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Coordenadas Polares
Coordenadas Polares
1
and so we require that 16n兾5 be an even multiple of . This will first occur when
n 苷 5. Therefore we will graph the entire curve if we specify that 0 10.
Switching from to t, we have the equations
and Figure 18 shows the resulting curve. Notice that this rose has 16 loops. M
c=2.5
c=_2
FIGURE 19 The remaining parts of Figure 19 show that as c becomes negative, the shapes change
Members of the family of in reverse order. In fact, these curves are reflections about the horizontal axis of the corre-
limaçons r=1+c sin ¨ sponding curves with positive c. M
10.3 EXERCISES
1–2 Plot the point whose polar coordinates are given. Then find 4. (a) (s2 , 5兾4) (b) 共1, 5兾2兲 (c) 共2, 7兾6兲
two other pairs of polar coordinates of this point, one with r 0
and one with r 0.
1. (a) 共2, 兾3兲 (b) 共1, 3兾4兲 (c) 共1, 兾2兲 5–6 The Cartesian coordinates of a point are given.
(i) Find polar coordinates 共r, 兲 of the point, where r 0 and
2. (a) 共1, 7兾4兲 (b) 共3, 兾6兲 (c) 共1, 1兲 0 2.
(ii) Find polar coordinates 共r, 兲 of the point, where r 0 and
0 2.
3– 4 Plot the point whose polar coordinates are given. Then find 5. (a) 共2, 2兲 (b) (1, s3 )
the Cartesian coordinates of the point.
6. (a) (3s3 , 3) (b) 共1, 2兲
3. (a) 共1, 兲 (b) (2, 2兾3) (c) 共2, 3兾4兲
648 |||| CHAPTER 10 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES
7–12 Sketch the region in the plane consisting of points whose 43. r 2 苷 9 sin 2 44. r 2 苷 cos 4
polar coordinates satisfy the given conditions.
45. r 苷 2 cos共3兾2兲 46. r 2 苷 1
7. 1 r 2
47. r 苷 1 2 cos 2 48. r 苷 1 2 cos共兾2兲
8. r
0, 兾3 2兾3
9. 0 r 4, 兾2 兾6 49–50 The figure shows the graph of r as a function of in Carte-
10. 2 r 5, 3兾4 5兾4 sian coordinates. Use it to sketch the corresponding polar curve.
11. 2 r 3, 5兾3 7兾3 49. 50. r
r
12. r
1, 2 2
2
1
13. Find the distance between the points with polar coordinates 0 π 2π ¨
共2, 兾3兲 and 共4, 2兾3兲. 0 π 2π ¨ _2
14. Find a formula for the distance between the points with polar
coordinates 共r 1, 1 兲 and 共r 2 , 2 兲.
51. Show that the polar curve r 苷 4 2 sec (called a conchoid)
15–20 Identify the curve by finding a Cartesian equation for the has the line x 苷 2 as a vertical asymptote by showing that
curve. lim r l x 苷 2. Use this fact to help sketch the conchoid.
15. r 苷 2 16. r cos 苷 1 52. Show that the curve r 苷 2 csc (also a conchoid) has the
17. r 苷 3 sin 18. r 苷 2 sin 2 cos
line y 苷 1 as a horizontal asymptote by showing that
lim r l y 苷 1. Use this fact to help sketch the conchoid.
19. r 苷 csc 20. r 苷 tan sec
53. Show that the curve r 苷 sin tan (called a cissoid of
Diocles) has the line x 苷 1 as a vertical asymptote. Show also
21–26 Find a polar equation for the curve represented by the given that the curve lies entirely within the vertical strip 0 x 1.
Cartesian equation. Use these facts to help sketch the cissoid.
21. x 苷 3 22. x 2 y 2 苷 9 54. Sketch the curve 共x 2 y 2 兲3 苷 4x 2 y 2.
23. x 苷 y 2 24. x y 苷 9 55. (a) In Example 11 the graphs suggest that the limaçon
25. x y 苷 2cx
2 2
26. xy 苷 4
ⱍ ⱍ
r 苷 1 c sin has an inner loop when c 1. Prove
that this is true, and find the values of that correspond to
the inner loop.
27–28 For each of the described curves, decide if the curve would (b) From Figure 19 it appears that the limaçon loses its dimple
be more easily given by a polar equation or a Cartesian equation. when c 苷 12 . Prove this.
