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12
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CAPS

Physical Sciences

Physical Sciences 2-in-1

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Retha Louw

2-in-1

Retha Louw
Grade 12 Physical Sciences 2-in-1 CAPS
TEST & EXAM PREPARATION

This Grade 12 Physical Sciences 2-in-1 book includes all Grade 12 content relevant to the matric exams. The first section of this
study guide focuses on a wide range of questions and answers per topic that are graded according to difficulty. The second
section contains recent National and IEB exam papers – CAPS or adapted for CAPS – to prepare learners extensively for their
final matric exams.

Key features:

• Carefully selected questions and detailed answers per topic

• 10 exam papers and memos, all with explanations and handy hints

This book is an invaluable tool for consolidation and understanding of the study material as a whole throughout the year,
while ensuring optimum, thorough exam preparation.
 12
GRADE

Physical Sciences
CAPS Retha Louw

2-in-1

THIS STUDY GUIDE INCLUDES

Also available

1 Questions and Answers per Topic

GRADE 12
• Mechanics
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
3-in-1 • Matter and Materials
• Waves, Sound and Light
Comprehensive notes,
questions & answers per topic • Chemical Change
• Electricity and Magnetism
• Chemical Systems

2 Exam Papers and Memos

E-book
available

2015 publication | 2021 edition | ISBN: 978-1-920568-72-6 170921 | TAS

 CONTENTS
 The Grade 12 Final Exam ................................................................................ i Exam Papers & Memos

Questions Memos
Topic-based Questions & Answers
Paper A1 & A2
Questions Answers
 National November 2013 (adapted for CAPS) .............. 163 203
Mechanics
 Questions per topic .................................................... 1 93
Paper B1 & B2
 Test 1 ......................................................................... 15 106
 National March 2014 (adapted for CAPS) ..................... 170 209
 Test 2 ......................................................................... 18 109
Matter and Materials: Chemistry Paper C1 & C2
 Questions per topic..................................................... 21 112
 IEB November 2013 & Exemplar 2014 (adapted)........ 176 213
 Test 1 ......................................................................... 26 116
 Test 2 ......................................................................... 28 117 Paper D1 & D2
Matter and Materials: Physics  National November 2014 ............................................ 185 220
 Questions per topic ..................................................... 32 118
 Test ............................................................................. 36 121 Paper E1 & E2

Waves, Sound and Light  IEB November 2014 ................................................... 193 225
 Questions per topic ..................................................... 38 122
 Test ............................................................................. 42 125

Chemical Change
 Questions per topic..................................................... 44 126
 Test 1 ......................................................................... 62 142 Annexures at the Back of the Book
 Test 2 ......................................................................... 66 143
 Gr 12: Physical Constants and Formulae .......................................................ii
Electricity and Magnetism
 Questions per topic ..................................................... 70 145  Standard Reduction Potentials ...................................................................... iii
 Test 1 ......................................................................... 80 155
 Test 2 ......................................................................... 83 157  The Periodic Table of Elements ...................................................................... iv
Chemical Systems
 Questions per topic..................................................... 87 159
 Test ............................................................................ 91 162
 4
4: CHEMICAL CHANGE
QUESTIONS

2.1 Explain why HF has a higher melting point than that 4.1 Calculate the heat of this reaction (enthalpy change).
Intermolecular and of HC.
4.2 Determine the value of the activation energy in this
Intramolecular Forces 2.2 Give a reason for the trend of increasing melting case.
points in the group VII hydrides from HC to HI.
4.3 What effect will the addition of a catalyst have on
Question 1 Question 3
the value in Question 4.2?
1.1 Distinguish between the terms: Consider the following list of substances at 4.4 Is energy released or absorbed during this reaction?
1.1.1 interatomic forces room temperature:
1.1.2 intermolecular forces 4.5 How much energy does the activated complex
A. CC4 B. I2 C. H2O contain?
1.2 What is meant by: D. NaC E. HC
1.2.1 dipole-dipole forces? Question 5
In answering the question you may use a substance more
1.2.2 induced dipole forces? Study the following two reactions:
than once.
1.3 Name the types of forces occurring between the A X + Y  R + S (H = - 200 kJ·mol-1)
Choose from the list: (Only write down the letters.)
following substances:
3.1 a non-polar solvent
1.3.1 CO2 molecules and H2O molecules in a The activation energy of reaction A is equal to 350 kJ·mol-1.
INTERMOLECULAR AND INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES

sample of soda water 3.2 a molecular solid B C + D  E + F (H = 150 kJ·mol-1)

