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22 PulseModulation
22 PulseModulation
Dr. G.Aarthi,
Associate Professor, School of Electronics Engineering
Pulse Modulation
• Continuous-wave (CW) modulation (recap):
• A parameter of a sinusoidal carrier wave is varied continuously in
accordance with the message signal.
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
• Pulse Modulation:
• Analog pulse modulation: A periodic pulse train is used as a carrier.
The following parameters of the pulse are modified in accordance with
the message signal. Signal is transmitted at discrete intervals of time.
• Pulse amplitude
• Pulse width
• Pulse position
• Digital Pulse Modulation: Message signal represented in a form that
is discrete in both amplitude and time.
• The signal is transmitted as a sequence of coded pulses and No continuous wave in this form
of transmission
Analog Pulse Modulation
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• Amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses varied in proportion to the
corresponding sampled values of a continuous message signal.
• Pulse-amplitude modulation is similar to natural sampling, where the
message signal is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses.
• In natural sampling the top of each modulated rectangular pulse varies
with the message signal.
PAM Signal
Other forms of Pulse Modulation
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
• Also referred to as Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) where
samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of
the individual pulses in the carrier.
Modulating Multiplier
Signal
Low PAM
Pass Signal
Filter
Pulse
train
generator 6
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• Depending upon the shape and polarity of the sampled pulses,
PAM is of two types,
• Natural PAM sampling occurs when top portion of the pulses are
subjected to follow the modulating wave.
7
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• Flat topped PAM sampling is often used because of the ease of
generating the modulated wave. In this pulses have flat tops after
modulation.
8
PAM Detection
• The PAM signal can be detected by passing it through a low pass
filter.
9
9
PAM Advantages
• The maximum of the input signal should be less than that of sawtooth
signal.
• PWM pulses occur at regular interval, its rising edge coinciding with the
falling edge of sawtooth signal.
• When sawtooth signal is at its minimum, which is always less than the
minimum of input signal, the +ve input of the comparator is at higher
potential and hence comparator output is positive.
• When the sawtooth signal rises with a fixed slope and crosses input signal
value, the –ve input of the comparator is at a higher potential and the
comparator output is –ve.
• The duration for which the comparator stays at high is thus dependant on
input signal magnitude and this decides on the width of the pulse
generated.
Pulse Width Demodulation
• The regenerated PWM pulses are also applied to a ramp generator. At the
output of it, we get a constant slope ramp for the duration of the pulse. The
height of the ramp is thus proportional to the width of the PWM pulses.
• At the end of the pulse, a sample and hold amplifier retains the final ramp
voltage until it is reset at the end of the pulse.
• The constant amplitude pulses at the output of reference pulse generator
are then added to the ramp signal.
Pulse Width Demodulation
• Due to the variable pulse width, the pulses have variable power
contents. Hence, the transmission must be powerful enough to
handle the maximum width, pulse, though the average power
transmitted can be as low as 50% of this maximum power.
• In order to avoid any waveform distortion, the bandwidth required
for the PWM communication is large as compared to bandwidth of
PAM.
Pulse Width Modulation-Applications
• The vertical dotted lines drawn are treated as reference lines to measure
the shift in position of PPM pulses.
• The PPM pulses marked 1, 2 and 3 go away from their respective
reference lines. This is corresponding to increase in the modulating
signal amplitude.
• Then, as the modulating voltage decreases, the PPM pulses 4, 5, 6, 7
come progressively closer to their respective reference lines.
Generation of PPM Signal
• Used in non coherent detection where a receiver does not need any
Phase lock loop for tracking the phase of the carrier.