Brickworks.
2534.-Xllstone Grit : Holcombe Brook Grit scarp and landslip. Leach
Hill, Littleborough.
2535.-Millstone Grit : Middle Grits, landslips and glacial overflow channel..
Snoddle Hill Reservoir, Summit, Littleborough.
2536.-Lower Coal Measures : faults in Inch Mine Coal and fireclay. Starring
Potteries, Littleborough.
2537.-Lower Coal Measures : cut by Glacial channel. Starring Potteries,
Littleborough.
2538.-Lower Coal Measures : Drain pipe works and mine in Inch Mine Coal..
Starring Potteries, Littleborough.
2539.-Glacial dry channel. Ratcliff Hill, Shore.
2540.-Glacial dry channel and Lower Coal Measures scenery. Shore near
Littleborough.
254 1.-Glacial dry channel and landslips. Caldermoor, near Littleborough.
2542.-Landslips and deforestation scenery. Caldermoor, near Littleborough..
2543 .-Glacial dry channel. Caldermoor, near Littleborough.
2544 .-Glacial dry channel. Forrest, Caldermoor, near Littleborough.
2545.-Glacial dry channel and Lower Coal Measures scenery. Hollingworth
Lake.
2546.-Glacial dry channels : opencast workings in Lower Coal Measures.
Tunshill Hill.
2547.-Glacial dry channel and Lower Coal Measures. Hollingworth Lake.
2548.-Glacial dry channel and Lower Coal Measures. Hollingworth Lake.
2549.-Glacial dry channel and Lower Coal Measures. Syke, Hollingworth
Lake.
2550-2552.-Glacial overflow channel and Lower Coal Measures. Holling-
worth Lake.
2553.-Glacial overflow channel and Lower Coal Measures. Between Syke.
and Rakewood.
2554.-Glacial overflow channel and Lower Coal Measures. Ealees Beck,
Littleborough.
166 ROSSENDALE :

25X-Glacial overflow channel and Lower Coal Measures. Between Syke

and Littleborough.
2556.-Millstone Grit : Kinderscout Grit. Blackstone Edge.
2557,---Glacial overflow channel. Healey Stones, near Rochdale.
2558.-Lower Coal Measures : outcrop of Lower Mountain Mine. Near
viaduct, Healev.
2559.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags. Britannia Quarries from Cowm
Reservoir.
2560.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags and Rough Rock scenery. Cowm
Reservoir.
2561.-Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures. Whitworth valley.
2562. Millstone Grit : Rough Rock and Haslingden Flags. Facit Quarry,
Whitworth.
2563.-Millstone Grit : waterfall over Hazel Greave Grit. Green’s Clough.
2564.-Millstone Grit : Holcombe Brook Grit. Green’s Clough.
2565.-Millstone Grit : Holcombe Brook Grit to Rough Rock. Green’s
Clough,
2566.-Millstone Grit : fault in Hazel Greave Grit. Portsmouth Station.
2567.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags and Rough Rock. Green’s Clough.
2568.-Millstone Grit and Coal Measures scenery. Cliviger Gorge.
2569.-Millstone Grit and Glacial channel. Cliviger Gorge. (Plate VII. A.)
2570.-Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures, effect of faulting. Chiger
Gorge.
2571 .-Millstone ,Grit and Lower Coal Measures scenery. Pudsey Clough.
2572.-Lower Coal Measures : current bedding in Woodhead Hill Rock,
Redwater Clough.
2573.-Millstone Grit : effect of faulting. Caldervale.
2574.-Millstone Grit landslip. Crosstones Road, Todmorden.
2575.Millstone Grit : Kinderscout Grit. The Butt Stones, Todmorden.
(Plate II. A.)
2576.-Millstone Grit : Kinderscout Grit. The Butt Stones (near view),
Todmorden.
2577.-Millstone Grit : faulted rock. Law Hill Quarry, Todmorden.
257&g.-Millstone Grit : Gorpley Grit. Hurstwood Quarry, Burnlev.
2580.-Millstone Grit : outcrop of tilestones. Rams Clough, Burnley.
2581.-Millstone Grit : ganister and fireclay. Rams Clough, Burnley.
2582.-Millstone Grit : Rough Rock, jointing and current bedding. Naden
Reservoir, Rochdale.
2583.-Millstone Grit : Rough Rock, Naden Reservoir, Rochdale.
2584.-Millstone Grit : Rough Rock, and Haslingden Flags. Naden Reservoir.
2585.-Lower Coal Measures : outcrop workings, Bullion Mine. Reddyshore.
2586.-Lower Coal Measures scenery. Rowley Moor.
2587 .-Millstone Grit scenery. Norden Reservoir.
2588.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags and Glacial Drift. Old Quarry,
Newchurch.
2589.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags, example of building, Newchurch.
2590.-Millstone Grit : outcrop of Sand Rock Mine. Newchurch.
2591.-Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures scenery. Whitwell Bottom,
Newchurch.
2592.-Millstone Grit : section in Rough Rock and Upper Haslingden Flags.
Whitwell Bottom, Newchurch.
2593.-Lower Coal Measures : waterfall on ganister rock. Heb Clough.
2594.-Lower Coal Measures : outcrop of Lower Foot Coal. Heb Clough.
2595.-Lower Coal Measures : Bassy Mine outcrop. Heb Clough.
2596-8.-Lower Coal Measures and Millstone Grit scenery [panorama].
Rawtenstall.
2599.-Millstone Grit : adit to Sand Rock Mine. Know1 Moor.
2600.-Millstone Grit : scenery. Cheesden Brook.
2601.-Peat moor on local drift. Whittle Pike. (Plate VII. B.)
2602.-Lower Coal Measures : shales with ironstone. New Gate Brook.
 APPENDIX II. 167
2603.-Lower Coal Measures : Six Inch Mine and slipped peat, New Gate
Brook,
2604 .-Glacial overflow channel. Birtle Dean.
2605.-Glacial overflow channel. Wind Hill, Deeply Vale.
2606.-Glacial overflow channel. Gorge in Rough Rock. Wind Hill, Deeply
Vale.
2607.-Glacial overflow channel. Deeply Vale.
2608.-Millstone Grit : faulted escarpment of Rough Rock, Birtle.
2609.-Millstone Grit : Holcombe Hill and Grant’s Tower, from Deeply Vale.
2610.-Glacial overflow channel, gorge in Rough Rock, from Deeply Vale.
2611 .-Glacial overflow channel, and Throstle Hill, Deeply Vale.
26 12 .-Lower Coal Measures : Woodhead Hill Rock with concretions.
Walmersley.
2613.-Grant’s Tower, built of Fletcher Bank Grit. Near Ramsbottom.
2614.-Xllstone Grit : Fletcher Bank (or Gorpley) Grit. Fletcher Bank

26 1,~;~~~~to~ernG~~tttorn* : Fletcher Bank (or Gorpley) Grit. Fletcher Bank

Quarry, Ramsbottom.
2616.-Millstone Grit : gorge in Brooksbottoms Sandstone. Brooksbottoms.
26 17-8.--3Iillstone Grit : Rough Rock and ’ Lonkey.’ Scout Moor Quarries.
(Plate I )
2619.-Millstone Grit : Rough Rock scenery. Naden Brook.
2620.-Xllstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures : scenery. Naden Reservoir.
262 1 .-Xllstone Grit : Upper Haslingden Flags. Ding Quarry, Rowley Moor.
2622.-Millstone Grit : Upper Haslingden Flags with cover of peat, Ding
Quarry.
2623.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags. Horncliff Quarries, Rawtenstall.
2624-6.-Millstone Grit : scenery, From near Stubbins Station.
2627.-Millstone Grit : scenery. Stubbins and Whittle Pike.
2628.-Middle Coal Measures : Low Bottom Mine. Whitegate Quarry,
Burnley.
2629.-Middle Coal Measures : sandstones and shales. Whitegate Quarry,
Burnley.
2630.-Middle Coal Me,asures : Tim Bobbin Rock. Whitegate Quarry, Burnley.
2631,-Lower Coal Measures : scenery. Habergham Clough.
2632-3.-Middle Coal Measures : section of strata. Habergham Quarry.
2634.-Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures : Whinney Hill, Accrington.
2635.-Lower and Middle Coal Measures : scenery. Hameldon Scout.
2636.-Lower Coal Measures : Crutchman Sandstone. Accrington.
2637.-Lower Coal Measures : Great Arc or Bullion Rock. Warmden Clough.
2638.-Millstone Grit : exposure of Brooksbottoms Sandstone, Holden Wood
Bleach Works.
2639.-Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures scenery. Bull Hill and
Tor Hill.
2640-l .-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags scenery. Haslingden.
2642.-Millstone Grit : scenery. Holden Wood Reservoir.
2643.-Xlillstone Grit : Haslingden Flags with high dip. Close Brow Quarry.
2644.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags, detail on bedding plane, ripple
marks and gas bubbles. Close Brow Quarry, Rishton.
2645.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags. Close Brow Quarry, Rishton.
(Plate II. B.j
2646.-Millstone Grit : Haslingden Flags, with high dip and stool of stigmaria.
Harper Clough Quarry, Rishton.
2647.-Millstone Grit : horizon of Hazel Greave Grit. Harper Clough Quarry,
Rishton.
2648.-Lower Coal Measures : marine band. Near Rishton.
2649.-Lower Coal Measures : Accrington Mudstones. Whinney Hill Plastic
Brick Works.
2650-l .-Lower Coal Measures : Accrington Mudstones. Accrington Brick
and Tile Works.
168

