BANDWIDTH OF NARROWBAND ❖ Introduction (Comparing FM with AM)

❖ Narrowband FM and PM

FM/PM SIGNALS
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel
Electrical Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
❖ Construction of Narrowband Frequency
and Phase Modulators

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 1

INTRODUCTION
Depending on the bandwidth, FM signals can be classified into:
 Narrowband
 Wideband FM signals
The general form of an FM/PM signal that results when modulating a signals 𝑚(𝑡) is
𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 ] 𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚 𝑡 ].
𝑡
where 𝑎 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
A narrowband FM or PM signal satisfies the condition
|𝑘𝑓 𝑎(𝑡)| ≪ 1 for FM and |𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)| ≪ 1 for PM,
such that a change in the message signal does not results in a lot of change in the
instantaneous frequency.

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 2

BANDWIDTH OF NARROWBAND FM/PM
𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒌𝒇 𝒂 𝒕
Starting with FM, to evaluate the bandwidth of this signal, we expand it using a power series
expansion. So, we define a slightly different signal
𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 .
Remember that

𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡
= 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒌𝒇 𝒂 𝒕 + 𝑗𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 ,
So 𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 .
Now we can expand the term 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡
in 𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 , which gives
𝑗 2 𝑘𝑓2 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑗 3 𝑘𝑓3 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑗 4 𝑘𝑓4 𝑎4 𝑡
𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 1 + 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 + + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 3

 𝑗 2 = −1
𝑗 3 = −𝑗

CONTINUE BANDWIDTH DERIVATION 𝑗 4 = +1

𝑗 5 = +𝑗
𝑗 6 = −1
𝑗 7 = −𝑗
𝑗 2 𝑘𝑓2 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑗 3 𝑘𝑓3 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑗 4 𝑘𝑓4 𝑎4 𝑡
𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 1 + 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 + + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!

𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑘𝑓2 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑗𝑘𝑓3 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑘𝑓4 𝑎4 𝑡

𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
2! 3! 4!

Since 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑎(𝑡) are real (𝑎(𝑡) is real because it is the integral of a real function 𝑚(𝑡)), and since
𝑅𝑒{𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 } = cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) and 𝑅𝑒 𝑗𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑗cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) =– sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡), then
𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑔ො𝐹𝑀 𝑡

𝑘𝑓2 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑘𝑓3 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑘𝑓4 𝑎4 𝑡

= 𝐴 cos 𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
2! 3! 4!

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 4

 BANDWIDTH OF NARROWBAND FM & PM
𝑘𝑓2 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑘𝑓3 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑘𝑓4 𝑎4 𝑡
𝑔𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos 𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
2! 3! 4!
Using the assumption for narrowband FM is (|𝑘𝑓 𝑎(𝑡)| ≪ 1), we get

𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 , when |𝑘𝑓 𝑎(𝑡)| ≪ 1.

The above signal is simply the addition (or actually the subtraction) of a cosine (the carrier) with a DSBSC signal
(but using a sine as the carrier). The signal that modulates the DSBSC signal is not 𝑚(𝑡) but its integration 𝑎(𝑡).
From Fourier transform properties, the bandwidth of a signal 𝑚(𝑡) and its integration 𝑎(𝑡) (and its derivative too)
are the same (verify this). Therefore, the bandwidth of the narrowband FM signal is

𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐵𝑊𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 = 2𝐵𝑊𝑚 𝑡 .

When the condition (|𝑘𝑓 𝑎(𝑡)| ≪ 1) is not satisfied, the bandwidth of the FM signal becomes higher that twice the
bandwidth of the message signal. Similar relationships hold for PM signals. That is

𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑝 𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 , when |𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)| ≪ 1, and

𝐵𝑊𝑃𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐵𝑊𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 = 2𝐵𝑊𝑚 𝑡 .

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 5
 • Narrowband FM is used in

CONSTRUCTION OF NARROWBAND •
telephone exchanges tandem.

FM broadcast service uses

FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATORS wideband FM to be discussed

in the next lecture.

The above approximations for narrowband FM and PM can be easily used to

construct modulators for both types of signals.
kf <<1 kp<<1
t a(t)
m(t)  ()d 
−
X kf m(t) X kp

sin(ct) sin(ct)

–/2  A gFM (NarrowBand)(t)

–/2  A gPM (NarrowBand)(t)

cos(ct) cos(ct)

Narrowband FM Modulator Narrowband PM Modulator

𝑔𝐹𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑝 𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 6