Translating into L1

| University of Edinburgh | PHIL08004 |

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If your card has a red back, then your card is an Ace.

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 If your card has a red back, then your card is an Ace.

Now flip your card over. Raise your hand if I lied to you.

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Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True True

Back Front
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 True
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True True

Back Front
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→

Red Ace (Red → Ace)

T T T
T F
F T
F F

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Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False False

Back Front
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 True
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False False

Back Front
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→

Red Ace (Red → Ace)

T T T
T F
F T
F F T

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Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False True

Back Front
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 True
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False True

Back Front
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→

Red Ace (Red → Ace)

T T T
T F
F T T
F F T

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Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True

Back Front
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 Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True False

Back Front
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 False!
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True False

Back Front
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→

Red Ace (Red → Ace)

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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→

I Truth table for conditional

φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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→

I Truth table for conditional

φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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→

I Truth table for conditional

φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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→

I Truth table for conditional

φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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Am I lying?

I If I am wearing a tie, then I am wearing a tie.

I If I am wearing a hat, then I am wearing a hat.

I If this card is an Ace, then it has a red back.

I If pigs fly, then I am God.

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Am I lying?

I If I am wearing a tie, then I am wearing a tie.

I If I am wearing a hat, then I am wearing a hat.

I If this card is an Ace, then it has a red back.

I If pigs fly, then I am God.

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Am I lying?

I If I am wearing a tie, then I am wearing a tie.

I If I am wearing a hat, then I am wearing a hat.

I If this card is an Ace, then it has a red back.

I If pigs fly, then I am God.

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Am I lying?

I If I am wearing a tie, then I am wearing a tie.

I If I am wearing a hat, then I am wearing a hat.

I If this card is an Ace, then it has a red back.

I If pigs fly, then I am God.

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Am I lying?

I If I am wearing a tie, then I am wearing a tie.

I If I am wearing a hat, then I am wearing a hat.

I If this card is an Ace, then it has a red back.

I If pigs fly, then I am God.

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Am I lying?

I If I am wearing a tie, then I am wearing a tie.

I If I am wearing a hat, then I am wearing a hat.

I If this card is an Ace, then it has a red back.

I If pigs fly, then I am God.

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If pigs fly, then R

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Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’

I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system

I But the formal system is a model of our logical reasoning

I There is an intended interpretation of the symbols

I The formal system is set up in a way to capture certain

aspects of our reasoning

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Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’

I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system

I But the formal system is a model of our logical reasoning

I There is an intended interpretation of the symbols

I The formal system is set up in a way to capture certain

aspects of our reasoning

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Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’

I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system

I But the formal system is a model of our logical reasoning

I There is an intended interpretation of the symbols

I The formal system is set up in a way to capture certain

aspects of our reasoning

14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’

I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system

I But the formal system is a model of our logical reasoning

I There is an intended interpretation of the symbols

I The formal system is set up in a way to capture certain

aspects of our reasoning

14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’

I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system

I But the formal system is a model of our logical reasoning

I There is an intended interpretation of the symbols

I The formal system is set up in a way to capture certain

aspects of our reasoning

14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’

I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system

I But the formal system is a model of our logical reasoning

I There is an intended interpretation of the symbols

I The formal system is set up in a way to capture certain

aspects of our reasoning

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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals

I “If Fido is a canine, then Fido is carnivorous”

I “if . . . , then. . . ” is used to combine two propositions

I A conditional expresses hypothetical relationships between two
propositions
I Conditionals in computer programming:
IF (x)(y)

I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent

I (P → Q)
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16 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(S → X )

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(S → X )

Provided that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(S → X )

Assuming that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(S → X )

Given that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(S → X )

In case Maria sings, Xavier will leave

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If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(S → X )

On the condition that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

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Synonyms of ‘if’

I ‘if’: If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘provided that’: Provided that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘assuming that’: Assuming that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘given that’: Given that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘in case’: In case Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘on the condition that’: On the condition that Maria sings,

Xavier will leave

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Synonyms of ‘if’

I ‘if’: If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘provided that’: Provided that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘assuming that’: Assuming that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘given that’: Given that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘in case’: In case Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘on the condition that’: On the condition that Maria sings,

Xavier will leave

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Synonyms of ‘if’

I ‘if’: If Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘provided that’: Provided that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘assuming that’: Assuming that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘given that’: Given that Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘in case’: In case Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I ‘on the condition that’: On the condition that Maria sings,

Xavier will leave

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"if P, Q" = "Q if P"

‘If’ clauses in English may also occur at the end of a sentence

instead of at the beginning.