1.3.2 atoms of liquid neon 3.3 a molecular substance that will form ions when it
1.3.3 HC molecules dissolves in water The activation energy of reaction B is equal to 600 kJ·mol-1.
1.3.4 sodium fluoride (NaF) and the H2O 3.4 a substance that will dissolve well in the solvent Answer the following questions:
molecules in which it is dissolved named in Question 3.1
5.1 Are the reactions above exothermic or endothermic?
1.4 Name the most important intermolecular forces 3.5 a substance with strong hydrogen bonds between
between molecules of the same type in the following its particles 5.2 What is meant by the term activation energy?
substances:
3.6 the substance with the highest boiling point 5.3 What can we deduce about the rate of the reactions
1.4.1 O2 1.4.2 CH3Br
from the information supplied?
1.4.3 HF 1.4.4 C2H2 (ethyne)
5.4 Give an equation whereby the H value may be
Question 2 Energy and determined.
Consider the following table and graph which displays the
melting points of Group VII hydrides:
Chemical Change 5.5 What can be done to reduce the amount of activation
energy involved in a reaction?
- 25
Melting points (ºC)
Question 4 Question 6
Melting point (ºC)

HF - 83 - 50
The graph shows the change in Ep over time for the In a limited supply of oxygen, such as in a car which is not
HC -115 -75 chemical reaction: NH4HS(g)  H2S(g) + NH3(g) tuned properly, octane burns incompletely to produce,
HBr - 89 amongst others, carbon monoxide. The following balanced
-100
HI - 51 50 chemical equation represents the reaction during which
40 carbon monoxide forms:
Ep (kJ)

-125
30
0 20 2C8H18() + 17O2(g)  16CO(g) + 18H2O(g) H < 0
1 2 3 4 5 10
Period 0 t (s)
Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal 44
The potential energy versus the course of reaction can be
represented by the following graph. Rate and Extent of Reaction
8.4 The yield of NH3(g) at equilibrium in the Haber
process is 40% at a certain temperature and
4
pressure. If a catalyst is added, at the same

QUESTIONS
activated
complex temperature and pressure, the yield of NH3(g)
Multiple choice questions would be . . .

Potential energy
Question 8 A 40% and obtained more rapidly.

Ep (kJ.mol-1)
8.1 Consider the accompanying B 40% and obtained in the same time.
graph. Which of the
reactants following reactions C higher than 40% and obtained more rapidly.
products could be represented D higher than 40% and obtained in the same time.
Course of reaction on the graph?
Course of reaction
Reaction X: 8.5 Two learners, X and Y, prepared hydrogen gas in the
6.1 By comparing the activation energies of the forward laboratory by adding hydrochloric acid to an excess of
2+ 2-
and reverse reactions, explain whether it will be CaCO3(s)  Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) H > O magnesium. The equation for the reaction is:
easier to form products from reactants or reactants
Reaction Y: The combustion of methane gas. Mg(s) + 2 HC (aq)  MgC2(aq) + H2(g) H < 0
from products.
A Only X B Only Y
6.2 Use the chemical equation above and give a reason Each learner was given the same mass of Mg and
why vehicles that are not properly tuned are a C Both X and Y D Neither X nor Y the same volume of HC. Their results were tabulated
health hazard. as follows:
8.2 The decomposition of water can be represented by
6.3 Redraw the graph and indicate how a catalyst will the following chemical equation:
accelerate both the forward and reverse reaction. Time (minutes) 1 2 3 4
2H2O(g)  2H2(g) + O2(g) H = + 571,8 kJ·mol-1
Learner X Volume of H2 (cm3) 20 30 35 35
Question 7 Use the chemical equation to deduce the magnitude
and nature of the heat of reaction that produces Learner Y Volume of H2 (cm3) 30 35 40 40
A catalyst speeds up the rate of a reaction. This behaviour
2 mol water.
of a catalyst can be explained in terms of activation The reason for the different volumes that X and Y
energy and the collision theory. A H = - 571,8 kJ C H = -1 143,6 kJ
obtained is: Y had used:
B H = + 571,8 kJ D H = +1 143,6 kJ
number of particles A a catalyst.
8.3 Consider the following equation of an exothermic
Number of

with enough energy

particles

reversible reaction: B a higher concentration of HC then X.

to react
2 NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) H < 0 C powdered magnesium.

RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION

Which one of the following graphs best represents the D a higher temperature than X.
Energy changes in potential energy for the forward reaction?
activation energy 8.6 Hydrogen gas is prepared by reacting zinc granules
with an excess of a 1 mol·dm-3 hydrochloric acid
7.1 The diagram above shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann (HC) solution.
distribution curve for a certain reaction. Ep Ep
Which ONE of the following will NOT increase the rate
7.1.1 Explain in terms of the collision theory and of the reaction?
activation energy, how a catalyst influences the Reaction coordinate Reaction coordinate
rate of a reaction. A B A heating the acid
7.1.2 Redraw the above distribution curve and show B using zinc powder
the new activation energy on the diagram when
a catalyst is added to the reaction mixture. C using 1,5 mol·dm-3 HC solution
Ep Ep
7.2 When milk is left at room temperature, it spoils rapidly. D doubling the volume of the HC solution
However, in a refrigerator, it stays fresh for a longer
time. Use the collision theory to explain this Reaction coordinate Reaction coordinate
observation. C D
45 Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal
 4 8.7 Consider the following reaction between magnesium
ribbon and a solution of sulphuric acid:
8.10 The energy distribution diagrams for particles in a
fixed mass of gas at two different temperatures, T1
10.3 Use the graph below and your knowledge of collision
theory to answer this question.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)  MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) and T2, are shown below.
QUESTIONS

Fraction of molecules with

Which ONE of the following will cause the rate of

a given kinetic energy

T1

Number of particles
production of H2(g) to be reduced? T1 T2 > T1
A adding more magnesium ribbon
T2 T2 minimum kinetic energy
B adding water to the reaction mixture needed for a reaction
C increasing the temperature at which the reaction to take place
takes place
D using magnesium powder instead of magnesium
ribbon without changing the mass of magnesium
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy
8.8 Which ONE of the following graphs of rate of reaction
versus time is typical of a reaction between an excess Which ONE of the following is the correct Why does an increase in pressure speed up a
of hydrochloric acid and a sample of powdered interpretation of the diagrams as the temperature reaction involving a gas? Explain your answer.
magnesium? of the gas changes from T1 to T2?
Question 11
Activation energy Number of effective
(EA) collisions Consider the following three chemical equations in which
Rate

Rate

hydrochloric acid (HC) of concentration 1 mol·dm- 3

A remains the same increases reacts with zinc (Zn) metal.
Time Time B decreases decreases
A B C decreases increases A 2HC(aq) + Zn(s) (chunks) 
20ºC
 ZnC2(aq) + H2(g)

D remains the same decreases B 2HC(aq) + Zn(s) (powder) 

20ºC
 ZnC2(aq) + H2(g)
Rate

Rate

C 2HC(aq) + Zn(s) (powder) 

30ºC
 ZnC2(aq) + H2(g)
Time Time
Factors that Influence Reaction Rate
C D 11.1 In which reaction (A, B or C) is hydrogen gas (H2)
8.9 Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a heterogeneous Question 9 produced at the highest rate?
catalyst that is used to accelerate the oxidation Define:
of SO2 gas. 11.2 Give TWO reasons for your answer to
RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION

9.1 enthalpy 9.2 reaction heat (H)

Question 11.1.
Which graph best illustrates the change in the amount
of V2O5 during the chemical reaction? 9.3 exothermic reaction 9.4 reaction rate 11.3 State TWO ways, other than those mentioned in
Question 11.2, of increasing the rate of hydrogen
Question 10 production in Reaction B.
Amount of