APPENDIX III

LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT QUARRIES IN SHEET 76

(Quarries marked with an asterisk (*) are standing)

-
6-in.
Name of Quarry Products Geological horizon
Map

Lanes.
62 S.E. Royshaw Rrick- Bricks . .. .. . .. . Mudstone beneath
works Haslingden Flags
Audley Range Bricks ... ... ... Shale above Crutch-
Brickworks man Sandstone
63 N.W. Cunliff e Quarry Setts ... . .. . .. Haslingden Flags
63 N.E. Enfield Quarry Paving-stones and setts Old Lawrence Flags
63 S.W. Stanhill Quarry Flags, ashlar and crushed Warmden Sand-
sand for mill floors stone
63 S.E. Whinn ey Hill ’ Nori ’ bricks and tiles... Accrington ’ Mud-
Quarrv stones
Whinnei Hill Bricks, terracotta goods -4ccrington Mud-
stones
Er!%?’
, Brick- Bricks, terracotta goods Accrington Mud-
works stones
64 N.W. Habergham* . . . Worked for building Rock above Dandy
stone Mine
64 N.E. Worsthorne . .. Rubble for reservoir Milnrow Sandstone
construction
64 S.E. copy . . . . .. ? Building stone ... Milnrow Sandstone
Crown Point . . . Road metal ... . .. Old LawrenceRock

($5 N.W. Hurstwood .. . Good blocks of varying 3rd Grit.

sizes for reservoir con-
struction
70 N.E. Brow Brick and Bricks, flags ... ... Crutchman Sand-
Stone Quarry stone and shale
above
Sharrock Delf Bricks, flags for cottage Cru tchman Sand-
Stone Quarry and mill floors stone and shale
above
70 S.E, Hollins Brick- Bricks . .. .. . ... Shale above Old
works Lawrence Flags
71 N.W. Hill Top Quarq Setts and building-stone Rough Rock
Duckworth Setts, flags, kerbs, huild- Haslingden Flags
Clough ing-stone, triangular
Quarry blocks for tcps of walls
71 S.E. Dilly More Setts, flags, kerbs ... Haslingden Flags
Quarry
Hutch Bank Setts (best IO+” x 6+” x Haslingden Flags
Quarry 64”) 1 flags, kerbs,
building stone
hlusbury Setts, flags, kerbs ... Haslingden Flags
Heights
72 N.W. Pinner Quarry* Flags and setts ... Lower Haslingden
Flags
 APPENDIX III. 169

6-m
game of Quarry Products _ >eological horizon
Map
-.
72 N.W. Bonfire Hill* ,.I . .. . .. ... Upper Haslingden
Flags 8 ft. R.R.
overburden
72 S.W. Height Side* . . . B.. ... . .. . .. Lower Haslingden
Flags
Scout Quarries Building stone . . . .., Lower Haslingden
Flags
I
Hurdles Quarry* ... ... . .. ... Lower Haslingden
Flags
Brow Edge* ... ... ... . .. ... Lower Haslingden
Flags
Horncliffe* .,. .*. ... ... . .. Lower Haslingden
Flags. Also
mined
72 N.E. Deerplay Hill Occasional working for Old Lawrence Rock
road metal
Clough Head Occasional working for Dyneley Knoll
x-dad metal Flags
72 S.E. Lee Quarries . . , Setts up to 10” x 6” x S’, Rough Rock and
sills, flagstones and Haslingden Flags
kerbstones
Saw blocks for building Haslingden Flags
up to 10 tons (about
140 c. ft.)
Wall stones for house Haslingden Flags
building 18” x 7” x 6”
Brandwood . .. Sills, kerbs and flagstones Haslingden Flags
freestone for building

73 N.W. Lower Moor Q’s Gdo”d?r~c~etal ... Hazel Greave Grit

73 SW. Knowlwood Thick beds of gritstone
Quarries worked here intermit-
tently for a variety of
purposes ; mainly build-
ing .
78 N.E. Bold Venture* Massive grit . .. . .. Rough Rock
Whitehall Park Flags, setts .,. . .. Haslingden Flags
Quarry
Bull Hill Quarry Building stone, gate Rough Rock
posts, setts
78 SE. Holebottoms Stone for reservoir ... Brooksbottoms
Quarry* Grit
79 N.W. Edge Fold Delf Flags, setts . .. ... Haslingden Flags
Round Barn Flags, setts and ? crushed Upper Haslingden
Delf rock (extensive) Flags and Rough
Rock
Cadshaw Massive grit ,.. ... Rough Rock
Quarries*
79 N.E. Crawthorn Delf Flags and crushed rock Upper Haslingden
for sand Flags and Rough
Rock
Tor Hill* . .. Flags ... . .. . .. Lower Haslingden
Flags
79 N.E. Pleasant View Road metal : hard gan- Hazel Greave Grit
Quarry ister rock known as
‘ Ironstone ’
__ i -e-m .*^_._ _ . .._.^ ._
(811) M
170 ROSSENDALE :

