COVERAGE:

 Cell Theory
 Cell Organelles
 Cell Cycle
 Cellular Modifications
 Tissues
 DNA Replication
 Diffusion
 Chromosomal Aberration

Cell Theory
3 Major Parts of the Cell Theory:
1. All organisms are made of cells
2. All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
3. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
These three parts were discovered between 1665-1838. It took over 173 years for the cell
theory to be formulated.

The 5 Contributors to the Cell Theory:

1. Robert Hooke
2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
3. Matthias Schleiden
4. Theodor Schwann
5. Rudolf Virchow

Robert Hooke
 Used the compound microscope to observe cork
 Investigated cork through experimenting with the compound microscope and came up
with the name cells
 Hooke discovered the cell in 1665 which started formulating the cell theory
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
 Anton Van’s microscope was more powerful than Hooke’s compound microscope
 He became one of the first scientists to refer to living cells when he observed an
abundant number of single-celled organisms, which he called animalcules (plant &
animal) swimming in a drop of pond water
Matthias Schleiden
 Used the compound microscope and studied plant cells.
 Projected plant parts are made of cells
  Discussed what he observed with his dear friend, Theodor.
Theodor Schwann
 Studied the similarities between the plant and animal cells
 He was able to determine that all animals are made of cells
 Published the 1st statement of the cell theory: all living things are made of cells and cell
products
Rudolf Virchow
 Stated that all cells come from preexisting cells, which is the 2 nd part of the cell theory:
all existing cells are produced by other living cells

Cell Organelles
 Nucleus- serve as the “brain”, controlling all cellular activities
 Cell Membrane- “the guard”, regulates what can be allowed to enter and exit the cell
through channels
 Mitochondrion- “apec”, supply and storage of energy for the cell
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- “clear skin”, lipid synthesis
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- with ribosomes, protein synthesis
 Golgi Apparatus- “tour guide”, directing proteins and lipids to their destination
 Lysosome- “suicidal”, intracellular digestion where the larger macromolecules are
degraded into smaller molecules with the help of enzymes
 Cytoplasm- cytoplasmic streaming helps in the distributions of various nutrients and
facilitates the movement of the cell organelles within the cell, hold all the organelles
(Cytosol- when organelles are not included)
 Chloroplast- produces the food that the plant need
 Centriole and Spindle Fibers- helps animal cell during cell division through producing
spindle fiber
 Ribosome- produce proteins from amino acids during a process called protein synthesis
 Cell Wall- it protects the cell and its contents

Plant Cell (3C)

 Chloroplast
 Cell Wall
 Central Vacuole
Animal Cell (1C)
 Centriole

Prokaryotic- before nucleus

Eukaryotic- true nucleus
 Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Nucleus X (nucleoid) 
DNA  
MBO X 
No. of Cell  
Multicellular X 

Plant vs. Animal

Difference in Shape

 Plant Cells are rectangular in shape

 Animal Cells are irregularly shape
Difference in Size

 Plant Cells are bigger compared to animal cell

Tissue
4 Types of Tissue:

 Epithelial Tissue (cover)

 Connective Tissue (connects)
 Muscular Tissue (movement)
 Nervous (conducts)

Epithelial Tissues
 Locate all throughout the body
 Covers the organs and lines body
 Anchored to a basement membrane
Function of Epithelial:

 Protection- skin
 Absorption- nutrients into the blood
 Filtration- waste from blood plasma, kidney
 Secretion- produce oil digestive enzymes and mucus
Types of Epithelial:
 Simple Cuboidal- single layer of cube-like cell
 Simple Columnar- made up of a row elongated cell
  Simple Squamous- flat-like cell
 Pseudostratified Columnar-
 Stratified Squamous-
 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium-
 Stratified Columnar-
 Transitional Epithelium-
 Glandular-

Connective Tissue
 Bind structures together, form a frame work and support for organs and the body as a
whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue
damage. They occur throughout the body.
Major Cell Types:

