Manual for the Design of

Pipe Systems and Pumps

2 · TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 General
Preface 4
Explanation 5

2 Introduction
2.1 Pipe systems 7
2.2 Liquids 7
2.3 Centrifugal or positive displacement pump 8
2.4 GEA Hilge pump program 9
2.5 Applications 9
2.6 Program overview 10

3 Physical Fundamentals
3.1 Density 12
3.2 Temperature 12
3.3 Vapour pressure 12
3.4 Viscosity 12
3.5 Dynamic and kinematic viscosity 12
3.6 Fluid behaviour 13

4 Hydraulic Fundamentals
4.1 Pressure 14
4.2 Atmospheric pressure 14
4.3 Relation of pressure to elevation 14
4.4 Friction losses 15
4.5 Reynolds number 15

 TABLE OF CONTENTS · 3

5 Technical Fundamentals 7 Design of Positive Displacement Pumps

5.1 Installation 16 7.1 Fundamentals 34
5.2 Pipe connection 16 7.2 Inquiry sheet 36
5.3 Suction pipe 17
5.4 Delivery pipe 17 8 Annex
5.5 NPSH 18 8.1 Diagram for the calculation of pressure drops 38
5.6 Suction and supply conditions 18 8.2 
Pressure drops of fittings in metre equivalent
5.7 Cavitation 19 pipe length39
5.8 Q-H characteristic diagram 20 8.3 Pressure drops of valves in metre equivalent
5.9 Flow rate 21 pipe length 40
5.10 Flow head 21 8.4 Vapour pressure table for water 44
5.11 Plant charcteristic curve 21 8.5 Pressure drops depending on viscosity 46
5.12 Operating point 21 8.6 SI – Units 51
5.13 Pressure drops 22 8.7 Conversion table of foreign units 52
5.14 Theoretical calculation example 22 8.8 Viscosity table 53
8.9 Mechanical seals 55
6 Design of Centrifugal Pumps 8.10 Assembly instructions 57
6.1 Practical calculation example 24
6.1.1 Calculation  24
6.1.2 Explanations 25
6.1.3 Calculation of the NPSH 25
6.2 Characteristic curve interpretation 26
6.3 Modification 28
6.3.1 Throttling 28
6.3.2 Changing the speed 28
6.3.3 Reducing the impeller size 29
6.3.4 Operation in parallel 29
6.3.5 Operation in series 29
6.4 Pumping of viscous media 30
6.4.1 Correction for high viscosities 30
6.4.2 Calculation of the correction factors 31
6.5 Inquiry sheet 32
1 General
Preface
Archimedes – the ingenious scientist
of the ancient world – recognized the
functionality of pumps as early as in the
middle of the 3rd cent. B.C. Through the
invention of the Archimedean screw,
the irrigation of the fields became much
more effective. 2200 years later GEA Hilge
is building high-tech pumps for hygienic
process technology giving the process
lines the optimal impetus.

Selecting the right pump to serve the

purpose is not always that easy and requires
special knowledge. GEA Hilge has set up
this manual for giving support in finding
out the optimal pump design. Special
attention was given to produce a manual
that is interesting and informative for
everybody, from the competent engineer
to the layman.

The content is self-explanatory and built

up one after the other. Simplifications
were partly accepted and profound theories
dispensed with. We hope that this manual
will give you an extended comprehension
of this subject and will help you solving
any problems that might occur.
 GENERAL · 5

Formula, Units, Designation

Explanation

Formula Designation SI - Unit

B Operating point -
D Impeller diameter mm
DN or d Nominal width of the pipe or pump port mm
g Acceleration of the fall = 9.81 m/s2 m/s2
H Flow head m
HA Flow head of the system m
Hgeo Geodetic flow head m
Hs,geo Geodetic suction head m
Hd,geo Geodetic pressure head m
Hz,geo Static suction head m
Hz Flow head viscous medium m
Hv Pressure drops m
Hv,s Pressure drops, suction side m
Hv,d Pressure drops, delivery side m
KH Correction factor for the flow head -
KQ Correction factor for the flow rate -
Kh Correction factor for the efficiency -
k Pipe roughness mm
l Pipe length m
n Speed rpm.
NPSHreq. NPSH (pump) m
NPSHavl NPSH (system) m
P Power consumption kW
Pz Power consumption viscous medium kW
p Pressure bar
pa Pressure at the outlet cross section of a system bar
pb Air pressure / ambient pressure bar
pD Vapour pressure of pumped liquids bar
pe Pressure at the inlet cross section of a system bar
Q Flow rate m3/h
Qz Flow rate viscous medium m3/h
Re Reynolds number -
v Flow speed m/s
va Flow speed at the outlet cross section of a system m/s
ve Flow speed at the inlet cross section of a system m/s
ζ (Zeta) Loss value -
η (Eta) Efficiency of the pump -
ηz (Eta) Efficiency of the pump for viscous medium -
λ (Lambda) Efficiency value -
ν (Ny) Kinematic viscosity mm2/s
η (Eta) Dynamic viscosity Pa s
ρ (Rho) Density t/m3
6 · INTRODUCTION

2 Introduction
The requirements made on process plants steadily increase,
both regarding the quality of the products and the profitability
of the processes. Making liquids flow solely due to the earth’s
gravitational force is today unthinkable. Liquids are forced through
pipes, valves, heat exchangers, filters and other components,
and all of them cause an increased resistance of flow and thus
pressure drops.

Pumps are therefore installed in different sections
of a plant. The choice of the right pump at the
right place is crucial and will be responsible for
the success or failure of the process.
The following factors should be taken into
consideration:
1. Installation of the pump
2. Suction and delivery pipes
3. The pump type chosen must correspond to
product viscosity, product density, temperature,
system pressure, material of the pump, shearing
tendency of the product etc.
4. The pump size must conform to the flow rate,
pressure, speed, suction conditons etc.
As a manufacturer and supplier of centrifugal pumps
and positive displacement pumps we offer the
optimum for both applications.
Generally spoken, the pump is a device that conveys
a certain volume of a specific liquid from point A to
point B within a unit of time.
For optimal pumping, it is essential before selecting
the pump to have examined the pipe system very
carefully as well as the liquid to be conveyed.
 INTRODUCTION · 7

2.1 Pipe systems

Pipe systems have always special characterstics and must be closely
inspected for the choice of the appropriate pump. Details as to
considerations of pipe systems are given in Chapter 6, “Design of
Centrifugal Pumps”.

2.2 Liquids
Each liquid possesses diverse characteristics that may influence
not only the choice of the pump, but also its configuration such
as the type of the mechanical seal or the motor. Fundamental
characteristics in this respect are:
• Viscosity (friction losses)
• Corrodibility (corrosion)
• Abrasion
• Temperature (cavitation)
• Density
• Chemical reaction (gasket material)

Besides these fundamental criteria, some liquids need special

care during the transport. The main reasons are:
• The product is sensitive to shearing and could get damaged,
such as yoghurt or yoghurt with fruit pulp
• The liquid must be processed under highest hygienic
conditions as practised in the pharmaceutical industry
or food industry
• The product is very expensive or toxic and requires
hermetically closed transport paths as used in the chemical
or pharmaceutical industry.
8 · INTRODUCTION
2.3 Centrifugal or positive displacement pump
Experience of many years in research and development
of pumps enables GEA Hilge today to offer a wide
range of hygienic pumps for the food and beverage
industry as well as the pharmaceutical and dairy
industry.
We offer efficient, operationally safe, low-noise pumps
for your processes and this manual shall help you to
make the right choice.
The first step on the way to the optimal pump is the
selection between a centrifugal pump or a positive
displacement pump. The difference lies on one hand
in the principle of transporting the liquid and on the
other hand in the pumping characteristic. There are
two types of centrifugal pumps: “non-self priming”
and “selfpriming”.
Centrifugal pumps are for most of the cases the right
choice, because they are easily installed, adapted to
different operating parameters and easily cleaned.
Competitive purchase costs and reliable transport for
most of the liquids are the reasons for their steady
presence in process plants.
Restrictions must be expected in the following cases:
• with viscous media the capacity limit is quickly
reached,
• the use is also restricted with media being
sensitive to shearing,
• with abbrasive liquids the service life of
the centrifugal pump is reduced because of
earlier wear.
 INTRODUCTION · 9

Main components: Pump Lantern Motor

housing
Pump cover, impeller, pump housing
lantern, shaft and motor

Pump shaft

Impeller Mech.
Pump shaft seal
cover

GEA Hilge TP; centrifugal pump

2.4 GEA Hilge pump program 2.5 Applications

The GEA Hilge pump program conforms to today’s requirements
made on cleanability, gentle product handling, efficiency and ease
of maintenance. Various technical innovations made to the pumps
ensure that the cleanability is optimized according to 3-A and
EHEDG guidelines.
GEA Hilge pumps are preferably used in the brewing and
beverage industry as well as in dairies and in process plants for
pharmaceutical and health care products where highest hygienic
standards are set. They are used in these industries mainly as
transfer pumps, CIP supply pumps and booster pumps.

02 - 12
10 · INTRODUCTION

2.6 Program overview

GEA VARIPUMP GEA SMARTPUMP GEA VARIPUMP

Centrifugal pumps

Single-stage centrifugal pumps Multistage

GEA Hilge GEA Hilge GEA Hilge GEA Hilge

HYGIA/HYGIA H* MAXA TP CONTRA

Max. flow rate [m³/h] 220 320 210 100

2-pole,
50 Hz

Max. pump head [m] 77 100 90 200

Motor rating [kW] up to 45.0 up to 90.0 up to 45.0 up to 45.0

Max. flow rate [m³/h] 110 1,450 100 –

4-pole,
50 Hz

Max. pump head [m] 18 62 23 –

Motor rating [kW] up to 7.5 up to 160.0 up to 7.5 –

Max. flow rate [m³/h] 175 300 240 100

2-pole,
60 Hz

Max. pump head [m] 110 100 130 230

Motor rating [kW] up to 45.0 up to 90.0 up to 45.0 up to 45.0

Max. flow rate [m³/h] 110 480 120 –

4-pole,
60 Hz

Max. pump head [m] 26 88 34 –

Motor rating [kW] up to 7.5 up to 160.0 up to 7.5 –

Surface roughness Ra [µm] ≤ 0.4 / ≤ 0.8 / ≤ 3.2 ≤ 0.8 / ≤ 3.2 ≤ 3.2 ≤ 0.4 / ≤ 0.8 / ≤ 3.2

Max. viscosity [mPas] 450 – 500, temporarily 1,000 450 – 500

System pressure [bar] 15 / 25 / 64* 10 16 25

 INTRODUCTION · 11

GEA SMARTPUMP GEA VARIPUMP GEA SMARTPUMP GEA VARIPUMP

Positive displacement pumps

centrifugal Rotary lobe Twin-screw

Self-priming centrifugal pumps
pumps pump pump

GEA Hilge GEA Hilge GEA Hilge GEA Hilge GEA Hilge
DURIETTA SIPLA TPS NOVALOBE NOVATWIN

8 – 125 Displacement/
up to 2.1 l / rev up to 310 m³/h
72 – 95 Max. Flow rate

up to 2.2 – up to 45.0 Max. differential

up to 16 up to 25
5 78 – pressure [bar]

3 47 – up to 95 Max. liquid
up to 180
150 (SIP) 135 (SIP) temperature [°C]
0.25 up to 22.0 –

8 – 155 uni-wing
4 screw pitches
bi-wing Rotor design
per size
41 – 138 multilobe

up to 2.2 – up to 45.0 Surface roughness

≤ 0.4 / ≤ 0.8 ≤ 0.5 / ≤ 0.8
3 64 – Ra [µm]

3 60 – Max. particle size

up to 41 up to 74
0.25 up to 22.0 – [mm] (non-abrasive)

≤ 3.2 ≤ 3.2 ≤ 3.2

1,000,000 1,000,000 Max. viscosity [mPas]
temporarily 1,000 800 – 1,000 500

8 10 16 16 30 System pressure [bar]

 usually expressed in units of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
Example: If weight is 80 g in a cube of one cubic centimeter, the density of the med
80 g/cm3. The density of a fluid changes with the temperature..
12 · PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS

3 Physical Fundamentals 3.2 Temperature Temperature (t) is usually expressed in units of degrees centigrade (°C) or Kelvin (
temperature of a fluid at the pump inlet is of great importance, because it has a st
on the suction characteristic of a pump.

Fluids – a subject matter of this manual – include liquids,

gases and mixtures 3.3
of liquids,
Vapour
solidsThe
and gases.
vapour pressureAll
(pD)these
of a liquid is the absolute pressure at a given temperatur
fluids have specific characteristics
pressure that will be explained Each liquid has its own specific point where it sta
the liquid will change to vapour.
evaporate. Vapour pressure is expressed in bar (absolute).
in this chapter.

3.4 Viscosity Viscosity of a medium is a measure of its tendency to resist shearing force.
3.1 Density 3.5 Dynamic
Media and kinematic
of high viscosity require aviscosity
greater force to shear at a given rate than fluids o
Density ( ρ = Rho) – former specific weight – of a fluid is its low has to distinguish between kinematic viscosity (ν = Ny) and
Oneviscositiy.
weight per unit volume, usually expressed in units of grams dynamic viscosity (η = Eta). Centipoise (cP) is the traditional unit
per cubic centimeter (g/cm ).
3
for expressing dynamic viscosity.

3.5 Dynamic and One has to distinguish between kinematic viscosity (ν = Ny) and dynamic viscosity
kinematic
Example: If weight is 80 g in a cube of one cubic centimeter, (Centistokes (cSt) or Millipascal
η = Eta). Centipoise (mPa) express
(cP) is the traditional unit the kinematic dynamic viscosity.
for expressing
the density of the medium is 80 g/cm . The densityviscosity
3
of a fluid Centistokes
viscosity. (cSt) or Millipascal (mPa) express the kinematic viscosity.
changes with the temperature.
dynamic viscosity
Ratio: kinematic viscosity =
3.2 Temperature density
Temperature (t) is usually expressed in units of degrees
centigrade (°C) or Kelvin (K). The temperature of a fluid at Viscosity
Viscosity is
is not
not constant
constant and
and thus
thus depending
dependingononexternal
externalfactors.
factors.The viscous beha
media is more clearly expresed in effective viscosity or shearing force. The behavio
the pump inlet is of great importance, because it has a strong The viscous behaviour of media is more clearly expresed in
cous fluids varies.
effect on the suction characteristic of a pump. effective
One viscosity between
distinguishes or shearing force. The
Newtonian andbehaviour of viscous
Non-Newtonian fluids.
fluids varies.
3.3 Vapour pressure
The vapour pressure (pD) of a liquid is the absolute pressure One distinguishes between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids.
at a given temperature at which the liquid will change to
vapour. Each liquid has its own specific point where it starts
12
to evaporate. Vapour pressure is expressed in bar (absolute).
GEA Tuchenhagen

3.4 Viscosity
Viscosity of a medium is a measure of its tendency to resist
shearing force. Media of high viscosity require a greater force
to shear at a given rate than fluids of low viscositiy.
 Δ
Δv

PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS · 13
Fig. 5 - Shear rate

3.6 Fluid TheThe

flowflow curve
curve is afor an ideal
diagram fluidshows
which is a straight line. Thisbetween
the correlation means c
3.6 Fluid The flow curve is a diagram which shows the correlation betwe
behaviour rate (D). The shear rate is calculated from the ratio between the Ex
rates. All fluids of this characteristic are "Newtonian fluids". dif
behaviour rate (D). The shear rate is calculated from the ratio between the
twosyrup, resins.
adjacent fluid layers and their distance to eachother.
two adjacent fluid layers and their distance to eachother.
v 3 1 Ne
v
3.6 Fluid behaviour flu
The flow curve is a diagram which shows the correlation Δy Δv
Fluid(η) and the The
3.6 viscosity flow curve D =Δyvi
Δy D = Δ
2 In
between shear rate (D).isThe
a diagram which
shear rate is shows the correlation between viscosity (η) and the shear
behaviour rate (D).
calculated from the ratio between the
The shear
3.6difference rate is
Fluidin flow velocity The flow curve is a diagram which shows the correlation between viscosity (η) and the shΔ
calculated from the ratio between the difference in flow velocity of 1

Viscosity
two adjacent fluid layers and theirrate distance to eachother. Δv
behaviour (D). The Δv
shear rate is calculated from the ratio between the difference in flow velocity
3 Di
of two adjacent fluid layers and their distance to eachother.
two adjacent
v fluid layers and their distance to eachother.
3.6 Fluid The flow curve is a diagram which shows the correlation between viscosity (η) and the shear 2
behaviour Fig.from
rate (D). The shear rate is calculated 5 - Shear
Fig. 5 -
ratebetween the
the ratio
Shear rate v difference in flow velocity of
The flow curve for an ideal fluidΔyis a straight line. This Δv
3.6 Fluid The flow curve is a two adjacent
diagram fluid
which layers
shows theand
correlation D =to eachother.
their distance
between viscosityShear
(η) and the shear
rate
means constant viscosity at all shear rates. All fluids of this The flow
Δyratio between Δy for an ideal fluid is a straight line. This means con
curve
behaviour rate (D). The shear rate is calculated from the vthe
The
Fig. - difference
6flowFlowcurve in
curvesforflow
an velocity
ideal fluid Δv
of D is =a straight line. This means c
characteristic are “Newtonian fluids”. Examples are Δv
water, rates.Shear
Allrate
fluids of this characteristic are "Newtonian fluids". Examp
two adjacent fluid layers and their distance to eachother. Δy
rates. All fluids of this characteristic are "Newtonian fluids". Ex
mineral oils, syrup, resins. Fluids
syrup,
Δy thatΔvchange their
resins. viscosity in dependence of the shear ra
Fig. 5 - Shear rate syrup, resins. D = Δv v
"Non-Newtonian fluids". Δy In practice, a very high percentage of f
ratenon-Newtonian
This means constantand can be differentiated 3
as follows: 1 Newt
Fluids that change their Δy The flow
viscosity curve for anof
in dependence ideal
thefluid
shearisFig.
a straight
D = Δv
- Shearline.
5 Δv viscosity at all shear 3 1 N
fluids
rates. All fluids of this characteristic are "Newtonian fluids".
rate are called “Non-Newtonian fluids”. In practice, a very high Δy Examples are water, mineral oils, flu
syrup, resins. The flow curve Intrinsically
for an ideal fluid viscous fluids
is a straight line. This means constant viscosity at all she
percentage of fluids pumped are non-Newtonian Δvand
Fig. 5 - Shear
can be rates. All fluids of this characteristic are "Newtonian fluids". Examples are water,2mineral
rate Intrin
2forc
In
Viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases at high initialviscou
differentiated as follows: syrup, resins. 3 1 Newtonian 1 vi
The flow curve for an ideal fluid is a technicalstraight line. This means constant viscosity at all
point of view that the energy after the initial shear 1 force need
Viscosity
fluids
Fig. 5 - Shear rate Viscosity
rates. All fluids of this characteristic are "Newtonian
reduced. Typical fluids". Examples
fluids are water,
with above mineral characteristics
described oils, 3 Dilate
2 Intrinsically 3 1 Newtonian 3areDa
INTRINSICALLY VISCOUS The FLUIDS syrup, resins.
flow curve for an ideal fluid is a straight line. This means constant viscosity at all shear fluids
Dilatent fluidsfluids
viscous 2
1 2
Viscosity decreases asrates. All fluids
rate of this characteristic are "Newtonian fluids". Examples are water, mineral oils,
Viscosity

the shear increases at high initial Viscosity increases

3
3 Dilatent as the
1 Newtonian
fluids shear rate increases. Example:
2 Intrinsically pulp, s
syrup, resins. Shear ratefluids viscous fluids
force. This means from the technical point of view that the Thixotropic
2 fluids
Shear rate 1
Viscosity

Fig. 6 - Flow
Viscosity curves
energy after the initial force needed for the flow rate can be 3 6 - Flow curves 2 Intrinsically shear3rate
1 Newtonian
Fig. decreases with strong (I) and
Dilatent increases again
fluids
Shear rate fluids viscous fluids
reduced. Typical fluids with above described characteristics are Thethat
Fluids ascending
change1 curve is however
their viscosity 2 not identical to the descending
in dependence of the shear rate a
Viscosity

