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Amplitude Modulation Modulation Full Chapter
Amplitude Modulation Modulation Full Chapter
Modulation
Introduction, Baseband vs. Carrier Modulation
◼ Baseband signals:
Voice (0 − 4𝑘𝐻𝑧)
TV (0 − 6 𝑀𝐻𝑧)
◼ A signal may be sent in its baseband
format when a dedicated wired
channel is available.
◼ Otherwise, it must be converted to
passband.
Note: the word modulation is also used for its English meaning without shifting frequencies, like in
PAM, PWM,PPM, PCM, DM which are all baseband signals to be discussed later
Class Objective:
• Def. DSBSC
• Modulation:
• In time
• In frequency
• Demodulation:
• In time
• In frequency
• Examples
𝑚(𝑡) X 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡
f
-2fc -fc -B +B fc 2fc
C(f )
1/2 1/2
Shift Left Shift Right
f
-2fc -fc -B +B fc 2fc
GDSBSC(f )
A/2 A/2
Bandwidth 𝐵 𝐻𝑧 ➔ 2𝐵 𝐻𝑧
USB: Upper Sideband (above 𝑓𝑐 )
LSB: Lower sideband (below 𝑓𝑐 )
To avoid overlap of the frequency spectrum, and
𝑚(𝑡) can be recovered,
𝑓𝑐 > 𝐵
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 11
DSBSC Demodulation 𝑒(𝑡)
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 X BW=𝐵 𝐻𝑧
◼ 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 (𝑡) × cos 𝜔c𝑡
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos2(𝜔𝑐𝑡)
𝑚 𝑡
𝑐(𝑡)
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 1 + cos 2𝜔𝑐𝑡
2
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)
• 𝑒 𝑡 = + cos(2𝜔𝑐𝑡)
2 2
𝑀 𝑓 1
◼ 𝐸 𝑓 + [𝑀(𝑓 – 2𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑐 )].
2 4
C(f )
1/2 1/2
E(f)
f
-2fc -B -2fc -2fc +B -B +B 2fc -B 2fc 2fc +B
HLPF(f)
f
-B +B
F(f)
A/2
f
-B +B
𝜋 𝜋
◼ A modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) is given by
𝑚 𝑡 = 2 cos 20𝑡 + cos 30𝑡 𝜔
−30 −20 20 30
◼ Sketch the spectrum of 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑀(𝑓)
◼ Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal 1 1
2𝑚 𝑡 cos 100𝑡 1 1
◼ Note the answer can be illustrated using PicoScope ® or Matlab® 2 2
◼ See similar example in the book 𝑓
15 10 10 15
− −
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
50
𝜔𝑐 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐 = 2
𝜋 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )
2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
𝑓
65 60 40 35 35 40 60 65
− − − −
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 14
Practice:
◼ A 100 kHz carrier cos(2𝜋 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 𝑡) is amplitude-modulated (DSBSC) by a signal 𝑚(𝑡) given as:
𝑚(𝑡) = 20 ⋅ cos(2𝜋 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 𝑡) + 16 ⋅ cos(4𝜋 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 𝑡)
◼ What frequencies are contained in the resultant modulated signal?
◼ Sketch the frequency spectrum of the resultant signal.
You can also sketch the double sided spectrum (magnitudes will be reduced to 5
& 4. You may also use the radian frequency and all deltas will be scaled by 2π.
Part 3:
Generation of AM signals (Modulator Circuits)
Class Objective:
• Introduction
1) Multiplier Circuits
2) Non-Linear Circuits
3) Switching Circuits
a) Diode-bridge
b) Ring Modulator
• Demodulation of DSBSC
𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑐𝑡)
m(t)
+ z(t) HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C q(t)
– y2(t) BW = 4B
x2(t) –
c(t)
+
Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
m(t)
+ z(t) HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C q(t)
– y2(t) BW = 4B
x2(t) –
c(t)
+
Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
∅ 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=0
◼ The information signal, 𝑚(𝑡), can therefore be, equivalently, multiplied by any periodic
function, and followed by BPF.
∞
𝑚(𝑡)∅ 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑛 𝑚(𝑡)cos(𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=0
◼ Spectrum of 𝑀(𝑓) is shifted to 0, ± 𝑓𝑐 , ± 2𝑓𝑐 , ± 3𝑓𝑐 , … , , ± 𝑛𝑓𝑐
◼ We can use a BPF with bandwidth of 2𝐵 𝐻𝑧 , and center frequency 𝑓𝑐 .
◼ Did we make things worse ?
◼ Let this periodic function be a train of pulses. Multiplication by a train of pulses can be realized
by simple switching.