6-in.
Name of Quarry Products Geological horizon
Map

79 N.E. Stubbins Coarse grit ... ... Fletcher Bank Grit

Quarry*
79 S.W. Edgworth Flags, setts (extensive). . . Upper Haslingden
Flags
79 S.E. Hz::% Hill Crushed rock . .. ... Rough Rock
80 N.W. Cowpe Quarry* . .. .. . . .. . .. IJpper Haslingden
Flags. Also
mined
Scout Moor . .. Building stones, setts and Upper Haslingden
flags. Rough Rock Flags. Rough
crushed for sand Rock
Facit End* ... Setts and flags . . . . .. Upper Haslingden
Flags
80 S.W. Fletcher Bank Building stone, window Fletcher Bank Grit
sills, etc., rock crushed
for sand
Pinfold* . .. ... . .. .. . . .. Woodhead Hill
Rock
Ashworth Moor Worked for stone for Rough Rock
Reservoir* . . . dam for reservoir
80 N.E. Britannia Q’s Flagstones average 5’ x Haslingden Flags
5' x 4” - 9”, kerbs,
sills, setts, etc.
Facit Q’s ... Ditto Haslingden Flags
Shawforth Q’s Setts up to 8” x 7” x 4”. Rough Rock
Gravel for concrete
Leavengreave . . . Kerbs, flags and setts. Haslingden Flags
Saw blocks up to 3 or 4
tons
Sl N.W. Calderbrook Worked intermittently for
Quarries building stone, etc.
No large blocks ex-
tracted
81 N.E. Summit Ditto
Quarries
81 S.W. Higher Shore Quarries here worked in-
Quarries termittently for build-
ing stone (for local pur-
poses only). No large
blocks extracted
87 N.W. CQX Green Setts, building stone, Ouse1 Nest Grit
Quarries flags, crushed rock
Ouse1 Nest Setts, building stones, Ouse1 Nest Grit
Quarries flags, crushed rocks
Bradshaw Massive grit .. . ... Ouse1 Nest Grit
Quarries*
Yorks.
229 N.E Eastwood Lane Setts ... Kinderscout Grit
Hal! Stones . . . Road metal ; *&me& Kinderscout Grit
produced good building
stone
248 N.E. Long Lees Large blocks of gritstone
QU=Y up to 10 ft. in length
formerly extracted here
for engine beds, etc.
 INDEX
Accrington, 28, 29, 92, 93, 109, 110,
114, 136, 144, 149, 154, 155,
157; Cemetery, 90, 10s.
- bricks, 30, 151.
- Coalfield, 86-96, 144.
- Glacial Lake, 140.
- Mudstones, 30, 49, 50, 62, 77,
82, 90, 95, 96, 98, 151-2.
Acre, 157.
- fault, 110, 157.
Affeside, 26, 27, 103, 104, 145.
Agriculture, 159-60.
Aitken, Capt. J., 6, 78, 150.
Alden Brook, 64, 65.
Altham, 144.
Alton Coal, 27.
Anglezarke, 5.
Anthraconzya bellula, 23, 34, 45.
Anticlinal Fault, 5, 35.
Arley Mine, 4, 5, 31, 32, 33, 50-5 1,
62, 75, 82, 95, 105, 145, 147;
strata beneath, 30, 50.
Arthropod remains, 32.
Ashworth Farm, 76.
- Moor, 146.
Assise de Chokier, 127.
Aviculopecten sp,, 119, 124.
--
Back Stone Hill, 39.
Bacup, 6, 7, 22, 30, 61, 131, 133,
143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153;
coalfield, 73-81; fault, 81.
Bagslate, 55 ; Colliery, 73; Moor,
73.
Baldwin, Walter, 7, 50.
Balladen, 65; Flags, 19, 65.
Bank Fold, 91,
Bank Hall Colliery, 32, 46, 47, 48,
53.
Bank Hey, 17, 18.
Bar Hole, 112.
Barytes, 40, 157.
Basin Stone, 142.
Bassy Mine, 26, 47, 56, 74, 75, 76,
79-80, 87, 88, 103, 146, 148;
Carbonicola above, 26, 56, 103;
sandstone above, 47 ; synonyms,
31.
Bastwell, 84, 85, 152.
Baudour, 127.
‘ Baum pots, ’ 78.
(811)
Baxenden, 92, 94, 155; station, 153.
Beal valley, 62.
Bedlam, 92.
Bee Hole Borehole, 53 ; Colliery, 147.
Beetle Hill, 68.
Belfield, 55, 108; Colliery, 62.
Belgium ; correlation with, 127.
Belmont, 18, 19, 99, 158.
Belthorn, 9 1.
Bent Hill Slack, 76.
- House quarry, SO.
Bents Clough, 39.
Bents House, 52.
Bin Mine, 31, 145.
Binn’s Pasture, 45.
Binney, E. W., 6, 7.
Birtle, 26, 120.
Bisat, W. S., 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 111,
114, 119, 121, 125, 127, 128.
‘Black Clay Coal,’ 30.
- Clough, 51, 75-7.
- Hill, 36.
‘- rock,’ 41, 66.
Blackburn, 5, 18, 19, 22, 23, 28, 29,
84-7, 90, 91, 108, 137, 144, 152,
154, 158; district, 4, 6, 14, 17, 19,
20, 29, 31, 83-96, 112, 114, 115,
124, 127, 144, 148; Coal Basin, 3,
83-96, 110, 144; Reservoir, 83;
Workhouse, 90.
Blacksnape, 96, 97.
Blackstone Edge, 35, 40, 142, 156;
Delf, 40 ; Moor, 39, 151, 157.
Bois Borsu, 127.
Bold Venture Park, 98.
Quarry, 156.
Bolton, 6, 7, 115, 124-5, 141;
Corporation Waterworks, 19, 158.
Bolton, Dr. Herbert, 7, 23, 30-1, 34,
45.
Bone Coal, 63.
Bonfire Hill quarry, 72.
Bookleaf Shales, 29, 94.
Booth Hollings Wood, 45.
Boring, Bee Hole, 53; Clough
Bottom, 69, 159; Cocker Brook,
158; Comholme, 159; Gin Hall
Reservoir, 65, 159; Haslingden ,
Grane, 159 ; Hepburn’ s Bleach
Works, 159 ; Hope Works, 159 ;
Longworth Valley (Eagley Bore),
158 ; Lower Folds, 100 ; Lower
Heights, 158 ; Ramsbottom, 67,
M2
 172 ROSSENDALE :
159 ; Shedden Plantation, 159 ; Burnt Acres Wood, 36.
Spring Mill Reservoir, 159. - Hill, 78.
Bottom Neddy Mine, 63. Bury district, 18, 24, 33, 99, 115,
Bottomley, 40. 152, 159.
Bottoms, 40. Butt Stones, Todmorden, Plate II
Boulsworth Hill, 139. (A), 38, 39.
Boundary fault, 109, 110.
Bowland Shales, 9, 112, 127.
Bradget Hey, 32, 51.
Bradshaw Brook, 100, 102. Cadshaw, 102, 120, 136.
Brandwood Moor, 147. Calder, River, 88.
Brex Height, 79. Calder Valley, 36, 38, 134, 135.
Brick Barn, 88. Calderbrook, 42, 44, 57, 60, 150. .
Brick-making, 62, 151-3. Calderdale, 139.
Bricks, Accrington, 30, 151. Callis Wood, 36.
Bride Stones Moor, 48. Cannel Mine, 29, 49, 75, 76, 87, 88,
Bridge Clough Water, 80. 91,92, 94,97, 104, 145 ; synonym,
Brighouse Brick and Tile Works, 44. 31.