Fig. 6 - Flow curves

Fluids
soap,
2
that change
Ketchup,
Intrinsically glue,
3
their
peanutviscosity
Dilatent butter
fluids
in dependence of the shear ra
a.o. gels, Latex, lotions. Flow
"Non-Newtonian
Shear
curves
rate fluids". In practice, a very high percentage of flui
Fluids that change their viscosity in dependence of"Non-Newtonian
the viscous
shear ratefluids fluids". In practice, a very high percentage of
are called
1 2and can be differentiated as follows:
non-Newtonian
Viscosity

Fig. 6 - Flow curves

"Non-Newtonian fluids". In practice, a very high percentage of fluids pumped are
non-Newtonian
3 Dilatent fluids and can be differentiated as follows:
DILATENT FLUIDS non-Newtonian and can be differentiated
Shear rate
as follows:
Fluids that2 change their viscosity in dependence of the shear rate are called
Intrinsically viscous fluids
Viscosity increases as the shear rate increases.
IntrinsicallyFig.
Example:
6 - Flow
viscous curves pulp,
fluids "Non-NewtonianIntrinsically
fluids". In practice, viscous a very fluids
high percentage of fluids pumped are
Viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases at high initial force. T
non-Newtonian Viscosity
and bedecreases
canforce. differentiated as the shear
calledrate increases at high initial forc
as follows:
Viscosity

sugar mixture Viscosity decreases

Shear rate as the shear rate increases at high initial
Fluids that change their viscosity in dependence of the shear This means from
rate are the
technical point of I
view that the energy after the initial force needed
technical
Fig. 6 - Flow curves point of view that thefluids".
"Non-Newtonian energyIn after the initial
practice, force
atechnical
very highneeded
point forof
percentage theviewflow rate
thatcan
of fluids thebeenergy
pumped are after the initial force need
Intrinsically
reduced. Typical fluids with above described characteristics viscous
reduced. Typical fluids fluids
areIIa.o. gels, Latex,with above described characteristics are a.o.
lotions.
THIXOTROPIC FLUIDSFluids that change their non-Newtonian and can be differentiatedreduced.
asthe Typical
follows: ratefluids with above described characteristics are a
Dilatent fluids viscosity in dependence Viscosity ofdecreases
the shear
Dilatent asrate are
shear
fluids
called increases at high initial force. This means from the
"Non-Newtonian
Viscosity decreases with strong shear fluids".
Viscosity rate (I) In
increases and practice,
as increases
the sheara very
again
rate high percentage
technical
increases.point Dilatent
Example: of pulp,
of view fluids fluids
pumped
that sugar
the energy
Shear rate
mixtureareafter the initial force needed for the flow rate can be
Intrinsically viscous fluids Viscosity increases as the shear rate increases. Example: pulp, suga
non-Newtonian and can
Thixotropic be differentiatedreduced.
fluids as follows:TypicalViscosity
fluids with increases
above as thecharacteristics
described shear rate increases.
are a.o. gels, Example: pulp, s
Latex, lotions.
as the shear rate decreases (II). The ascending Viscositycurve is however
decreases as the shear rate increases Thixotropic
Fig.
Thixotropic at high
fluidsinitialfluids
7 - Thixotropic
fluids force. This means from the
Viscosity decreases with strong shearDilatent
rate (I) fluids
and Thixotropic
increases again as fluids
the shear rate decreases (II).
Intrinsically
not identical to the descending viscous
curve. technical
Typicalfluids point
fluids areofa.o.
view that the energy after the initial force needed for the flow rate can be
soap,
Viscosity Viscosity
increases decreases
as the shear with
rate strong
increases. sheara.o.rate
Example: (I) and mixture
pulp, increases again as
The ascending curve Typical
reduced. is however not
fluids identical
withat above
to the descending
Viscosity
described curve.
decreases
force.characteristics
Typical
with
are a.o.fluids
gels,are
strong shear
Latex, ratesugar
lotions. (I) and increases again
ketchup, glue, peanut Viscosity decreases
butter. soap, Ketchup,as the shear
glue, rate butter
peanut increases high initial
Thixotropic Thefluidsascending
This means from
curve is
the
however
13 not identical to the descending cu
technical point of view Dilatent
that thefluids
energy after the initial forceThe ascending
needed for theshear curve
flow rateis(I)however
can be notagain
identical to therate
descending
Viscosity decreases
soap, with
Ketchup, strong glue, rate
peanut and
GEA increases
Tuchenhagen
butter as the shear decreases
Viscosity increases as the shear rate increases. Example: pulp, sugar mixture
reduced. Typical fluids with above described Thecharacteristics
ascending curve soap, isKetchup,
are a.o. gels, Latex,
however glue,
not peanut
lotions.
identical butter
to the descending curve. Typical fluids are a
Dilatent fluids Thixotropic fluids soap, Ketchup, glue, peanut butter
Viscosity increases as Viscosity
the shear decreases with strong
rate increases. shear rate
Example: pulp,(I)sugar
and increases
mixture again as the shear rate decreases (II).
Viscosity

Thixotropic fluids The Iascending curve is however not identical to the descending curve. Typical fluids are a.o.
soap, Ketchup, glue, peanut butter
Viscosity decreases with strong shear rate (I) and increases again as the shear rate decreases (II).
II
Viscosity

The ascending curve is however not identical to the descending curve. Typical fluids are a.o.
I
Viscosity

Shear rate
I
Viscosity

soap, Ketchup, glue, peanut butter I

Fig. 7 - Thixotropic fluids
II
II II
Viscosity

13 I Shear rate
Shear rate
Shear rate
GEA Tuchenhagen
II Fig. 7 fluids
Fig. 7 - Thixotropic - Thixotropic fluids
Viscosity

I Fig. 7 - Thixotropic fluids

Shear rate

II Fig. 7 - Thixotropic fluids

13
13
GEA Tuchenhagen 13
Shear rate GEA Tuchenhagen
GEA Tuchenhagen
Fig. 7 - Thixotropic fluids 13
GEA Tuchenhagen

13
GEA Tuchenhagen
 14 · HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS

4 Hydraulic Fundamentals
Pumps shall produce pressure. Fluids are conveyed over a
certain distance by kinetic energy produced by the pump.
mentals

oduce pressure. Fluids are conveyed over a certain distance by kinetic ener-
4.1 Pressure 4.3 Relation of pressure to elevation
y the pump.
The basic definition of pressure (p) is the force per unit area. In a static liquid the pressure difference between any
draulic ItFundamentals
is expressed
ition of pressure in this
(p) is the forceManual in Newton
per unit area. Itper square meter
is expressed in this Manual in two points is in direct proportion to the vertical distance
(N/m 2==Pa).
uare meter (N/m
2
Pa). between the two points only.
Pumps shall produce pressure. Fluids are conveyed over a certain distance by kinetic ener-
N
gy1produced
bar = by10the
5 pump.= 105 Pa The pressure difference is calculated by multiplying the
m2
vertical distance by density.
re The basic definition of pressure (p) is the force per unit area. It is expressed in this Manual in
4.2 Atmospheric
Newton per square meterpressure
(N/m2 = Pa).
essure is the force exerted
Atmospheric on a isunit
pressure the area
forceNby the weight
exerted of area
on a unit the atmosphere. It In this manual different pressures or pressure relevant
1 bar = 105 2 = 105 Pa
height above seaweight
by the level (see Fig.
of the 8). At seamItlevel
atmosphere. the absolute
depends pressure is
on the height terms are used. Here below are listed the main terms and
1 bar = 105 N / m 2.
above sea level (see Fig. 1). At sea level the absolute pressure is their definitions:
uses atmospheric
spheric pressure
Atmospheric pressureas a zero
is the 5forcereference
exerted on aand
unit is then
area measured
by the in atmosphere.
weight of the relation It
approximately 1 bar = 10 N/m . Gage pressure uses atmospheric
2
re
pressure. depends on the
Absolute height above
pressure is the seaatmospheric
level (see Fig. 8).pressure
At sea level the absolute
plus pressure is
the relative
pressure as 1abar
approximately zero reference
= 10 5 N / m2. and is then measured in relation • Static pressure
Gage pressure uses atmospheric pressure as a zero reference and
to atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure is the atmospheric is then measured in relation
Hydraulic pressure at a point in a fluid at rest.
to atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure is the atmospheric pressure plus the relative
pressure plus the relative pressure. • Friction loss
e sea levelpressure.
Air pressure pb Boiling temperature
bar °C Loss in pressure or energy due to friction losses in flow.
Height above
1,013sea level Air pressure pb100 Boiling temperature • Dynamic pressure
m bar °C
989 99
0 1,013 100 Energy in a fluid that occurs due to the flow velocity.
955
200 989
98 99
899
500 955 97 98 • Delivery pressure
795
1,000 899 93 97
Sum of static and dynamic pressure increase.
2,000 795 93
of the topographic height
Fig. 8 - Influcence of the topographic height • Delivery head
Fig. 1 – Influcence of the topographic height
Delivery pressure converted into m liquid column.
• Differential pressure
Pressure between the initial and end point of the plant.
on of
re to In a static liquid the pressure difference between any two points is in direct proportion to the
on verticaldifference
d the pressure distance between the two
between anypoints
twoonly.
points is in direct proportion to the
The pressure difference is calculated by multiplying the vertical distance by density.
e betweenInthe two points only.
this Manual different pressures or pressure relevant terms are used. Here below are listed
fference is
thecalculated by multiplying
main terms and the vertical distance by density.
their definitions:
different pressures or pressure relevant terms are used. Here below are listed
Static pressure Hydraulic pressure at a point in a fluid at rest.
and their definitions:
Friction loss Loss in pressure or energy due to friction losses in flow
e Hydraulic pressure at a point in a fluid at rest.
Dynamic pressure Energy in a fluid that occurs due to the flow velocity.

Loss in pressure or Sum

Delivery pressure
energy due to friction losses in flow
of static and dynamic pressure increase.

sure Deliveryin
Energy head
a fluid that occurs
Delivery due to
pressure the flow
converted into velocity.
m liquid column.

Differential pressure Pressure between the initial and end point of the plant.
ure Sum of static and dynamic pressure increase.

Delivery pressure converted into m liquid column.

ressure Pressure between the14 initial and end point of the plant.
 There are two different types of flow
Laminar flow is characterized by concentric layers moving in parallel down the length of the
pipe, whereby highest velocity is found inInthe case of turbulent
centre flow
of the pipe, strong mixing
decreasing along takes place between the layers whereby the
the pipe
the velocity
wall (see Fig. 9). Directly at the wall the velocity of thedown
decreases turbulences
to zero. isThere
extremely HYDRAULIC
high.
is virtually no FUNDAMENTALS · 15
Turbulent flow occurs mainly in low viscous
mixing between the layers. The friction loss is proportional to the length of the pipe, flow fluids and is characterised by higher friction
rate, pipe diameter and viscosity. losses. The friction losses behave proportional to the length of the pipe, square flow rate,
pipe diameter and viscosity. Fig. 9 - Laminar flow

In case of turbulent flow strong mixing takes place between the layers where
the velocity of the turbulences is extremely high.
Turbulent flow occurs mainly in low viscous fluids and is characterised by hig
losses. The friction losses behave proportional to the length of the pipe, squar
pipe diameter and viscosity.

Fig. 9 -Fig.
Laminar flow
2 – Laminar flow Fig. 10Fig.
- Turbulent
3 – Turbulentflow
flow

4.5losses
turbulent
In case4.4ofFriction flowReynolds
strong mixing takesIn transition between
place between thelaminar
layers flow andthe
whereby turbulent flow there is a multitude of so called
4.5 Reynolds number
number
the velocity of the turbulences is extremely „mixed
high. flows“. They are characterised by a combination of properties of the turbulent flow
The occurance of friction losses in a pipe system is very complex In transition between laminar flow and turbulent flow there is
and
Turbulent flow occurs mainly in low viscous fluids the laminar
and is flow. ForFig.
characteriseddetermination
10by and simple computing of the specific characteristics
higher friction
- Turbulent flow
and of essential importance when selecting the pump. Friction a multitude of so called “mixed flows”. They are characterised
losses. The friction losses behave proportional the Reynolds number
to the length waspipe,
of the introduced.
square flowThisrate,
dimensionless number is the ratio of fluid
losses in components caused by the flow in the pipe system by a combination of properties of the turbulent flow and the
pipe diameter and viscosity. velocity multiplied by pipe diameter, divided by kinematic fluid viscosity.
4.5 by the
(laminar flow and turbulent flow) are specified Reynolds
pump In transition
laminar flow.between laminar flow
For determination andand turbulent
simple flow there
computing of theis a multitude of
number „mixed flows“. They are characterised by a combination of properties of the tu
manufacturer. Re = v x DN / ν Re specific characteristics
= Reynolds number the Reynolds number was introduced.
and the laminar flow. For determination and simple computing of the specifi
v This
the dimensionless
= Fluid velocity
Reynolds number number
(m/s) is the ratio of
was introduced. fluid
This velocity multiplied
dimensionless number is the ratio
There are two different types of flow Laminar flow is characterizedDN by pipe diameter
= Pipe
velocity diameter,
multiplieddivided
by pipeby kinematic
diameter, fluid viscosity.
divided by kinematic fluid viscosity.
by concentric layers moving in parallel down the length of the ν = Kinematic fluid viscosity
pipe, whereby highest velocity is found in the centre of the pipe, Re = v x DN / ν
Re = Reynolds number
v = Fluid velocity (m/s)
General:
decreasing along the pipe wall (see Fig. 2). Directly at the wall Laminar flow - if Re < 2320
Fig. 10 - Turbulent flow DN = Pipe diameter
the velocity decreases down to zero. There is virtually no mixing Turbulent flow - if Re ≥ 2320
ν = Kinematic fluid viscosity
between the layers. The friction loss is proportional to the length
s In transition between
of the pipe, laminar
flow rate, flow and
pipe diameter turbulent
and viscosity.flow there is a multitude
General: of so called
Laminar flow - if Re < 2320
15
„mixed flows“. They are characterised by a combination of properties of the turbulentTurbulent flow flow - if Re ≥ 2320
GEA Tuchenhagen
and the laminar flow. For determination and simple computing of the specific characteristics
In case of turbulent flow strong mixing takes place between the
the Reynolds number was introduced. This dimensionless number is the ratio of fluid 15
layers whereby the the velocity of the turbulences is extremely
velocity multiplied by pipe diameter, divided by kinematic fluid viscosity. GEA Tuchenhagen
high.

Re = v x DN / ν Re = Reynolds number
Turbulent flow occurs mainly in low viscous fluids and is
v = Fluid velocity (m/s)
characterised by higher
DN =friction losses. The friction losses behave
Pipe diameter
proportional to the
ν length of the pipe,fluid
= Kinematic square flow rate, pipe
viscosity
diameter and viscosity.
General: Laminar flow - if Re < 2320
Turbulent flow - if Re ≥ 2320

15
GEA Tuchenhagen
16 · TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS

5 Technical Fundamentals
This manual helps carrying out the optimal design of
centrifugal pumps. We show you how to proceed to
find the right pump.

5.1 Installation
Install the pump in close vicinity to the tank or to another source
from which the liquid will be pumped. Make sure that as few as
possible valves and bends are integrated in the pump’s suction
pipe, in order to keep the pressure drop as low as possible.
Sufficient space around the pump provides for easy maintenance
work and inspection. Pumps equipped with a conventional base
plate and motor base should be mounted on a steady foundation
and be precisely aligned prior commissioning.

5.2 Pipe connection

GEA Hilge pumps are equipped with pipe connections that are
adaped to the flow rate. Very small pipe dimensions result in low
cost on one hand, but on the other hand put the safe, reliable
and cavitation-free operation of the pump at risk.

Practical experience has shown that identical connection diameters

on a short suction pipe are beneficial, however, always keep an
eye on the fluid velocity. Excepted thereof are long suction pipes
with integrated valves and bends. In this case the suction pipe
should be by one size larger, in order to reduce the pressure drop.

The pipes connected to the pump should always be supported

in a way that no forces can act on the pump sockets. Attention
must be paid to thermal expanson of the pipe system. In such a
case, expansion compensators are recommended.

As long as the pump is mounted on adjustable calotte-type

feet, the pump will be able to compensate slight pipe length
expansions.

If the pump is rigid mounted on to a base plate, compensation

must be ensured by the pipe system itself, using pipe bends or
suitable compensators.
 Practical experience has shown that identical connection diameters on a short suc
are beneficial, however, always keep an eye on the fluid velocity. Excepted thereo
5.3 Suction pipe It is important for most of the pumps - but especially for non-selfpriming centrifugal pumps -
suction pipes with integrated valves and bends. In this case the suction pipe shou
that no air is drawn into the pump - as otherwise this would impair the pump performance.
size larger, in order toTECHNICAL
In the worst case the pump would
reduce the pressure
stop pumping.
drop.
FUNDAMENTALS · 17
Therefore the tanks should be designed and
constructed in a way that no air-drawing turbulences occur. This can be avoided by installing
The
a vortex pipesinto
breaker connected
the tankto the pump should always be supported in a way that no fo
outlet.
on theofpump
The locaton the pumpsockets. Attention
as well must be of
as the connection paid
thetosuction
thermal pipeexpanson
must not of thethe
cause pipefor-sy
mationInofsuch
air bubbles.
a case, When planning
expansion the suction are
compensators pipe,recommended.
sufficient length must be provided
upstream
As the
longpump.
as theThis
pumpsection should beon
is mounted in calotte-type
length at leastfeet,
fivethe
times the diameter
pump of the
will be able to com
inlet socket (Fig. 12).
slight pipe length expansions.
If the pump is rigid mounted on to a base plate, compensation must be ensured b
system itself, using pipe bends or suitable compensators.
Delivery socket

5 to 10 x DN

Fixing

5.3 Suction pipe Inlet pipe

It is important for most of the pumps - but especially for non- Suction socket
Pressure socket
selfpriming centrifugal pumps that no air is drawn into the
Suction socket
pump - as otherwise this would impair the pump performance. Fig. 12 - Distance to the inlet socket

In the worst case the pump would stop pumping. Therefore

the tanks should be designed and constructed in a way that no
air-drawing turbulences occur. This can be avoided
5.4 byDelivery
installing
pipe Normally valves, heat exchangers, filters und other components are installed in the delivery
Fixing
pipe. The flow head results from the resistance of the components, the pipe and the geodetic
a vortex breaker into the tank outlet. The locaton of the pump
difference. Flow rate and flow head can be influenced via the control fittings installed in the
as well as the connection of the suction pipe must not cause Fig.
delivery 11
pipe. - Pipe
Pipe support
support
the formation of air bubbles. When planning the suction pipe,
16
sufficient length must be provided upstream the pump. This GEA Tuchenhagen
section should be in length at least five times the diameter of
the inlet socket (Fig. 4).
n pipe It is important for most of the pumps - but especially for non-selfpriming centrifugal pumps -
that no5.4airDelivery
is drawnpipe
into the pump - as otherwise this would impair the pump performance.
In the worst case the pump would stop pumping. Therefore the tanks should be designed and
Normally valves, heat exchangers, filters und other components
constructed in a way that no air-drawing turbulences occur. This can be avoided by installing
are breaker
a vortex installedinto
in the
thedelivery pipe. The flow head results from
tank outlet.
the resistance
The locaton of the as
of the pump components,
well as the the pipe andofthe
connection thegeodetic
suction pipe must not cause the for-
mation difference. Flow rate and flow head can be influenced via the length must be provided
of air bubbles. When planning the suction pipe, sufficient
upstream thefittings
control pump. installed
This section should
in the be inpipe.
delivery length at least five times the diameter Right
of the
Fig. 13 - Right andand wrong
wrong connection
connection of a of a pipe
pipe
inlet socket (Fig. 12).

17
GEA Tuchenhagen

Delivery socket

5 to 10 x DN

Inlet pipe

Suction socket

Fig. 12Fig. 4 – Distance

- Distance to theinlet
to the inletsocket
socket

ry pipe Normally valves, heat exchangers, filters und other components are installed in the delivery
pipe. The flow head results from the resistance of the components, the pipe and the geodetic
difference. Flow rate and flow head can be influenced via the control fittings installed in the
delivery pipe.
 For pumps the static pressure in the suction socket must be above the vapou
medium to be pumped. The NPSH of the pump is determined by measurem
on the suction and delivery side of the pump. This value is to be read from t
18 · TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS teristic curve and is indicated in meter (m). The NPSH is in the end a dimen
ration hazard in the pump inlet socket and is influenced by the vapour press
ped liquid. The NPSH of the pump is called NPSH required, and that of the
NPSH av(ai)lable. The NPSHavl should be greater than the NPSHreq in order
cavitation.

