SAN JACINTO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. Gen.

Math:11
San Jacinto, Pangasinan
________________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
GRADE 11 LEARNER’S MODULE #4 – 1st Quarter, Weeks 7 - 8
UNIT 4: EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Lesson 4.1: Exponential Functions, Equations, and Inequalities

OBJECTIVES: In this lesson, you will learn to:

• represents real-life situations using exponential functions.
• distinguishes between exponential function, exponential equation, and exponential inequality.
• solves exponential equations and inequalities.

INTRODUCTION/ACTIVITY:
ANSWER ME!
Determine the exponents of the following expressions.
5 +2
1. 2x
2. 7 p8−4
3 +4
3. s
9+2
4. x
11−5
5. 12 x

INSTRUCTION / DISCUSSION:
The term exponential is often associated with any phenomenon characterized by rapid growth
with alarming consequences.
An exponential function is defined by the rule
x
f ( x )=a where a> 0 and a ≠ 1.
In this notation, a is the base and x is the exponent.
Here is an example of a real-life relationship which exhibits exponential behavior.

Example 1. Laboratory findings show that the SARS-causing corona virus, upon reaching maturity,
divides itself into two after every hour. How many cells of the virus will be present after 1
day if it started with just one cell?

Solution: Let t=¿ number of hours elapsed

f (t)=¿ number of corona virus present after t hours elapsed

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f (t) 1=2
0
2=2
1
4=2
2
8=2
3
16=2
4
32=2
5
64=2
6

The table shows a pattern: as t increases by 1, f (t) increases rapidly by 2t . In symbols,

t
f ( t )=2 .
Hence, if t=24 hours (1 day), f ( 24 )=224 =16,777,216.

In a matter of 1 day, a virus that started as a single cell can increase into millions of cells, each
of which has the same ability to reproduce exponentially.
The function f ( t )=2t is an example of exponential function.

Definition of Exponential Function

An exponential function is a function defined by f (x) ¿ a x where a> 0 and a ≠ 1.

Since a> 0 and a≠ 1, then, there is no value of x that will make f (x) ≤ 0. It does not matter what
the value of x is because the value of f ( x) will always be positive. Moreover, the function is also
defined for irrational values of x . (However, its mathematics proof is beyond the scope of this
module). Hence, the range of exponential function is the set of all positive real numbers.

Gen.Math-11 - Page 1 of 14
 Example 2. Determine whether the given function represented by its equation is an exponential
function or not.
a. y=8x d. y=x 8
b. y=5 3 x e. y=x 3.5
c. y=2.56 x f. y=(−4)x

Solution:
a. The function y=8x is an exponential function, where a=8, with exponent x .
b. The function y=5 3 x is an exponential function, where a=5 with exponent 3 x .
c. The function y=2.56 x is an exponential function, where a=2.5 with exponent 6 x .
d. The function y=x 8 is not an exponential function since the exponent is a fixed value.
e. The function y=x 3.5 is not an exponential function since the exponent is a fixed value.
f. The function y=(−4)x is not an exponential function because a=−4 is not greater than 0 .

Solving Exponential Equations

An exponential equation in one variable is an equation having a variable in the exponent. The
following are examples of exponential equations:
1
16−x =
2
x 2 x−1
64 3 =9

2
2 x−1
=4
3 x+2
22 ( 5x +1) =500
In solving exponential equations, the equating-exponents property is used.

The Property of Equality for Exponential Equations

Let a , b and c be real numbers and a ≠ 0. Then, a b=a c if and only if b=c .

The Laws of Exponents are recalled here for easy reference.

Laws of Exponents
For any number a and b , and any nonzero real numbers m and n ,
m
a
i. m n
a a =a
m+n
iv. n
=am−n , a≠ 0
a

()
n
m n a an
ii. ( a ) =amn
v.
b
= ,b≠0
bn
iii. (ab)n =an bn vi. a 0=1

Example 3. Solve each exponential equation.

−x 1
a. 16 = d. 22 ( 5x +1) =500
64
3
b. 22 x−1=43 x+2 e. a 4 =81
2

c. 3 x =92 x−1
Solution:
The Property of Equality for Exponential Equation, also known as the Equating-
Exponents
property, states that in an exponential equation, if the bases are equal, the exponents must
also
be equal, or, if the exponents are equal, the bases must also be equal.