I if Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I Xavier will leave if Maria sings

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"if P, Q" = "Q if P"

‘If’ clauses in English may also occur at the end of a sentence

instead of at the beginning.

I if Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I Xavier will leave if Maria sings

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"if P, Q" = "Q if P"

‘If’ clauses in English may also occur at the end of a sentence

instead of at the beginning.

I if Maria sings, Xavier will leave

I Xavier will leave if Maria sings

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‘only if’

I Xavier will leave only if Maria sings

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

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‘only if’

I Xavier will leave only if Maria sings

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

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‘only if’

I Xavier will leave only if Maria sings

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

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‘only if’

I Xavier will leave only if Maria sings

I S: Maria sings

I X: Xavier will leave

(X → S)

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From English to (φ → ψ)

I “If P, Q” P→Q

I “Q if P” P→Q

I “P only if Q” P→Q

I “Only if Q, P” P→Q

See: Note on ‘if’ and ‘only if’

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From English to (φ → ψ)

I “If P, Q” P→Q

I “Q if P” P→Q

I “P only if Q” P→Q

I “Only if Q, P” P→Q

See: Note on ‘if’ and ‘only if’

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From English to (φ → ψ)

I “If P, Q” P→Q

I “Q if P” P→Q

I “P only if Q” P→Q

I “Only if Q, P” P→Q

See: Note on ‘if’ and ‘only if’

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From English to (φ → ψ)

I “If P, Q” P→Q

I “Q if P” P→Q

I “P only if Q” P→Q

I “Only if Q, P” P→Q

See: Note on ‘if’ and ‘only if’

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From English to (φ → ψ)

I “If P, Q” P→Q

I “Q if P” P→Q

I “P only if Q” P→Q

I “Only if Q, P” P→Q

See: Note on ‘if’ and ‘only if’

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‘¬’: Negation

I “Grass is not green”

I ‘not’ is used to deny a proposition

I P: Grass is green

I ‘¬P’ symbolises ‘Grass is not green’

I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’

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‘¬’: Negation

I “Grass is not green”

I ‘not’ is used to deny a proposition

I P: Grass is green

I ‘¬P’ symbolises ‘Grass is not green’

I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’

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‘¬’: Negation

I “Grass is not green”

I ‘not’ is used to deny a proposition

I P: Grass is green

I ‘¬P’ symbolises ‘Grass is not green’

I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’

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‘¬’: Negation

I “Grass is not green”

I ‘not’ is used to deny a proposition

I P: Grass is green

I ‘¬P’ symbolises ‘Grass is not green’

I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’

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‘¬’: Negation

I “Grass is not green”

I ‘not’ is used to deny a proposition

I P: Grass is green

I ‘¬P’ symbolises ‘Grass is not green’

I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’

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‘¬’: Negation

I “Grass is not green”

I ‘not’ is used to deny a proposition

I P: Grass is green

I ‘¬P’ symbolises ‘Grass is not green’

I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’

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¬

I Truth table for negation

φ ¬φ
T F
F T

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¬

I Truth table for negation

φ ¬φ
T F
F T

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¬

I Truth table for negation

φ ¬φ
T F
F T

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Synonyms of ‘not’

I The salad was not poisonous

I The salad wasn’t poisonous

I It is not the case that the salad was poisonous

I The salad failed to be poisonous

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Synonyms of ‘not’

I The salad was not poisonous

I The salad wasn’t poisonous

I It is not the case that the salad was poisonous

I The salad failed to be poisonous

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Synonyms of ‘not’

I The salad was not poisonous

I The salad wasn’t poisonous

I It is not the case that the salad was poisonous

I The salad failed to be poisonous

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Synonyms of ‘not’

I The salad was not poisonous

I The salad wasn’t poisonous

I It is not the case that the salad was poisonous

I The salad failed to be poisonous

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Synonyms of ‘not’

I The salad was not poisonous

I The salad wasn’t poisonous

I It is not the case that the salad was poisonous

I The salad failed to be poisonous

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Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired

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Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired

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Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired

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Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired

¬T

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If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired

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If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired

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If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired

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If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired

(S → ¬T )

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If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.

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If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.

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If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.

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If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.

(Z → Z )

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If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

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If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

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If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

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If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

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If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

(S → (R → P))

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If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

(S → (R → P))

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If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

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If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

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If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

(R → (S → P))

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If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates

(R → (S → P))

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If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

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If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

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If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

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If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

(W → ¬P)

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Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.

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Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.

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Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.

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Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.

(P → ¬Q)

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It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

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It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

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It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

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It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.

¬(W → P)

32 / 33
33 / 33