Amount of
catalyst

catalyst

Collision theory can be used to explain how different factors

affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Question 12
A learner places a few zinc (Zn) granules in a test tube and
Time Time 10.1 Name TWO conditions that determine whether a covers it with dilute hydrochloric acid (HC). The following
A B collision between two molecules, A and B, will lead to
reaction takes place:
a chemical reaction.
Amount of

Amount of
catalyst

catalyst

Zn(s) + 2HC(aq)  ZnC2(aq) + H2(g)

10.2 In general a teaspoonful of sugar dissolves much
quicker in hot water than in the same amount of cold How would the rate at which hydrogen (H2) gas is formed
water. Will the rate of a chemical reaction always be affected if: (Write down only increases, decreases or
Time Time increase as the temperature increases? remains the same)
C D

Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal 46

12.1 a larger volume of HC of the same concentration
is used.
13.2 Investigation B:
The learners conduct two experiments using the
13.4 The graph below shows changes in the potential
energy for the reaction between calcium carbonate
4
conditions as shown in the table below. and hydrochloric acid.

QUESTIONS
12.2 a few pieces of copper are added.
Conc. of

Potential energy
12.3 the reaction takes place at a lower temperature. Mass State of Temp. of A
HC
CaCO3(g) CaCO3(g) HC (ºC)
12.4 the test tube is shaken. (mol·dm-3)

(kJ)
Exp. 3 2 chunks 0,2 25 B
12.5 zinc powder is used.
Exp. 4 2 chunks 1,0 25 C

Question 13
13.2.1 Identify the independent variable in this Course of reaction
Learners perform three investigations (A, B and C) to study investigation.
three factors which affect the rate of chemical reactions.
They use the reaction between solid calcium carbonate 13.2.2 Write down a hypothesis for this 13.4.1 Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?
investigation. Give a reason for the answer.
(CaCO3) and excess hydrochloric acid (HC) solution,
represented by the balanced equation below, in all three 13.2.3 Is it fair to compare results obtained in 13.4.2 Use the relevant energy values, A, B and C,
investigations. Experiment 3 with that in Experiment 4? to write down an expression for each of the
Give a reason for the answer. following:
CaCO3(s) + 2HC(aq)  CaC2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
13.2.4 The reactions in Experiments 3 and 4 both (a) the energy of the activated complex
Excess hydrochloric acid is used and the calcium run to completion. How will the yield of
carbonate is completely covered in all the investigations. CO2(g) in Experiment 3 compare to that in (b) ∆H for the forward reaction
Experiment 4? Write down only larger than,
13.1 Investigation A: smaller than or equal to and give a reason Reaction Rate Graphs
The learners conduct two experiments using the for the answer.
Question 14
conditions as shown in the table below.
13.3 Investigation C: Sharon conducts an experiment
The learners conduct two experiments using the to investigate the various factors
Mass State of Conc. of HC Temp. of 242,3456 g
conditions as shown in the table below. that influence the rate of
CaCO3(g) CaCO3(g) (mol·dm-3) HC (ºC)
chemical reactions.
Exp. 1 2 powder 0,2 25 Conc. of
Mass State of Temp. of
Exp. 2 2 chunks 0,2 25 HC She places a sample of calcium carbonate in a beaker.
CaCO3(g) CaCO3(g) HC (ºC)
(mol·dm-3) The beaker is placed on a sensitive balance and an

RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION

13.1.1 Which factor influencing reaction rate is Exp. 5 4 powder 0,2 25 excess of hydrochloric acid (HC) is added.
investigated? Exp. 6 4 powder 0,2 35
Sharon repeats the experiment a number of times under
13.1.2 Write down an investigative question for this different conditions, each time with the same volume of HC
investigation. 13.3.1 How does the average kinetic energy of the
in excess.
particles in the reaction in Experiment 5
13.1.3 The learners now repeat Experiment 1, but compare to that in Experiment 6? Write down The following table summarises the different experimental
use 4 g of calcium carbonate in excess acid, only higher than, lower than or equal to. conditions of four of her experiments (numbered 1 - 4).
instead of 2 g. They find that the rate of the
13.3.2 On the same set of axes, draw sketch graphs
reaction increases.
of the number of molecules versus the kinetic Exp. Mass Conc. HC Temp. State of
Give a reason why the rate increases. energy (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution no. CaCO3(g) (mol·dm-3) of HC (ºC) CaCO3(s)
curves) for each of Experiment 5 and
1 10 2 25 granules
Experiment 6.
2 10 2 15 granules
 Label the axes.
3 20 2 25 granules
 Clearly label each graph as Experiment 5
or Experiment 6. 4 10 2 25 powder