Brinscall, 136, 139. Cant Clough, 139; Reservoir, Wors-
Britannia Gap, 136. thorne, 133.
Broad Clough, 79, 80, 81; Colliery, Carbonicola, 26, 31-2, 47, 54, 56,
80. 57, 80, 103, 104.
Broadfield, 92. * - acuta, 57, 120.
Broadhead Brook, 105. robusta, 56.
Bromley Cross, 103’. Carr and Craggs Moor, 48, 74, 150.
Brook House, 73. Cartridge Clough, 48, 49, 139.
Brooksbottoms, 140; coal, 22, 67, Carvill Lewis, H., 131.
68, 146; gorge, 67, 69, 140-l ; Castle Clough, 88, 89.
Sandstone (or Grit), 21-2, 23, 67-8, Castleshaw Moors, 35.
70, 85, 100, 158, 159; Series, Cattle Plantation Higher, 91.
see Holcombe Brook Series. Causeway Heights, 72.
Broughtons Farm, 5 1. - Wood, 38.
Brown, Captain Thomas, 6, 36. Cemetery Church, 17.
Brown Hill, 36. - Mine, 30, 49, 77.
Brown Wardle Hill, 57, 59, 60, 142. Central Plateau, 2, 64-82, 106, 109,
Buckley, 59. 146-7.
Buckley, F., 141. Centre Vale, Todmorden, 38, 39.
Building Stone, 153-6. Cheesden, 146; Bridge, 69; Brook,
Bull Hill, 66, 68, 72; quarry, 156. 20, 22, 26, 56, 57, 62, 66, 67, 69,
Bullion Bed ; see Bullion Mine 70, 71, 107, 120, 140; Lumb Mill,
Marine Band. 66 ; overflow channels, 136, 137.
Bullion Mine; see Upper Foot Mine. Chelburn Moor, 42.
- Marine Band, 25, 27-8, 48, -Reservoir, 44.
58-9, 78-9, 81, 104, 120-1, Children’s Homes, 155.
123. China Mine, 32-3, 52, 147; Rock,
- Rock, 27, 57-9, 79-81, 87, 97. 33, 52.
Chokier, Assise de, 127.
Bullions, above Upper Foot Mine, 6,
Chorley, 139.
7,27,59,75, 78,94, 105 ; above Six
Inch Mine, 86 ; above Holcombe Church, 87, 88, 90, 108, 144;
Colliery, 88; Fault, 88.
Brook Coal, 85.
Classification of Upper Carboniferous
Burnley, 2, 29, 30, 32, 37, 109, 137,
8.
155.
Clay Lane., 56.
- Coalfield, 2, 3, 5, 6, 31, 32, 33, Clayton Colliery, 95.
46-54, 140, 145, 147-8, 150, - Hall, 88, 95.
156; faulting of, 46. Clayton-le-Moors, 87, 88, 144, 151,
- district, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 131, 152.
134, 143, 147, 149; Four Clegg Hall, 62.
Foot Mine, 148; Syncline, 1, - Moor, 39.
2, 3, 106, 108. Cleggswood, 60.
 INDEX. 173
Clifton colliery, 32, 54. Dale Clough, 36.
- Pit, 53. Dandy Mine, 32-3, 51, 95, 96, 145,
Clitheroe, 111. 147 ; rock above, 52 ; Rock, 51,
Cliviger, 2, 137, 140, 157; Coalfield, 63, 82, 95, 96, 155.
46, 52; Colliery Co., 46, 52, 74 ; Darwen, 2, 3, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 90,
district, 3, 19, 28, 32, 33, 43, 133, 96, 97, 98, 101, 103, 104,
143, 147, 159; Fault, 47, 109, 147; 105, 109, 110, 120, 124, 136,
Gorge, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 141, 145, 148, 149, 150, 152,
Plate VII (A) ; drainage channels, 154, 156, 157 ; Church, 98.
137 ; Two Foot (China Mine) 52; - Coalfield, 90, 96-8, 144.
valley, 18, 32, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45, - Flags, 30, 60, 75, 79, 81, 97,
48, 50, 60, 139, 147. 105, 154.
Close Brow Quarries, 84, 85, 154. - Valley Fault, 96, 98.
Clough, 57. Deanwood Mine, 149, 150.
- Bottom borehole, 69, 159. Dearden Clough, 68; Bridge, 67 ;
- Brook, 62. Moor, 70, 73, 82.
- Colliery, 56. Deeply Vale, 67, 70 ; Lower Bridge,
-- Foot, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 150. 67.
Coal-balls, 6, 7, 27, 59, 75, 78; in Deer-play, Colliery Co., 76.
Six Inch Mine, 86. - district, 155.
Coal Bank Bleach Works, 60. Fault, 46, 64, 74, 76, 78, la7,
- Clough, 48. 109; synclinal structure due
- Seams; synonymy of, 30-l. to, 76.
Cocker Brook, 91, 92 ; boring, 158. - Hill, 76.
Cocker Garden, 97. Moor, 47, 74, 75, 76, 78, 147.
Cocker Lumb Mill, 92. Delepine, Prof. G., 127.
‘Cockle - bed, ’ 97 ; see also Delph Reservoir, 100.
Carbonicola. Denudation, post-glacial, 140.
Colden Valley, 36. Derbyshire : Absence of Pendle Grits
Congleton district, 129. in, 33; correlation with, 4, 8, 16,
Contemporaneous thrust, 68. 27, 126; Mr. J_ W. Jackson’s
Coppice Sandstone, 155. work in, 111.
Copy Clough, 54. Dewhurst Shales, 28, 94, 97.
Quarry, 49. Dib Hole Coal, 90, 91, 95.
Cornholme, 39, 40, 46, 147, 159. Dick Hill, 60.
- Station, 48. Dickinson, Joseph, 6, 88, 154,
Correlation ; with Belgium, 127; Dimorphoceras, 113, 114, 115, 116,
Edale, 126 ; Germany, 128 ; North 117, 119, 120, 130.
Wales, 127 ; Sabden Valley, 125- Dimple, 100, 146.
6 ; Yorkshire, 126-7. Dip Slopes, 3.
Cowpe Reservoir, 70. Dirty Yard Mine (Bassy Mine),
Crabtree Seam, 27. 26, 56.
Crackers Mine, 52, 63, 95, 145. Diversions of Drainage, 140-l.
Cranberry Moss, 104, 141, 145, 157. Dobroyd Castle, 38.
Crawshaw Booth, 23, 71, 72. Dodbottom Wood, 48, 49.
Crenistria-zone, 9. Doghole Mine, 148.
Cribden Clough, 70. -- Rock, 33, 50.
Hill, 70, 72, 81. Drainage ; diversions of, 140-l.
Croft Head Shaft, 87. - glacial, 134-40.
Crook, 57. Driftless areas, 35, 134.
Cross Stones Road, Todmorden, 112. Dry Gaps, 134-40.
Croston Close Lower Bridge, 67. Duckshaw Clough, 104.
Crowthorn Delf, 72. Duckworth Clough, ZO.
Crutchman Sandstone (see also Miln- Dugdale, Crispin, 6, 81.
row Sandstone), 29, 30, 49, Dulesgate, 18, 27, 37, 41, 43, 56, 60,
60, 75, 81, 82, 87, 90,. 91, 150, 151; Valley, 18, 39, 49, 44,
92, 94, 95, 97, 154, 155. 58.
Dunkenhalgh Park, 88.
Cucko?“::tryl:;4’ Dunnockshaw, 108, 157.
Cvcle of Sedimentation. 9-10, 33-4. Dunscar, 101, 105; Bridge. 105.
 .
174 ROSSENDALE :

