Differentiation

and
The Derivative

Basic Differentiation Formula

Casiano DC. Jaurigue
Definition of the Derivative of 𝑓

» The function 𝑓 ′ defined by the formula

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
is called the derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.
» The domain of 𝑓 ′ consists of all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓 for
which the limit exists
Derivative Notations

» The process of finding the derivative of a function is called

differentiation
» If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the derivative of f can be denoted by
′ ′
• 𝑓 𝑥 or 𝑦 (Lagrange notation)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
• or 𝑓(𝑥) (Leibniz notation) is a derivative
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
operator
ሶ
• 𝑦ሶ or 𝑓(𝑥) (Newton notation)
• 𝐷𝑥 𝑦
Basic Theorems on Differentiation

» If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 where k is any constant, then

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0

» If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 where n is any real number, then

′ 𝑛−1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥
(Power Rule)
Example 1. Find 𝑓′ 𝑥 in each of the following.
Solution:
a . f ( x ) = 2 a. f ( x) = 0
2 −3
2 2
b. f ( x ) = x 5
b. f ( x) = x 5
= 3
5 5x 5
8
c. f ( x ) = x −8
c. f  ( x ) = −8 x = − 9
−9

d . f (x) = x 100
d. f  ( x ) = 100 x 99
Basic Theorems on Differentiation

» If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 where k is any constant, then

𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑔′(𝑥)

» If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ± ℎ 𝑥 then
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 ± ℎ′ 𝑥
(Sum Rule)
» If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥 ±. . . ±𝑓𝑛 𝑥 , then
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑓1 ′ 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 ′ 𝑥 ±. . . ±𝑓𝑛 ′ 𝑥
Example 2. Find 𝑓′ 𝑥 in each of the following.
Solution:
a . f ( x ) = 11x 5 ⇒ 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 11 5𝑥 4 = 55𝑥 4

−14
b. f ( x ) = 7 x + 9
−2
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −14𝑥 −3 +0= 3
𝑥
1
c. f ( x ) = 2 x + 13x = 2𝑥 1/2 + 13𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 −1/2 + 13 = + 13
𝑥
d . f ( x ) = 1 + 2 x 2 − 3x3 − 4 x 4
2 3 4
𝑑 1 𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 −3𝑥 𝑑 −4𝑥
⇒ 𝑓′ 𝑥 = + + +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 0 + 4𝑥 − 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 3
Basic Theorems on Differentiation

» If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥), then
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥 + ℎ 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 (Product Rule)
𝑔 𝑥
» If 𝑓 𝑥 = , then
ℎ 𝑥

ℎ 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
ℎ 𝑥 2 (Quotient Rule)
Basic Theorems on Differentiation

» If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥), then

𝑓′(𝑥) ≠ 𝑔′(𝑥) ⋅ ℎ′(𝑥)

𝑔 𝑥
» If 𝑓 𝑥 = , then
ℎ 𝑥

𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) ≠
ℎ′(𝑥)
Example 3. Find 𝑓′ 𝑥 given
𝑓 𝑥 = 11𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 9 −𝑥 −2 + 3𝑥 .
Solution:
−2 9 −2
Let 𝑔 𝑥 = 11𝑥 + 𝑥 and ℎ 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 3𝑥
Then
f ' ( x ) = g ( x )h' ( x ) + h( x )g' ( x ) 1st  D2nd +2nd  D 1st

( )( ) ( )(
= 11x −2 + x9 2 x −3 + 3 + − x −2 + 3x −22 x −3 + 9 x8 )
30 x − 7 x − 33 x + 44
14 11 3
= 5
x
 −𝑥+5𝑥 2
Example 4. Find 𝑓′ 𝑥 given𝑓 𝑥 = 7 .
4𝑥 +3
Solution:
Let 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 and ℎ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 7 + 3
Then
h( x )g' ( x ) − g ( x )h' ( x ) 𝑙𝑜 ∙ 𝐷ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑖 ∙ 𝐷𝑙𝑜
f ' (x) =
h( x ) 2
𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑜
=
( 4 x 7
+ 3 ) ( −1 + 10 x ) − ( − x + 5 x 2
)( )
28 x 6

( 4x )
2
7
+3
100 x8 − 24 x 7 − 30 x + 3
=
(4 x 7 + 3) 2
 𝑙𝑜 ∙ 𝐷ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑖 ∙ 𝐷𝑙𝑜
Example 5. Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 given the following. 𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑜

Solution:
3 1 −2
2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 3 𝑥 6𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 − 1
3
𝑥3
𝑎. 𝑦 = 3 3
= 1/3 ⇒ 𝑦 ′
=
𝑥 𝑥 3
𝑥 2

𝑏. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 2𝑥 4 − 9 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 7𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 8𝑥 3
+ 2𝑥 4 − 9 14𝑥 − 18

𝑥 − 3 5𝑥 3 − 23
𝑐. 𝑦 =
2𝑥 −2 − 1
 𝑙𝑜 ∙ 𝐷ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑖 ∙ 𝐷𝑙𝑜
𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑜
Example 5. Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 given the following.
𝑥 − 3 5𝑥 3 − 23
𝑐. 𝑦 =
2𝑥 −2 − 1
Solution:
2𝑥 −2 − 1 𝐷 𝑥 − 3 5𝑥 3 − 23 − 𝑥 − 3 5𝑥 3 − 23 −4𝑥 −3
′ 𝑥
𝑦 =
2𝑥 −2 − 1 2

2𝑥 −2 − 1 𝑥 − 3 15𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 3 − 23 1 − 𝑥 − 3 5𝑥 3 − 23 −4𝑥 −3
=
2𝑥 −2 − 1 2
The Derivative as a Slope of the Tangent Line

» The slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function f

at the point 𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 ) is given by
𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) or ቚ
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑥0

» This is the geometric interpretation of the derivative of a

function at a number.
 y = f (x)

f(x0)

x0 TL

f ‘(x0) = slope of the TL

 2
Example 4. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 1.
(a) Find the slope of the TL at 𝑥 = 0
(b) Determine the point on the graph of 𝑓 where the
tangent line is horizontal.
(c) Find the equation of the TL to the graph of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 0

Solution:

(a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 + 4

• 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 = 𝑓 ′ 0 = −4 0 + 4 = 4
 2
Example 4. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 1.
(b) Determine the point on the graph of f where the
tangent line is horizontal.

Solution:
(b) The slope of a horizontal tangent line is 0
• 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑥 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
2
• 𝑓 1 = −2 1 + 4 1 − 1 = 1
• The TL to the graph of f is horizontal at the point (1,1)
 2
Example 4. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 1.
(c) Find the equation of the TL to the graph of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 0
Solution:
(c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 + 4
• The slope of the tangent line is 4:
➢ 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑓 ′ 0 = −4 0 + 4 = 4
• The tangent line passes through the point 0, −1 :
2
➢ when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 0 = −2 0 + 4 0 − 1 = −1
• Point-slope form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
➢ 𝑦 − −1 = 4 𝑥 − 0 ⇒ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
 f ( x ) = −2 x 2 + 4 x − 1 To determine the vertex
of a parabola,
(1,1) 1. Get the derivative of
the quadratic function
2. Equate the derivative
to zero
3. Solve for 𝑥 to get the
(0,-1) 𝑥-coordinate of the
TL: 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 1 vertex
4. Substitute the value of
𝑥 obtained in #3 to the
given function to get
the corresponding 𝑦-
coordinate
Next:

1
Sir Choy