NPSHavl > NPSHreq

For safety reasons another 0.5 m should be integrated into the calculation, i.

5.5 NPSH 5.6 Suction and supply conditions

NPSHavl > NPSHreq + 0.5m
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) is the international Troublefree operation of centrifugal pumps is given as long as steam
dimension for the calculation of the supply conditions. cannot form inside the pump; in other words: if cavitation does not
occur. Therefore, the pressure at the reference point for the NPSH
5.6 socket
For pumps the static pressure in the suction Suction
must beand Troublefree
must operation
be at least above theof vapour
centrifugal pumps
pressure is given
of the as long
pumped asThe
liquid. steam cannot
supply The
above the vapour pressure of the medium to be pumped. reference level for the NPSH is the centre of the impeller so that for pressure a
pump; in other words: if cavitation does not occur. Therefore, the
NPSH of the pump is determined by measurementsconditions
carried point for thetheNPSH
NPSHmust be at least above the vapour pressure of the pumpe
calculating avl according to the equation below, the geodetic
reference level for the NPSH is the centre of the impeller so that for calculat
out on the suction and delivery side of the pump. This value is flow head in the supply mode (Hz,geo) must be set to positive and in
according to the equation below, the geodetic flow head in the supply mode
to be read from the pump characteristic curve and is indicated the suction mode (Hs,geo) to negative.
set to positive and in the suction mode (Hs,geo) to negative
in meter (m). The NPSH is in the end a dimension of the
evaporation hazard in the pump inlet socket and is influenced NPSHavl = pe + pb pD v2
- + e - Hv,s + Hs,geo
by the vapour pressure and the pumped liquid. The NPSH of ρ x g ρxg 2g
the pump is called NPSH required, and that of the system is
pe = Pressure at the inlet cross section of the system
called NPSH av(ai)lable. The NPSHavl should be greater than pe = Pressure at the inlet cross2section of the system
pb = Air pressure in N/m (consider influence of height)
the NPSHreq in order to avoid cavitation. pbD
p = Air
= pressure
Vapour in N/m2 (consider influence of height)
pressure
ρD
p = Vapour pressure
= Density
NPSHavl > NPSHreq ρ
g = Density
= Acceleration of the fall
gve = Flow speed
= Acceleration of the fall
For safety reasons another 0.5 m should be integrated into the vHev,s
= Sum
= Flow speedof pressure drops
Hs,geo = Height difference between liquid level in the suction tank and
calculation, i.e.: Hv,s = Sum of pressure drops
centre of the pump suction socket
Hs,geo = Height difference between liquid level in the suction
NPSHavl > NPSHreq + 0.5m
At a water tank and centre of the pump suction socket
temperature of 20 °C and with an open tank the formula is simpl

NPSH
At a water = 10 - ofH20 °C
avl temperature v,s +and with an open tank the formula
Hz,geo
is simplified:

NPSHavl = 10 – Hv,s + Hz,geo

18
GEA Tuchenhagen
 TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS · 19

5.7 Cavitation
Cavitation produces a crackling sound in the pump. Generally
spoken is cavitation the formation and collapse of vapour
bubbles in the liquid. Cavitation may occur in pipes, valves and
in pumps. First the static pressure in the pump falls below the
vapour pressure associated to the temperature of a fluid at the
impeller intake vane channel. The reason is in most of the cases
a too low static suction head. Vapour bubbles form at the intake
vane channel. The pressure increases in the impeller channel
and causes an implosion of the vapour bubbles. The result is
pitting corrosion at the impeller, pressure drops and unsteady
running of the pump. Finally cavitation causes damage to the
pumped product.
Cavitation can be prevented by:
1. R
 educing the pressure drop in the suction pipe by a larger
suction pipe diameter, shorter suction pipe length and less
valves or bends
2. I ncreasing the static suction head and/or supply pressure,
e.g. by an upstream impeller (Inducer)
3. L
 owering the temperature of the pumped liquid

closed tank
pe + pb
open tank
pb, pe = 0 pe

ve ve
pD pD
Hzgeo

reference level

Pumping system
 istic that allows you to select the right pump by help of the pump
diagram
20 · TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS
The operating performance of centrifugal pumps is rarely repre
but mainly in the form of characteristic curves (Fig. 15). These
measured at line machines at constant speed and show the flow
head (liquid column in m) of the pump. The flow head H of a p
cal energy transferred by the pump to the pumped liquid, as a
of the pumped liquid (in m liquid column). It is independent o
5.8 Q-H character- Before designing a pump,
liquid; it is important
that means to ascertain
a centrifugal the characteristic
pump transfers curv
liquids regardle
istic that allows you to select the right pump by help of the pump characteristic
same flow head. However, the density must be taken into accou
diagram the power consumption P of a pump.
5.8 Q-H characteristic diagram
The actual flow head of the pump is determined by the flow ra
Before designing a pump, it is important toThe ascertain The actual flow
operatingconsists
performance head of the pump is determined by
of theoffollowing
centrifugal pumps
components: is rarely represented in the fo
5.8 Q-H character-
the characteristic curve ofBefore
the designing
plant that allowsa pump, it is
the important
flow rate
but mainly in the form of characteristicH Atoofascertain
the plant, the
which characteristic
consists of curve
the
curves (Fig. 15). These pump characterof the plant
isticyou to select the right pump
thatbyallows
help ofyou to selectatthe
measured
the pump lineright pump
machines
following byconstant
at
components:help of the speedpumpand characteristic
show the flow curve rate (Q in m3/h
diagram
characteristic curve. head (liquid column in m) of the pump. The flow head H of a pump is the effe
cal energy transferred by the pump to the pumped liquid, 0 as a function of the
The operating of performance ofHliquid
centrifugal pa - is prarely
pumps e va2 - ve2 in the form of tables,
represented
The operating performance of centrifugal pumps is the pumped (in
A = Hgeo +
m liquid column). + It is independent +ΣH ofv the density (r)
ρ x g 2g
but mainly in the liquid; that means a centrifugal pump transfers liquids regardless of curves
form of characteristic curves (Fig. 15). These pump characteristic are
the densit
rarely represented in the form of tables, but mainly
measured at line same machines
flow head.at constant
However, speed and show
the density mustthe be
flow takenrateinto
(Q in 3
m /h) and
account thedeter
for the flow
in the form of characteristic curves (Fig. 5). These Hgeo geodetic flow head = the difference in height to ove
head (liquid column the power in m)consumption
of the pump.P Theof a flow
pump. head H of a pump is the effective mechani-
pump characteristic curves calare measured
energy actual flowHhead
at line by the pump
transferred
The geo
 to thelevel
of pumped
pump
of theliquid,
geodetic suction
flow
is determined as and
head thethe
a= function delivery
by difference
the flowof the side
rateweight
HA of force
the pla
machines at constant speed of and show theconsists
the pumped flow rate
liquid (in
of mtheliquid column).
following in
It height to overcome
is independent
components: of between
the density the (r) of the pumped
(Q in m3/h) and the flow head (liquid
liquid; thatcolumn
meansina m) of
centrifugal pump transfers liquidliquids
level ofregardless
the suctionofand thethe
density up to the
the pump. The flow head sameH of aflow
pump head.
is theHowever,
effective the density mustdelivery be taken sideinto account for the determination of
pa - pe difference of pressure heights between liquid level
the power consumption
mechanical energy transferred by the pump to the P of a pump.
ρ x g delivery 0
side2with
pumped liquid, as a functionThe ofactual flow head
the weight forceof the pump pa -is determined
 pe va2 by - vthe
difference flowclosed
rate Htanks
A ofbetween
the plant, which
eof pressure heights
H = H
consists of the following components:
A geo + + + Σ H v
of the pumped liquid (in m liquid column). It is ρ x g liquid2glevel of the suction and delivery
independent of the density (r) of the pumped liquid; 0 side with closed tanks
Hgeo va2 - ve2flow speed
geodetic head =difference (canin
the difference beheight
neglected in practice)
to overcome between
that means a centrifugal pump transfers liquids
2gthe suction and the delivery side
level of
regardless of the density up to the same flow head. speed 0 difference
pa - pe va2 - ve2
However, the density must H = Hgeo
beA taken + account for +
into ρ x g Σ Hv 2g
+(can
sum
Σ Hvbe neglected in practice)
of pressure drops (pipe resistances, resistance
the determination of the power consumption P of suction and delivery pipes)
a pump. H pa - pflow
geodetic e Σ H= the
head 
difference difference inheights
sum of
of pressure height between
pressure to overcome
drops (pipe between
level of the
resistances,
liquid the liquid
suction a
geo V

level x the
ρ of g suction andside
delivery the with
delivery sidetanks
closed
resistance in fittings and formed parts
in suction and delivery pipes)

0
va2 - ve2 speed difference (can be neglected in practice)
pa - pe difference
2g of pressure heights between liquid level of the suction and
ρ x g delivery side with closed tanks
Σ Hv sum of pressure drops (pipe resistances, resistance in fittings and f
suction and delivery pipes)
0
va2 - ve2 speed difference (can be neglected in practice)
2g

Σ Hv sum of pressure drops (pipe resistances, resistance in fittings and formed parts in
suction and delivery pipes)

20
GEA Tuchenhagen

20
GEA Tuchenhagen
 The graphical representation of the flow head of a plant (HA) in dependance of the flow rate
cteristic (Q) is the characteristic curve of a pipe or plant. It consists of a static portion that is is inde-
pendent of the flow rate and a dynamic portion in square with rising flow rate .
TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS · 21

Q-H Characteristic
Q-H Kennfeld
diagram
Pump characteristic
Pumpenkennlinie
curve
Operating point
head H H
FlowFörderhöhe

o
Plant characteristic va2 - ve2
Dynamic portion = Hv +
Anlagenkennlinie
curve 2g

pa - pe
Static portion = Hgeo +
ρ . g

Förderstrom
Flow rate Q Q
Fig 5 – Q-H Characteristic diagram
Fig. 15 - Q-H Characteristic diagram

5.9 Flow rate 5.11 Plant characteristic curve

ating Theoperating
The flow rate (Q) accrues
point of afrom
pumptheisrequirements of the of
the intersection process The graphical curve
a pump characteristic with theof the flow head of a plant (HA) in
representation
plant characteristic
plant and is expressed in m /h or GPM (Gallons per minute).
curve. 3
dependance of the flow rate (Q) is the characteristic curve of a pipe
or plant. It consists of a static portion that is is independent of the
5.10 Flow head flow rate and a dynamic portion in square with rising flow rate.
A decisive factor in designing a pump is the flow head (H), that
21
depends on: GEA Tuchenhagen
5.12 Operating point
• the required flow head (for instance of a spray ball of 10 to 15 m; The operating point of a pump is the intersection of a pump
equal to 1.0 to 1.5 bar), characteristic curve with the plant characteristic curve.
• difference in the pressure height of a liquid level on the delivery
side and suction side,
• the sum of pressure drops caused by pipe resistance, resistance
in components, fittings in the suction and delivery pipe.
22 · TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS
5.13 Pressure drops
Essential for the design of a pump are not only the
NPSH, flow head and flow rate, but also pressure
drops.
Pressure drops of a plant may be caused by pressure
drops in:
• the pipe system,
• installed components
(valves, bends, inline measurement instruments),
• installed process units
(heat exchangers, spray balls).
Pressure drops Hv of the plant can be determined by
help of tables and diagrams. Basis are the equations
for pressure drops in pipes used for fluid mechanics
that will not be handled any further.
In view of extensive and time-consuming calculation
work, it is recommended to proceed on the example
shown in Chapter 6.1. The tables in Chapter 8.2 and
8.3 help calculating the equivalent pipe length.
The data is based on a medium with a viscosity
ν = 1 mm2/s (equal to water). Pressure drops for media
with a higher viscosity can be converted using the
diagrams in the annexed Chapter 8.5.
5.14 Theoretical calculation example
Various parmeters of the pipe system determine the
pump design. Essential for the design of the pump
is the required flow head. In the following, the three
simplified theoritical calculation examples shall
illustrate the complexity of this subject before in
Chapter 6 the practical design of a pump is handled.
Hv = Pressure drop
Hv,s = Total pressure drop – suction pipe
Hv,d = Total pressure drop – delivery pipe
Hs,geo = Geodetic head – suction pipe
Hz,geo = Geodetic head – supply pipe
Hd,geo = Geodetic head – delivery pipe
Hv,s = Pressure drop – suction pipe
Hv,d = Pressure drop – delivery pipe
p = Static pressure in the tank
Attention:
Pressure in the tank or supplies in the suction pipe
are negative because they must be deducted from the
pressure drop. They intensify the flow.
 TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS · 23

Example 1 - Negative supply

EXAMPLE 1 – NEGATIVE SUPPLY hd,geo

Hd,geo = 25 m
Hv,d = 10 m
Hs,geo H=d,geo6= m
25(suction
m pressure)
Hv,s = 3 m
Hv,d = 10 m
Hs,geo = 6 m (suction pressure) hs,geo
Hv,d = Hd,geo + Hv,d = 25 m + 10 m = 35 m
Hv,s =s,geo
H=v,s H 3 m + Hv,s + p = 6 m + 3 m + 0 m = 9 m
Hv,d = Hd,geo + Hv,d = 25 m + 10 m = 35 m
Hv H= H H + H+v,sH = +35p m
=v,d = 6+m9 +m3 =m44
+ 0mm = 9 m
v,s s,geo v,s

Hv = Hv,d + Hv,s = 35 m + 9 m = 44 m Negative supply

Fig. 16 - Negative supply

Example 2 - Supply under atmospheric pressure

hd,geo
EXAMPLE 2 – SUPPLY UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Hd,geo = 10 m
Hv,d = 5m
hd,geo
Hz,geo = - 3 m (supply pressure) Hd,geo = 10 m
Hv,s = 2m Hv,d = 5 m
s,geo h
0 m = 35 m Hz,geo = −3 m (supply pressure)
H =H + Hv,d = 10 m + 5 m = 15 m
3 m + 0 mv,d= 9 m d,geo Hv,s = 2 m
Hv,s = Hz,geo + Hv,s + p = -3 m + 2 m + 0 m = -1 m
Hv,d = Hd,geo + Hv,d = 10 m + 5 m = 15 m
= 44 m
Hv = Hv,d + Hv,s = 15 m - 1 m = 14 m Hv,s = Hz,geo + Hv,s + p = −3 m + 2 m + 0 m = −1 m
Supply under atmospheric pressure Hv = Hv,d + Hv,s = 15 m −1 m = 14 m
Fig. 16 - Negative supply hs,geo

heric pressure
Example 1 - Negative supply Fig. 17 - Supply under atmospheric pressure
EXAMPLE 3 – SUPPLY FROM PRESSURE TANK
Example 3 - Supply from pressure tank hd,geo
Hd,geo = 25 m
hd,geo
Hv,d = 10 m
Hd,geo H=d,geo
15=m15 m
Hs,geo = 6 m (suction pressure)
Hv,d H= 3m hd,geo
Hv,s =v,d =33mm
Hz,geo = -2 m
m = 15 m Hz,geo = −2 m
Hv,s = 1m hs,geo
+ 2 m + 0Hm = -1H=mH=d,geom + Hv,d = 25 m + 10 m = 35 m
p v,d
=v,s 81m
Hv,s = Hs,geo + Hv,s + p = 6 m + 3 m + 0 m = 9 m
p=8m
= 14 m
Hv,d H= H H ++HHv,d = = 15
15mm++33mm= =1818
mm
Hv =v,dH=d,geo
v,d + Hv,s = 35 m + 9 m = 44 m
d,geo v,d p
Hv,s = Hz,geo + Hv,s + p = -2 m + 1 m + (-8 m) = -9 m
Hv,s = Hz,geo + Hv,s + p = −2 m + 1 m + (−8 m) = −9 m
hs,geo

Hv = Hv,d++HHv,s == 18
H=v H 18 m
m++(−9
(-9m)
m)==99mm Supply from pressure tank
v,d v,s
Fig. 16 - Negative supply
hs,geo
Fig. 17 - Supply under atmospheric pressure
Example 2 - Supply under atmospheric pressure
tank
Fig. 18 - Supply from pressure tank
Hd,geo = 10 m
Hv,d = 5m
hd,geo
hd,geo
Hz,geo = - 3 m (supply pressure)23
Hv,s = 2m GEA Tuchenhagen

Hv,d = Hd,geo + Hv,d = 10 m + 5 m = 15 m

Hv,s = Hz,geo + Hv,s + p = -3 m + 2 m + 0 m = -1 m
m = 18 m
p
1 m + (-8Hvm) = -9= m
Hv,d + Hv,s = 15 m - 1 m = 14 m

m) = 9 m
hs,geo
hs,geo

Fig. 17 - Supply under atmospheric pressure

 24 · DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

esign of Centrifugal Pumps

6 Design of Centrifugal Pumps
By help of the example below and the annexed summarised diagrams and tables all the
centrifugal pumps can be designed. The tables contain Tuchenhagen specific valves and
pipe fittings. For the calculation of pressure drops in a plant, the conversion principle of
By help of the example below and the annexed summarised
the measured friction factor (ζ) of valves and fittings in metre equivalent pipe length is
applied.
diagrams and tables all the centrifugal pumps can be designed.
ical
lation The tables contain GEA specific valves and pipe fittings. For the
mple
calculation of pressure drops in a plant, the conversion principle
of the measured friction factor (ζ) of valves and fittings in metre Tank B

Hd,geo = 10
Hz,geo = 4 m

Tank A

equivalent pipe length is applied.

D
D
D D

6.1 Practical calculation example (Fig. 6)

Suction pipe
Saugleitung Delivery pipe
Druckleitung

6.1.1 CALCULATION
Fig. 19 - Pressure drop in a plant

ulation Pressure drop of the plant

0 0

HA = Hgeo + pa - pe +
va2 - ve2 + ΣH
v Hgeo = Hd,geo - Hz,geo = 10 m - 4 m = 6 m
ρ x g 2 x g
Σ Hv = Hv,s + Hv,d

Hv,s Hv,d

1 Tank outlet = 0.8 m eqv.pipe" 1 Double seat valve DN 50

1 Double seat valve DN 65 flow through (seat) =10.5 m eqv. pipe
flow through (seat) = 22.5 m " 1 Normal valve DN 50
1 Double seat valve DN 65 flow through (seat) = 2.2 m "
flow through (housing). = 2.9 " 10 Bends 90° DN 50 = 10 x 0.45 m "
1 Reducer DN 65 = 0.2 m see
5 Bends 90° DN 65 = 5 x 0.6 m 20 m pipe DN 50 20.0 m Page 37
see Σ = 37.2 m Page 36
10 m pipe DN 65 10.0 m Page 37 (and
Σ = 40.2 m Page 36 40 - 44)
(and 40 - 44) Pressure drop Hv at
24 m3/h DN 50 37,2 x 25.0 m = 7,44
Pressure drop Hv at 100 m
24 m3/h DN 65 Heat exchanger
40,2 x 6.5 m = 2,62 at 24 m3/h = 12.0 m
100 m Spray ball at 24 m3/h = 5.0 m
Hv,s = 2.6 m 24.4 m =>
Hv,d = 24.4 m

HA = Hgeo + Hv,s + Hv,d

= 6 m + 2.6 m + 24.4 m
HA = 33 m

24
GEA Tuchenhagen
n of Centrifugal Pumps
DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS · 25

By help of the example below and the annexed summarised diagrams and tables all the
centrifugal pumps can be designed. The tables contain Tuchenhagen specific valves and
pipe fittings. For the calculation of pressure drops in a plant, the conversion principle of
the measured friction factor (ζ) of valves and fittings in metre equivalent pipe length is
applied.
According to the table, the pressure drop is 6.5 m per 100 m at
a flow rate of 24 m3/h and with a pipe DN 65. Based on 40.18 m,
the pressure drop (H ) is 2.61 m. Downstream the pump, the
v,s
6.1.2 Explanations The flow rate is 24 m3/h. Components and process units are installed in the pipe between
liquid
Tank A tomust be conveyed
be emptied and Tank Binto length
be filled.equivalent pipe ofbefore,
As already mentioned 37.2 mit isinessential to
Tank B
install the pump as close as possible to the tank to be emptied.

