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11
DISASTER READINESS
AND RISK REDUCTION

QUARTER 4
Week 4

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 1

SUBJECT & DRRR

QUARTER 4 WEEK 4 DAY _____________________________
GRADE/LEVEL 11 dd/mm/yyyy
TOPIC The Fire Hazards
9. Recognize elements of the fire triangle in different situations.
(DRR11/12-IIe-f-37)
LEARNING
10. Analyze the different causes of fires. (DRR11/12-IIe-f-38)
COMPETENCY
11. Observe precautionary measures and proper procedures in
addressing a fire accident. (DRR11/12-IIe-f-39)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on a separate
sheet. Do not forget to answer all the Self-Assessment Question (SAQs).

UNDERSTAND
The Fire Triangle

What does the fire triangle represent?

The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fires. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs
to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). Fire is the visible effect of the
process of combustion – a special type of chemical reaction. It occurs between oxygen in
the air and some sort of fuel.
The fuel must be heated to
its ignition temperature for
combustion to occur. The reaction
will keep going as long as there is
enough heat, fuel and oxygen.
This is known as the fire triangle.
Heat is energy that flows in
an object of high temperature to
an object of low temperature. It
should be an amount which is
enough to liberate the vapor from
the solid and liquid forms of fuel
and cause ignition. Heat can be
produced in many ways, both by
man and by nature. There are
three main ways in which heat can
be transferred: conduction,
convection, and radiation.
An oxidizing agent (also
called as oxidizer or oxidant) is an
element or a compound which
releases oxygen or other oxidizers
during chemical reaction. The
most common oxidizing agent is
oxygen. Air typically contains
approximately 21% oxygen. An oxidizing agent itself does not burn; rather it supports

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 2

combustion when combined with a fuel. Notably, the intensity of burning fire is proportional
to the concentration of oxygen. Interestingly, burning could actually occur in the absence of
oxygen as long as oxidizing agents such as the following are present: bromates, bromine,
chlorates, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, nitrates, nitric acid, percolates, peroxides, and
permanganates.
If one of the sides of the fire triangle is removed, a fire will not start, and a fire that is
already burning will go out. Fire-fighting relies on this principle. The fire will go out when the
fuel runs out, but it is often unsafe to leave a fire that long.

Did you know???

Definition of HAZARD based on

RA 10121: a dangerous
phenomenon, substance, human
life ,injury, or other health
impacts ,property damage ,loss
of livelihood and services ,social
and economic disruption or
environmental damage.

SAQ-1: What are the three elements that fire needs to burn?
SAQ-2: If the fire triangle is incomplete, would there be a fire? Why?

What causes fire?

Fires can be started in a number of ways, but they can be classified in five different
ways depending on the agent that fuels them: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and
Class K.

: fuels are ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, plastic, or anything that
leaves ash.

: Fuels are flammable or combustible liquids like petroleum oil, gasoline, paint,
and flammable gasses such as propane and butane Cooking oils and grease
are NOT part of class B.

Class C: Fuels are energized electrical fires like motors, transformers, and appliances.
Once the Power or source of electricity is removed. The fire becomes one of
the other classes of fire.

Class D: Fuels are combustible metals like potassium, sodium, aluminum, titanium, and
magnesium.

: Fuels are cooking oils, grease such as animal fat and vegetable fats.

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 3

Table 1: The Classes and Symbols of Fire for Burning Materials

Fighting Different Types of Fires

Fire can form as long as the fire triangle is present and there is chemical reaction
between the elements of the triangle. Different fire classes correspond to different fuel
types. The fuel of the fire triangle is the basis for the classification of the fires. This
classification is very useful in order to determine what substance or chemicals are
effective in extinguishing the fire.

– Making the fuel cool below ignition temperature can extinguish the fire. For this
type of fire, simply using water can put out the fire.

– This type of fire can be extinguished by forming blockade between oxygen

and the fuel, for instance, by applying a layer of foam. These fires are very
hazardous and usually are hard to extinguish by using only water.

Class C – Fires involved fuel that belong to either class A or Class B. This type of fire
requires knowledge of special techniques and agents (usually carbon
dioxide or dry chemical agents) required to be extinguished. Because of the
involvement of electricity, extinguishing this type of fire type by water is very
dangerous and out of the question.

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 4

Class D – Extinguishing such fires by using water is very difficult. The extremely high
temperatures of fire can cause hydrogen and oxygen to split which may result
in stronger combustion and even explosion. Salt-based special powders and
clean dry sand are effective in extinguishing such fires.

– Only a fully-protected fire fighter should deal with such fires.

SAQ-3: What are the different causes of fire?