−x 1
a. 16 = Check:
64
−3
1 1 1
2 −x
(4 ) =(64)
−1 16 2 = = =
4 64
3 3
2
6

Gen.Math-11 - Page 2 of 14
 −2 x 3 −1
4 =( 4 )
4 −2 x =4−3 −2 x=−3 
3
x=
2
The solution set is
3
2
. {}
Check: 22( ) (−54 )+2
−5
−1 3
b. 22 x−1=43 x+2 4
=4
−7 −7
2 x−1 2 3 x+2
2 =(2 ) 2 =4 2 4

2
2 x−1
=2
6 x+4
 2 x−1=6 x +4
−7
2
2 (−74 )
2 =2
−7 −7
−4 x=5 2 =2 2 2

−5
x=
4
The solution set is {−54 }.
2
c. 3 x =92 x−1
2 x−1
3 x =( 32 )
2

2
x 4 x−2 2
3 =3  x =4 x−2
2
x −4 x+2=0
4 ± √(−4) −4(1)(2)
2
x=
2( 1)
x=2 ± √2
The solution set is { 2−√2 , 2+ √ 2 }.

d. 22 ( 5x +1) =500
22 ( 5x +1) =4 (125)
4 ( 5 )=4(5 )
x+1 3
 x +1=3
x=2
The solution set is {2 }.
3
e. a 4 =81
3
4
a 4 =3
3
a 4 =(34 )1
3 4 4
∙ 4∙
a 4 3 =3 3

16
a=3 3
{ }
16
The solution set is 3 3

Checking will be left as students exercise.

Solving Exponential Inequality

An inequality in one variable having a variable in the exponent is referred to as exponential
inequality. Examples of exponential inequalities are:
x+1 4x 2 x +2
3 >243 4 <8
x−2
≠( √ 3)
x+2
24 x+1 ≤512 27

Rules for solving Inequalities

i. If the same real number is added to or subtracted from both sides of an
inequality, the sense of the inequality is not changed.
ii. If both sides of an inequality are multiplied by or divided by the same
Gen.Math-11 - Page 3 of 14
 positive real number, the sense of the inequality is not changed.
iii. If both sides of an inequality are multiplied by or divided by the same
negative real number, the sense of the inequality is changed.

Example 4: Solve each exponential inequality.

a. 3 x+1 >243 b. 24 x+1 ≤512
Solution:
The principal used in the Property of Equality for Exponential Equation, together with
the
Rules in Solving Inequality, is extended in solving exponential inequality.

a. 3 x+1 >243 b. 24 x+1 ≤512

x+1 5 4 x+1 9
3 >3 2 ≤2
Hence, Hence,
x +1>5 4 x+1 ≤ 9
x >5−1 4 x ≤ 9−1
x >4 4 x≤8
8
x≤
4
x≤2

PRACTICE:

 Exercise 1: Determine whether the given are exponential function, exponential equation, or
exponential inequality.
__________________________ 1. y=4 x
__________________________ 2.5 x−1 =26

__________________________ 3. 4 3 x−1 ≠0.625

()
x +1
1
__________________________ 4. y=
2

( 12 ) =4
x
___________________________ 5.

___________________________ 6. 1213 x ≥11 x+1

 Exercise 2: Solve the following exponential equation. Check your solution.

1. 53 x+7=25 x−4
2. 8 x−1=163 x
 Exercise 3: Solve the following exponential inequalities.
3. 273 x−11 ≥ 95 x+15
4. 2 x−1 >32
Reference:
Fernando B.O. (2017). General Mathematics for Senior High School, Phoenix Publishing House

Prepared by:

NANCY B. CORPUZ
Subject Teacher

MA. CHERRY A. MERCADO

Subject Teacher
Gen.Math-11 - Page 4 of 14
Gen.Math-11 - Page 5 of 14
 SAN JACINTO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. Gen.Math:11
San Jacinto, Pangasinan
________________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
GRADE 11 LEARNER’S MODULE #5 – 2nd Quarter, Weeks 9 - 10
UNIT 5: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Lesson 5.1: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities

OBJECTIVES: In this lesson, you will learn to:

• represent real-life situations using logarithmic functions.
• distinguish logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic inequality.
• Illustrate the laws of logarithms; and
• solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.

INTRODUCTION/REVIEW:
Solve the following exponential equations.
1. 3 x+1=35
2. 4 x+4 =4 2 x
3.
2() ()
1 3 x +1 1 5 x−1

x+1
=
2
4. 2 =4
5. 2 x =128

INSTRUCTION / DISCUSSION:
As you well know that, a logarithm is a mathematical operation that is the inverse of
exponentiation. The logarithm of a number is abbreviated as “log.”
The definition of logarithmic equations, inequalities, and functions are shown below.
Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Inequality Logarithmic Function
Definition An equation involving An inequality involving Function of the form
logarithms. logarithms. f ( x )=log b x ( b>0 , b ≠ 1)
Example log x 2=4 log x (2 x )<3 g ( x )=log 3 x
______________________________________________________________________________
The function y=2x and every exponential function of the form f ( x)=a x has a corresponding
inverse function called logarithmic function. The equivalent logarithmic function of y=2x is y=log 2 x ,
read as “ y is equal to the logarithm of x to the base 2.”

Definition of Logarithmic Function

A logarithmic function is a function defined by y=log b x, if and only if x=b y
for all positive real numbers x and b , and b ≠ 1.

There are numerous applications of logarithmic functions. Most noted of which is in the field od
seismology, the science that deals with earthquakes and artificially produced vibrations of the earth.

Solving Logarithmic Equations

There are exponential equations that are not easy to solve. For instance, the equation
x
2 =3
cannot be easily solved but has a solution. Since 21 <3<22, then 1< x <2.
But the exponential equation 2 x =3 can be written as x=log 2 3. This, and other exponential
equations of the form b x =N can be written in its equivalent logarithmic form log b N =x
A logarithmic equation in one variable is an equation involving logarithms of expression
containing the variable.

Gen.Math-11 - Page 6 of 14
 Here are other examples. Observe how exponential equation is converted to its equivalent
logarithmic equation.

Exponential Equation Logarithmic Equation

2
2 =4 log 2 4=2
103=¿1,000 log 10 1,000=3
1 1
25 =5 2 log 25 5=
2
4 x =16 log 4 16=x
Note that the logarithm of a number to a certain base is merely the exponent of the base used
to raise that base to produce the number.
Example 1: Express each exponential equation in its equivalent logarithmic equation.
a. 50 =1 c. k n= p
−2 1
b. 25=32 d. 3 =
9
Solution: *Remember: Logarithmic is merely an exponent.
a. 50 =1↔ log 5 1=0
b. 25=32 ↔ log 2 32=5
c. k n= p ↔ log k p=n
−2 1 1
d. 3 = ↔ log 3 =−2
9 9

Example 2: Express each logarithmic equation in its equivalent exponential form.

a. log 4 64=3 c. log b m=n
1
b. log 143 20,449=2 d. log 2 =−3
8
Solution:
a. log 4 64=3↔ 4 3=64
b. log 143 20,449=2 ↔1432 =20,449
c. log b m=n↔ b n=m
1 −3 1
d. log 2 =−3 ↔2 =
8 8
From the above illustrative examples, the logarithm of a number is described as follows:

The Logarithm of a Number

The logarithm x of a number N to the base b is the exponent of the power to
which b is raised to obtain N. In symbols,
log b N =x if and only if b x =N .

Example 3. Evaluate the following logarithms.

d. log 3 27 c. log 5 5 √ 5
e. log 5 625 d. log 10 0.01
Solution:
Represent each logarithm by a variable. Write the resulting logarithmic equation to its
equivalent exponential equation. Then, solve the equation.

f. Let x=log 3 27 c. Let x=log 5 5 √ 5

5 =5 √ 5
x x
3 =27
1
x 3
3 =3 x
5 =5 ∙5 2
3
Thus, log 3 27=3 5 =5
x 2

3
x=
2
3
Thus, log 5 5 √ 5= .
2
Gen.Math-11 - Page 7 of 14
 g. Let x=log 5 625 d. Let x=log 10 0.01
x x
5 =625 10 =0.01
5 x =54 10 =10−2
x

Thus, log 5 625=4 . x=−2

Thus, log 10 0.01=−2 .