1 2 1 1
𝑤 𝑡 = + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 5𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − ⋯
2 𝜋 3 5
1 2 1
𝑚 𝑡 ×𝑤 𝑡 =𝑚 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
2 𝜋 3
2
𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝜋
HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
c(t)
D2 D4
HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
c(t)
D2 D4
HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
𝑘𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑚(𝑡)
𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑤0 𝑡
4 1
= 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔𝑐 + ⋯
𝜋 3
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
c(t)
𝜋 𝜋 HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s
◼ Using a LPF D2
c(t)
D4
= 2B Hz
1
◼ = 𝑚 𝑡
𝜋
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 31
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel
Next:
AM Generation and Demodulation Circuits
Definition of AM
𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)
◼ Shift 𝑚(𝑡) by some DC value “𝐴” such that 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) ≥ 0. Or
𝐴 ≥ 𝒎𝒑 𝐴
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
|𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)|
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
GAM(f)
𝑃𝑚 𝑃
= 𝐴2 /2𝑚+ 𝑃 *Common mistakes
𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑚 𝑚
Practice:
𝑡
+ x1(t)
𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)
m(t) Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
y1(t)
D1 D3
x2(t) –
Non-Linear Device D2 D4
c(t)
+ a( . )+b( . )2
AM Generator m(t)
R BPF 𝑣𝑜v(𝑡)
o(t)
cos(ct)
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔 𝑐 𝑡)
◼ 𝐴 >> 𝑚(𝑡)
(to ensure switching at every period).
1 2 1
◼ 𝑣𝑅 (𝑡) = [𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)][ + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 − cos3𝜔𝑐𝑡 + … )]
2 𝜋 3
𝐴 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + ⋯.
2 𝜋
𝐴 2
◼ 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡
2 𝜋
other terms are suppressed by BPF.
m(t)
R BPF 𝑣𝑜vo(𝑡)
(t)
𝑉𝑅 (𝜔) cos(ct)
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
𝑉𝑜(𝜔)
1. Rectifier,
m(t)
2. Envelope [A+m(t)]cos(ct) LPF
R
1. Rectifier Detector
Because of the presence of a carrier term in the
received signal, switching can be performed in switching
the same way we did in the modulator.
Block DC (𝐴) by capacitor.
𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
[A+m(t)]cos(ct) C R vo(t)
[A+m(t)]cos(ct) C R vo(t)
Objectives:
▪ Definition
▪ Modulation
▪ Demodulation
▪ Phase and frequency mismatch
▪ Advantages and disadvantages of QAM
Part 5:
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (QAM)
HLPF()
m2(t)
X X BW = 2B
m2(t)/2
m2(t)sin(ct)
QUADRATURE
m1(t)cos(ct)sin(ct) + m2(t)sin2(ct)
modulator branch gQAM(t)=m1(t)cos(ct) + m2(t)sin(ct)
=m1(t)sin(2ct)/2 + m2(t)/2 – m2(t)cos(2ct)/2
QAM Modulator/Demodulator
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 53
Demodulation: Carrier Phase and/or Frequency Mismatch
m1(t)cos(ct)cos[(c+t+ + m2(t)sin(ct)cos[(c+t+
=(1/2)[m1(t)cos(t+) + m1(t) cos(2ct+t+) – m2(t)sin(t+) + m2(t)sin(2ct+t+)]
m1(t)cos(ct)
HLPF()
m1(t) X X (1/2)[m1(t)cos(t+) – m2(t)sin(t+)]
BW = 2B
cos(ct) cos[(c+t+
Phase Shifter Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 – /2 sin[(c+t+
HLPF()
m2(t) X X BW = 2B
(1/2)[m1(t)sin(t+) + m2(t)cos(t+)]
m2(t)sin(ct)
1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) = 2𝑢(𝑓) − 1 ➔ 𝑢(𝑓) = + 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓); 𝑢(−𝑓) = − 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)
2 2 2 2
1
𝑀+ (𝑓) = [ 𝑀(𝑓) + 𝑀(𝑓)𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)]
2
1
𝑀− (𝑓) = [𝑀(𝑓) − 𝑀(𝑓)𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)]
2
Comparing to from previous slide:
1 1
𝑚+ (𝑡) = [𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑗 𝑚ℎ(𝑡)] ↔ [𝑀(𝑓) + 𝑗 𝑀ℎ(𝑓)]
2 2
1 1
𝑚− (𝑡) = [𝑚(𝑡) − 𝑗 𝑚ℎ(𝑡)] ↔ [𝑀(𝑓) − 𝑗 𝑀ℎ(𝑓)]
2 2
We find
𝑀ℎ(𝑓) = − 𝑗 𝑀(𝑓) ∙ 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚ℎ(𝑡) ↔ 𝑀ℎ(𝑓)
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 62
Hilbert Transform
◼ 𝑚ℎ(𝑡) is known as the Hilbert Transform (HT) of 𝑚(𝑡).
◼ The transfer function of this transform is given by:
𝐻(𝑓) = −𝑗 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) |H()| = 1
H() = – jsgn()
= - sgn
–j /2
–/2
◼ It is basically a 𝜋/2 phase shifter
𝐺𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑓 = 𝑀+ 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀− 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐
𝑔𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚+ 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
1 −𝑗𝜔 𝑡
1
𝑔𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 + 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2 2
1 +𝑗𝜔 1
+2 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 − 𝑗𝑚 (𝑡)𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑡
2 ℎ
= 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
Selective Filtering
-C -2B +2B C
GDSBSC()
-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B
GUSB()
-5000 Hz -300 Hz 300 Hz 5000 Hz
USB USB
-C-2B C C C+2B
HLSB()
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c– B
-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B
GLSB()
LSB LSB
C -C+2B C-2B C
cos(ct)
m(t) (d)
gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –
+ or –
gLSB(t) if +
(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
– /2 X
mh(t)sin(ct)
mh(t)
SSB Modulator
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 70
Phase-shifting Method: Frequency-Domain Illustration
m(t)cos(ct)
X
(a)
cos(ct)
m(t) (d)
gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –
+ or –
gLSB(t) if +
(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
– /2 X
mh(t)sin(ct)
mh(t)
SSB Modulator
𝑓
−30 −20 20 30
𝜋
ii) 2𝑚 𝑡 cos(200𝜋𝑡) v) 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 is a phase shifted version of 𝑚 𝑡 by − 2
2 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 = 2sin(40𝜋𝑡) + sin(60𝜋𝑡)
𝐺𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )
2
𝐺𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 (𝑓)
1 1 1 1 vi) 𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 = 2cos(40𝜋𝑡) + cos(60𝜋𝑡) cos 200𝜋𝑡 −[2sin(40𝜋𝑡) + sin(60𝜋𝑡)]𝑠𝑖𝑛200𝜋𝑡
1 1
𝑓 = cos(2𝜋80𝑡) + cos(2𝜋120𝑡) + cos(2𝜋70𝑡) + cos(2𝜋130𝑡)
−120
2 2
-80 −70 70 80 120 130 1 1
−130
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 2𝜋80𝑡 − cos 2𝜋120𝑡 + cos(2𝜋70𝑡) − cos(2𝜋130𝑡)
2 2
iii) 𝐺𝑈𝑆𝐵 (𝑓) = 2 cos 2𝜋 120 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋 130 𝑡
1 1
1/2 1/2
𝑓
−120 120 130
−130
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 73
SSB Demodulation
Any DSBSC demodulation can be used (coherent)
HLPF()
gSSB(t)
(Upper or Lower
X BW = 2B
m(t)
Side bands)
cos(ct)
1
2𝑚 𝑡 2
𝑬 𝒕 ≈𝐴 1+
𝐴
Using polynomial expansion as in the appendix
𝑛 𝑛−1 2
1 + 𝑥 𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ ≈ 1 + 𝑛𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ≪ 1
2!
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
𝑬 𝒕 ≈ 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡), because 𝐴 ≪ 1, "𝐴” can be blocked.
For envelope detection AM requires 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚 𝑡 .
However , SSB+C requires 𝐴 ≫ 𝑚 𝑡 . (Efficiency Concern)
SSB is used in Telecom Channel Multiplexing between exchanges.
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 75
SSB FDM in Telephony: FDM Hierarchy
108 k 552 k
12 5
11 4
10 3
9 2
8 1 312 k
7
6 Supergroup
5
4 ◼ FDM is done in stages
3
Reduce number of carrier frequencies
More practical realization of filters
2 ◼ Group: 12 voice channels 4 kHz = 48 kHz
1 occupy the band 60-108 kHz
◼ Supergroup: 5 groups 48 kHz = 240 kHz
4
0 Group 60 k ◼
occupy the band 312-552
Mastergroup: 10 S-G 240 kHz = 2400 kHz
occupy the band 564-3084 kHz
cos(ct)
◼ Compare SSB with QAM.