 Fibroblast- most common cell type, star shaped

 Macrophages- defend against infection
 Mast Cells- large and located near blood vessels
Connective Tissue Fibers

 Collagenous- made of protein collagen

 Elastic- made of protein elastic
 Reticular- thin collagenous fibers that form supportive networks in a variety of tissues
Skeletal
- Attached to the bone
- Controlled by conscious effort (voluntary)
- Contract from nervous impulse
- Cells are long and cylindrical, striated
Muscle Tissues
- Composed of cells to produce movement
- Tissues is highly cellular and is well supplied w/ blood vessels.
3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
a. Skeletal
b. Smooth
c. Cardiac

Nervous Tissue
 Control and regulate the functions of the body
 Found in the brain, spinal cords and the nerve
2 Types of Cells in a Nervous Tissue

 Neurons- information messenger, transmit information from the brain to the rest of the
nervous system
 Neuroglia- helper cells, provide nutrients and structural support to the neurons
Summary: (Tissues)
Epithelial- cover
Connective- connects
Nervous- conducts
Muscular

Skeletal Voluntary Bone Striated Many

Cardiac Involuntary Heart Striated 1
Smooth Voluntary Internal Organs Not Striated 1

Cell Modification
Sperm Cell
- It moves easily because of flagellum
- To fertilize eggs cells during reproduction
- Contains half the number of chromosomes
Root Hair Cell
- Found in the roots of the plant
- Absorb water for the plant
Red Blood Cell
- A biconcave shape
- Used to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
- They contain hemoglobin
- They lose their nucleus as they mature to increase surface area for gas exchange
Microvilli
- Finger like
- Found in small intestine
- It may sweep unwanted materials towards a resorptive area of the cell
Cilia and Flagella
- Whiplike or hairlike structure
- Cilia can be used for filtering air or for movement while flagella are used for
movement
Cell Cycle
 A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
The stages of the cell cycle (IPMAT)
I-interphase
P-prophase
M-metaphase
A-anaphase
T-telophase

M
Telophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Prophase

Cytokinesis
G1
G2S

Interphase
G1- grows rapidly, makes protein
S- DNA replicates
G2- preparation for mitosis

M-Phase
Mitosis- body cells
Meiosis- sex cells (sperm and egg cells)

Gap 0
- Resting phase
46 Meiosis- 23, 23, 23, 23
46 Mitosis- 46, 46

Chromosomal Aberration
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Trisomy 21
 Extra pair in chromosomal 21
 Down syndrome
 Translocation
 Nondisjunction- the older the mother the high risk of trisomy 21
Turners Syndrome
 Only for female
 Henry Turner named after
 4s chromosomes (x)f
Causes- nondisjunction
Symptoms- physical (short, obese), mental (difficult in special skills, math difficulty)
Types- monosomy x, mosaic turner syndrome, inherited turner syndrome
Trisomy 18
 Edward syndrome
Klinefelters Syndrome
 Males only affected
 XXY
 47 chromosomes
Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome
Chromosome # 5 pair
 Deletion (arm part)
 Not inherited
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
 Deletion of genetic material near the end of the short (p) arm of chromosome 4
DNA Replication
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
It coils because of proteins
Genotype- now you express gene (TT- dominant, tt-recessive)
Phenotype- tall, short
A=T
C=G
Enzymes
Helicase- unzipping enzymes
Primase- builder, initializer
Ligase- gluer, filler
SSB Proteins- prevent to coil
Cell Membrane
Polarity- (polar-polar) (non-polar- non-polar)
Lipids
Proteins – support, transport
Carbohydrates- signal

Diffusion
Simple Diffusion

 High concentration to low concentration- diffusion

Diffusion doesn’t need energy.
1. Simple Diffusion
- Solute (o2, co2, etc.)
- HC-LC
2. Osmosis
- Solvent (h2o)
- HC-LC
3. Facilitated Diffusion
4. Passive Transport -does not require energy
5. Active Transport- requires energy