Dyneley district, 147; Hill, 150. Faulting, 3, 99, 107, 108-10; age of,
Dyneley Knoll, 50 : Lodge, 52. 106; east and west, 108, 109 ; of
- - Flags, 30, 49, 50, 76, 77, Burnley basin, 46-7 ; of Rochdale,
90, 96, 98, 154-5. basin, 54-5; systems of, 109-10.
Faults with northerly trend, 110.
. Fauna1 variation, 101, 118-20.
Featheredge Mine, 6, 31; see also
Eagley Bore, Longworth Valley, 158. Sand Rock Mine.
- Brook, 105. Fern Gore, 92.
Easden Clough, 47, 48, 49, 51, 75, Fireclay, 148-51; of Inch. Mine, 59,
76. 74 ; of Pasture Mine, 59, 60 ;
East Know1 Colliery, 73. of Upper Mountain Mine, 59,
Eastwood, 14, 36, 112, 125, 126. 60.
Eccleshill, 144, 152; Colliery, 93, - Coal, 31.
149; fault, 96. First Coal, 31.
Echinoderm, 115. Fish remains, 27, 31, 32, 57, 75,
Edale : correlation with 4, 126. 118, 119, 120.
Edenfield, 68, 134. Flag and Slate Rock, 50.
Edge End, 18, 84. Flags, 153-5.
- Fold, 23, 101, 154. Flagstone quarries, 70-2, 101.
Edgerton Moss, 7 1, 72. Fletcher Bank Grit, 10, 18, 33, 34,
Edgeside, 72. 64, 65, 99, 115, 156. 158, 159;
Edgworth, 23, 100, 101, 102, 105, coal above, 99; estuarine band
145, 154, 155. above, 18, 65, 99:
- Glacial Lake, 136. - - Quarries, 18, 64, 156.
- Moor, 105. Flint implements, 14 l-2.
Egerton, 103, 105, 120, 141, 145, Flintshire, succession in, 127.
155, 158. Folding, 1-3, 106 -8.
Enfield Co., 88. Forty Yards Mine (Upper Mountain
- Shaft, 88. Mine) 31, 59.
England, North of, 5, 116. Fossil plants, 6, 7, 128-9.
Entwistle, 100 ; Reservoir, 100. Four Foot Mine of Burnley. 148.
Erratics, 131, 134. Freestone, 153.
Escarpments, 3. ‘ Freshwater’ beds, 9-10.
’ Estuarine’ band above Fletcher Fulledge, 32, 52.
Bank Grit, 18, 99, 115. - .Fault, 47, 107.
- beds, 9-10. - Thin Mine, 32, 53-4, 747.
Eumorphoceras bilingue, 128.
- bisukatum, 4, 9, 13, 14, 112,
126-S.
- carinatum, 122.
- ornatum, 14, 15, 16, 38, 83, ‘ Gagantails, ’ 78.
113, 114, 115, 126, 130. Galena, 40, 157.
pseudobi lingue, 4, 127. Gambleside, 73, 77, 147; Colliery,
- superbilingue. 128. 77.
Evolution of Gastrioceras, 117, 129. Ganister Mine, 3 1, 57 ; see also Lower
of Posidonomya, 122-4. Mountain Mine.
of Pterinopecten, 122. - Rock, 26, 48, 75, 79, 80, 82,
of Re ticuloceras, 129. 94, 104, 145, 151.
Ewood Hall, 38, 112, 123, 125, 126. Gannow, 52; borehole, 53.
Gasteropods, 116, 119.
Gastrioceras cancellatum, 10, 13, 17,
21, 45, 69, 85, 100, 116,
117, 118, 128, 129; old age
form of, 122.
Facit, 71, 141; Mill, 152. carbonarium, see G. subcrenatum.
Far Fold Farm, 70. - coronatum, 22, 27, 117, 119,
Side Farm, 51. 121.
Fault belts, 109. - crenulatum, 45, 85, 116, 117,
reversed, 68. 118, 119, 121, 129.
 INDEX. 175
Gastrioceras cumbriense, 10, 22, 70, Habergham, 32, 155; Clough, 50;
71, 101, 116, 117, 118, 119, Eaves, 121; New Pit, 53; Quarry,
120, 121, 129. 52, 155.
lineatum, 116, 117. Hades Hill, 57, 59; 60, 142.
Zisteri, 10, 22, 25, 26, 27, 57, Hail Storm Hill, 72, 133.
58, 70, 71, 78, 101, 102, 117, Half Yard Mine, 31, 145; see also
119, 120, 121, 129. Lower Mountain Mine.
ontogeny of, 121. Halifax Hard Bed, 27, 123.
martini, 122. Hambledon Hill, 64, 136, 157~.
rurae, 122, 128. Hameldon Scout, 90, 144, 155.
? sigma, 21, 42, 66, 67, 116, Hamer Pasture Reservoir, 59.
117. Handle Hall Colliery, 59, 60.
s@., 155, 116, 117. Hapton, 95, 108, 144; Park, 46, 64,
subcrenatum (carbonarium) , 27, 73, 82, 147, 156; Reservoir,
78, 79, 117, 120, 121, 128. 81; Station, 95.
Gaulkthorn, 152. - Valley, 30; Borehole, 88.
Gawthorpe, 52. Hare Hill, 134.
Germany; correlation with, 128 ; Hargreaves, John, Ltd., 46, 54;
G. wrae zone of, 122. Boreholes, 88.
Geological structure, 2.- Harper Clough, 19, 22, 84, 85, 149,
succession, 3-5. 154; Quarries, 20.
Gin Clough, 72, 81. Hartley Naze, 38.
Gin Hall borehole, 18, 19, 65, 159. Haslingden, 22, 23, 70, 71, 136,
Glacial deposits, 131-40 ; drainage, 143, 157. 159.
7, 134-40; lakes, 134-40 ; maxi- - Flag Marine Band, 10, 71, 101,
mum, 135 ; retreat, 134-40; striae 119, 120, 124-5, 129.
132-3. - Flags, 5, 10, 13, 22-3, 70-2,
Glyphioceras davisi, 121. 100-1, 105, 153-4, 155, 158,
- leodicense, 128. Plate II (B).
Goniatites, 4, 8. - - Lower, 22, 23, 45, 70-1,
- bilingue, 115. 85, 98, 101, 153, 154,
- crenistria, 127. 159.
- spiralis, 127. - - Middle, 45.
- undukatus, 113. - - Upper, 22, 23, 25, 45,
Goodshaw Colliery, 8. 71-2,101, 105,153,154.
Gorple, 35, 108, 134, 139. - Grane, 23, 68, 71, 154, 159;
- Glacial Lake, 139. Bore, 159.
Gorpley, 21, 45, 55, 120; Clough, - Moor, 64, 73, 82.
18, 39, 40, 42; Reservoir, 42. Haug, E, 121.
- Grit, 10, 16, 18, 39, 40, 115, Hawkshaw, 104, 105, 136.
150, 156, 158, 159. - Lane Ends, 145.
Granite pebbles in coal, 7. Hazel Greave Grit, 7, @l, 21, 40, 41,
Great Arc Sandstone, 27, 87, 94, 97. 42, 44, 66, 67, 84, 116, 128, 152,
Great Hameldon, 95, 108, 133, 142, 156, 159.
144, 145, 155, 157. Head-o’ -th’ -Town, 95, 152.
- Harwood, 22, 33, 87, 95, 108, Heald Brook, 77, 79.
144, 154. - Moor, 74, 75, 77, 147.
Greave, 79. Healey, 59, 142, 159; Clough, 147;
Greenbooth Farm, 55. Dell, 155 ; Hall, 60; Hall Mills,
Green Clough, 51. 59; Moor, 147.
Green’sClough, 19, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, Heap Barn, 81.
66, 67, 74, 75, 76. Hebden Valley, 36, 156.
Greenthorne, 69. Height Side, 104, 156.
Grey Stone Hill, 105. Helly Platt, 51.
Grime Clough, 81. Helmshore, 65, 66, 68, 70, 116, 156.
Grimshaw Park, 87, 90, 108, 144, - Grit, 12, 18, 19, 40, 65, 84,
145. 99, 115, 158, 159; coal seam
Grindslow Shales, 16, 41, 126. on, 19, 65, 99, 115; estuarine
Guide, 144. band below, 65 ; marine bands