Hd,geo = 10
total. The pressure drop of a pipe in DN 50 is according to the
Hz,geo = 4 m

Tank A
Between Tank A and the pump are located a butterfly valve and two double seat valves as
table
well 25 reducer
as one m per and
1005m. Based
bends on 37.2
and finally m,pipe
10 m theinpressure
DN 65. drop is 7.4 m.

InIn
theaddition,
pipe from on the delivery
the pump up to Tankside
B (20 there
m in is
DNa50)heat
are exchanger withseat valve, a
installed a double
D single seat valve, one heat exchanger and one
3 spray ball. The difference in elevation of the
a pressure drop of 12 m (at 24 m ) as well as a spray ball at the
D
D D liquid level in Tank A to Tank B is 6 m. Now the metre equivalent pipe length must be deter-
end of
mined for the
eachpipe with installed.
component a pressure drop
For this of 5 see
purpose m. the
In standard
total the pressure
tables for pressure
drops
droponon Pagethe37delivery
and 38. The outcome
side (Hv,d)isisin 24.4
total 40.18
m. m on the suction side. This value is
Suction pipe
Saugleitung Delivery pipe
Druckleitung converted into the corresponding pressure drop (H) of the pipe, cross section DN 65.
According to the table, the pressure drop is 6.5 m per 100 m at a flow rate of 24 m3/h and
with a pipe DN 65. Based on 40.18 m, the pressure drop (Hv,s) is 2.61 m. Downstream the
Fig. 6drop
Fig. 19 - Pressure – Pressure drop in a plant
in a plant The sum of pressure drops on the suction side (Hv,s), on the
pump, the liquid must be conveyed in length equivalent pipe of 37.2 m in total. The pressure
delivery
drop of a pipeside
in DN v,d)isand
(H50 the geodetic
according to the tableflow
25 mhead (Hm.geoBased
per 100 ), result in am,
on 37.2
Pressure drop of the plant the pressure drop is 7.4 m. In addition, on the delivery side there is a heat exchanger with a
6.1.2 EXPLANATIONS total pressure drop (H ) of 33.0 m that must be compensated
A3) as well as a spray ball at the end of the pipe with bya pressure
pressure drop of 12 m (at 24 m
The flow0 rate is 24 m /h. 3 0 Components and process units are theofpump.
drop 5 m.
HA = Hgeo + pa - pe + va - ve + ΣHv
2 2
Hgeo = Hd,geo - Hz,geo = 10 m - 4Inmtotal
= the
6m pressure drop on the delivery side (Hv,d) is 24.4 m.
installed
ρ x g in the
2 pipe
x gbetween Tank A to be emptied and Tank B
to be filled. As already mentioned before,
Σ Hv = it is essential
Hv,s + Hv,d to install 6.1.3
The sum CALCULATION
of pressure drops onOF
theTHE NPSH
suction side (Hv,s), on the delivery side (Hv,d) and the
geodetic flow head (Hgeo), result in a total pressure drop (HA) of 33.0 m that must be
the pump as close as possible to the tank to be emptied. The next step
compensated by theispump.
the calculation of the NPSH of the plant that
Hv,s Hv,d finally complete the parameters needed for the design of your
Between Tank A
1 Tank outlet andmthe
= 0.8 pump are 1located
eqv.pipe" Doublea seat
butterfly
valvevalve
DN 50and pump.
1 Double seat valve DN 65 flow through (seat)
two double seat valves as well as one reducer and 5 bends and =10.5 m eqv. pipe
flow through (seat) = 22.5 m " 1 Normal valve DN 50
finally 10 m pipe in DN 65. The calculation of the NPSH takes only the suction pipe into
1 Double seat valve DN 65 6.1.3 (seat)
flow through = 2.2 m The next"step is the calculation of the NPSH of the plant that finally complete the parameters
Calculation
of the NPSH needed for the design of your pump.
flow through (housing). = 2.9 " 10 Bends 90° DN 50 consideration.
= 10 x 0.45 m "
The calculation of the NPSH takes only the suction pipe into consideration.
1 Reducer DN 65 = 0.2 m see
In the pipe from the pump up to Tank B (20 m in DN 50) are 0
5 Bends 90° DN 65 = 5 x 0.6 m 20 m pipe DN 50 20.0 m Page 37
pe + pb pD ve - H
NPSHavl = + + Hz,geo
installed a double seat valve,
see a single seat valve, one heat exchanger
Σ = 37.2 m Page 36 ρ x g
-
ρxg 2g
v,s

10 m pipe DN 65 10.0 m Page 37 (and = 10 m - 2.0 m - 2.6 m + 4m = 9.4 m

and one spray ball. The difference in elevation of the liquid level
Σ = 40.2 m Page 36 40 - 44) Vapour pressure Flow head static suction NPSHavl

in Tank A to Tank B is(and

6 m.40 -Now
44) thePressure
metre equivalent
drop Hv atpipe length
at 60°C
from page 38
head

must be determined for each component 24 m3/hinstalled.

DN 50 For 37,2 this x 25.0 m NPSH
= 7,44 =
avl 9.4 m must be above the NPSHpump
Pressure drop Hv at 100 m
24 m3/h DN purpose
65 see the standard tables for Heatpressure drops on Page 39
exchanger
and 40. The x 6.5 m is= in
40,2outcome at m
total 40.18
2,62 m3the
24on /h suction side. = 12.0 m The calculated
The calculated NPSH
NPSH of theofplant
theisplant
9.4 m is
and9.4 m be
must and must
above thatbe above
of the pump.
100 m Spray ball at 24 m3/h = 5.0 m Using this data now available, the plant characteristic curve can be ascertained.
This value is converted
Hv,s = 2.6into
m the corresponding pressure drop (H)24.4 m that
=>of the pump. Using this data now available, the plant
of the pipe, cross section DN 65. Hv,d = characteristic
24.4 m curve can be ascertained.

HA = Hgeo + Hv,s + Hv,d

= 6 m + 2.6 m + 24.4 m
HA = 33 m
25
GEA Tuchenhagen
24
GEA Tuchenhagen
 Values ascertained so far (from Chapter 6.1):

Flow rate
26 · DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS = 24.0 m3/h
Req. flow head = 33.0 m
NPSHavl = 9.4 m

These arecurve
6.2 Characteristic the relevant values for finding out the optimal pump by use of diagrams.
interpretation
The flow rate, flow head, the required motor power, These are the relevant values for finding out the optimal
the NPSH and efficiency of the pump are indicated in pump by use of diagrams.
the pump characteristic.
STEP 1
On the example shown below it is explained how a The first diagram to be used is the Q/H Diagram (Fig. 7 –
Step 1 The first diagram to be used is the Q/H Diagram (Fig. 20 - the diagram of a TP 2030). First the
pump characteristic is to interprete. the diagram of a TP 2030). First the intersection point of
intersection point of the flow rate (24 m3/h) with flow head (33 m) should be made out. The
the flow rate (24 m3/h) with flow head (33 m) should be
intersection point is located in the area of the impeller of 160 mm in diameter.
Values ascertained so far (from Chapter 6.1): made out. The intersection point is located in the area of
Flow rate = 24.0 m /h 3
the impeller of 160 mm in diameter.
Req. flow head = 33.0 m
NPSHavl = 9.4 m STEP 2
Step 2 The pump efficiency (η) is read in Fig. 20 and amounts
The pump (η) is read in Fig.577 %.
to approximately
efficiency and amounts to
approximately 57 %.

USGPM
H 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
[ft] [m] I GPM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
44
140
40
Ø160 η 0,30 η 0,35 η 0,40 η 0,45 η 0,50 η 0,55
120 36
Ø150 H = 33 m η 0,60
32
100
28 Ø140

80 24 Ø130

Ø120
20
60
16 Ø110

40 12

8
20
4

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Q = 24 m3/h Q
Fig. 7
Fig. 20

26
GEA Tuchenhagen
 DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS · 27

STEP 3
The NPSH/Q Diagram (Fig. 8) shows the NPSHreq,
The NPSH/Q Diagram
that amounts (Fig.
to 1.9 m. 21) shows the NPSHreq, that amounts to 1.9 m.
USGPM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
NPSH
I GPM
[ft] [m]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
20 6
5
15 Ø110 Ø160
4
10 3
NPSHreq = 1.9 m
2
5
1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Q
The NPSH/Q
Fig. 8 Diagram (Fig. 21) shows the NPSHreq, that amounts to 1.9 m.
Fig. 21
USGPM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
NPSH
I GPM
The [ft]4
impeller [m]
diameter of 160
STEP 0 20 mm is required
40 in 60
order to read
80 out the required 120
100 motor power140
20 6
in the Q/P
TheDiagram
impeller
5
(Fig. 22). of
diameter Accordingly, at a flow
160 mm is required rate of
in order readm /h theP motor
to 24
3
= power
ρ x Q x is
H 3.7
15 Ø110 Ø160
kW. Fluctuations 4 in volume
out the required motorand pressure
power must
in the Q/P be expected
Diagram (Fig. 9). in the plant
and consequently
η x 367
fluctuations 3 operating point, that causes variation of the power consumption P of the
10of the
Accordingly, NPSH
at a flow ratereq = 1.9
of 24 m3/hmthe motor power is 3.7 kW.
2
pump. This 5is the1 reason why in principle an increased factor of 5% is fixed.
Fluctuations in volume and pressure must be expected in the and using the diagrams, the missing parameters for the optimal
The result is0 that0 the motor size should be at least to 4 kW (the required 3.7 kW plus increa-
plant and 0consequently5 fluctuations
10 of the15operating20point, that25 pump
30 design are
35 made available.
40
sed safety). The next larger sized standard motor has 4 kW and should therefore be selected. Q
causes variation of the power consumption P of the pump. This
Fig. 21
is the reason why in principle an increased factor of 5 % is fixed. The required flow rate of 24 m3/h and the specified flow head
USGPM
P 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 of 33140
m require
160the use of the pump TP 2030 with an impeller
[hp]
The[kW]
result is that the motor size should be at least to 4
The impeller diameter of 160 mm is required in order to read out kW diameter
the I GPM
required160 motor
mm and 4 kW
power motor capacity at n = 2,900 rpm
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
5,0
in the(the
Q/Prequired
Diagram 3.7 (Fig. 22).increased
kW plus Accordingly,
safety).at a flow
The rate of
next larger 24
sized m /h and
3 the 50
motor
Hz. power is 3.7
Ø160
6,0 4,5
kW. Fluctuations
standard motor
4,0
in has
volume = and
4 PkW pressure
and kw
3.7 must be
should therefore be expected
selected. in the plant and consequently
Ø150
fluctuations
5,0
3,5 of the operating point, that causes variation of the power Theconsumption P of
efficiency of this the is about 57 % and the NPSH of the
pump
Ø140
pump. The
4,0 This is the
power
3,0 reason why
consumption of in principle
a pump an be
can also increased factor
calculated usingof 5%pump
is fixed.
(1.9 m) does not exceed the NPSH of the plant (9.4 m > 1.9
The result2,5is that the motor size should be at least to 4 kW (the required Ø1303.7 kW plus increa-
the formula
3,0
+ 0.5 m) so that cavitation does not occur. Accordingly, the pump
Ø120
sed safety).
2,0 The next larger sized standard motor has 4 kW and should
Ø110 therefore
is suitable beapplication
for the selected. in question.
2,0 1,5
1,0
1,0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 USGPM
35 40
P 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Q 160

Fig. 22 [hp] [kW] I GPM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
5,0
The power consumption
4,5 of a pump can also be calculated using the formula Ø160
6,0
4,0 P = 3.7 kw
Ø150
ρ x 5,0
Q x 3,5
H
P = Ø140
η x4,03673,0
2,5 Ø130
3,0 Ø120
2,0 Ø110
and using the diagrams, the missing parameters for the optimal pump design are
2,0 1,5
made available.1,0
1,0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Q
The required
Fig. 9flow rate of 24 m /h and the specified flow head of 33 m require the use of the
3
Fig. 22
pump TP 2030 with an impeller diameter 160 mm and 4 kW motor capacity at
n =The power
2,900 rpmconsumption
and 50 Hz. of a pump can also be calculated using the formula
The efficiency of this pump is about 57 % and the NPSH of the pump (1.9 m) does not
ρxQxH
exceed
P = the NPSH of the plant (9.4 m > 1.9 + 0.5 m) so that cavitation does not occur.
η x 367
Accordingly, the pump is suitable for the application in question.

and using the diagrams, the missing parameters for the optimal pump design are
made available. 27
 curve with the pump characteristic curve.

28 · DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Drosselung
Throttling
6.3 Modification In the previous H example the pump design took place in four steps.

In practice, however, pumps are used at different operating points. These may be pum-
ping of viscous media, temperature Bchanges 1
or systems with integratation of pressurised
Throttled valve Pump characteristic
tanks. gedrosseltes Ventil
6.3 Modification In the previous example the pump design took place in four steps. B 2
In practice, however, pumps Changes areinused
the at different
flow head of operating
a system Hpoints. These
(throttling) may
are be pum-
realised in practice by increasing or
6.3.1 Throttling A Opened valve
geöffnetes Ventil
6.3 Modification ping of viscous media, reducing
temperature changes or
the resistance onsystems with side
the delivery integratation
of the pump, of pressurised
e.g. by installing
B3 a throttling valve.
tanks. In this case the operating point is always located on the intersection of the plant characterstic
In the previous
Modification example
In the the pump
previous design
example the took
pump place in four
design tooksteps.
place in four steps.
curve with the pump characteristic curve.
In practice, however, pumps
In practice, are used
however, pumpsat different
Changes the operating
areinused at different
flow head of operating
a system Hpoints. These may be pum-
6.3.1pingThrottling A (throttling) are realised in practice by increasing or
of viscous media,
points. These may be pumping of viscous temperature
reducingmedia, changes or
temperature
the resistance systems with integratation
on the delivery side of the pump, of pressurised
e.g. by installing a throttling valve.
tanks. In this case the operating point isDrosselung
always located on the intersection Plant characteristic
of the plant characterstic
changes or systems with integratation of pressurised
tion In the previous example the pump design took place in four tanks. steps.
Throttling
H
curve with the pump characteristic curve.
In practice, however,
Changes pumps are head
in the flow usedofatadifferent
system HAoperating
(throttling)points. Theseinmay
are realised be pum-
practice by increasing or
1 Throttling
ping of viscous
6.3.1 media,the
THROTTLING
reducing temperature
resistance onchanges or systems
the delivery side of with integratation
the pump, 6.3.2
e.g. ofBpressurised
CHANGING
by installing
1 THE SPEED
a throttling valve.
Pump characteristic Q
Throttled valve
tanks. In this case the operating point is
Changes in the flow head of a system HA (throttling) always located on the intersection of the plant characterstic
gedrosseltes Ventil
Throttling are
Drosselung Changing
Fig. the speed (n) causes
23 - Throttling B2
a change of the operating point and
curve with the pump characteristic
H curve.
realised in practice by increasing or reducing the resistance thus of the flow rate (Q) and the flow headVentil
Opened valve
geöffnetes
(H). For this purpose a
g Changes in the flow head of a system HA (throttling) are realised in practice by increasing or
on the delivery side of the pump, e.g. by installing a throttling frequencythe
Changing converter
speed or
(n)a causes
pole changing motor
B
a change3 is needed.
of the In spite
operating point and thus o
reducing the resistance on the delivery 6.3.2
side of Changing
the pump, Be.g.
1 by installing a
Throttled valve
throttling
Pumpvalve.
characteristic
gedrosseltes Ventil
valve. In this case the
In this case the operatingoperating point is always
point is always located
Drosselung
Throttling located
theonspeedon the of
and
the intersection of Bthethe
the high
flowpurchase
head costs
(H).
plant characterstic For for a
thisfrequency
purpose converter,
a frequencyits use is in
converter or a pole ch
H 2
intersection
curve with the of the plant
pump characterstic
characteristic curve with the pump
curve. view of In
needed. thespite
operating costs
of the highthepurchase
clearly more favourable
costs alternativeconverter, its u
for a frequency
Opened valve
geöffnetes Ventil
characteristic curve. B1 operating costs the
to the throttling B3 clearly
process withmore favourable
a throttling
Plant valve.alternative
characteristic to the throttling pr
Speed control
Throttled valve Pump characteristic
gedrosseltes Ventil
ling valve.
is used, Speed control
if different is used,
operating pointsifshall
different operating
be achieved, points shall be ach
e.g. for
B2
Drosselung
Throttling duct and cleaning liquid.
product and cleaning liquid.
H Opened valve
geöffnetes Ventil Q
Fig. 23 -BThrottling
3 Plant characteristic

B1 Drehzahländerung
Pump characteristic H
Throttled valve
gedrosseltes
6.3.2 Changing Ventil Changing the speedChanging (n) causesthe speed
a change of the operating point and thus of the flow rate (Q)n2
a frequency converter or a pole changing Q 2 = is
B2 Q
the speed and the flow head (H). For this purpose motor n1
Fig. 23 - Throttling Plant characteristic
Opened valve
geöffnetes needed. In spite of the high purchase costs for a frequency converter, its use is in view of the
Ventil
B3
operating costs the clearly more favourable alternative to the B1
throttling process with a thrott-
6.3.2 Changing Changing the speed (n)ling causes a change
valve. Speed
H1 of the operating
control is used, ifpoint and thus
different of the points
operating flow rate (Q)be achieved, e.g. for pro- 2
shall
and the flow head (H). For this
Q
purpose a liquid.
frequency converter or a pole changing motor is
n2
the speed
Fig. 23 - Throttling duct and cleaning D1 H2 =
needed. In spite of the high purchase costs for a frequency converter, its use is in view of the
n1
B2
operating costs the clearly more favourable
Plant characteristic H2
alternative to the throttling process with a thrott-
Drehzahländerung
2 Changing Changing the speed (n)ling causes a change
valve. Speed of the operating
control His used, ifpoint and thus
different
Changing the speed
of the points
operating flow rate (Q)be achieved, e.g. for pro-
shall
D2 n2 3
the speed and the flow head (H). For this purpose a frequency
duct and cleaning liquid. converter or a pole changing motor is Q2 = x Q1
n1 n2
needed. In spite of the high purchase costs for a frequency converter, its use is in view of the P2 =
Q n1
Fig. 23Throttling
operating
- Throttling
costs the clearly more favourable alternative to the throttling process with a thrott-
Drehzahländerung B 1
ling valve. Speed controlHis used, if different operating
H1 points shall be achieved, e.g. for pro- 2
Changing the speed
n2 n2
duct and cleaning liquid. Q2 = xD1Q1 H2 = x H1
n1 n 1
g Changing the speed (n) causes a change of the operating point and thus of the flow rate (Q) Q2 Q1 Q
B2
d and the flow head (H).Drehzahländerung
For this purpose a frequency converter H2 or a pole changing motor is
Fig. 24 - BChanging the speed
1 3
needed. In spiteHof theChanging
high purchase costs for a frequency converter, its use is in 2
n2 view of the
the speed H1 D2
n2 n2
Q = xD Q H = x H1 P2 = x P1
operating costs the clearly more favourable alternative to the throttling process2 with
n 1
a1thrott-
1 2
28 n1 n1
ling valve. Speed control is used, if different operating points shallB2 be achieved, e.g. for pro- GEA Tuchenhagen
H2 Changing the speed
duct and cleaning liquid. B1
2 3
H1 D2
n2 n2
D1 H2 = x HQ12 P2 =Q1 x PQ1
n1 n1
Fig. 24 - Changing the speed
Drehzahländerung B2
H Changing Hthe
2 speed
n2
D2 Q2 = x Q1 283
n1 n2 GEA Tuchenhagen
Q2 P2 =Q1 x PQ1
n1
Fig. 24 - Changing the speed
B1
H1 2
28 n2
D1 H2 = x H1
Q2 Q1 Q
n1
GEA Tuchenhagen
B2
Fig. 24 - Changing the speed
H2

D2 3
28
n2
GEA Tuchenhagen P2 = x P1
n1

Q2 Q1 Q
Fig. 24 - Changing the speed
 DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS · 29

6.3.3 REDUCING THE IMPELLER SIZE 6.3.4 OPERATION IN PARALLEL

GEA Hilge offers for each pump different impeller sizes. It may Two pumps can be operated in parallel, if the desired operating
happen that the best efficiency point of the impeller is located point cannot be reached with only one pump. In such a case the
ucing the Tuchenhagen offers for each pump different impeller sizes. It may happen that the best
between two characteristic curves. The impeller will then be flow of the two pumps are added while the flow head remains
eller size efficiency point of the impeller is located between two characteristic curves. The impeller will
turned to size in order to obtain the required diameter. This is unchanged.
then be turned to size in order to obtain the required diameter.
both
This the mostthe
is both simple
mostand favourable
simple method. method.
and favourable

Reducing
Impeller the impeller size
reduced
2
H
D1 Q1 H1
≈ ≈
D2 Q2 H2

B1
H1
B2 D1
H2
D2

Operation in parallel

6.3.5 OPERATION IN SERIES

picture 4 Q2 Q1 Q If the required flow head cannot be achieved by one pump only,
Reducing the impeller size two pumps are connected in series. Thus the flow head is
Fig. 25 - Reducing the impeller size
doubled at constant flow rate.

eration in Two pumps can be operated in parallel, if the desired operating point cannot be reached with
allel only one pump. In such a case the flow of the two pumps are added while the flow head
remains unchanged.

Q1 Operation in series

Q2
Q = Q1 + Q2 P = constant

Fig. 26 - Operation in parallel

eration in If the required flow head cannot be achieved by one pump only, two pumps are connected in
es series. Thus the flow head is doubled at constant flow rate.
 taken into account for the calculation and design of the pump.

ng liquids of higherOFviscosity
30 · DESIGN (ν) at
CENTRIFUGAL constant speed (n), reduce the flow rate (Q), flow
PUMPS

) and the efficiency (η) of the pump, while power consumption Pz of the pump (see
increases tt the same time. According to the method of approxima-tion, (6.4.2) the
pump size can be determined, starting from the operating point for viscous liquids
perating6.4point for water. The pump’s power
Pumping of viscous media
ption depends on the
In the previous efficiency
example (Chapter 6.1)of theserved
water complete
as pumping
H
medium. In practice media other than water are conveyed. In
Hz
this respect viscosity is a factor that must be taken into account
for the calculation and design of the pump.
d are tables used for the determination of
Pz

drops in dependence
Conveying of viscosity
liquids of higher viscosity (ν)and pipespeed (n),
at constant
P

r. In thisreduce
connection
the flow rateit(Q),isflow
worthwhile
head (H) and the menti-(η)
toefficiency h
of the pump, while power consumption Pz of the pump (see
he pressure drop in dependence of viscosity is hz
Fig. 10) increases tt the same time. According to the method of
nt for centrifugal
approximation, pumps
(6.4.2) theand can
suitable pumptherefore be
size can be determined,
d. Centrifugal pumps
starting from are suitable
the operating for liquids
point for viscous liquidsvia the
picture 5 Q

viscosityoperating
of 500point mmfor2/s.water. The pump’s power consumption
Fig. 10
depends on the efficiency of the complete unit.
he question of pumping viscous media such as Fig. 28
utter or Annexed
syrup,are rotary piston
tables used for thepumps willof be
determination used due 6.4.1
pressure to their higherFOR HIGH VISCOSITIES
CORRECTION
y in thisdrops
respect.
in dependence of viscosity and pipe diameter. In this The following page shows an example that explains the calculation
connection it is worthwhile to mention that the pressure drop in and design of a pump used for viscous media. Decisive in this
dependence of viscosity is irrelevant for centrifugal pumps and connection are the correction factors for the flow head (KH),
can therefore be neglected. Centrifugal pumps are suitable for flow rate (KQ) and the pump efficiency (Kη).
liquids up to a viscosity of 500 mm /s.
2

The correction factors are found in the diagram on page 31,

If it is the question of pumping viscous media such as quarg, by proceeding in the following steps:
butter or syrup, rotary piston pumps will be used due to their 1. Find out the kinematic viscosity of the medium in mm2/s
owing page shows an example that explains the calculation
higher efficiency in this respect.
and design of a pump
2. Determine product of Q x √H (m /h √m) 3

viscous media. Decisive in this connection are the correction factors

3. Set up a vertical at thefor the flow
intersection of Q x √H with the

H), flow rate (KQ) and the pump efficiency (Kη).

corresponding viscosity
4. Reading the intersections with the three correction lines at the
vertical
ection factors are found in the diagram on page 31, by proceeding
5. Enter these values in
intothe
the equations and calculate the
g steps: corrected value

On the basis of the obtained values, the pump can be desigend

out the kinematic viscosity of the medium in mm2/s by means of the pump characteristic for water (see Chapter 6.2).
mine product of Q x √H (m3/h √m)
p a vertical at the intersection of Q x √H with the corresponding viscosity
ng the intersections with the three correction lines at the vertical
these values into the equations and calculate the corrected value

basis of the obtained values, the pump can be desigend by means of the pump
ristic for water, (see Chapter 6.2).
 KH 0,7
0,9
6
2
KQ 0,6
0,8
4

3
10 KH 0,5
0,7
DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS · 31
8
2
0,4
0,6
6 KQ

104 0,3
0,5
83
Kh 0,4
0,2
6
2
4 0,1
0,3

3 0
1 Kh
6.4.2 CALCULATION OF CORRECTION FACTORS The pump should be designed for the following pump data 0,2
Fig. 29 - Digram correction factors
2
Pumping medium: Oil based on water: 0,1
The pump should be designed for the following pump data based on water:
Flow rate: Q = 24 m /h3
1 0
Fig. 29 Qz 24 Hz 33
Flow head: H = 33 m Q =- Digram
= correction factors
= 28.9 m3/h; H= = = 39.29 m
KQ 0.83 KH 0.84
Viscosity: ν = 228 mm /s 2
Fill into
The pump theshould
formula for the power
be designed consumption
for the (Pz), the
following pump dataefficiency
based on(η) from the „wa
water:
Density: ρ = 0.9 t/m3 head
Filldiagram“.
Qz the formula
into 24 for the Hz
power consumption33 (Pz), the
Q= = 3 = 28.9 m /h; H= = = 39.29 m
KQ 0.83 Qz x Hz x KρH 0.84
Efficiency: η = 0.55 % efficiency (η) fromPzthe
power consumpt. = „water flow head diagram“.
367 x Kη x η
Fill into the formula for the power consumption (Pz), the efficiency (η) from the „wat
head diagram“. 24 x 33 x 0,9
= = 7.52 kW
A vertical is set up cutting KH, KQ and Kη at the intersection of 367
Qz xx H
0.47
z x xρ 0.55
power consumpt. Pz =
Higher accuracy is achieved 367
by xrepeating
Kη x ηthe procedure with the data obtained.
the horizontal viscosity line coming from the left side with the
Result: After correction 24 the
using x factors
33 x K0,9 Q, KH =and K , a pump must be selected fo
= 7.52 ηkW
diagonal Q x √H line. pumping oil and a flow head 367ofx240.47
m3/hx that
0.55is capapable of achieving 29 m3/h and
39 m flow
Higher head. isThe
accuracy required
achieved bymotor power
repeating theisprocedure
at least 7.5 kW.the data obtained.
with
lation of Pumping medium: Oil Result: After correction using the factors K K and K , a pump must be selected for
From each of the newly created intersections, a horizontal leads Higher accuracy is achieved by repeating the procedure
Q, H η with
ction Flow rate: Q = 24 m3/h pumping oil and a flow head of 24 m3/h that is capapable of achieving 29 m3/h and
to the right hand side, on to the correction factors. The reading the data obtained. 31
rs Flow head: H = 33 m 39 m flow head. The required motor power is at least 7.5 kW.
GEA Tuchenhagen
is: KQ = 0.83, KH = 0.84,
Viscosity: ν K=η = 0.47
228 mm2/s
Density: ρ = 0.9 t/m3 Result: After correction using the factors KQ, KH and Kη,
31
Efficiency: η = 0.55 % a pump must be selected for pumping oil and a flow head
GEA Tuchenhagen
A vertical is set up cutting KH, KQ and Kη at the intersection of the of
horizontal viscosity
24 m3/h that line of achieving 29 m3/h and 39 m
is capapable
coming from the left side with the diagonal Q x √H line.
flow head. The required motor power is at least 7.5 kW.
From each of the newly created intersections, a horizontal leads to the right hand side,
on to the correction factors. The reading is: KQ = 0.83, KH = 0.84, Kη = 0.47
u Q x ÷H [m3/h ÷m]
[mm2/s]
086 43 2 086 43 2 086 43 2 086 43 2
1000
8

6 0
6
4 4
3
Korrekturfaktor

2
00

1
10
0
00

00

10
0

.0
0.

1.
10
10

100 1,0
8
0,9
6

4 0,8

3
KH 0,7
2
KQ 0,6

10 0,5
8
0,4
6

4 0,3

3
Kh 0,2
2
0,1

1 0
Fig. 29 - Digram
Diagram correction
correction factors factors

The pump should be designed for the following pump data based on water:
Qz 24 Hz 33
Q= = = 28.9 m3/h; H= = = 39.29 m
KQ 0.83 KH 0.84
Fill into the formula for the power consumption (Pz), the efficiency (η) from the „water flow
head diagram“.
Qz x Hz x ρ
power consumpt. Pz =
367 x Kη x η
32 · DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

6.5 Inquiry Sheet

INQUIRY SHEET · CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 1/2

GEA Hygienic Pumps

Contact Data

Company:

Contact Person: E-mail:

Phone: Country:

Preferred Range

VARIPUMP SMARTPUMP No requirement

Liquid Data

*Liquid: Solids: No Yes:

*Liquid temperature [°C / °F]: Kind of solids:

*Density [kg/dm³]: Size of solids [mm]:

*Viscosity [mPas]: Abrasive: No Yes

Concentration [%]:

Operating Conditions

*Duty point 1 *Flow [m3/h / gpm]: *Head [m lc]:

Duty point 2 Flow [m3/h / gpm]: Head [m lc]:

End-suction pump: Self-priming pump:

Inlet pressure (NPSHa) [m]: Suction head [m]:

Vacuum at inlet: No Yes: Gas content: No <5% >5%

Vacuum, abs. [mbar]:

System pressure [bar]:

Cleaning / Sterilization

CIP: No Yes: SIP: No Yes:

CIP Temperature [°C / °F]: SIP Temperature [°C / °F]:

CIP Flow [m3/h / gpm]: SIP Duration [min]:

CIP Head [m Fls]:

Pump execution

*Connection Type Connection Size DNI /DNO:

Tri Clamp (DIN 32676) ANSI Flange DIN 11851 Other:

DIN 11853-2 / 11864-2 Other: Drainable: No Yes

Execution and Design

Pump in Bloc version with motor Combi foot Motor foot

Pump in long coupled version with base plate and standard motor On Trolley Horizontal

With stainless steel motor shroud Cast iron foot Vertical

3-A stainless steel adjustable feet Stainless steel foot Vertical with stainless steel stand
 DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS · 33

INQUIRY SHEET · CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 2/2

GEA Hygienic Pumps

Surface Roughness Ferrite Content Shaft Seal

Not specified Not specified Single mechanical seal

Ra ≤ 3.2 μm Fe < 1% Flushed mechanical seal

Ra ≤ 0.8 μm

Ra ≤ 0.4 μm

Material Shaft Seal Elastomer

Carbon / Stainless Steel EPDM

SiC / SiC FKM (Viton)

Carbon / SiC other:

other:

Motor Data

Power supply: Motor speed [1/min]:

3~ 400V / 50 Hz 3~ 460V / 60 Hz PTC-Thermistors: No Yes

3~ 200V / 50 Hz 3~ 200V / 60 Hz 2 wire-Thermistors: No Yes
other: 3~ 380V / 60 Hz

Variable speed drive No Yes: Explosion protection No Yes

External frequency converter (not on motor) ATEX No Yes:
Integrated frequency converter (on motor) Ex-Zone:

Temperature class:

Ambient temperature [°C / °F]:

EXP Motor No Yes:

Temperature class: Division:

Ambient Temperature [°C / °F]: Group:

Class:

Certificates / Documentation

3-A Sanitary Standard certification FDA declaration of conformity

Inspection certificate 3.1 acc. to DIN EN 10204 Surface roughness test report

Test report 2.2 acc. to DIN EN 10204 Delta ferrite test report

EHEDG certification

Further certificates and documentation:

Further Information

* Fields marked with an asterisk are mandatory for a pump selection V1.0-2018
34 · DESIGN OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
7 Design of
Positive Displacement Pumps
7.1 Fundamentals
GEA Hilge rotory lobe NOVALOBE and twin screw
pumps NOVATWIN are rotating positive displacement
pumps. Two rotors or two screws rotate in the pump
housing in opposite direction creating a fluid movement
through the pump. The rotors or screws do neither
come in contact with each other nor with the pump
housing.
A positive pressure difference is generated between
the pump’s delivery and suction sockets when the
liquid is conveyed. A part of the pumped medium
flows back from the delivery side to the suction side
through the gap between the two rotors and the
pump housing. The flow rate – theoretically resulting
from the volume of the working areas and the pump
speed - is reduced by the volume of the back flow.
The back flow portion rises with increasing delivery
pressure and decreases as the product viscosity rises.
The capacity limits of rotary lobe pumps or twin
screw pumps are usually revealed when rating the
pump. They are reached, if one of the parameters
needed for the pump design cannot be determined
(e.g. speed), or if the NPSH of the pump is above
or equal to that of the plant. In such a case the
next bigger pump size should be selected for safety
reasons.
NOVALOBE and NOVATWIN are positive displacement
pumps. Pumping against a closed delivery side will
result in an intolerable rise of pressure that can destroy
the pump or other parts of the plant. If pumping
against a closed delivery side cannot be excluded to
the full extent, safety measures are to be taken either
by suitable flow path control or by the provision of
safety or overflow valves.
 DESIGN OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS · 35

GEA Hilge NOVALOBE and GEA Hilge NOVATWIN

36 · DESIGN OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

7.2 Inquiry Sheet

INQUIRY SHEET · POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS 1/2

GEA Hygienic Pumps

Contact Data

Company:

Contact Person: E-mail:

Phone: Country:

Liquid Data

*Liquid: Solids: No Yes:

*Liquid temperature [°C / °F]: Kind of solids:

*Density [kg/dm³]: Size of solids [mm]:

*Viscosity [mPas]: Abrasive: No Yes

Concentration [%]: Shear sensitive: No Yes

Maximum allowed
media speed:

Operating Conditions

*Duty point 1 *Flow [m3/h / gpm]: *Diff. Pressure [bar]:

Inlet pressure [bar]: Vacuum at inlet: No Yes

Vacuum, abs. [mbar]:

CIP / SIP Conditions

CIP with another pump: No: Yes SIP (Pump stopped): No Yes:

CIP Temperature [°C / °F]: SIP Temperature [°C / °F]:

CIP Flow [m3/h / gpm]: SIP Duration [min]:

CIP differential pressure [bar]:

Pump execution

*Connection Type Connection Size DNI /DNO:

Tri Clamp (DIN 32676) SMS DIN 11851 Other:

DIN 11853-2 / 11864-2 Other: Drainable: No Yes

Execution Connection Position

Pump with bare shaft end GEA Hilge NOVALOBE: GEA Hilge NOVATWIN:

Pump on stainless steel base with motor and coupling Horizontal port orientation Axial in, top out

Pump in stainless steel trolley with motor and coupling Vertical port orientation Axial in, bottom out

Top in, axial out

With stainless steel motor shroud
Bottom in, axial out

Other:

Surface Roughness Ferrite Content Options

Ra ≤ 0.8 μm Not specified Thermal jacket

Other: Fe < 1% Other:

 DESIGN OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS · 37

INQUIRY SHEET · POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS 2/2

GEA Hygienic Pumps

Shaft Seal Material Shaft Seal Elastomer
Single mechanical seal Carbon / SiC EPDM

Flushed mechanical seal SiC / SiC FKM (Viton)

Double mechanical seal TuC / TuC Other:

Single O-ring shaft seal

Double O-ring shaft seal

Motor Data

*Power supply: Variable speed drive No Yes:

3~ 400 V / 50 Hz 3~ 460 V / 60 Hz External frequency converter (not on motor)

3~ 200 V / 50 Hz 3~ 200 V / 60 Hz Integrated frequency converter (on motor)

Other: 3~ 380 V / 60 Hz

Motor Certificates:

Explosion protection No Yes

ATEX No Yes:

Temperature class: Class:

Division:
Ambient temperature
[°C / °F]: Group:

Certificates / Documentation

Inspection certificate 3.1 acc. to DIN EN 10204 Surface roughness test report

Test report 2.2 acc. to DIN EN 10204 Delta ferrite test report

FDA declaration of conformity Further certificates and documentation:

Further Information

* Fields marked with an asterisk are mandatory for a pump selection 01/2020
38 · ANNEX

8 Annex
8.1 Diagram
8.1 Diagram for thefor the calculation
calculation of pressure dropsof pressure drops
Pressure drops Hv per 100 m pipe length for stainless steel pipes with a surface
Pressure drops Hv per 100 m pipe length for stainless steel pipes with a surface
roughnessroughness
of k = 0.05
of and media
k = 0.05 andwith
media with/s1viscosity
1 mm 2
(= water)
mm2/s viscosity (= (accuracy ± 5%) ± 5%)
water) (accuracy

100
Hv
[m/100 m]
v[m
/s]
50 5
m]
[m

5
DN

4
Ø1

30
3,5
0
Ø2

20 3
5
Ø2

2,5
2
Ø3

10
Ø4

2
0
Ø5

5 1,5
Ø6

0
Ø8

1,2
5
00

3
Ø1

25

1
Ø1

2
50
Ø1

0,8
00
Ø2

50

1
Ø2

0,6

0,5

0,5
0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1
0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300
3
Q [m /h]
Pipe diameter (beverage pipe)
Pipe diameter (beverage pipe)
Metric DN Metric
DN 25 25 4032 50 50
40 6565 8080 100 100125 125 150
Inside Ø [mm]
inside Ø 26 38 50 66 81 100 125 150
[mm] 26 32 38 50 66 81 100 125
Inch OD Inch OD Inch IPS Inch IPS
DN 1 11/2"
1" 1 ½ 2"2 21/2"2 ½3" 4"3 4 2" 3"6 4" 6"
2 3 4 6
Inside Ø [mm]
inside Ø 22.1 34.8 47.5 60.2 72.9 97.38 146.86 56.3 84.3 109.7 162.76
[mm] 22 35 47,5 60 73 97,5 57 85 110 162

36
GEA Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 39

8.2 Pressure drops of fittings in metre equivalent pipe length

8.2 Pressure drops of fittings in metre equivalent pipe length

Fitting Nominal Diameter in mm

25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150

ζ = 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.20 0.28 0.40 0.48

Reducer

Tee

ζ = 0.15 0.14 0.20 0.27 0.35 0.50 0.60 0.85 1.20 1.40

Bend 45°

ζ = 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.35 1.90 2.4

Bend 90°

Expansion

Butterfly valve

Inlet
(Tank outlet)

ζ = 0.90 0.90 1.20 1.60 2.00 3.00 3.70 5.20 7.00 8.80

Tee

ζ = 1.30 1.20 1.80 2.30 3.00 4.30 5.40 7.40 10.00 12.50

Tee

ζ = 1.5 1.40 2.10 2.70 3.50 5.00 6.30 8.50 11.50 14.50

Reflux valve

Applies to: Pipe roughness k = 0.05 mm

Flow speed v = 1-3 m/s (error >10% deviation in speed)
(Accuracy ± 5%)

37
GEA Tuchenhagen
40 · ANNEX

8.3 Pressure drops of valves in metre equivalent pipe length

I II

III IV

DN Inch OD
Valve
25 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 1 1 ½ 2 2 ½ 3 4 6

D-tec® Type N
I to II 0.92 1.64 2.21 3.34 2.22 2.72 0.77 1.46 1.42 1.86 2.43 2.38
I to III 2.01 3.90 6.26 10.06 15.96 19.27 1.57 2.74 4.79 5.85 11.68 17.78
III to I 5.04 11.03 22.02 28.73 36.46 25.95 3.08 5.38 19.14 19.73 29.71 26.21
III to IV 0.67 0.86 1.65 2.57 1.47 2.13 0.53 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.32 1.80
I to VII 2.01 2.42 5.68 6.49 10.25 11.75 1.82 3.09 4.79 5.02 6.86 10.00
VII to I 2.01 2.42 4.60 5.23 10.25 11.75 1.37 2.33 3.52 4.22 6.12 10.22
D-tec® Type W
I to II 1.07 1.15 1.93 2.42 2.19 2.94 0.95 0.97 1.40 1.95 2.14 2.30
I to III 3.22 3.90 10.21 10.71 35.65 20.83 2.14 5.38 13.29 15.53 26.07 30.80
III to I 3.70 7.19 9.47 23.77 25.11 2.33 5.49 5.85 13.69 21.85
III to VII 3.51 4.35 7.99 15.04 13.93 2.21 3.32 4.93 8.67 12.13
VII to III 2.24 2.64 6.06 6.49 12.55 16.21 1.57 2.21 4.79 4.93 7.43 14.36
ECOVENT® Type N
I to II 0.92 1.64 1.86 3.34 2.22 2.72 0.77 1.46 1.72 1.86 2.43 2.38
I to III 2.01 3.90 6.26 10.06 15.96 19.27 1.57 2.74 4.79 5.85 11.68 17.78
III to I 5.04 11.03 22.02 28.73 36.46 25.95 3.08 5.38 19.14 19.73 29.71 26.21
III to IV 0.67 0.86 1.65 2.57 1.47 2.13 0.53 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.32 1.80
I to VII 1.81 3.34 4.23 7.18 10.50 11.92 1.37 2.21 3.62 5.31 8.30 10.70
VII to I 1.64 2.76 3.61 6.49 11.91 14.28 0.85 1.66 3.23 3.64 9.48 13.87
ECOVENT® Type W
I to II 1.07 1.48 1.57 2.37 4.15 3.16 1.37 1.74 1.87 2.07 2.32 2.52
I to III 1.26 9.27 15.62 23.60 20.63 41.57 3.80 5.84 21.98 19.73 35.18 39.42
III to I 1.16 3.51 6.94 9.29 23.77 25.11 2.54 3.74 8.51 8.26 18.81 23.35
III to VII 2.24 3.34 4.23 7.84 14.83 13.93 2.54 2.91 5.30 7.21 12.52 13.51
VII to III 2.24 2.76 5.18 6.29 15.27 17.56 1.82 2.21 5.12 4.29 12.09 17.10
VARIVENT® Type PMO 2.0
I to II 1.34 3.32 5.85 6.43 6.75 7.52
III to IV 1.20 2.83 3.76 4.51 6.92 14.14
III to I 19.89 10.77 12.18 14.21 16.78 32.93
I to III 23.35 8.90 11.20 12.97 16.62 34.86
 ANNEX · 41

I II

III IV

DN Inch OD
Valve
25 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 1 1 ½ 2 2 ½ 3 4 6

VARIVENT® Type B
I to II 2.92 3.63 2.58 5.08 4.07 1.57 1.81 2.16
I to III 15.10 40.02 41.57 26.63 36.48 9.56 23.06 37.21
III to IV 3.64 4.74 3.75 6.24 4.10 4.36 2.69 3.34
III to I 14.37 34.86 44.63 27.14 35.35 9.56 21.01 40.60
VARIVENT® Type B_L and B_C
I to II 2.92 3.63 2.58 5.08 4.07 1.57 1.81 2.16
I to III 15.10 40.02 41.57 26.63 36.48 9.56 23.06 37.21
III to IV 3.64 4.74 3.75 6.24 4.10 4.36 2.69 3.34
III to I 14.37 34.86 44.63 27.14 35.35 9.56 21.01 40.60
VARIVENT® Type C
I to II 1.16 1.30 1.49 2.92 3.65 2.59 4.72 4.47 0.49 0.82 1.14 1.80 2.10 2.25
I to VII 3.22 3.51 4.12 8.29 11.91 10.84 11.27 15.64 1.37 2.21 3.15 5.12 6.86 9.44
VII to I 2.01 2.64 4.88 4.53 11.03 12.01 11.13 17.24 0.85 1.66 3.37 2.80 6.35 10.46
VARIVENT® Type D
I to II 1.16 1.30 1.49 2.92 3.63 2.58 5.08 3.81 0.28 0.97 1.24 1.57 1.81 2.17
I to III 4.29 5.55 10.66 13.70 33.36 48.05 24.89 34.42 1.39 4.00 10.25 8.66 19.64 37.21
III to IV 0.86 1.23 1.31 2.85 3.55 2.80 4.95 3.77 0.35 1.00 1.10 1.51 1.80 2.37
III to I 3.70 8.54 18.41 25.14 30.01 58.06 24.30 30.91 1.39 5.84 9.77 16.04 32.27 48.90
VARIVENT® Type D_L and D_C
I to II 1.16 1.30 1.49 2.92 3.63 2.58 5.08 3.81 0.28 0.97 1.24 1.57 1.81 2.17
I to III 4.29 5.55 10.66 13.70 33.36 48.05 24.89 34.42 1.39 4.00 10.25 8.66 19.64 37.21
III to IV 0.86 1.23 1.31 2.85 3.55 2.80 4.95 3.77 0.35 1.00 1.10 1.51 1.80 2.37
III to I 3.70 8.54 18.41 25.14 30.01 58.06 24.30 30.91 1.39 5.84 9.77 16.04 32.27 48.90
VARIVENT® Type K
I to II 1.16 1.30 1.49 2.92 3.65 2.59 5.09 3.94 0.49 0.82 1.14 1.80 2.10 2.25
I to III 4.29 5.55 10.66 13.70 33.36 48.05 24.89 38.38 1.82 3.50 8.14 8.46 19.22 41.83
III to IV 0.67 0.86 1.65 2.59 1.48 2.13 2.68 3.68 0.28 0.54 1.26 1.60 0.85 1.86
III to I 3.70 8.54 18.41 25.14 30.01 58.06 24.30 34.27 1.57 5.38 14.06 15.53 17.29 50.53
VARIVENT® Type L_H, L_S, L_HL, L_HC, L_SL and L_SC
I to II 1.76 2.98 5.23 6.11 6.52 1.40 2.13 5.85 5.25 5.97
III to IV 0.77 1.52 1.45 1.94 2.08 0.82 0.85 1.24 1.31 1.74
III to I 10.09 18.41 41.95 33.36 28.40 7.62 16.83 19.03 26.74 25.01
I to III 4.62 10.21 29.75 19.29 23.80 3.74 8.14 10.07 12.30 20.07
VARIVENT® Type N
I to II 0.91 1.61 2.19 3.34 2.21 2.72 3.36 4.58 0.75 1.47 1.43 1.86 2.43 2.39
I to III 2.03 3.86 6.35 10.15 15.03 19.26 19.43 30.13 1.55 2.71 4.82 5.90 11.74 17.74
III to I 5.39 10.93 22.58 28.53 34.48 25.92 37.00 37.48 3.41 5.56 19.02 19.66 29.63 26.09
III to IV 0.67 0.85 1.64 2.58 1.38 2.13 2.68 3.68 0.52 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.32 1.80
I to VII 1.76 3.30 3.75 7.02 9.48 11.41 11.60 15.87 1.32 2.19 3.16 5.10 6.96 9.46
VII to I 1.60 2.72 4.41 6.16 10.37 12.79 11.54 17.73 0.88 1.65 3.78 2.73 6.59 10.45
42 · ANNEX

8.3 Pressure drops of valves in metre equivalent pipe length (continued)

III
I II I II I II
I II
III IV III IV III IV

V VI
VII

DN Inch OD
Valve
25 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 1 1 ½ 2 2 ½ 3 4 6

VARIVENT® Type N_V

I to II 0.91 1.61 2.19 3.34 2.21 2.72 3.36 4.58 0.75 1.47 1.43 1.86 2.43 2.39
I to III 6.71 14.20 13.49 5.74 11.30 9.17
III to I 22.88 40.99 29.76 18.37 30.53 16.94
III to IV 0.67 0.85 1.64 2.58 1.38 2.13 2.68 3.68 0.52 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.32 1.80
I to VII 3.97 7.28 6.63 2.62 7.13 4.42
VII to I 4.47 12.72 10.18 3.64 7.33 7.50
VARIVENT Type R
®

I to II 0.99 1.30 1.49 2.92 3.73 2.58 4.56 3.62 0.97 1.24 1.57 1.81 2.17
I to III 7.25 10.09 17.40 16.73 25.61 22.13 23.45 34.88 19.89 11.93 11.51 15.95 43.78
III to IV 0.92 1.59 1.86 4.41 4.78 3.61 6.49 8.33 1.11 1.45 2.45 2.78 3.15
III to I 7.25 10.09 15.62 19.17 24.66 22.13 25.50 35.67 17.15 11.33 12.54 15.04 43.11
VARIVENT® Type R_L and R_C
I to II 0.99 1.30 1.49 2.92 3.73 2.58 5.08 0.97 1.24 1.57 1.81 2.17
I to III 3.22 10.09 18.41 15.49 25.61 18.22 23.45 33.62 11.33 9.81 15.04 26.21
III to IV 0.92 1.59 1.86 4.41 4.78 3.61 6.49 1.11 1.45 2.45 2.78 3.15
III to I 3.22 10.09 17.40 34.41 24.66 18.91 25.98 27.79 11.33 10.61 14.48 25.01
VARIVENT® Type T_R
I to II 1.76 2.98 5.23 6.11 6.52 6.24 7.89 1.40 2.13 5.85 5.25 5.97
III to I 10.09 18.41 41.95 33.36 28.40 28.38 43.27 7.62 16.83 19.03 26.74 25.01
I to III 4.62 10.21 29.75 19.29 23.80 23.73 39.66 3.74 8.14 10.07 12.30 20.07
VARIVENT® Type T_RL and T_RC
I to II 1.76 2.98 5.23 6.11 6.52 6.24 7.89 1.40 2.13 5.85 5.25 5.97
III to I 10.09 18.41 41.95 33.36 28.40 28.38 43.27 7.62 16.83 19.03 26.74 25.01
I to III 4.62 10.21 29.75 19.29 23.80 23.73 39.66 3.74 8.14 10.07 12.30 20.07
VARIVENT® Type U
I to II 3.22 2.76 2.45 3.34 4.02 2.89 1.37 1.74 1.87 2.07 2.32 2.52
I to III 8.95 9.27 28.76 31.95 61.07 45.29 3.80 5.84 21.98 19.73 35.18 39.42
III to I 5.99 5.93 11.14 13.38 32.65 26.83 2.54 3.74 8.51 8.26 18.81 23.35
III to IV 1.07 1.19 1.13 2.03 2.25 1.82 0.46 0.75 0.87 1.26 1.30 1.58
VARIVENT® Type W
I to II 1.05 1.48 1.59 2.37 4.15 3.16 4.53 5.15 0.93 1.22 1.46 2.39 2.75 3.96
I to III 1.23 10.09 16.47 24.35 20.98 41.57 21.35 31.11 3.36 12.59 15.04 12.09 36.18 25.45
III to I 1.19 3.70 7.19 9.47 23.77 25.11 19.65 29.40 2.33 5.49 5.85 13.69 21.85 25.94
III to VII 2.29 3.51 4.35 7.99 15.04 13.93 12.05 14.68 2.21 3.32 4.93 8.67 12.13 30.82
VII to III 2.24 2.76 5.18 6.29 15.27 17.72 11.90 18.83 2.19 3.96 3.88 8.80 15.43 31.02
VARIVENT® Type W_R
I to II 1.48 1.59 2.37 4.15 3.16 0.93 1.22 1.46 2.39 2.75
I to III 10.09 16.47 24.35 20.98 41.57 6.36 12.59 15.04 12.09 36.18
III to I 3.70 7.19 9.47 23.77 25.11 2.33 5.49 5.85 13.69 21.85
III to VII 3.51 4.35 7.99 15.04 13.93 2.21 3.32 4.93 8.67 12.13
VII to III 2.76 5.18 6.29 15.27 17.72 1.74 3.96 3.88 8.80 15.43
 ANNEX · 43

I II I II I II

III IV III IV III IV

V VI
VII

DN Inch OD
Valve
25 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 1 1 ½ 2 2 ½ 3 4 6

VARIVENT® Type W_V

I to III 26.85 44.12 43.37 16.58 25.42 37.75
III to I 11.93 28.24 22.82 7.37 16.27 19.86
III to VII 4.24 12.38 5.08 2.62 7.13 4.42
VII to III 5.90 12.72 8.62 3.64 7.33 7.50
V to III 29.75 52.99 19.46 18.37 30.53 16.94
VARIVENT® Type X
I to II 0.86 1.73 1.29 1.86 3.53 2.28 4.36 0.82 0.83 1.11 1.47 2.08 1.99
I to III 2.76 3.11 8.77 7.40 17.93 19.31 18.49 1.88 1.95 5.38 5.01 12.76 15.09
III to I 2.94 3.86 9.28 13.07 34.78 29.62 35.21 1.94 2.96 6.20 8.50 18.49 22.63
III to V 2.94 4.65 9.55 11.30 23.34 28.90 35.75 1.88 2.94 6.25 8.73 16.30 25.07
V to III 2.60 3.06 8.12 12.48 18.48 20.41 19.44 1.94 1.92 4.82 5.05 13.28 16.01
V to VI 0.73 1.48 1.00 2.26 3.06 1.99 2.57 0.44 0.75 0.87 1.25 1.30 1.58
VARIVENT Type X_V
®

I to II 1.46 2.07 1.99

III to IV 5.02 12.74 15.15
III to I 8.46 18.41 22.58
I to III 8.66 16.27 25.01
I to VII 5.12 13.20 16.01
III to VII 1.26 1.30 1.58
VARIVENT® Type Y
I to II 0.75 1.19 1.26 1.81 3.53 2.21 4.17 4.68 0.58 0.85 1.18 1.49 2.10 2.02
I to III 3.70 12.10 10.66 7.44 35.65 60.02 23.05 38.20 3.80 7.62 7.80 8.66 21.49 58.98
III to I 4.29 10.09 10.66 13.07 18.36 57.11 37.41 52.44 3.80 7.62 8.14 11.84 28.92 54.98
III to V 3.70 5.55 6.26 11.42 17.51 35.84 20.36 32.25 2.54 2.74 6.13 11.20 23.06 32.45
V to III 2.24 2.42 5.34 7.06 18.07 20.83 19.60 32.25 1.57 1.82 3.84 11.20 10.09 18.31
V to VI 0.92 1.30 1.36 1.88 3.58 2.35 3.88 4.36 0.77 0.82 1.16 1.99 2.23 2.46
VARIVENT® Type Y_L and Y_C
I to II 0.75 1.19 1.26 1.81 3.53 2.21 4.17 4.68 0.58 0.85 1.18 1.49 2.10 2.02
I to III 3.70 12.10 10.66 7.44 35.65 60.02 23.05 38.20 3.80 7.62 7.80 8.66 21.49 58.98
III to I 4.29 10.09 10.66 13.07 18.36 57.11 37.41 52.44 3.80 7.62 8.14 11.84 28.92 54.98
III to V 3.70 5.55 6.26 11.42 17.51 35.84 20.36 32.25 2.54 2.74 6.13 11.20 23.06 32.45
V to III 2.24 2.42 5.34 7.06 18.07 20.83 19.60 32.25 1.57 1.82 3.84 11.20 10.09 18.31
V to VI 0.92 1.30 1.36 1.88 3.58 2.35 3.88 4.36 0.77 0.82 1.16 1.99 2.23 2.46

Missing data on request.

 44 · ANNEX

Vapour pressure
8.4 Vapour table
pressure table for waterfor water

t T pD ρ t T pD ρ
°C K bar kg/dm3 °C K bar kg/dm3
0 273.15 0.00611 0.9998 61 334.15 0.2086 0.9826
1 274.15 0.00657 0.9999 62 335.15 0.2184 0.9821
2 275.15 0.00706 0.9999 63 336.15 0.2286 0.9816
3 276.15 0.00758 0.9999 64 337.15 0.2391 0.9811
4 277.15 0.00813 1.0000 65 338.15 0.2501 0.9805
5 278.15 0.00872 1.0000 66 339.15 0.2615 0.9799
6 279.15 0.00935 1.0000 67 340.15 0.2733 0.9793
7 280.15 0.01001 0.9999 68 341.15 0.2856 0.9788
8 281.15 0.01072 0.9999 69 342.15 0.2984 0.9782
9 282.15 0.01147 0.9998 70 343.15 0.3116 0.9777
10 283.15 0.01227 0.9997 71 344.15 0.3253 0.9770
11 284.15 0.01312 0.9997 72 345.15 0.3396 0.9765
12 285.15 0.01401 0.9996 73 346.15 0.3543 0.9760
13 286.15 0.01497 0.9994 74 347.15 0.3696 0.9753
14 287.15 0.01597 0.9993 75 348.15 0.3855 0.9748
15 288.15 0.01704 0.9992 76 349.15 0.4019 0.9741
16 289.15 0.01817 0.9990 77 350.15 0.4189 0.9735
17 290.15 0.01936 0.9988 78 351.15 0.4365 0.9729
18 291.15 0.02062 0.9987 79 352.15 0.4547 0.9723
19 292.15 0.02196 0.9985 80 353.15 0.4736 0.9716
20 293.15 0.02337 0.9983 81 354.15 0.4931 0.9710
21 294.15 0.02485 0.9981 82 355.15 0.5133 0.9704
22 295.15 0.02642 0.9978 83 356.15 0.5342 0.9697
23 296.15 0.02808 0.9976 84 357.15 0.5557 0.9691
24 297.15 0.02982 0.9974 85 358.15 0.5780 0.9684
25 298.15 0.03166 0.9971 86 359.15 0.6011 0.9678
26 299.15 0.03360 0.9968 87 360.15 0.6249 0.9671
27 300.15 0.03564 0.9966 88 361.15 0.6495 0.9665
28 301.15 0.03778 0.9963 89 362.15 0.6749 0.9658
29 302.15 0.04004 0.9960 90 363.15 0.7011 0.9652
30 303.15 0.04241 0.9957 91 364.15 0.7281 0.9644
31 304.15 0.04491 0.9954 92 365.15 0.7561 0.9638
32 305.15 0.04753 0.9951 93 366.15 0.7849 0.9630
33 306.15 0.05029 0.9947 94 367.15 0.8146 0.9624
34 307.15 0.05318 0.9944 95 368.15 0.8453 0.9616
35 308.15 0.05622 0.9940 96 369.15 0.8769 0.9610
36 309.15 0.05940 0.9937 97 370.15 0.9094 0.9602
37 310.15 0.06274 0.9933 98 371.15 0.9430 0.9596
38 311.15 0.06624 0.9930 99 372.15 0.9776 0.9586
39 312.15 0.06991 0.9927 100 373.15 1.0133 0.9581
40 313.15 0.07375 0.9923 102 375.15 1.0878 0.9567
41 314.15 0.07777 0.9919 104 377.15 1.1668 0.9552
42 315.15 0.08198 0.9915 106 379.15 1.2504 0.9537
43 316.15 0.08639 0.9911 108 381.15 1.3390 0.9522
44 317.15 0.09100 0.9907 110 383.15 1.4327 0.9507
45 318.15 0.09582 0.9902 112 385.15 1.5316 0.9491
46 319.15 0.10086 0.9898 114 387.15 1.6362 0.9476
47 320.15 0.10612 0.9894 116 389.15 1.7465 0.9460
48 321.15 0.11162 0.9889 118 391.15 1.8628 0.9445
49 322.15 0.11736 0.9884 120 393.15 1.9854 0.9429
50 323.15 0.12335 0.9880 124 397.15 2.2504 0.9396
51 324.15 0.12961 0.9876 130 403.15 2.7013 0.9346
52 325.15 0.13613 0.9871 140 413.15 3.6850 0.9260
53 326.15 0.14293 0.9866 150 423.15 4.7600 0.9168
54 327.15 0.15002 0.9862 160 433.15 6.3020 0.9073
55 328.15 0.15741 0.9857 170 443.15 8.0760 0.8973
56 329.15 0.16511 0.9852 180 453.15 10.2250 0.8869
57 330.15 0.17313 0.9846 190 463.15 12.8000 0.8760
58 331.15 0.18147 0.9842 200 473.15 15.8570 0.8646
59 332.15 0.19016 0.9837 250 523.15 40.5600 0.7992
60 333.15 0.19920 0.9832 300 573.15 87.6100 0.7124