SSB Demodulator (receiver)
less channel
-5000 Hz -300 Hz 300 Hz 5000 Hz
GDSBSC()
+2B C
m(t)cos(ct)
realizable. USB
-C-2B C
LSB
-C+2B
HUSB()
LSB
C-2B
USB
C C+2B
X
(a)
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c+B
cos(ct)
-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B (d)
GUSB()
m(t)
gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
USB USB
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –
+ or –
-C-2B C C C+2B
gLSB(t) if +
HLSB()
(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c– B
– /2 X
-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B mh(t)sin(ct)
GLSB()
SSB Modulator
-C -2B +2B C
GDSBSC()
- C C
HVSB()
- C C
GVSB()
- C C
X()
- C - C C C
HLPF()
- C C
M()
Amplitude Modulation - C C
Part 7:
VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND (VSB) MODULATION
Class Objective:
VERSION 3.0 1. Introduction & Definition
2. VSB Filter Design
• 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 2𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝐶 𝑡
2cos(ct)
• 𝐺𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶
• 𝐺𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 = 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 VSB Modulator (transmitter)
+𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 2𝜔𝐶
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 −2𝜔𝐶
2cos(ct)
• 𝑍 𝜔 = 𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 [𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 ]𝑀(𝜔)
VSB Demodulator (receiver)
1
• 𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 = ; |𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵
𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔−𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔+𝜔𝐶
HVSB()
- C C
Shifted filter
components
Shifting
Addition
Band of Signal
HVSB(-c) = 1/[HVSB(-c)+HVSB(+c)]
over the band of the signal only
1
𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶
Inversion
Band of Signal
- C C
HVSB()
- C C
GVSB()
- C C
X()
- C - C C C
HLPF()
- C C
M()
- C C
𝑓 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑖 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐻𝑖 𝜔 − 𝜔
𝐻𝑜 𝜔
Inversion
𝑓 𝑘𝐻𝑧
f
-fc
+fc
Carrier
Frequency
M()
-C C
GDSBSC()
-C
C
Carrier
Frequency
M() = F {m(t)}
-C C
F {m2(t)}
-C C
C.F. = 2c
Loop
(PLL)
Frequency
Divider
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 2
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑡 cos 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 -C -C C C
Y
𝑚2 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 1 + cos(2𝜔𝑐 )
2
2
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚2 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = + cos(2𝜔𝑐 𝑡) -C -C C C
2 2
Z
Signal Squaring Method -C -C C C
R
PLL
VCO
-C -C C C
B cos(ct+o)
𝐴𝐵
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0 = sin 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 + sin 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑜
2
r(t) =
m(t) cos(ct+i) Voltage Controlled w(t) z(t)
cos(ct+o) Narrowband
Oscillator
LPF X
(VCO)
𝑚 𝑡
𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 = cos 2𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑜 + cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
𝑚 𝑡
𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 = sin 2𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑜 + sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
𝑚 𝑡
𝑦1 𝑡 = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
𝑚 𝑡
𝑦2 𝑡 = sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
r(t) =
m(t) cos(ct+i) Voltage Controlled w(t) z(t)
cos(ct+o) Narrowband
Oscillator
LPF X
(VCO)
𝑚 𝑡
𝑦1 𝑡 = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) –/2
2
𝑚 𝑡 sin(ct+o)
𝑦2 𝑡 = sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2 x2(t) y2(t)
X LPF
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
𝑧 𝑡 = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2 2
𝐷
𝑚2 𝑡 𝑤(𝑡) = sin(2 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
𝑧(𝑡) = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) 8
4
𝑚2 𝑡 𝐴𝐵
𝑧(𝑡) = sin 0 + sin(2 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) Compare with PLL sin 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜
8 2
𝑚2 𝑡
𝑧(𝑡) = sin(2 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
8 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 93
Carrier Acquisition in SSB
Narrowband
m(t) cos(ct) x(t) y(t) Phase Locked z(t) 2:1 r(t)
2 BPF
(.) Loop Frequency
(PLL) Divider
C.F. = 2c
1
𝑚(𝑡) ֞ 𝑀(𝑓) 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 [𝑀(𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )]
2
Bandwidth Efficiency
Power Efficiency
Ease of reception (non-coherent)
Ease of implementation (transmitter)
DSBS 𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 =
1
; |𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵 C
𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔−𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔+𝜔𝐶 VS
B+c 𝐴 ≫ 𝑚𝑝
VS DSB+C 𝐴
𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 +
1
𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
B Types
AM 2 2
of AM
𝐴 ≫≫ 𝑚𝑝 SS
Dr. 𝑚𝑝
B+c 𝜇= . 0≤𝜇≤1
SS Muqaibel
QAM
𝐴
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑚
B Power efficiency = 𝜂 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
=
𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠
= 2
𝐴 +𝑃𝑚
100%
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
+ Bandwidth Efficiency: Transmit two signals (each of bandwidth 𝐵) at 2𝐵. 𝑔𝑄𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚2(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
- Requires coherent demodulation with exact phase and frequency.
- Requires co-located messages.
Dr. Ali Muqaibel