47 Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal

 4 During each experiment the mass of the beaker and its
contents is recorded every minute.
15.1.3 The factor responsible for increasing the rate
of a reaction when a solid is broken up into
The graph below is obtained from the results.

smaller pieces. Graph of 1 versus temperature

The graphs below indicate the changes in mass of the
QUESTIONS

time
beaker and its contents during the reaction, as a function of 15.1.4 The temporary unstable state that is formed 0,08
time, for the four experiments: during the course of a chemical reaction.
15.1.5 A measure of the average kinetic energy of 0,06
the particles in a gas.
Graph A
15.1.6 The net amount of energy released or 1 (s-1)
and contents (g)

0,04
Mass of beaker

time
Experiment 1 absorbed during a chemical reaction.
15.2 Learners use hydrochloric acid and a sodium 0,02
thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution to investigate the
Graph B relationship between rate of reaction and 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature. The reaction that takes place is
Graph C Temperature (ºC)
represented by the following equation:
Time in minutes 5
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HC(aq)  15.2.6 What is represented by 1 on the vertical
time
14.1 Give a reason for the decrease in mass as each 2NaC(aq) + S(s) + H2O() + SO2(g) axis?
reaction progresses. 3
They add 5 cm dilute hydrochloric acid solution to 15.2.7 What conclusion can be drawn from the
14.2 Why are all the graphs straight lines after five
50 cm3 sodium thiosulphate solution in a flask. It is results obtained?
minutes?
placed over a cross drawn on a sheet of white paper,
14.3 Which ONE of the graphs A, B or C, represents the as shown in the diagram below. The temperature of Question 16
results of: the mixture is 30ºC.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) undergoes decomposition to
14.3.1 Experiment 2 form water and oxygen gas. Usually this is a slow process,
flask
14.3.2 Experiment 3 but the reaction can be catalysed by using one of a number
14.3.3 Experiment 4 of substances.
Na2S2O3(aq) + HC (aq)
Question 15 Michael and Thembi are working on a school project to
white paper
evaluate three different catalysts to see how effectively they
15.1 Collision theory explains why chemical reactions work to bring about this decomposition. They have been
occur and why they take place at different rates. They measure the time it takes for the cross to asked to rank the 3 catalysts in terms of how quickly they
Some of the terms used in collision theory and become invisible. The experiment is repeated with bring about the decomposition.
RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION

reaction rate are given below. the temperature of the mixture at 40ºC, 50ºC and
60ºC respectively. The catalysts that they have been asked to evaluate are
effective activated 15.2.1 Write down a possible hypothesis for this MnO2 powder, PbO2 powder and Fe2O3 powder.
surface area; catalyst;
collision; complex; investigation.
16.1 Formulate an appropriate hypothesis for the
heat of activation 15.2.2 Write down the name or formula of the investigation.
concentration; temperature;
reaction; energy product that necessitates working in a
well-ventilated room. 16.2 Suggest a suitable physical quantity that Michael
Give ONE term, from the list above, for each of the and Thembi will measure in order to carry out the
15.2.3 Apart from the volume of the reactants, state
following descriptions. Write down only the term next experiment.
ONE other variable that must be kept constant
to the question number (15.1.1 - 15.1.6).
during this investigation.
15.1.1 A chemical substance that speeds up the rate 16.3 Write down a suitable method for Michael and
15.2.4 Write down the name or formula of the Thembi to follow. (Use point form.)
of a chemical reaction by lowering the net
product that causes the cross to become
activation energy.
invisible.
15.1.2 A collision in which the reacting particles 15.2.5 Why is it advisable that the same learner
have sufficient kinetic energy and the correct observes the time that it takes for the cross
orientation. to become invisible?
Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal 48
 After repeating the experiment, they get the following
results:
17.3 Use your answer to Question 17.2 to show that
the average reaction rate during the 8 minutes is
18.3 Consider the following chemical equilibrium:
4
1,9 g∙min-1 of CO2 produced. CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H > 0