In solving logarithmic equations, the logarithm of a number can be applied.

Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations

Let b be a positive real number and b ≠ 1. Then,
log b M=log b N
If and only if M =N

Example 4: Solve each logarithmic equation.

a. log 2 x 2=log 2 ( 4 x−4) b. log 3 ( 4 x+1 ) =log 3 (3 x−2)

Solution:
Applying the Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations:
a. log 2 x 2=log 2 ( 4 x−4) b. log 3 ( 4 x+1 ) =log 3 ( 3 x−2 )
x 2=4 x−¿4 4 x+1=3 x−2
2
x −4 x+ 4=0 x=−3
2
(x−2) =0 We reject x=−3 since it is not in the
x=2 (multiplicity 2) domain of the given equation
The solution set is { 2 } .

LAWS OF LOGARITHM
There are other properties of logarithms that will greatly simplify the process of solving
logarithmic equations. These properties or laws can be derived from the Laws of Exponents.
Remember that logarithms are merely exponents.

1st Law of Logarithms

For any base b
i. log b b=1
ii. log b 1=0
iii. log b b x =x (b> 0 , b ≠1).

2nd Law of Logarithms: Logarithm of Products

The logarithm of the product of positive real numbers is equal to the sum of the
logarithms of the factors to the given base.
In symbols,
log b MN =log b M +log b N .

3rd Law of Logarithms: Logarithm of Quotients

The logarithm of the quotient of two positive real numbers is equal to the logarithm of
the dividend minus the logarithm of the divisor.
In symbols,
M
log b =log b M −log b N .
N

Solving Logarithmic Inequalities

An inequality involving logarithmic expressions is called a logarithmic inequality.

Example: Solve each logarithmic inequality.

Gen.Math-11 - Page 8 of 14
 b. log 2 (2 x +1)<3 b. log 2 x+ log 2 ( x +2)≤ log 2 ( x+ 6)
Solution:
The relation log b M >log b N implies that M > N , and M and N are positive real numbers.

b. log 2 ( 2 x +1 ) <3 ↔ 23< 2 x +1

↔ 8<2 x+1
↔ 7<2 x
7
↔ x>
2
The solution set is x x > .{| } 7
2

c. . log 2 x+ log 2 ( x +2) ≤ log 2 (x+ 6) ↔ log 2 (x)(x +2)≤ log 2 ( x +6)
↔ ( x ) ( x+ 2 ) ≤(x +6)
2
↔ x +2 x−x−6 ≤ 0
2
↔ x + x−6 ≤ 0
↔(x +3)( x−2)≤ 0

For (x +3)(x−2) to be less than or equal to 0, one of the two factors must be
positive or 0 , and the other factor must be negative or 0 . Hence, −3 ≤ x ≤ 2. But x >0.
Thus, the solution set for the given logarithmic inequality is { x|0< x ≤2 }

PRACTICE:
 Exercise 1:
I. Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, or
logarithmic inequality.
__________________________ 1. y=log 3 x
__________________________ 2.3 log 5 a=log 5 b

2
__________________________ 3. log 2 ( x−1) >2

II. Express each exponential equation in its equivalent logarithmic equation.

1. 49=72 ↔ ___________________________
1
2.3 4 =n ↔ ___________________________

3. a y =x ↔ ___________________________
1
4. 8 =2
3 ↔ ___________________________

−4 1
5. 5 = ↔ ____________________________
625
III. Express each logarithmic equation in its equivalent exponential equation.
1
1. log 25 5= ↔ __________________________
2
1
2.log x y = ↔ __________________________
w

3. a y =x ↔ __________________________
1
4. 8 =2
3 ↔ __________________________

−4 1
5. 5 = ↔ ___________________________
625
 Exercise 2:
I. Evaluate the following
1
5. log 2 64 2. log 3
9
II. Solve each logarithmic equation/inequality.