39
GEA Tuchenhagen
 34 307.15 0.05318 0.9944 95 368.15 0.8453 0.9616
35 308.15 0.05622 0.9940 96 369.15 0.8769 0.9610
36 309.15 0.05940 0.9937 97 370.15 0.9094 0.9602
37 310.15 0.06274 0.9933 98 371.15 0.9430 0.9596 ANNEX · 45
38 311.15 0.06624 0.9930 99 372.15 0.9776 0.9586
39 312.15 0.06991 0.9927 100 373.15 1.0133 0.9581

4 Vapour pressure table for water

40
41
313.15
314.15
0.07375
0.07777
0.9923
0.9919
102
104
375.15
377.15
1.0878
1.1668
0.9567
0.9552
42 315.15 0.08198 0.9915 106 379.15 1.2504 0.9537
t43 T
316.15
pD
0.08639
ρ
0.9911
t
108
T
381.15
pD
1.3390
ρ
0.9522
°C44 K
317.15 bar
0.09100 kg/dm 3
0.9907 °C
110 K
383.15 bar
1.4327 kg/dm
0.9507
3

45
0 318.15
273.15 0.09582
0.00611 0.9902
0.9998 112
61 385.15
334.15 1.5316
0.2086 0.9491
0.9826
46
1 319.15
274.15 0.10086
0.00657 0.9898
0.9999 114
62 387.15
335.15 1.6362
0.2184 0.9476
0.9821
47
2 320.15
275.15 0.10612
0.00706 0.9894
0.9999 116
63 389.15
336.15 1.7465
0.2286 0.9460
0.9816
48
3 321.15
276.15 0.11162
0.00758 0.9889
0.9999 118
64 391.15
337.15 1.8628
0.2391 0.9445
0.9811
49
4 322.15
277.15 0.11736
0.00813 0.9884
1.0000 120
65 393.15
338.15 1.9854
0.2501 0.9429
0.9805
50
5 323.15
278.15 0.12335
0.00872 0.9880
1.0000 124
66 397.15
339.15 2.2504
0.2615 0.9396
0.9799
51
6 324.15
279.15 0.12961
0.00935 0.9876
1.0000 130
67 403.15
340.15 2.7013
0.2733 0.9346
0.9793
52
7 325.15
280.15 0.13613
0.01001 0.9871
0.9999 140
68 413.15
341.15 3.6850
0.2856 0.9260
0.9788
53
8 326.15
281.15 0.14293
0.01072 0.9866
0.9999 150
69 423.15
342.15 4.7600
0.2984 0.9168
0.9782
54
9 327.15
282.15 0.15002
0.01147 0.9862
0.9998 160
70 433.15
343.15 6.3020
0.3116 0.9073
0.9777
55
10 328.15
283.15 0.15741
0.01227 0.9857
0.9997 170
71 443.15
344.15 8.0760
0.3253 0.8973
0.9770
56
11 329.15
284.15 0.16511
0.01312 0.9852
0.9997 180
72 453.15
345.15 10.2250
0.3396 0.8869
0.9765
57
12 330.15
285.15 0.17313
0.01401 0.9846
0.9996 190
73 463.15
346.15 12.8000
0.3543 0.8760
0.9760
58
13 331.15
286.15 0.18147
0.01497 0.9842
0.9994 200
74 473.15
347.15 15.8570
0.3696 0.8646
0.9753
59
14 332.15
287.15 0.19016
0.01597 0.9837
0.9993 250
75 523.15
348.15 40.5600
0.3855 0.7992
0.9748
60
15 333.15
288.15 0.19920
0.01704 0.9832
0.9992 300
76 573.15
349.15 87.6100
0.4019 0.7124
0.9741
16 289.15 0.01817 0.9990 77 350.15 0.4189 0.9735
17 290.15 0.01936
39 0.9988 78 351.15 0.4365 0.9729
18 291.15 0.02062 0.9987
GEA Tuchenhagen 79 352.15 0.4547 0.9723
19 292.15 0.02196 0.9985 80 353.15 0.4736 0.9716
20 293.15 0.02337 0.9983 81 354.15 0.4931 0.9710
21 294.15 0.02485 0.9981 82 355.15 0.5133 0.9704
22 295.15 0.02642 0.9978 83 356.15 0.5342 0.9697
23 296.15 0.02808 0.9976 84 357.15 0.5557 0.9691
24 297.15 0.02982 0.9974 85 358.15 0.5780 0.9684
25 298.15 0.03166 0.9971 86 359.15 0.6011 0.9678
26 299.15 0.03360 0.9968 87 360.15 0.6249 0.9671
27 300.15 0.03564 0.9966 88 361.15 0.6495 0.9665
28 301.15 0.03778 0.9963 89 362.15 0.6749 0.9658
29 302.15 0.04004 0.9960 90 363.15 0.7011 0.9652
30 303.15 0.04241 0.9957 91 364.15 0.7281 0.9644
31 304.15 0.04491 0.9954 92 365.15 0.7561 0.9638
32 305.15 0.04753 0.9951 93 366.15 0.7849 0.9630
33 306.15 0.05029 0.9947 94 367.15 0.8146 0.9624
34 307.15 0.05318 0.9944 95 368.15 0.8453 0.9616
35 308.15 0.05622 0.9940 96 369.15 0.8769 0.9610
36 309.15 0.05940 0.9937 97 370.15 0.9094 0.9602
37 310.15 0.06274 0.9933 98 371.15 0.9430 0.9596
38 311.15 0.06624 0.9930 99 372.15 0.9776 0.9586
39 312.15 0.06991 0.9927 100 373.15 1.0133 0.9581
40 313.15 0.07375 0.9923 102 375.15 1.0878 0.9567
41 314.15 0.07777 0.9919 104 377.15 1.1668 0.9552
42 315.15 0.08198 0.9915 106 379.15 1.2504 0.9537
43 316.15 0.08639 0.9911 108 381.15 1.3390 0.9522
44 317.15 0.09100 0.9907 110 383.15 1.4327 0.9507
45 318.15 0.09582 0.9902 112 385.15 1.5316 0.9491
46 319.15 0.10086 0.9898 114 387.15 1.6362 0.9476
47 320.15 0.10612 0.9894 116 389.15 1.7465 0.9460
48 321.15 0.11162 0.9889 118 391.15 1.8628 0.9445
49 322.15 0.11736 0.9884 120 393.15 1.9854 0.9429
50 323.15 0.12335 0.9880 124 397.15 2.2504 0.9396
51 324.15 0.12961 0.9876 130 403.15 2.7013 0.9346
52 325.15 0.13613 0.9871 140 413.15 3.6850 0.9260
53 326.15 0.14293 0.9866 150 423.15 4.7600 0.9168
54 327.15 0.15002 0.9862 160 433.15 6.3020 0.9073
55 328.15 0.15741 0.9857 170 443.15 8.0760 0.8973
56 329.15 0.16511 0.9852 180 453.15 10.2250 0.8869
57 330.15 0.17313 0.9846 190 463.15 12.8000 0.8760
58 331.15 0.18147 0.9842 200 473.15 15.8570 0.8646
59 332.15 0.19016 0.9837 250 523.15 40.5600 0.7992
60 333.15 0.19920 0.9832 300 573.15 87.6100 0.7124

39
GEA Tuchenhagen
46 · ANNEX

8.5 Pressure drops depending on viscosity

8.5 Pressure drops depending on viscosity
8.5 Pressure drops depending on viscosity

DN 25
DN 25
DN 25 2 /s]
0 00
υ [mm2 /s] 0.00 .0 00
0 00 00
0
00
0
0 0 0 0
2 0 0 10 00 5. 0 3.0 0 2. 0 1. 0 50 30 20 10
200 υ [mm .0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 10 5. 3. 2. 1. 5 0 3 0 2 0 1 0
Hv 200
[m/100
Hv m]
[m/100
100 m]
100

50
50
30
30
20
20
10
10 10
10
50 1
5 50 1
5
3
3 30
2 30
2

1
1 00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 3
10
00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 Q [m3 /h]10
Q [m /h]

DN 32
DN
DN 32
32 2 /s]
] 0 0 00
υ [mm2 /s .000 .000 .0 0 00
0
00
0
00
0
00
0
0 0 0
υ [mm 30.00 20.00 10.00 50. 00 30. 00 20. 00 10. 00 500 300 200
200 30 20 10 5 . 3 . 2 . 1 . 50 30 20
Hv 200
Hv
[m/100 m]
[m/100 m]
100
100
10
50 10
0
50 100 1
10 1
30
30
50
20 50
20
30
30
10
10

5
5

3
3
2
2

1
1 00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10
00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 3 10
Q [m3 /h]
Q [m /h]

Transition
Transition range from laminar
range from laminar to
to turbulent
turbulent flow
flow (Re:
(Re: ≈≈ 1.400
1.400 -- ≈≈ 3.500)
3.500)
(Accuracy ± 5 %)
(Accuracy ± 5 %)
Pressure
Pressure drop
drop H per 100
Hv per 100 m
m pipe
pipe length
length (k
(k == 0.05)
0.05)
v

40
40
GEA Tuchenhagen
GEA Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 47

8.5 Pressure drops depending on viscosity

8.5 Pressure drops depending on viscosity
DN 25
DN 40
2 /s]
DN 25 υ [mm ] 0.00
0
.0
00
00
0
00
0
00
0
00
0
0 0 0 0
2 /s 2 10 0 5. 3. 2. 1. 50 30 20 10
200 υ [mm 00 0 0 0 0 0
.0 .0 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0
Hv 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1. 50 30 20 10
200 m]
[m/100
Hv
100 m]
[m/100
100
50
50
30
30
20
20
10
10
10
10
50 1
5
50 1
5
3
3 30
2
30
2

1
00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 3
10
1 Q [m /h]
00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 3
10
Q [m /h]

DN 32 2 /s]
DN
DN 50 32
υ [mm s] .00
0
00
0
.0
00
00
0 0
00 .00
0
00
0
2 /
3 0 2 0. 10 0 5. 3. 2 1. 50
0
30
0
20
0
0 0
200 υ [mm .0
0
.0
0
.0
0
00
0 0
00 .00
0
00
0
0 0 0
Hv 30 20 10 5. 3. 2 1. 50 30 20
200m]
[m/100
Hv
100m]
[m/100
100
10
50 00 10
1 1
50 0
30 10 1
30 50
20
50
20
30
10 30
10

5
5
3
3
2
2

1
00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10
1 3
00,1 00,2 00,3 00,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 Q [m3 /h]10
Q [m /h]

Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)

Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
(Accuracy range
Transition ± 5 %)from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
Pressure drop
(Accuracy ±5 Hv per 100
(Accuracy
%) ± 5m%)pipe length (k = 0.05)
Pressure dropPressure
Hv per drop
100 mH pipe length
per 100 (k =length
m pipe 0.05)(k = 0.05)
v
40
GEA Tuchenhagen
40
GEA Tuchenhagen
48 · ANNEX

DN
DN 65 65 2 /s]
υ mm 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0
[ .0 .0 .0 .0 00 00 00 00 0
50 30 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1. 50
H
DN 65
200
2 /s]
00 00 00 00
v
[m/100 m] υ mm 0 0 0 0
[ .0 .0 .0 .0 00 00 00 00 0
50 30 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1. 50 10
200
100 1
Hv
[m/100 m]
10
100
50 1

30
50
20
30 0
30
20 0
10 20
0 0
3
0
105 21000

3 0
5 1050
2
3
30
50
21
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
30 3
Q [m /h]
1
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 3
100
Q [m /h]
DN 80 2 /s]
υ [mm 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0
.0 .0 .0 .0 00 00 00 00
50 30 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1.
DN
DN 200
80 80 2 /s]
Hv
υ [mm 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0
[m/100 m] .0 .0 .0 .0 00 00 00 00 500
50 30 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1.
200
100
Hv 300
[m/100 m] 500
100
50 10
300
1
30
50 10
20 1
30

20
10
0
20
10
5 0
2000
1
53
0
2 10 0
3 5

2
1 50
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 3
100
Q [m /h]
1
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 3
100
Q [m /h]

Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)

(Accuracy ± 5 %)
Pressure drop
Transition range per 100
Hvfrom m pipe
laminar length (k =
to turbulent 0.05)(Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
flow
(Accuracy ± 5 %)
Pressure drop Hv per 100 m pipe length (k = 0.05)
42
GEA Tuchenhagen
42
GEA Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 49

DNDN
100 100 2 /s]
υ mm 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0
[ .0 .0 .0 .0 00 00 00 00
50 30 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1.
100
Hv
DN 100
[m/100 m]
2 /s]
500
50 υ mm 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 00 00 00 00
5 3 2 1 5. 3. 2. 1. 300
100
Hv 30
[m/100 m] 50
500
20
50
10
300
30
10 1
50
20 0
20
10
5
0
10 10 1
3
0
20
2
5
0
10
31

0,5
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
1 3
Q [m /h]

0,5
DN 125
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 2 /s]5 10 20 30 50 100
00 .000 .000 00
3
υ m 0 0 Q00[m /h]00
[m 0. 0 20 0. 0 0
100 5 3 1 5. 3.
2000
DN
Hv 125
[m/100 m]
DN 125 2 /s]
50 υ m 00 .000 .000 00 0 0 1000
[m .0 .0 00 00
50 30 20 10 5. 3.
100 2000
Hv 30
[m/100 m] 500
20
50 1000
300
30 200
10 500
20 50
10
300
5
200
10 1
3 50
10
52
0
10 1
3
1
2
0
0,5 10
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
1 3
Q [m /h]

0,5
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
3
Q [m /h]
Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
(Accuracy ± 5 %)
Pressure drop Hv per 100 m pipe length (k = 0.05)
Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
(Accuracy
(Accuracy± 5± %)
5 %) 43
Pressuredrop
Pressure dropHH v per
per 100
100 m pipe length
mTuchenhagen
GEA pipe length (k =(k0.05)
= 0.05)
v

43
GEA Tuchenhagen
50 · ANNEX

DN 150
DN 150 2 /s]
DN 150 υ mm2 /s] .000 00
0
00
0 00
.0 0 00
0
00
0
00
0
00
0
υ[ mm 50 .000 30. 000 20. 000 10 .00 5. 000 3. 000 2.000 1.000
100 [ . .
50 30 20 10 5. 3. 2. 1.
Hv 100
Hv
[m/100 m]
[m/100 m]
50
50
30
30
20
20 0
50 0
50
10
10

50
5 50
5 0
2000 10
3 2 10
3
1
2 1
2
0
1 1000
1 1

0,5
0,5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000
1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 3 1000
Q [m3 /h]
Q [m /h]

DN
DN 200
DN 200
200 2 /s]]
2 /s
u mm 00 00 00 00 0 0 0
u[ mm .0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 .0000 000 000 000
100 [ 0
50 . 30 . 20 . 10 . 5..00 3..00 2..00
100 5 3 2 1 5 3 2
Hv
Hv
[m/100 m]
[m/100 m]
50
50

30
30
20
20
000
11000
10
10
0
55000 100
100
55
50
50
33
10
10
22
1
1
0
22000
11

0,5
0,5 1
1 22 33 55 10
10 20
20 30
30 50
50 100
100 200
200 300
300 500
500 1000
1000
3
Q [m3/h]
Q [m /h]

Transition range from laminar to turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)

Transition
± 5 %) range
Transition
(Accuracy range from
from laminar
laminar toto turbulent
turbulent flow (Re: ≈ 1.400 - ≈ 3.500)
(Accuracy
(Accuracy ±± 55 %)
%)
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure per 100
drop Hvdrop
drop HHvvm pipe
per
per length
100
100 m (k = length
m pipe
pipe 0.05) (k
length (k =
= 0.05)

44
44
GEA
GEA Tuchenhagen
Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 51

8.6 SI - Units
8.6 SI – Units

Legal units (Abstract for centrifugal pumps)

Designation Formula Legal units not admitted Conversion

symbols (the unit listed first units
should be used)

Length l m base unit

km, cm, mm

Volume V m3 cbm, cdm

cm3, mm3, (Liter)

Flow rate Q m3/h

Volumetric flow V m3/s, I/s

Time t s (second) base unit

ms, min, h, d

Speed n 1/min
1/s

Mass m kg (Kilogram) pound, centner base unit

g, mg, (Tonne)

Density ρ kg/m3
kg/dm3, kg/cm3

Force F N (Newton = kg m/s2) kp, Mp 1 kp = 9.81 N

kN, mN

Pressure p bar (bar = N/m2) kp/cm2, at, 1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa
Pa m WS, Torr, 1 at = 0.981 bar = 9.81 x 104Pa
1 m WS = 0,98 bar

Energy, W, J (Joule = N m = W s) kp m 1 kp m = 9.81 J

Wort, Q kJ, Ws, kWh, kcal, cal 1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ
Heat amount 1 kWh = 3600 kJ

Flow head H m (Meter) m Fl.S.

Power P W (Watt = J/s = N m/s) kp m/s, PS 1 kp m/s = 9.81 W;

MW, kW 1 PS = 736 W

Temperature, T K (Kelvin) °K, grd base unit

t-difference °C

Kinematic ν m2/s St (Stokes), °E,… 1St = 10-4 m2/s

viscosity mm2/s 1 cSt = 1 mm2/s
Approximation:
mm2/s = (7.32 x °E - 6.31/°E)
η
ν =ρ

Dynamic η Pa s (Pascal seconds = N s/m2) P (Poise), … 1P = 0.1 Pa s

viscosity

45
GEA Tuchenhagen
52 · ANNEX
8.7 Conversion table of foreign units
8.7 Conversion table of foreign units

Designation Unit Unit code British USA

Length 1 inch in 25.4 mm 25.4 mm
1 foot ft = 12 in 0.3048 m 0.3048 m
1 yard yd = 3 ft 0.9144 m 0.9144 m
1 mile mi = 1.760 yd 1.6093 km 1.6093 km
1 nautical mile mi 1.8532 km 1.8532 km

Surface 1 square inch sq in 6.4516 cm2 6.4516 cm2

1 square foot sq ft 929.03 cm2 929.03 cm2
1 square yard sq yd 0.8361 m2 0.8361 m2
1 acre 4,046.86 m2 4.046,86 m2
1 square mile sq mi 2.59 km2 2.59 km2

Volume 1 cubic inch cu in 16.387 cm3 16.387 cm3

1 cubic foot cu ft 28.3268 dm3 28.3268 dm3
1 register ton RT =100 cu ft 2.8327 m3 2.8327 m3
1 British shipping ton = 42 cu ft 1.1897 m3 -
1 US shipping ton = 40 cu ft - 1.1331 m3
1 gallon gal 4.5460 dm3 3.7854 dm3
1 US oil-barrel (crude oil) - 0.159 m3

Mass & weight 1 ounce oz (avdp) 28.3495 g 28.3495 g

1 pound lb 0.4536 kg 0.4536 kg
1 stone 6.3503 kg 6.3503 kg
1 ton 1,016.047 kg -

Density 1 pound per cubic foot lb/cu ft 0.0160 kg/dm3 0.0160 kg/dm3
1 pound per gallon lb/gal 0.09978 kg/dm3 0.1198 kg/dm3

Flow rate 1 gallon per minute gpm 0.07577 l/s 0.06309 l/s
1 cubic foot per second cusec 28.3268 l/s 28.3268 l/s

Force 1 ounce (force) oz 0.2780 N 0.2780 N

1 pound (force) lb 4.4438 N 4.4438 N
1 short ton shtn 8.8964 kN 8.8964 kN

Pressure pound (force) lb (force)

1 square foot 47.88025 Pa 47.88025 Pa
sq ft
pound (force) lb (force)
1 square inch , psi 68.9476 m bar 68.9476 m bar
sq in

Work, Energy, 1 foot-pound ft lb 1.3558 J 1.3558 J

Heat amount 1 Horse power Hour Hp h 2.6841 MJ 2.6841 MJ

Power foot-pound (av) ft lb

1 1.3558 W 1.3558 W
per second s
1 Horse power (Hp) 0.7457 kW 0.7457 kW

Dynamic pound (mass) lb (mass)

1 foot x second 1.4882 Pa s 1.4882 Pa s
viscosity ft s

46
GEA Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 53

8.8 Viscosity table (guideline values)

8.8 Viscosity table (guideline values)
8.8 Viscosity table (guideline value

Product Density Viscosity Temp °C Viscous

ρ η in CPs t behaviour type* Product Density
ρ

Reference Water 1 1 N
Reference Water 1
Bakery products Egg 0.5 60 10 N
Emulsifier 20 T
Bakery products Egg 0.5
Melted butter 0.98 18 60 N Emulsifier
Yeast slurry (15%) 1 180 T Melted butter 0.98
Lecithine 3,250 50 T Yeast slurry (15%) 1
Batter 1 2,200 T Lecithine
Frosting 1 10,000 T Batter 1
Frosting 1
Chemicals Glycerin 100% 1.26 624 30
Glycerin 100% 1.26 945 20 Chemicals Glycerin 100% 1.26
Glycerin 45% 1.11 5 20 Glycerin 100% 1.26
Glycerin 80% 1.21 62 20 Glycerin 45% 1.11
Glycerin 90% 1.23 163 25 Glycerin 80% 1.21
Glycerin 95% 1.25 366 25 Glycerin 90% 1.23
Caustic soda 20% 1.22 7 20 Glycerin 95% 1.25
Caustic soda 40% 1.52 39 20 Caustic soda 20% 1.22
Caustic soda 50% 1.51 20 40 Caustic soda 40% 1.52
Caustic soda 50% 1.52 38 30 Caustic soda 50% 1.51
Nictric acid 10% 1.05 1 20 Caustic soda 50% 1.52
Nictric acid 10% 1.05
Food Apple pulp 10,020 20
Pear pulp 4,000 70 Food T Apple pulp
Honey 1.5 2,020 45 Pear pulp
Mashed potatoes 1 20,000 T Honey 1.5
Ketschup 1.11 560 60 T Mashed potatoes 1
Magarine emulsion 26 50 Ketschup 1.11
Mayonnaise 1 5,000 25 T Magarine emulsion
Nut core 9,500 20 Mayonnaise 1
Prune juice 1 60 50 T Nut core
Mustard 11,200 20 Prune juice 1
Mustard
Fats & oils Peanut oil 0.92 42 40 N
Linseed oil 0.93 30 40 Fats & oils N Peanut oil 0.92
Corn oil 0.92 30 N Linseed oil 0.93
Olive oil 0.91 84 20 Corn oil 0.92
Vegetable oil 0.92 5 150 N Olive oil 0.91
Lettuce oil 85 20 Vegetable oil 0.92
Lard 0.96 60 40 N Lettuce oil
Soybean oil 0.95 36 40 N Lard 0.96
Soybean oil 0.95
Meat products Meat emulsion 1 22,000 5 T
Ground beef fat 0.9 11,000 15 Meat productsT Meat emulsion 1
Pork fat (slurry) 1 650 5 T Ground beef fat 0.9
Animal fats 0.9 43 40 N Pork fat (slurry) 1
Pet food 1 11,000 5 T Animal fats 0.9
Pet food 1

*Viscous behaviour type

N = Newtonian *Viscous behaviour type
T = Thixotropic N = Newtonian
T = Thixotropic
47
GEA Tuchenhagen 47
GEA Tuch
 8.8 Viscosity table (continued)
8.8 Viscosity table (continued)
54 · ANNEX 8.8 Viscosity table (continued)
8.8 Viscosity table (continued) 8.8
°C Viscosity
Viscous table (guid
8.8 Viscosity table
Product
Product
Density
(continued) ρ
Density
Viscosity
η in CPs
Viscosity
Temp
t
Temp °C behaviour
Viscoustype
8.8 Viscosity table (guideline Product
values) (continued)Density
ρ Viscosity
η in CPs Temp
t °C Viscoustype
behaviour
Reference Water Product Density
1ρ Viscosity
η in CPs
1 Temp
t °C Viscous
behaviour
N type
η in CPs t behaviour Product
Reference Water Product Density
1ρ Viscosity
1 Temp °C N type
Viscous
Beverages and
Reference Apple juice concentrate
Water 1ρ η in CPs
7
1 t
20 behaviour
N type
concentrates
Reference
Beverages and Apple wine concentrate
Water juice concentrate 1.3
1 300
1
7 20 N
Beverages and
concentrates
Reference Beer
Water juice concentrate
Apple wine concentrate 1.3
1 7
300
1 5 Reference
20 N Water
Beverages and
concentrates Coca
AppleCola
Beer juice concentrate
wine concentrate 1
1.3 1
7
300 40
20
5 N
concentrates
Beverages and Cola-Konzentrat
AppleCola
Beer
Coca wine concentrate
juice concentrate 1.3
1 25
300
1
7 5 Bakery products
40
20 N Egg
concentrates Egg
Beer
Coca liqueur
Cola
Cola-Konzentrat
Apple wine concentrate 1
1.3 620
1
25
300 20
5
40 N Emulsifier
Strawberry
Coca
Egg
Beer Cola syrup
Cola-Konzentrat
liqueur 1 2,250
25
620
1 40
20
5 N Melted butter
Fruit liqueur
Cola-Konzentrat
Egg liqueur
Strawberry
Coca Cola syrup 1 12
25
620
2,250
1 20
40 Yeast slurry (15%)
Coffee
Egg
Fruit extract
liqueur
Strawberry
liqueur
Cola-Konzentrat 30% i.Tr.
syrup 18
620
2,250
12
25 20
40 Lecithine
Yeast concentrate
Strawberry
Fruitliqueur
Coffee
Egg liqueur
extract 30%(80%)
syrup i.Tr. 16,000
2,250
12
18
620 4
40
20 T Batter
Herb
Fruit
Coffee
Yeast liqueur
liqueur
extract
concentrate
Strawberry 30%(80%)
syrup i.Tr. 3
12
18
16,000
2,250 20
4
40 T Frosting
Orange
Coffee concentrate
extract
Yeastliqueur
Herb
Fruit concentrate
liqueur 30%(80%)
i.Tr. 1,930
18
16,000
3
12 20
4 T
Orange
Yeast
Herb
Coffee juice
liqueur concentrate
concentrate 30%(80%)
concentrate
extract i.Tr. 1.1 5,000
16,000
3
1,930
18 5 Chemicals
4
20 T Glycerin 100%
Currant
Herb liqueur
Orange
Yeast juicesaft
concentrate
juice concentrate
concentrate (80%) 1.1 2
3
1,930
5,000
16,000 20
5
4 T Glycerin 100%
Orange
Currant
Herb concentrate
juice concentrate
juicesaft
liqueur 1.1 1,930
5,000
2
3 5
20 T Glycerin 45%
Cosmetics, Face cream
Currant
Orange juice concentrate
juicesaft
concentrate 1.1 10,000
5,000
2
1,930 5
20 T Glycerin 80%
soaps
Cosmetics, Hair
Face gel
Currant
Orangecream juicesaft
juice concentrate 1.4
1.1 5,000
2
10,000 20
5 T Glycerin 90%
Cosmetics,
soaps Hand
Face gel
Hair
Currant soap
cream juicesaft 1.4 2,000
10,000
5,000
2 20 T Glycerin 95%
Cosmetics,
soaps Shampoo
Face gel
Hair
Hand cream
soap 1.4 5,000
10,000
2,000 T Caustic soda 20%
soaps
Cosmetics, Toothpaste
Hair
Face gel
Hand
Shampoo soap
cream 1.4 20,000
2,000
5,000
10,000 T Caustic soda 40%
soaps Hand
Shampoo
Hair gelsoap
Toothpaste 1.4 2,000
5,000
20,000 T Caustic soda 50%
Dairy Buttermilk
Shampoo
Toothpaste
Hand soap 8
5,000
20,000
2,000 20 T Caustic soda 50%
products
Dairy Cream
Toothpaste
Buttermilk
Shampoo for churning, acid 550
20,000
8
5,000 20 T Nictric acid 10%
Dairy
products Skimmilk,
Cream for acid
Buttermilk
Toothpaste churning, acid 140
8
550
20,000 20 T
Dairy
products Cottage
Buttermilk
Cream
Skimmilk, forcheese
churning, acid
acid 1.08 225
8
550
140 20 Food T Apple pulp
products
Dairy Yogurt
Cream
Cottagefor
Skimmilk,
Buttermilk churning, acid
acid
cheese 1.08 1,100
550
140
225
8 20 T Pear pulp
products Cacao
Yogurtmilkdrink
Skimmilk,
Cottage
Cream for acid
cheese
churning, acid 1.08 7
140
225
1,100
550 20 T Honey
Cheese
Cottage
Yogurt cheese
Cacao milkdrink
Skimmilk, acid 1.08 30
225
1,100
7
140 70
20 T Mashed potatoes
Evaporated
Yogurt
Cacao
Cheesemilkdrink
Cottage milk 77%
cheese 1.3
1.08 10,000
1,100
7
30
225 25
20
70 N
T Ketschup
Evaporated
Cacao
Cheesemilkdrink
Yogurt milk 10%
77% 1.3 45
7
30
10,000
1,100 20
70
25 N
T Magarine emulsion
Evaporated
Cheese
Cacao milk 7,5%
milkdrink 77%
10% 1.3 12
30
10,000
45
7 70
25
20 T
N Mayonnaise
Evaporated
Cheese milk,77%
milk sweetened 1.3
10%
7,5% 6,100
10,000
45
12
30 20
25
70 N
T Nut core
Concentrated
Evaporated skimmilk
milk
milk, 10%
7,5%
sweetened 1.3
77% 100
45
12
6,100
10,000 20
25 N Prune juice
Milk
Evaporated
Concentrated milk
milk, sweetened 1.03
7,5%
skimmilk
10% 1
12
6,100
100
45 15
20 N Mustard
Cream
Evaporated
Concentrated
Milk milk, sweetened 1.02
skimmilk
milk 7,5% 1.03 20
6,100
100
1
12 4
20
15 N
Acid
Milk
Cream cream milk,
Concentrated
Evaporated skimmilk
sweetened 1.03
1.02 32
100
1
20
6,100 20
15
4 Fats & oils N Peanut oil
Whole
Milk
Cream
Acid creammilk skimmilk
Concentrated 1.03
1.02 2
1
20
32
100 15
4
20 N Linseed oil
Yoghurt
Cream
Acid
Whole
Milk cream
milk 1.02
1.03 900
20
32
2
1 20
4
15 N Corn oil
Acid
Whole cream
Yoghurt
Cream milk 1.03
1.02 32
2
900
20 20
4 N Olive oil
Confectionary Hot
Wholefudge
Yoghurt
Acid milk
cream 1.1
1.03 36,000
2
900
32 20 T Vegetable oil
Confectionary Cacao
Yoghurt
Hot fudge
Whole butter
milk 1.1
1.03 42
900
36,000
2 40
20 T Lettuce oil
Confectionary Cacao
Hot fudge
Yoghurt mass
butter 1.1 4,000
36,000
42
900 40
20 T Lard
Confectionary Caramel
Hot
Cacaofudge
butter
mass 1.2
1.1 400
36,000
42
4,000 60
40
20 T Soybean oil
Confectionary Chocolate
Cacao
Caramel
Hot butter
mass
fudge 1.1
1.2 17,000
42
4,000
400
36,000 50
40
20
60 T
Chocolate
Cacao
Caramel mass
buttercoating 1.2
1.1 2,600
4,000
400
17,000
42 40
20
60
50 Meat products T Meat emulsion
Toffee masscoating
Caramel
Chocolate
Cacao 1.2
1.1 87,000
400
17,000
2,600
4,000 60
50
40
20 T Ground beef fat
Sugar
Toffeesyrupcoating
Chocolate
Caramel 50% 1.1
1.2 15
17,000
2,600
87,000
400 20
50
40
60 T Pork fat (slurry)
Sugar syrup
Chocolate
Toffee 56%
coating
50% 1.27
1.2
1.1 32
2,600
87,000
15
17,000 20
40
50 T Animal fats
Sugar syrup
Toffee
Chocolate 64%
50%
56%
coating 1.31
1.2
1.27 120
87,000
15
32
2,600 20
40 T Pet food
Sugar
Toffee syrup 50%
56%
64% 1.27
1.31
1.2 15
32
120
87,000 20 T
Sugar syrup 56% 64%
50% 1.27
1.31 32
120
15 20
Sugar syrup 64% 56% 1.31
1.27 120
32 20 *Viscous behaviour type
Sugar syrup 64% 1.31
48 120 20 N = Newtonian
GEA
48 Tuchenhagen T = Thixotropic
GEA
48 Tuchenhagen
GEA
48 Tuchenhagen
GEA
48 Tuchenhagen
GEA Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 55

8.9 Mechanical seals (recommendation)

8.9 Mechanical seals (recommendation)

Material

Concentration %

Standard seal

(Quenched)
Rinsed seal
Carbon/Sic
Temp. C°

EPDM
Sic/Sic

FKM
Medium Note

Alcohol: ethanol X X X
Alcohol: butanol X X X
Alcohol: methanol X X X
Pineapple juice X X X
Apple juice, pulp, wine X X X
Apple juice, acidic X X X
Apricot juice X X X
Beer X X X X
Beer yeast, wort X X X
Blood X X X
Butter X X X X
Buttermilk X X X X
Egg liqueur X X X
Egg yolk X X X
Ice cream X X X
Peanut oil X X X
Fat, fatty alcohol X X X X
Fatty acids 150 X X X
Fish glue / oil / meal X X X
Fruit pulp X X X
Gelatine X X X X heated
Glucose X X X X
Hair shampoo X X X
Body lotion X X X
Honey X X X
Hop mash X X X
Coffee extract X X X X
Cacao butter - oil X X X
Mashed potatoes X X X X
Potato starch X X X
Cheese, cheese cream X X X X
Ketchup (tomatoe extract) X X X
Adhesives: vegetable X X X
Adhesives: synthetic X X X X
Adhesives: animal glue X X X X
Adhesives: cellulose X X X X
Carbon dioxide X X X
Coco oil X X X X
Lactose (milk/sugar solution) X X X X
Limonades, alcoholfree beverages X X X X
Limonades, syrup X X X X X

49
GEA Tuchenhagen
56 · ANNEX

8.9 Mechanical seals (continued)

8.9 Mechanical seals (recommendation) (continued)

Material

Concentration %

Standard seal

(Quenched)
Rinsed seal
Carbon/Sic
Temp. °C

EPDM
Sic/Sic

FKM
Medium Note

Corn oil X X X
Mayonnaise X X X
Marmelade X X X X
Melasse X X X X
Milk <80 X X X
Milk <140 X X X X
Whey X X X
Caustic soda <2 X X X
Caustic soda <20 X X X
Caustic soda <10 80° X X X X X
Olive oil X X X e
Orange juice X X X
Vegetable oil X X X
Rape oil X X X X
Cane sugar solution X X X
Beet mash X X X
Juice (solution) X X X X
Cream X X X
Lettuce oil X X X
Nitric acid <2 X X X
Nictric acid <60 <65 X (X) X X PTFE
Brine <5 X X X
Black liquor X X
Lard X X X
Soap solution X X X
Mustard X X X
Soybean oil X X X
Tomato juice X X X
Walöl X X X
Water <140 X X X
Wine X X X
Wine brandy X X X
Citrus fruit juice X X X
Sugar solution >10 X X X
Sugar solution <10 X X X
Sugar cane X X X X
Sugar beet juice X X X

50
GEA Tuchenhagen
 ANNEX · 57

8.11 Assembly instructions

8.11 Assembly instructions
8.10 Assembly instructions

5 to 10 x DN
55 to
to 10
10 xx DN
DN

The suction pipe should be placed steadily ascending to the

The suction pipe should be placed steadily ascending to the pump, the Never install a pipe bend directly upstream the pump. The distance
pump,pipe
supply the steadily
supply descending
pipe steadily descending
to the pump. to the pump. should be the five to tenfold in diameter of the inlet socket.
The
The suction
suction pipe
pipe should
should be
be placed
placed steadily
steadily ascending
ascending to
to the
the pump,
pump, the
the Never
Never install
install aa pipe
pipe bend
bend directly
directly upstream
upstream the
the pump.
pump. The
The distance
distance
supply
supply pipe
pipe steadily
steadily descending
descending to
to the
the pump.
pump. should
should be
be the
the five
five to
to tenfold
tenfold in
in diameter
diameter of
of the
the inlet
inlet socket.
socket.

The cone of a conical suction pipe upstream the pump should be acutely Avoid air cushions.
conical in order to avoid deposits.
The
The
The conecone
cone of aaof
of a conical
conical
conical suction
suction
suction pipe pipe upstream
pipe upstream
upstream the theshould
the pump
pump pumpbe
should should
be acutely
acutely Avoid
Avoid air
air cushions.
cushions.
conical
conical in
in order
order toto avoid
avoid deposits.
deposits.
be acutely conical in order to avoid deposits.

A conical suction pipe upstream the pump with top cone prevents soiling The pump’s delivery socket should be directed straight upward.
on one hand, on the other hand it leads to the formation of air cushions
AA conical
conical
A suction
suction
conical pipe upstream
pipepipe
suction upstream the
the pump
upstream pump with
the pumpwith top
top cone prevents
conetop
with cone soiling
prevents soiling The
The pump’s
pump’s delivery
delivery socket
socket should
should be
be directed
directed straight
straight upward.
upward.
on
on one
one hand,
hand, on
on the
the other
other hand
hand itit leads
leads to
to the
the formation
formation of
of air
air cushions
cushions
prevents soiling on one hand, on the other hand it leads to
the formation of air cushions.

The pump should be adequately relieved from pipe forces acting on the Connecting the pump to a tank, air drawing-off vortex should be avoi-
pump. ded..
The
The pump
pump should
should be
be adequately
adequately relieved
relieved from
from pipe
pipe forces
forces acting
acting on
on the
the Connecting
Connecting the
the pump
pump to
to aa tank,
tank, air
air drawing-off
drawing-off vortex
vortex should
should be
be avoi-
avoi-
pump.
pump. ded..
ded..

52
GEA Tuchenhagen
52
52
GEA
GEA Tuchenhagen
Tuchenhagen
 5 to 10 x DN

58 · ANNEX

8.10 Assembly instructions (continued)

A conical suction pipe upstream the pump with top cone prevents soiling The pump’s delivery socket should be directed straight upward.
on one hand, on the other hand it leads to the formation of air cushions
The suction pipe should be placed steadily ascending to the pump, the Never install a pipe bend directly upstream the pump. The distance
The cone
supply pipeofsteadily
a conical suction pipe
descending upstream
to the pump. the pump should be acutely Avoid be
should airthe
cushions.
five to tenfold in diameter of the inlet socket.
conical in order to avoid deposits.

The The
pumpcone of a be
conical suctionrelieved
pipe upstream theforces
pump shouldonbethe
acutely Connecting
Avoid air
thecushions.
Theshould adequately
pump should be adequatelyfrom
conical in order to avoid deposits.
pipe
relieved from acting
pipe forces Avoid airpump to a tank, air drawing-off vortex should be avoi-
cushions.
pump. ded..
acting on the pump.
A conical suction pipe upstream the pump with top cone prevents soiling The pump’s delivery socket should be directed straight upward.
on one hand, on the other hand it leads to the formation of air cushions

52
GEA Tuchenhagen
5 to 10 x DN

A conical suction pipe upstream the pump with top cone prevents soiling The pump’s delivery socket should be directed straight upward.
Never install
onNever
one a pipe
install
hand, bend
a pipe
on the directly
bend
other upstream
handdirectly tothe
thepump.
it leads upstream Thepump.
the
formation distance
of air cushions Connecting the pump to a tank, air drawing-off vortex should
should be the five to tenfold in diameter of the inlet socket.
The distance should be the five to tenfold in diameter of
The pump should be adequately relieved from pipe forces acting on the
be avoided.
Connecting the pump to a tank, air drawing-off vortex should be avoi-
pump.
the inlet socket. ded..

52
GEA Tuchenhagen

y Avoid air cushions.

The pump should be adequately relieved from pipe forces acting on the Connecting the pump to a tank, air drawing-off vortex should be avoi-
pump. ded..

52
GEA Tuchenhagen

ng The pump’s delivery socket should be directed straight upward.

s
Wir leben Werte.

Änderungen vorbehalten. Gedruckt in Deutschland.

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