QUESTIONS
MnO2 1st reading 4,8 s; PbO2 1st reading 7,2 s;
17.4 Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate used during The concentration of the CO2(g) can be increased
Fe2O3 1st reading 11,3 s; MnO2 2nd reading 5,2 s;
PbO2 2nd reading 6,9 s; Fe2O3 2nd reading 11,7 s;
the 8 minutes. by . . .
MnO2 3rd reading 5,4 s; PbO2 3rd reading 7,1 s; 17.5 Use collision theory to explain how the rate of A adding more CaO(s).
Fe2O3 3rd reading 11,5 s the above reaction will change when powdered
calcium carbonate is used instead of calcium B adding more CaCO3(s).
16.4 Use the data to tabulate the results and calculate carbonate chunks. C increasing the pressure.
the average time taken to complete the reaction for D increasing the temperature.
each catalyst.
16.5 What observation could Thembi and Michael Chemical Equilibrium 18.4 In the Haber process for the preparation of ammonia,
correctly make about the data in the table? N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) H < 0, a high yield of
Multiple choice questions ammonia is obtained by using . . .
16.6 Draw a rough sketch of volume O2(g) formed versus
A a high pressure.
time for each of the catalysts on the same set of Question 18

Reaction rate
axes. Clearly label each graph. B a high temperature.
18.1 Pure hydrogen iodide is
placed in a sealed C platinum as catalyst.
16.7 Write a suitable conclusion for this experiment.
container. The hydrogen D vanadium(V) oxide as catalyst.
Question 17 iodide reacts as follows:
2HI(g)  H2(g) + I2 (g) 8 10
18.5 Consider the equation below:
A certain mass of calcium carbonate chunks is added to a
∆H > 0 Time (minutes)
hydrochloric acid solution in an open beaker on a scale as CaO(s) + SO2(g)  CaSO3(s)
shown below. The equation for the reaction is as follows: Equilibrium is reached after eight minutes. After a
CaCO3(s) + 2HC(aq)  CaC2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) further two minutes, a sudden change in conditions If the equilibrium concentration of SO2(g) at 25ºC is
causes the rate of both the forward and reverse equal to x mol·dm-3, the value of the equilibrium
CO2(g) is allowed to escape from the beaker. The data reactions to increase by the same amount. The constant at this temperature will be equal to:
in the table below was obtained for a time interval of reaction can be expressed by the above graph of 1
reaction rate versus time. The change after ten A x B
8 minutes. x
minutes could have been caused by:
1
Time Mass of beaker A an increase in temperature. C x2 D
(min) and contents (g) B an increase in the HI concentration.
x2
0 200,00 C a decrease in temperature. 18.6 The following hypothetical reaction is allowed to
1 197,50 D an increase in pressure. reach equilibrium in a closed container at 285ºC.
hydrochloric
2 195,45 acid A(g) + 2B(g)  3C(s) ∆H < 0
18.2 Consider the following hypothetical reaction
CaCO3 at equilibrium:

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
3 193,55
Consider the following statements about changes
4 191,70 200,00 g A3(g) + B3(g)  3AB(g) H < 0
made to this system:
5 189,90 What will be the effect on the number of moles I Removal of some C from the container will result
6 188,15 of A3 (n[A3]), and the volume of the system, if the in an increase in the Kc value.
7 186,45 temperature is doubled at constant pressure?
II An increase in temperature will increase the rate
8 184,80 n[A3] Volume of both the forward and reverse reactions.
A increases decreases III Cooling the system will increase the yield of C.
17.1 'Rate' in science refers to something that happens in
a certain time. Explain the term reaction rate. B decreases remains the same Which of the above statements(s) is/are TRUE?
C remains the same remains the same A only I B only I and II
17.2 Calculate the change in mass of the beaker and its
contents during the 8 minutes. D increases increases C only II D only II and III