Gen.Math-11 - Page 9 of 14
 1. log 3 ( x+ 4 )=log3 ( 2 x−4) 2. log 4 ( x +1 ) < log 4 2 x

Reference:
Fernando B.O. (2017). General Mathematics for Senior High School, Phoenix Publishing House

Prepared by:

NANCY B. CORPUZ
Subject Teacher

MA. CHERRY A. MERCADO

Subject Teacher

Gen.Math-11 - Page 10 of 14
 SAN JACINTO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC.
General Mathematics (11) – Evaluation for Module #5
Name: _____________________________ Strand: _____ Section:____________ Date:_______ Score: ____

NOTE: Do your activities here. This page should be detached and be submitted for next schedule of modules
delivery/pick-up.

WRITTEN WORKS (25%)

ACTIVITY 1:
I. Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, or logarithmic
inequality.

1. g ( x )=log 5 x Ans: __________________________

2. y=2 log 4 x Ans: __________________________

3. log ( 4 x )=−log(3 x +5) Ans: __________________________

4. x log 2 ( x )−1>0 Ans: __________________________

5. log x ( x−3 )=log 4 Ans: __________________________

II. Express each exponential equation in its equivalent logarithmic equation.

6. 63 =216  _______________________________

7.mk =5  _______________________________

−4 1
8. 3 =  _______________________________
81

−3 1
9. 10 =  _______________________________
1,000

10. 1,000,0000=1  _______________________________

III. Express each logarithmic equation in its equivalent exponential equation.

11. log 7 7=1  _______________________________

1
12. log 2 =−6  _______________________________
64

1
13. log 2 √ 2=
3
 _______________________________
3

1
14. log 64 8=  _______________________________
2

Gen.Math-11 - Page 11 of 14
 1
15. log 144 12=  _______________________________
2

PERFORMANCE TASK(50%)
ACTIVITY 2: Scaffold for Performance Task. (The following rubric will be used for scoring).

Rubric for Problem Solving

Score Descriptors
5 Used an appropriate strategy to come up with a correct solution and arrived at a correct answer.
4 Used an appropriate strategy to come up with a solution. But a part of the solution led to an incorrect answer.
3 Used an appropriate strategy but came up with an entirely wrong solution that led to an incorrect answer.
1-2 Attempted to solve the problem but used an inappropriate strategy that led to a wrong solution.

I. Direction: Evaluate the following logarithms. (5 points each)

1.) log 2 256 1

2.) log 2
64

II. Direction: Solve the logarithmic equation/inequality. (5 points each)

3.)log 2 3 ( 2 x−1 )=log 2 (3 x−2) 4.)log 4 (3 x+5)≥ log 4 (x −9)

Gen.Math-11 - Page 12 of 14
 SAN JACINTO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC.
General Mathematics (11) – Evaluation for Module #4
Name: _____________________________ Strand: _____ Section:____________ Date:_______ Score: ____

NOTE: Do your activities here. This page should be detached and be submitted for next schedule of modules
delivery/pick-up.
WRITTEN WORKS (25%)
Activity 1: Determine whether the given are exponential function, exponential equation, or exponential
inequality.

__________________________ 1. y=2 x 3 __________________________ 6. 1,000 x ≠ 1002 x−5

__________________________ 2.33 x =32 x−4 __________________________ 7. π 3 x+ 4=π x−1
2
__________________________ 3. 53 x+3 ≥ 25 __________________________ 8. y=
x−1

() ()
3 x +1 5 x−1
1 1
__________________________ 4. = __________________________ 9. 73 x+2 ≤ 49x
2 2
__________________________ 5. y=4 x+ 4+ 4 __________________________ 10. 4 x+4 =4 2 x

PERFORMANCE TASK (50%)

Activity 2: Scaffold for Performance Task. (The following rubric will be used for scoring).
Rubric for Problem Solving
Score Descriptors
5 Used an appropriate strategy to come up with a correct solution and arrived at a correct answer.
4 Used an appropriate strategy to come up with a solution. But a part of the solution led to an incorrect answer.
3 Used an appropriate strategy but came up with an entirely wrong solution that led to an incorrect answer.
1-2 Attempted to solve the problem but used an inappropriate strategy that led to a wrong solution.

I. Direction: Solve the following exponential equation. Check your solution. (10 points)

1.)53 x+7=25 x−4 2.)8 x−1=163 x

II. Direction: Solve the following exponential inequalities. (10 points)

3.)275 x−11 ≥ 93 x+15 4.)2 x−1 >32

Gen.Math-11 - Page 13 of 14
Gen.Math-11 - Page 14 of 14