. .-t Quarry, 41, 42. above, 65-7, 99, 115.
176 ROSSENDALE :
Helpet Edge Rock, 28-9, 59, 81; Homoceras beyrichianum, 128.
see also Warmden Sandstone. - diadema, 14, 112, 113, 126,
Heptonstall, 15 ; church, 156. 128.
Hester, S. W., 111, 128. - leion, 127. . ._
Heyfold, 93, 96, 97. proteum, 14, 112, 125-6.
- Sandstone. 30. 98. z striohtum, 14, 15, 16, 83, l-12,
High Green Wood, 36. 113, 114, 115, 125-6.
-Riley, 94, 95. - subglobosum, 127.
Higher Antley Quarry, 149. Homoceratoides, 14, 112.
- Audley, 87, 152. divaricatum, 22, 69, 113, 114,.
- Croft, 90. 115, 116-7, 118, 119, 120.- .
- Hill, 82. pyereticulatum, 14, 112, 116,
- Hogshead, 80. 125-6. . ._
- Micklehurst, 50. - s@. , 112, 113, 116-7, 130.
- Slack Farm, 56. Hooker, Sir J. D., 7.
- Sunnyhurst, 98. - ” Hope Works, 159.
Hile, The, 79. Horncliffe Quarries, 70.
Hill End, 68, 70. Horrobin Mills, 102.
Hillock Vale, 90, 95. Horrock’s Scout, 103, 105, 155.
Hills Clough, 56. Horsfall, J., 141.
Hind, Dr. Wheelton, 111. Horwich, 25, 118, 157; area, 124,
Hoar Edge, 39. 125; Bore, 102.
Hoddlesden, 96, 98, 148, 149; Howroyd Clough, 55, 120.
colliery, 97, 105, 144 ; Moss, 98. Hudson Moor, 39.
Hodge Clough, 19, 20, 65, 66, 99. Hull, E., 35, 54, 68, 88, 90, 91, 145,
Hodson & Taylor’s Boring, 86. 156.
Hog Lowe Pike, 72. Hullet, 39.
Hogshead Law Hill, 79. Huncoat, 88, 144, 145, 149, 151, 152;
Holcombe, 23, 155. Colliery, 88; Fault, 95.
Brook, 67, 68, 146, 152. Hunger Hill, 58.
-- Coal, 22, 44, 68-70, 85, Hurstwood, 39, 50, 134, 139, 156;
100, 129, 146, 149, 150, Brook, 133, 139, 155; Reservoir,
151, 152. 39, 50.
--- - upper, 146. Hutch Bank Quarries, 70.
-- Grit, 44, 68-70, 100, 159. Hyndburn Bridge, 152.
-- Marine, Band, 10, 68-70, - Colliery, 95.
100, 116, 117-8, 119, - River, 87, 95.
120, 124-5, 129.
-- Mudstones, 152.
-- Series, 10, 21-2, 43, 44,
67, 68-70, 84, 100, 117,
129. ~
HolcombeHill, 71, 72, 101, 146, 154. Icconhurst Sandstone, 29, 81, 92, 94,
- Moor, 64, 72. 97.
Quarries, 72. Ice-Sheets, 131.
road, 21. Inch Mine, 28-9, 59, 74, 75, 81,- 88,
Holden Gate, 74, 76, 79. 91, 92, 94, 97, 104;
- Wood Bridge, 68. synonyms, 3 1.
Hole Bottom, 39. - - Rock, 28, 97.
- House Pit, 52. Inchfield Moor, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59.
Hollin Bank, 68. Inferior Cannel Mine, 32, 52-4.
Hollingworth, 60. Irish Sea Ice, 131.
- Lake, 55; 57, 59, 60., ’ ‘Ironstone’ ganister, 20-1, 66,84, 99-
Holme Chapel, 32, 51, 139 ; . Lake, 100, 156.
140: - siliceous, 20, 65-6, 99-100.
.._ - Irwell, Glacial Lake, 136.
- Station, 47, 48.
- River, 65, 78, 79, 141.
Holmes, John, 111. - Springs, 76.
- Mill, 69, 79. Valley, 66, 67, 68, 81, 134,
Holywell Shales, 127. 136, 140, 153, 156. - a-
 INDEX, 177
Jack Key’s Reservoir, 104. Laund, The, 94.
Jackson, J. W., 4, 111, 122-4, 126, Law, R., 141.
127, 130. Lead Mine Clough, 40, 157.
Jobling, J., 46. -- workings, 40, 157.
Jones, R. C. B., 5, 19. Lewis, H. Carvill, 131.
Jowett, A., 7, 131, 132, 133, 137. Light Hazzles Clough, 42.
Jumble Holes Clough, 36. Lightowlers, 60.
Jumbleholes, 82. Lime, 156.
Limy Water, 70, 71 ; Valley, 133.
Lineholme, 134.
Lingula, 19, 21, 42, 57, 66, 67, 85,
Kaolinisation, 35, 134. 99, 119, 120.
Kendall, Prof. P. F., 131, 158. Lion Brewery (Blackburn), 86.
Kerr, James, 157. Literature, 4-7.
Kershaw Mine, 148. Little Coal of Darwen, 31.
Kidston, R., 7, 129. - Harwood, 87, 108, 144.
Kinderscout Grit, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, - Hoar Edge, 40.
15-17, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38. - Mine, 31, 57.
83, 108, 113, 114, 122, 123, Littleborough, 7, 26, 27, 29, 30, 109,
124, 126, 156, 157; Failure 136, 137, 141, 148, 150, 151, 152,
of, 17, 83-4 ; Lower, 36; 157; district, 26, 31, 121, 124.
Upper, 15, 16, 114 ; upper Liverpool, Geological Society of, 127.
leaves of, 15. Lloyd, W., 35, 46, 54, 64.
Main, 15, 34, 113. Lob Mill, 38, 112, 125, 126.
-- Series 3, 5, 117, 128. Local drift, 133.
King Mine, 32, 52-4, 147. Lomax, James, 7, 121.
Knotts Colliery, 5 1. Long Causeway, 48, 139.
Know1 Hill. 72. Long Clough reservoir, 55.
Moor, 23, 72, 137. - Syke, 50.
Knowsley, 26, 57. Longden End Brook, 56.
Knuzden Brook, 90, 91, 144. - - Valley, 55,
Longworth Clough, 20, 100, 141.
- Hall, 20, 99, 100, 14 1.
Lady Mine, 33, 52, 147. - Valley, 99, 100 ; Boreho le,
Royd Edge, 36. 158.
Lake District erratics, 131, 133. ‘Lonkey,’ 22-3, 71, 85, 153, 154.
Lakes, glacial, 134-40. Lord Piece, 36.
Lambert: s Clough, 14, 113. Low Bottom Mine, 32, 147.
Lamellibranchs, 119. - Clough, 79.
Lancashire, 111, 118, 120, 123, 126, - House Moor, 157.
128; coal strata of, 154. Lowe, The, 32, 52.
- Coalfield, 6, 106. Lower Brex, 80.
deposition of Coal Measures and Lower Coal Measures, 24-31, 47-50,
Millstone Grit in, 111. 55-62, 73-82, 86-95, 102-5, 143-
towns, built of stone, 153. 5 1; base of 4, 8 ; palaeontology of,
Lancastrian forms of Lamellibranchs, 120-1, 123.
122. Lower Darwen, 90.
Landless, Mr. R., 46, 54. Fold Farm, 70.
Landslips, 38, 47. Folds, 100; Boreholes, 100.
Lane Ends, 88, 89, 108. Foot Mine, 26, 47, 57, 74, 75,
- Foot, 57. 79, 80, 87, 88, 97, 103, 145,
Head Plantation, 8 1. 147, 148; fossils above, 10,
Langfield Common, 35, 134.
57, 103-4, 120; synonyms,
- Edge, 38. 31.
Lark Hill Colliery, 73, 146.
Haslingden Flags ; see Hasling-
Lateral thickening, 101, 158.
den Flags, Lower.
variation, 10-13, 33, 83-4; of
Lower Coal Measures, 28-9 ; of Heights, 19; borehole, 19, 158.
Middle Coal Measures, 31-2,52 ; Hen Moss, 83, 112.
of Millstone Grits, 20-3, 53-4. House, 148.
(811)
178 R0SSENDAL.E :