Common Fire Hazards

Incendiary – designed to cause fires for

incendiary fire. Arson or the criminal act
of deliberately setting fire to property, it is
the unlawful act of intentionally burning
buildings, vehicles, farmland, and other
property using chemicals, bombs, and the
like to inflict damage for whatever reason.
While it is impossible to totally prevent
such a planned act, having somebody to
look over your property while you are not
around is helpful in preventing a fire form
happening.

Pyrotechnics – the art of making or

displaying fireworks

Spontaneous Combustion –ignition of

organic matter without apparent cause,
typically through heat generated internally
by rapid oxidation

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 5

What are the precautionary measures and procedures in addressing a fire

accident?
The BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list down the causes of fire as follows:

Table 2. Ways to Prevent Fire Accidents

COMMON CAUSES OF
PREVENTIONS
FIRE

 Inspect electrical cords and plugs for damages.

 Do not run electrical cords under rugs or heacy furnitures.
 Keep the cords and plugs out of reach of children and
Electrical Wiring
pets.
 Have a certified electrician examine the house’s electrical
system.

 Avoid octopus connection.

 Use original batteries and chargers for mobile devices.
Electrical Appliances
 Do not overcharge your mobile devices.
and Devices
 Unplug appliances or tun off the main power source when
leaving home.

 Pay attention to what you are cooking.

 Keep combustibles away from stove and other heat
sources.
Cooking Equipment  Always check LPG tank’s hose and cylinder for leaks.
 Make sure your cooking area is well ventilated.
 Keep your stove and LPG tank out of reach of children
and pets.

 Do not smoke in bed.

 Smoke in assigned areas.
Lighted Cigarette Butt
 Use big, deep ashtray to dispose cigarette butts.
 Never place an ashtray on or near anything that will burn.

 Never place them near heat sources.

Flammable Substances  Store them in cool ventilated area in tightly sealed
and Chemicals containers.
 Keep them out of reach of children and pets.

Precautionary Measures and Proper Procedures for Fires

 Get a fire alarm system – Installing an intelligent fire alarm system that can warn
you immediately of a fire incident before it becomes too large is the first step in fire
safety.
 Install fire extinguishers and fire blankets – Everyone in the family who is
capable of using fire extinguishers and fire blankets should familiarize themselves
with how to operate them.
 Practice safe cooking – Never leave a cooker unattended, especially if you are
deep frying using a cook-top cooking range. If a grease fire occurs, simply cover the
pan or pot with a metal pan lid or a cookie sheet to deprive the fire of oxygen.

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 6

 Keep watch on the fireplace – The chimney and the fireplace can potentially
cause a fire if you don’t use a spark guard.
 Teach children about fire safety – Prevent juvenile fire setting by teaching your
children safety rules regarding matches, candles, lighters, electric outlets, and heat
or flame-producing appliances.
 Don’t leave cigarettes lit – If you are a smoker, make sure that you put out the
cigarettes before leaving them behind.
 Appliances and power sources – Treat heat-producing appliances like stoves,
portable heaters, clothes dryers, ovens, and grills with care. Regularly check
electrical leads, outlets, and other power equipment for any signs of damage, and
remember never to overload them.
 Set fire drills – All family members should be educated about what to do in case a
fire does occur. Memorize the emergency numbers for fire department such as 117 /
991-2267 / 991-2313 / 991-2921.
 Stop, drop, and roll – If ever your clothing catches on fire, you should stop, drop,
and roll to extinguish the flames. While doing so, cover your face to prevent the
likelihood of facial injuries.

Key Word for Fire Safety

P PREVENTION is our first and most important step. The best way
to fight fire is to prevent it from happening.

A AWARENESS of causes and dangers of fire keeps us always

alert and prepared.

D DETECTION of fire at its very early stages, when it is still small, is

critical to keeping a fire under control.

R RESPONSE or REACTION should be quick and efficient with the

appropriate fire fighting tools.

E EVACUATION is our last resort when all plans fails.

SAQ-4: What are the precautionary measures to prevent fire accidents?

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 7

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on the separate sheets provided.)

Activity 1: THE FIRE HAZARDS

Directions: Given the fire accidents, recognize the element of the FIRE Triangle that may
be removed to prevent the fire in Column A, then identify the type of fire class
and write the symbol of that fire accidents in Column B, finally, analyse
specific precautionary measures and proper procedures to prevent fire
accidents in Column C.