Then write an equation for the curve. 56. Match the polar equations with the graphs labeled I–VI. Give
27. (a) A line through the origin that makes an angle of 兾6 with reasons for your choices. (Don’t use a graphing device.)
the positive x-axis (a) r 苷 s , 0 16 (b) r 苷 2, 0 16
(b) A vertical line through the point 共3, 3兲 (c) r 苷 cos共兾3兲 (d) r 苷 1 2 cos
28. (a) A circle with radius 5 and center 共2, 3兲 (e) r 苷 2 sin 3 (f) r 苷 1 2 sin 3
(b) A circle centered at the origin with radius 4 I II III
Formula 5 gives
L苷 y
0
2
冑 冉 冊
r2
dr
d
2
d 苷 y
0
2
s共1 sin 兲2 cos 2 d
2
苷y s2 2 sin d
O 0
10.4 EXERCISES
1– 4 Find the area of the region that is bounded by the given curve 19. r 苷 3 cos 5 20. r 苷 2 sin 6
and lies in the specified sector.
21. r 苷 1 2 sin (inner loop)
1. r 苷 2, 0 兾4 2. r 苷 e 兾2, 2
3. r 苷 sin , 兾3 2兾3 4. r 苷 ssin , 0 22. Find the area enclosed by the loop of the strophoid
r 苷 2 cos sec .
5– 8 Find the area of the shaded region.
23–28 Find the area of the region that lies inside the first curve
5. 6.
and outside the second curve.
23. r 苷 2 cos , r苷1 24. r 苷 1 sin , r苷1
25. r 苷 8 cos 2,
2
r苷2 26. r 苷 2 sin , r 苷 3 sin
27. r 苷 3 cos , r 苷 1 cos
28. r 苷 3 sin , r 苷 2 sin
r=œ„
¨ r=1+cos ¨
7. 8. 29–34 Find the area of the region that lies inside both curves.
29. r 苷 s3 cos , r 苷 sin
30. r 苷 1 cos , r 苷 1 cos
31. r 苷 sin 2, r 苷 cos 2
32. r 苷 3 2 cos , r 苷 3 2 sin
r=4+3 sin ¨ r=sin 2¨ 33. r 苷 sin 2,
2
r 苷 cos 2
2
9. r 苷 3 cos 10. r 苷 3共1 cos 兲 35. Find the area inside the larger loop and outside the smaller loop
11. r 2 苷 4 cos 2 12. r 苷 2 sin of the limaçon r 苷 12 cos .
36. Find the area between a large loop and the enclosed small loop
13. r 苷 2 cos 3 14. r 苷 2 cos 2
of the curve r 苷 1 2 cos 3.
3π
4
O
25 2.5
0
47. e 3 11 e8 21 3π
”_2, 4 ’
(s2, s2 )
5. (a) (i) (2s2, 7兾4) (ii) (2s2, 3兾4)
(b) (i) 共2, 2兾3兲 (ii) 共2, 5兾3兲
7. 9.
π
r=2 ¨= 6
1 21 r=1 O
1
O π
49. 612.3053 51. 6 s2, s2 ¨=_ 2
r=4
55. (a) 15 t 僆 关0, 4兴
11. ¨=
7π
3
15 15
r=3
r=2
O
15
(b) ⬇ 294
57. x01 2 共t 2 1兲e tse 2t 共t 1兲 2共t 2 2t 2兲 dt ⬇ 103.5999 ¨=
5π
3
59.
2
1215 (247 s13 64) 61. 5 a 2
6
63. 59.101 13. 2s3 15. Circle, center O, radius 2
Circle, center (0, 2 ), radius 2
3 3
65.
24
(949 s26 1) 71.
1 17.
5 4
19. Horizontal line, 1 unit above the x-axis
EXERCISES 10.3 N PAGE 647
21. r 苷 3 sec 23. r 苷 cot csc 25. r 苷 2c cos
27. (a) 苷 兾6 (b) x 苷 3
1. (a) π (b)
”2, 3 ’ 29. 31.
π
”1, 2 ’
π
3 O
O
”1, _ 3π ’ _ 3π
4 4 O
π O
¨=_ 6
共2, 7兾3兲, 共2, 4兾3兲 共1, 5兾4兲, 共1, 兾4兲
A104 |||| APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES
_3.4 1.8
_3 3
37. ¨=
π 39.
3 π
¨= 8
5 2 _2.6 _2.5
6 1 75. 7
3 4
7 7
41. 43.
5π π
¨= ¨=
6 6
O 7
O
77. By counterclockwise rotation through angle 兾6, 兾3,
or about the origin
79. (a) A rose with n loops if n is odd and 2n loops if n is even
(b) Number of loops is always 2n
45. 47. ¨=
2π π 81. For 0 a 1, the curve is an oval, which develops a dimple as
3 ¨= 3
a l 1. When a 1, the curve splits into two parts, one of which
has a loop.
(3, π) (3, 0)
1. 兾10,240 3. 兾12 8 s3 5. 2
5 1 41
7. 4
9. 4
9
11. 4
49. 51.
2
O
1 O
(2, 0) (6, 0)
O 1
13. 15. 3
3
53. 55. (a) For c 1, the inner loop
begins at 苷 sin 共1兾c兲 and
1
¨= 6
π