Lower Kinderscout Grit; see Kinder- Monocline, 35.

scout Grit, Lower. Moorfield Colliery, 88, 89, 144.
Lower Moor, 42, 48, 156. Moorside Colliery, 95.
Lower Mountain Mine, 27, 48, 57, Mosley Height, 52.
58, 59, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, Moss Hall, 91, 144.
82, 87, 88, 92, 94, 97, 104, 144, Mountain Mines, 143.
145, 146, 147, 148; roof, 79; Musden Head Moor, 68.
synonyms, 3 1.
Lower Yard Mine, 31, 32, 147.
Lumb, 65, 71.
Lumbutt’s Clough, 14, 38, 113, 117. Nabb Clough, 79.
Lydgate, 38, 39, 48, 57, 151; Brook, Naden : Brook, 60; Glacial lake,
157. 136.
- Valley, 133; Fault, 65, 70,
109.
Naiadites, 57, 65, 120.
Maiden Mine, 148. Nautiloids, 113, 114, 118, 119.
Main Third (or Middle) Grit, 18, 99, New Barn Clough, 47, 48, 49, 121.
158, 159. Hey Mudstones, 30, 62, 152.
Malonne, 127. - Mills, 31.
Mam Tor, 4. Newchurch, 23, 71.
- ~ Sandstone, 126. Norden, 23, 54, 61, 62, 121, 146;
Manchester, 6; Cathedral, 156 ; district, 29, 146, 147, 148.
Plain, 133. - Fireclay Works, 149.
Margery Mine, 10, 26, 103. North Wales, correlation with, 127.
Marine and deltaic conditions, 4. North-western Ice-sheet and Drift,
Marine Bands, 8-28, 111-25, et 131-6, 160.
passim. Nuculoceras nuculum, 14, 112, 126-7.
- transgression, 118, 120, 124-5. Nuttall, 67 ; Lane, 159 ; Mill, 69.
Marsden, 114, 141. Nuttall & Co’s. Borehole, 86.
Marsden, F., 86.
Mechanics’ Hall Borehole, Accring-
ton, 92, 93.
Mellings Clough, 39.
Mere Clough, 139. Oaken Clough, 80, 147.
Mickle Hey, 17, 18, 83, 85, 86. Oakenshaw, 144.
- -- Middle, 114, 115. Oakhill Clough, 112, 126.
Middle Coal Measures, 31-3, 50-4, Ogden Reservoirs, 71; River, 66,
62-3, 81, 82, 95-6, 105, 108, 68 ; Valley, 65, 71.
145 ; base of, 4-8. Old Age Forms, 121-2.
- Grit Series, 5, 8, 13, 16, 17-21, - Barn, 46.
39, 99-100. - Dike, 75.
- Hill, 59, 60, 141. - House Clough, 121.
- Mountain Mine, 31. - Lawrence Rock, 30, 33, 50,
Miller Fold, 92. 62, 76, 82, 87, 88, 90, 95,
Millstone Grit, 8-24, 35-45, 64-73, 154-5; coal above, 50.
83-6, 99-102 ; lateral thickening - Meadows Colliery, 78, 80.
of, 10-3 ; palaeontology of, 11 l-30 ; Orthoceras koninckianum, 113.
porosity, 158 ; Series, base of, 4, - sp., 85, 113, 115, 118, 119.
8-9 ; subdivisions, 12-24. Oswaldtwistle, 91, 92, 144, 149, 152,
Millwood, 14, 112, 125, 126, 134 ; 155 ; Colliery, 92 ; Corporation,
Pit, 58. 158; Moor, 72, 91, 154.
Milnrow Sandstone, 29, 30, 49, 50, Ouse1 Nest: Grit, 6, 25-6, 33, 34,
60, 62, 74, 75, 76, 79, 155, 159; 102-3, 105, 155, 158; Quarry, 103.
see also Crutchman Sandstone. Outcrop workings, 144.
Milnshaw, 108. .
Mineral products, 143-57.
Mining : Coal, 143-51; Metal, 157 ;
Stone, 153-6. Padiham, 52, 144.
Moleside Moor, 95, Palaeobotany, 6 7, 128-9.
 INDEX, 179
Palaeontology, 6, 7, 11 l-30, et Quarlton Brook, 102.
passim.
Parkinson, Donald, 111.
Parrock Clough, 36.
Parsonage Sandstone, 14, 17, 83, Raghole Colliery, 58. .
84, 129. Rake, 60.
Pasture Mine, 30, 34, 49, 62, 75, 76, Rakewood, 26, 45, 56.
77, 81, 87, 88, 89, 91, 94, 98, 105, - district, 26, 28, 148.
145, 146, 147 ; sandstone above,49. Rams Clough, 39.
Paul Clough, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, Ramsbottom, 18, 19, 136, 140, 141,
139. 152, 156, 159; borings at,
Pea-ironstones, 65. 67 ; station, 159.
Peak district, 4. area, 19, 20, 27.
Peat, 35, 141, 156-7. - Fault, 64, 68, 109.
Pebbles in Coal, 7. Ramsden Clough, 142 ; reservoir, 55.
Pendle Anticline, 1, 106. Ramsgreave Laundry, 83, 112.
area, 4. Range Hoyle Quarry, 55.
- Chain, 108, Ratten Clough, 45, 48, 75; Wood,
Grit, 4, 8, 13, 15, 33, 128; 43, 44.
see also Wilpshire Grits. Raw Nook, 47.
Pendle Hill, 33, 136 ; Range, 1. Rawtenstall, 18, 65, 66, 67, 70, 131,
Pendleside Series, 4, 8, 14, 15. 134, 143, 152, 153, 159.
Pennant Clough, 112, 126. Reaps Edge, 36.
Pennine: Anticline, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, - Moss, 78.
35, 54, 106, 108; Axis, 107 ; Recent deposits, 140, 141-2.
Moors, 141. Red Lumb, 146.
Pennines, 1, 14, 135, 137, 139, 141. Reddyshore Scout, 40.
Periclinal structures, 108. Redisher Bleach Works, 152.
Physiographic divisions, 2. Redwater Clough, 45, 47, 48.
Plantation Mill, 94. Reeds Holme, 70.
Plants, fossil, 6, 7, 12S-9. Rcticuloceras inconstans, 14, 112,
Pleck Fault, 144. 125-6 ; old age form, 12 1 ;
PZeuronautilus, 116. reappearance of, 113, 130.
Pickup Bank, 23, 72, 153, 154. -- reticulaturn, 14, 15, 16, 38, 39,
Pike p-$[i554* 83, 112, 113, 125-S 130;
above Kinderscout Grit, 113 ;
Quakries, 70. mutations of, 114-6, 129-30 ;
Pinner Clough, 72. old age forms, 121 ; range of,
Portersgate Fault, 144. 113-4.
Portsmouth, 40, 149, 152; station, Re ticdoceras re ticdatum, early mut .
42, 48. a, 114, 126-7.
Posidoniella cf. Zaevis, 113. - early mut. 8, 114, 126-S.
minor, 113, 114, 115, 123-4. - early mut. y, 19, 20, 40, 65-7,
- sp., 57, 66, 81, 85. 99, 114, 115, 116, 127.
Posidonomya gibsoni, 27, 121, 123. late mut. a, 15, 16, 39, 114,
insignis, 113, 116, 117, 120, 126-7, 129.
123-4. mut. U, 17, 84, 114, 126-7,
- Sj!).) 119, 120. 130; old age form, 121.
Pest-Glacial denudation, 140-l. mut. p, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17,
- deposits, 140, 141-2. 19, 20, 34, 39, 40, 65, 66,
Pterinopec ten, 36, 58, 66, 78, 113, 84, 99, 115, 116, 126-S;
115, 116. old age forms, 121.
- carbonarius, 116. mut. bilingue, 114.
elegans, 115, 117, 123-4. mut. 7, 10, 17, 21, 42, 66, 67,
- PapyVaceus, 25, 27, 85, 119, 69, 85, 99,100-114, 116, 117,
120, 121, 122-4. 118, 128.
-- rhythmicus, 113, 122, 124. I mut. gracile, 114.
-- speciosus, 114, 115, 122, 124. mut. metabihgue, 114.
Pudsey Clough, 47, 48. mut. superbilingue, 114, 116.
Pule Hill, 114, 115: Revidge Grit, 3, 6, 17, 18, 19, 84.
180 ROSSENDALE :
Rhythmic character of Sedimenta- Sabden Brook, 113.
tion, 9-10, 33-4. Shales, 4, 5, 8,9, 13, 14-15, 111,
Ribble, River, 9. 112, 113.
Ribblesdale Ice-sheet and Drift, 131- - - Upper, 116, 126, 127, 128;
6, 160. __ Valley, correlation with, 125.
Riddle Scout, 32, 47, 50; Rock 30, Sales Wheel, 9.
33, 50, 88, 95, 152. Salts Mine, 31, 74 ; see also Bassy
Riley’s Yard, Borehole, 92, 93. Mine.
Rishton, 31, 108, 112, 144, 149, 152; Sand, 15556; crushed, 153.
Colliery, 149 ; New Colliery, 87. Sand Rock Mine, 6, 23-4, 45, 68,
Rising Bridge, 153. 72-3, 85, 88, 98, 101-2, 145, 146,
148; synonym, 31.
Roach Brickworks, 62, 152.
Sargent, H. C., 127.
Road metal, 153-6. Scar End Brook, 80.
Robin Cross, 51. Scenery of Central Plateau area, 64.
Robin Hood’s Bed, 142. Schmidt, H., 128.
Roth, Valley of the, 3, 136. Schofield Hall Hill, 45.
Rochdale, 2, 25, 29, 30, 54, 55, 61, Scotland, 129, 131, 133.
62, 108, 121, 137-8, 141, 142, Scott Park, 52.
148, 152, 159; Corporation, Scout End, 42.
159 ; district, 7, 26, 28, 29, Scout Moor, 70, 73, 82, 141, 146,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 120, 150, 155.
-- Quarries, 23.
156.
Seat Naze, 71, 72.
- Brick and Tile Co., 62.
Sedimentation Rhythm, 9-10, 33-4.
- Coal Basin, 2, 54-63, 148. Sep Clough Lane, 51.
Rock Clough, 5 1. Sett End, 96.
Roddlesworth, River, 19. Setts, 153-6.
Roe Lee Mill, 14. Seventy Yards Mine, 97 ; si33 also
Roman Road, 90. Lower Mountain Mine.
Shadsworth Hall, 9 1.
Rooley Moor, 55, 58, 73, 146;
Shale Bed Mine, 31, 74.
Colliery, 59.
Shale Grit, 16.
Rosegrove, 52. Shaly Dingle, 101.
Rossendale anticline, l-2, 23, 33, Sharneyford, 78, 150 ; Colliery, 81.
54, 106, 109, 129, 141, 142. Shawclough, 152.
-- area, 7, 8, 111, 124, 125, 134, Shawforth, 26, 55, 152, 155; station,
139, 157. 60.
- Brickworks, 152. Shedden Brook, 133.
- Forest of, 1, 7, 150, 517. - Clough, 139.
- Lake, 139.
Rossendale, Geology of, 7, 150.
- Plantation Bore, 159.
Rossendale : Glacial Lake, 136; Sheepbank, 57.
Hills, 133; uplands, 131, Shell Mine, 148.
135; valley 22, 23, 153. Shell fragments in boulder clay, 7.
Rough Hill, 57, 59, 133. Shepherd Clough, 80, 134 ; Farm, 80.
- Lee, 14, 125. Sherlock, R. L., 64, 83.
-- Rock, 6, 13, 23-4, 25, 34, 39, Shewbroad Clough, 112, 125.
44, 45, 46, 71, 72-3, 74. Shoe Mill Clough, 92.
85, 86, 91, 92, 98, 101-2, Shore, 27, 56, 59, 121, 139.
105, 155-6, 158. -- Moor, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58.
Round Barn Delf, 101, 154. Shorey Bank, 93, 97.
Rowshaw Brook, 113. Shuttleworth, 146 ; Brook, 68; Hall
95.
Royley Mine, 50, 62, 63 ; correlation
Siliceous ironstones, 20, 65-6, 99--
with Arley Mine, 33 ; see also
100.
Arley Mine.
-- Sandstone, 21, 33, 155.
Royshaw, 84, 85, 152.
Six Inch Mine, 6, 10, 23-5, 45, 48, 55,
Rushy Hill, 59, 137, 142. 74, 79, 81, 82, 86, 88, 102, 146 ;
Rydings Dam, 59. %Iarine Band, 10,120 ; synonym, 31.
 ’ INDEX.- lBr,
Slate Pits, 71, 95. Terraces of R. Irwell, 14 1.
Smallshaw Height, 8 1. Thickening, lateral, 6, 10-3, 158.
Smith Coal, 63. Thieveley Fault, 46, 47, 75, 76,
Snoddle Hill, 55. 109, 157.
Soils, 159-60. - Pike, 75. _
Sough, 97, 104; Tunnel, 29, 101, - scout, 48.
104. Third Grit Series, 8, 10, 15, 17-21,
South Graine, 79. 38, 99-100. See also Middle Grits.
Spencer, J., 45, 72, 85, 86. Thorney Bank Clough, 82. . ..-
Spivorbis, 65. Three Quarters Mine, 146 ; see also~
Spodden, River, 59. Sand Rock Mine.
Spring Mill Reservoir Bore, 159. Thrust, contemporaneous, 68.
- Vale Station, 154. Tiddeman, R. H., 131.
Springs Reservoir Borehole, 10 1. Tim Bobbin Rock, 32, 52-4, 155. - =
Stacksteads, 70, 153, 154; colliery, Todmorden, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 16, 17,
79. 27, 35, 36, 39, 43, 48, 109,
Staffordshire, 27. 134, 151, 154.
- North, 129. _. - area, 14, 15, 33, 112, 114, 124,
Stake Moss, 78, 79, 81. 125, 126, 127, 141.
Stanhill, 91, 152, 155. - Edge, 39.
Stansfield, 157; Moor, 35. - Grit, 14, 15, 16, 17, 36, 38, 39,
Starring Pottery, 151. 83, 113, 114, 126, 130.
Stigmaria, 19, 20, 104. - Moor, 48, 62, 74, 75.
Stiperden Moor, 5, 22, 139. - Smash Belt, 3, 107.
Stirrup, Mark, 7. - Succession, 14-6, 35-9, 116,.
Stonyhurst, 111. 125-6.
Stoodley Clough, 36. - Vale, of, 4, 6, 15, 38, 113.
- Pike, 38. Tonks, Laurance H., 13, 46, 54, 64:
Stopes, M. C., 7, 78. Tooter Hill, 78, 79.
Striae, glacial, 132-3. Top Bed of Burnley, 31.
Structure of Burnley Basin, 46-7; - Colliery, 80, 81.
of Central Plateau, 64 ; of Eastern - Neddy Mine, 63.
Anticline, 35; of Rochdale Basin, - of Slate Quarry, 70.
54-5. Toppings, 105.
Stubbins, 64, 65. Tors, 134.
- Hodge Clough, 19, 20,65-6,99. Tottleworth, 88, 108.
Sub-‘Kinderscout Grit, 16, 36. Tower Brook, 156.
Subdivision of Upper Carboniferous, -- Clough, 41, 42, 48.
8. Town Bent Colliery, 92, 149.
Subsidence, differential, 13. Towneley, 52, 147, 149, 150; Colliery
Summerseat, 102, 141; station, 152. 147; Park, 32, 47.
Summit, 42, 43, 44, 57, 136, 156; Transgression, marine, 124-5.
Brickworks, 44, 152 ; Glacial Lake Triassic, relation of faulting to, 106,
at, 136; Tunnel, 44 ; Valley, 18, Trough Edge, 142.
40, 42, 108, 109. Trough Edge End, 60; Sandstone,
Sunny Bank Mill, 66. 30, 60.
- Clough, 69.
Tunshill, 148.
Sure Clough, 92.
Swinden Water, 41. - Hill, 57, 60.
Swinshaw Moor, 79: Turf Moor, 70, 7 1, 73.
Syke, 57, 59. Tuxton, 2, 3, 27, 102, 104, 107, 155.
- Bottoms, 100, 102, 145
- district, 31, 33, 99-105, 145. ~
Turton Heights, Coal Measure Out-
Tag Clough, 94.
lier, 102-3,. 145.
Taylor’ s Green, 149; Colliery,‘ 97,
145. Moor, 29, 100, 102, 103, 104,:
Tectonics, 106-10. 150.
Terminal curvature, 133. - -- Colliery, 104, 145.
Terraced topography, 3. - _ - Tower, 102. _
182 ROSSENDALE:
Uglow Quarry, 71.
Union of Lower Mountain and Upper
Foot Mines, 6, 48, 58, 74,
77-8.
- Mine, 6, 27-8, 48, 77-8, 147;
see also Lower Mountain
Mine, Burnley district.
Upper Carboniferous, base of, 129.
- - classification, 8.
- Foot Mine, 6, 27, 31, 48, 57,
58, 59, 74, 77, 78, 81) 87, 88,
92, 94, 97, 104, 105, 145,
147, 148.
- - Marine Band, 48, 75, 79,
81,120-l ; synonyms, 31;
see also Bullion Mine
Marine Band and Bullion
Bed.
Kinder-scout Grit, 15, 36, 39.
- Mountain Mine, 29, 34, 49,
59, 60, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80,
81, 88, 92, 97, 104, 144-5, 147,
148; synonyms, 31.
Vale Mill, Waterfoot, 67.
Variation, faunal, 101.
- lateral, 10-13.
Vise, 127.
Waddington, Rev. G., S. J,, 111.
Wales, North, 127.
Walmersley, 18, 19, 146, 159.
Walsden, 7, 142.
- Gorge, 7, 134-S.
Walton, John, 128-9.
Wardle, 26, 29, 54, 56, 59, 108, 142,
148; Glacial Lake, 136; Valley,
108.
Warland, 40, 108.
- Wood Quarries, 40.
Warley Wise, correlation with, 125,
126.
Warmden Sandstone, 28-9, 81, 91,
92, 94, 97, 105, 155. (See also
Helpet Edge Rock. )
Warnaut, 127.
Washout of Sand Rock Mine, 72.
Water, 150, 159.
- Grove, 56.
- Shepherd Clough, 134.
- Side, 97.
- Supply, 157-9.
Waterfoot, 143.
- Pit, 69.
- Valley, 23.
Watson, D. M. S., 7, 78.
Wayoh Fold, 23, 101.
- Reservoir, 100, 101,
Wellfield Mill, 151.
West End, 91.
Whalley, 113, 131.
Whimberry Hill, 22, 101, 102.
Whinney Hill, 151.
Whitaker Clough, 80, 81.
Whitaker, J., 6.
Whitebirk Colliery, 87, 144, 149.
Whitegate Quarry, 32, 155.
Whitewell Brook, 7 1, 72, 77, 80, 133 ;
Valley, 133.
Whittaker, 57, 59, 151; Moor, 56.
Whittle Pike, 82; peat moss at,
Plate VII (B).
Whittlestone Head, 101, 154.
Whitworth, 59, 71, 133, 143, 146,
153, 154.
- Glacial Lake, 136.
- Lower End Moor, 73, 146.
- Valley, 23, 54, 55, 133, 155.
Wholaw Nook, 78.
Widdop Gate, 36, 113.
Wild, George, 6, 7, 54.
Wilkinson, T. T., 6.
Wilpshire, 2, 13, 19, 33, 83.
- Anticline, 83.
- &-it: Lower, 13, 83; Main, 13;
Upper, 5, 6.
- Grits, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13-4, 83;
.see also Pendle Grits.
- Hills, 3.
Windy Bank, 79; Firebrick Works,
150.
Wittonstall Clough, 39.
Woodhead Hill Rock, 25-6, 45, 47,
55, 56, 57, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81,
82, 87, 98, 103, 108, 148, 152;
sandstone above, 80, 103 ; sand-
stone below, 79.
Woodhouse Lane, 55.
Woodnook, 92, 94.
Worsthome district, 49, 133.
- Moor, 5, 18, 45, 46, 47, 142,
147.
Wray, D. A., 35, 54.
Wreck Beds, 58.
Wright, W. B., 1, 13, 64, 99, 111,
114.
Yard Mine of Bacup, 31; of Black-
bum, 31, 90; of Littleborough,
26, 36.
‘Yoredale Series,’ 4, 5, 8, 38.
Yorkshire, 4, 119.
- Coalfield, 27.
- correlation with, 126.
Zonal correlation, 4, 5, 125-S.
name-genera, 8.
 ix

Maps and Memoirs relating to the Geology of Lancashire

and the West Riding of Yorkshire -
Published by the Geological Survey of Great Britain
(Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.l.)

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Geological Map of the British Islands
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 X

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.* Replaced larg el y b y_ New Series’ Maps.

 xi
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For particulars of unpublished maps see p. viii.

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 xii
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Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain

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 . ..
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 . xiv
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List of the Memoirs, Maps, Sections, &c., issued by the Geological Survey
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.GEOLOGICALSURVEY MAPS AND SECTIONSmay be obtaned from the

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