COLUMN A COLUMN C
COLUMN B
(What ELEMENT of (Precautionary measures
(Type and
Fire Accidents the Fire Triangle to prevent fire accidents –
symbol of
must be removed to you may have more than
Fire class)
prevent the fire) one answer)
SAMPLE:
Liza left unattended HEAT – lit candle A  Don’t leave lit- candle
lighted candle near unattended.
the curtain and  Teach children fire
started to cause a safety
fire.

1. A man sprayed a
Multi Insect Killer
Spray near the
open gas stove
that cause fire.

2. House burned
due to electrical
faulty wiring.

3. A science
laboratory burned
due to
unattended
Bunsen burner

4. Lit cigarettes on
bed.

5. A child burns her

hand with
unattended frying
pan with hot
cooking oil.

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 8

ACTIVTY 2: FIRE STRIKES!

Directions: Read and analyze the cause of the fire. Then, answer the guide questions
below.

ZAMBOANGA CITY, Philippines (3rd UPDATE) – At least 15 people were killed and 12
injured when a pre-dawn fire razed the Zamboanga City public market in Barangay
Zone 1 on Saturday, October 31, 2016. Six of those killed were children, aged one to
10 years old. City Administrator Elmeir Apolinario said the fire was reported at around 3
am, and hit more than a hundred used clothing or ukay-ukay stores and vegetable
stores made of light materials. The victims were sleeping in the padlocked building
when the fire, believed to have been triggered by faulty electrical wiring, broke out,
Chief Inspector Joel Tuttuh told Agence France-Presse. Vendors and their families
regularly spend the night inside the decrepit market in the port city of Zamboanga to
watch over their merchandise, mostly used clothes and vegetables, he said. All but one
of the buildings many entrance and exit doors are left open for the night, he said. “The
victims were trapped in the burning building. They couldn't find their way out," Tuttuh
said.

Guide Questions:

1. What caused the fire? How did it start?

____________________________________________________________________
2. Which fire class could this be classified into?
____________________________________________________________________
3. Is it possible for the fire incident to be prevented?
____________________________________________________________________
4. If yes, what steps could the people have taken? (Give at least 2 concrete steps.)
____________________________________________________________________

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 9

REMEMBER
Key Points

 The FIRE TRIANGLE or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fires. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire
needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).
 Heat is energy that flows in an object of high temperature to an object of low
temperature.
 Fuel is any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance that can be burned. For combustion to
take place, fuels must first be converted into gaseous state.
 There are 5 fire classes: Class A: fuels are ordinary combustibles such as wood,
paper, plastic, or anything that leaves ash; Class B: Fuels are flammable or combustible
liquids like petroleum oil, gasoline, paint, and flammable gasses such as propane and
butane Cooking oils and grease are NOT part of class B; Class C: Fuels are energized
electrical fires like motors, transformers, and appliances. Once the Power or source of
electricity is removed. The fire becomes one of the other classes of fire; Class D: Fuels
are combustible metals like potassium, sodium, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium;
and Class K: Fuels are cooking oils, grease such as animal fat and vegetable fats.
 Precautionary Measures and Proper Procedures for Fires: (1) Get a fire alarm
system; (2) Install fire extinguishers and fire blankets; (3) Practice safe cooking; (4)
Keep watch on the fireplace; (5) Teach children about fire safety; (6) Don’t leave
cigarettes lit; (7) Appliances and power; (8) Set fire drills; and (9) Stop, drop, and roll.

TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
(Write your answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)

1. Which of the following should never be 4. The significance of the "fire triangle" lies
added to an electrical fire? in the fact that ______.
A. Water C. Carbon dioxide A. if you add hydrogen, you can
B. Sand D. fire blanket generate nuclear power
B. it links both theology and physics
2. Tim is filling his petrol mower and C. if you take away one of the elements,
accidentally spills some of the petrol. you can put out a fire
Which of the following should be added to D. oxygen is the most important element
the spillage to prevent fire? of fire
A. Sand
B. Carbon dioxide 5. What are the most appropriate labels for
C. Fire the fire triangle that is shown below?
D. Blanket
A. Cooling, removal,
3. Which of the following is NOT an element displacement
of fire triangle? B. Heat, fuel, oxygen
A. Oxygen C. Incipient, free burn,
B. Carbon dioxide smoldering
C. Heat D. Oil, Carbon dioxide,
D. Fuel hydrogen

WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Questions numbers 6-10, please refer to the
given illustration and situation.
Liza visited her grandmother’s house. She
observed some hazards that may cause a
fire. These are gas leaks that smell during
cooking and unattended lighted cigarette
butts by her uncle at the living room. Also,
she was alarmed by the extension wires that 12. What does the Fire Safety is composed
were overloaded with plugs and her aunt
used to forget to turn off the stove whenever
she is done cooking in the kitchen.
6. Classify the causes of fire according to
classification.
A. A: Class A ; B: Class B ; C:Class C ;
D: Class D
B. A: Class B ; B: Class K ; C: Class A ;
D: Class C
C. A: Class B ; B: Class D ; C: Class K ;
D: Class A
D. A: Class B ; B: Class C ; C: Class A ;
D- Class K
7. Which among the hazards may
immediately cause a fire?
A. Gas leaks during cooking
B. Overload extension wires
C. Unattended lit cigarettes
D. Unattended stove during cooking
8. What preventive measure would Liza do
for picture B?
A. Have a certified electrician examine the
house’s electrical system.
B. Unplug appliances or tun off the main
power source when leaving home..
C. Do not run electrical cords under rugs
or heacy furnitures
D. Pay attention to what you are cooking.
9. Which among the statements is TRUE
about the given illustration?
A. A, B, C, D can be extinguished only by a
fully protected fire fighter.
B. A, B, C, D can be extinguished by water
because this is extremely dangerous.
C. A, B, D can be extinguished by water for
this is less dangerous.
D. A, B, D cannot be extinguished by water
because this is extremely dangerous.
10
10. Arrange the causes of fire base on the
illustration given from less dangerous to
extremely dangerous.
A. D-A-B-C C. C-B-D-A
B. C-A-B-D D. C-D-B-A
11. One of the precautionary measures to
prevent fire is “Stop, drop, and roll”.
What fire incident can we apply this
rule?
A. During lightning.
B. When your clothes catch on fire.
C. When cooking stove being neglected.
D. Fire starts at the kitchen.
of?
A. Prevention, Awareness, Detection,
Response or Reaction, Evacuation
B. Protection, Alarm, Detection,
Response, Evacuation
C. Prevention, Awareness, Detention,
Response, Evacuation
D. Protection, Awareness, Detection,
Evacuation
13. How can you safely stop a fire during
cooking?
A. Use water.
B. If cooking oil starts to smoke, RUN!
C. Simply cover the pan or pot with a
metal pan lid.
D. Stop, drop and roll.
14. In observing fire safety and precautions,
what one should never leave
unattended?
A. Plugged warm flat iron
B. Lit candle at the altar
C. Cigarette butt
D. All of the above
15. For flammable substance or chemicals,
what should you do to prevent fire
incidents?
A. Keep them away from children and
pets.
B. Keep them near stoves for easy to
see.
C. Keep it slightly opened.
D. Leave it elsewhere.
WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I
TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 11

2021. Rappler. https://rappler.com/nation fire-zamboanga-city-july-26-

2018.
"At Least 15 Killed In Zamboanga Market Fire". 2015. Rappler.Com.
https://rappler.com/nation/killed-zamboanga-market-fire.
"BFP Operational Procedures Manual". 2015. Republic Of The
Philippines: Bureau Of Fire Protection. https://bfp.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads2015/09/BFP-Operational-Procedures-Manual.pdf.
Bornales, Krystelle. 2021. "FIRE TRIANGLE". Quizalize.
https://app.quizalize.com view quiz fire-triangle.
"FIRE SAFETY AND PREVENTION SEMINAR".
2018. Region12.Bfp.Gov.Ph. https://region12.bfp.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/GUIDE-FIRE-SAFETY-AND-
PREVENTION-SEMINAR.pdf.
"Five Common Causes Of Fire Incidents And How To Prevent Them".
2016. MEGAWORLD. https://www.megaworldcorp.com blog-five-
REFERENCES
common-causes-of-fire-incidents-and-how-to-prevent-them.
"How To Properly Use A Fire Extinguisher". 2015. FOREMOST
PROMOTIONS BLOG. https://www.foremostpromotions.com blog
what-do-the-symbols-on-your-fire-extinguisher-mean.
Knows, DRRR. 2018. "Precautionary Measures And Proper
Procedures For Fires". Carmelaochea.
https://carmelaochea.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/precautionary-
measures-and-proper-procedures-for-fires/.
"New Lenox Fire District". 2021. Facebook.Com.
https://www.facebook.com/NLFire/photos.
"Open Data Philippines". 2021. Data.Gov.Ph.
https://data.gov.ph/dataset/bfp-nationwide-fire-incidents-statistics-
cy-2012-2016/.
"Philippine Statistical Yearbook (PSY) | Philippine Statistics Authority".
2021. Psa.Gov.Ph. http://www.psa.gov.ph/products-and-
services/publications/philippine-statistical-yearbook.

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WRITTEN BY: MELANIE A. SORIA, SST-I

TALON-TALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL