Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
1 / 33
2 / 33
If your card has a red back, then your card is an Ace.
2 / 33
If your card has a red back, then your card is an Ace.
Now flip your card over. Raise your hand if I lied to you.
2 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
Back Front
3 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True
Back Front
3 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True True
Back Front
3 / 33
True
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True True
Back Front
3 / 33
→
4 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
Back Front
5 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False
Back Front
5 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False False
Back Front
5 / 33
True
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False False
Back Front
5 / 33
→
6 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
Back Front
7 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False
Back Front
7 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False True
Back Front
7 / 33
True
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
False True
Back Front
7 / 33
→
8 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
Back Front
9 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True
Back Front
9 / 33
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True False
Back Front
9 / 33
False!
Your card has red back → Your card is an Ace.
True False
Back Front
9 / 33
→
10 / 33
→
φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
11 / 33
→
φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
11 / 33
→
φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
11 / 33
→
φ ψ (φ → ψ)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
11 / 33
Am I lying?
12 / 33
Am I lying?
12 / 33
Am I lying?
12 / 33
Am I lying?
12 / 33
Am I lying?
12 / 33
Am I lying?
12 / 33
If pigs fly, then R
13 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’
I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system
14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’
I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system
14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’
I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system
14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’
I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system
14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’
I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system
14 / 33
Intended interpretations of ‘¬’ and ‘→’
I We needn’t say what ‘¬’ and ‘→’ mean to define the formal
language and system
14 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
‘→’:Conditionals
I if P, then Q
I P is the antecedent
I Q is the consequent
I (P → Q)
15 / 33
16 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
(S → X )
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
(S → X )
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
(S → X )
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
(S → X )
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
(S → X )
17 / 33
If Maria sings, Xavier will leave
I S: Maria sings
(S → X )
17 / 33
Synonyms of ‘if’
18 / 33
Synonyms of ‘if’
18 / 33
Synonyms of ‘if’
18 / 33
"if P, Q" = "Q if P"
19 / 33
"if P, Q" = "Q if P"
19 / 33
"if P, Q" = "Q if P"
19 / 33
‘only if’
I S: Maria sings
20 / 33
‘only if’
I S: Maria sings
20 / 33
‘only if’
I S: Maria sings
20 / 33
‘only if’
I S: Maria sings
(X → S)
20 / 33
From English to (φ → ψ)
I “If P, Q” P→Q
I “Q if P” P→Q
I “P only if Q” P→Q
I “Only if Q, P” P→Q
21 / 33
From English to (φ → ψ)
I “If P, Q” P→Q
I “Q if P” P→Q
I “P only if Q” P→Q
I “Only if Q, P” P→Q
21 / 33
From English to (φ → ψ)
I “If P, Q” P→Q
I “Q if P” P→Q
I “P only if Q” P→Q
I “Only if Q, P” P→Q
21 / 33
From English to (φ → ψ)
I “If P, Q” P→Q
I “Q if P” P→Q
I “P only if Q” P→Q
I “Only if Q, P” P→Q
21 / 33
From English to (φ → ψ)
I “If P, Q” P→Q
I “Q if P” P→Q
I “P only if Q” P→Q
I “Only if Q, P” P→Q
21 / 33
‘¬’: Negation
I P: Grass is green
I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’
22 / 33
‘¬’: Negation
I P: Grass is green
I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’
22 / 33
‘¬’: Negation
I P: Grass is green
I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’
22 / 33
‘¬’: Negation
I P: Grass is green
I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’
22 / 33
‘¬’: Negation
I P: Grass is green
I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’
22 / 33
‘¬’: Negation
I P: Grass is green
I ‘¬¬P’ symbolises ‘It is not the case that Grass is not green’
22 / 33
¬
φ ¬φ
T F
F T
23 / 33
¬
φ ¬φ
T F
F T
23 / 33
¬
φ ¬φ
T F
F T
23 / 33
Synonyms of ‘not’
24 / 33
Synonyms of ‘not’
24 / 33
Synonyms of ‘not’
24 / 33
Synonyms of ‘not’
24 / 33
Synonyms of ‘not’
24 / 33
Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired
25 / 33
Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired
25 / 33
Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired
25 / 33
Alfred is not tired.
I T: Alfred is tired
¬T
25 / 33
If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired
26 / 33
If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired
26 / 33
If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired
26 / 33
If Alfred sleeps, then it is not the case that he is tired.
I S: Alfred sleeps
I T: Alfred is tired
(S → ¬T )
26 / 33
If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.
27 / 33
If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.
27 / 33
If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.
27 / 33
If Alfred loves tautologies, then Alfred loves
tautologies.
I Z: Alfred loves tautologies.
(Z → Z )
27 / 33
If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
28 / 33
If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
28 / 33
If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
28 / 33
If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
28 / 33
If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
(S → (R → P))
28 / 33
If Alfred studies, then Alfred will pass if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
(S → (R → P))
28 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
(R → (S → P))
29 / 33
If Alfred studies then Alfred will pass, if he
concentrates.
I S: Alfred studies
I P: Alfred passes
I R: Alfred concentrates
(R → (S → P))
29 / 33
If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
30 / 33
If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
30 / 33
If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
30 / 33
If David buys wine, Jane won’t be happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
(W → ¬P)
30 / 33
Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.
31 / 33
Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.
31 / 33
Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.
31 / 33
Jane is happy only if David isn’t.
I P: Jane is happy.
I Q: David is happy.
(P → ¬Q)
31 / 33
It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
32 / 33
It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
32 / 33
It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
32 / 33
It is not the case that if David buys wine, Jane will be
happy.
I W: David buys wine.
I P: Jane will be happy.
¬(W → P)
32 / 33
33 / 33