49 Copyright © The Answer Series: Photocopying of this material is illegal

 4 18.7 The following reaction reached equilibrium at a
temperature of 313 K in a closed gas tube.
18.9 The graph below shows the changes in the
amounts of X, Y and Z with time during a reaction.
Question 20
The following reaction is in equilibrium in a closed
container:
QUESTIONS

N2O4(g)  2NO2(g)
3
4X(g) + Y2(g)  2X2Y(g) + 1 300 kJ

Amount (mol)
The pressure is then reduced at 313 K by
increasing the volume. 2 20.1 What does the double arrow () indicate?
Which ONE of the following is correct? 1,5
1
20.2 Write the value of the heat of reaction (H) for the
forward reaction.
Amount Amount Change
N2O4 NO2 in Kc 20.3 Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic?
0 1 2
A increases decreases remains the same Time (s) Give a reason for your answer.
B decreases increases increases How will the amount of Y2 in the container be influenced if :
The equation for the reaction can be represented
C decreases decreases decreases (Write only increases, decreases or stays the same.)
as follows:
D decreases increases remains the same 20.4 the temperature is increased.
A X+Y  Z B 5X + 3Y  2Z
C 3X + 3Y  Z D 2X + 3Y  2Z 20.5 X2Y is continuously removed from the system.
18.8 The decomposition reaction of a hypothetical
compound AX3(g), which is represented by the 18.10 Consider the following equilibrium: 20.6 the pressure of the system is decreased (by
equation below, reaches equilibrium in a closed N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) ∆ H < 0 increasing the volume).
container at a temperature T1. 20.7 a suitable catalyst is added.
Which ONE of the following changes will favour the
2AX3(g)  2AX2 (g) + X2 (g) reverse reaction?
Question 21
A decreasing the temperature
When the temperature is increased the system
B adding a catalyst to the equilibrium mixture A few drops of Fe3+ solution are added to a dilute,
regains equilibrium at temperature T2. The changes colourless solution of potassium thiocyanate (KCNS). The
in the rate of this reaction are represented in the C removing NH3 from the equilibrium mixture following equilibrium is established:
graph below: D decreasing the pressure by increasing the
Fe3+(aq) + CNS - (aq)  Fe(CNS)2+(aq) ∆H > 0
volume of the container
yellow colourless red
Reaction rate

21.1 Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic?

Le Chatelier's Principle /
The solution is now cooled down.
Equilibrium Constants
21.2 What will the colour of the solution be now?
0 Time Question 19
21.3 Will the rate of the reverse reaction increase,
19.1 Define:
decrease or stay the same, as the solution is
Which ONE of the following statements is correct? 19.1.1 an open and closed system
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Conclusion
A The reaction is exothermic
B The reaction is exothermic
C The reaction is endothermic
D The reaction is endothermic
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Change in Kc
19.2
Kc at T1 < Kc at T2
Kc at T1 > Kc at T2
19.3
Kc at T1 < Kc at T2
Kc at T1 > Kc at T2
19.4
cooled down?
19.1.2 dynamic equilibrium
For Questions 21.4 - 21.6, write only increases,
From what do you deduce that a chemical reaction decreases or stays the same.
has reached equilibrium? Give TWO conditions. 21.4 What effect does adding a suitable catalyst have on
Which TWO factors may affect a chemical the equilibrium concentration of Fe(CNS)2+ ?
equilibrium consisting of
21.5 More CNS - is added to the solution. How will this
19.3.1 gases and affect the equilibrium concentration of Fe(CNS)2+?
19.3.2 solutions.
21.6 The pressure of the system is now increased without
State Le Chatelier's principle in words. changing the temperature. How will this affect the
equilibrium concentration of Fe3+?
50
 4 CHEMICAL CHANGE
2.2 There is an increase in atomic number (Z) from C  I.
Therefore, HI and HBr molecules contain more
5.4
5.5
H = Eproducts - Ereactants
By adding a catalyst, the amount of activation energy
electrons than HC molecules and so a greater required is decreased.
ANSWERS

separation of charge is possible, resulting in stronger

dipoles and dipole-dipole forces. As the molecules Question 6
Intermolecular and increase in size, the London/dispersion forces between 6.1 It is easier to form products from reactants because the
Intramolecular Forces them increase and the melting points are higher.
activation energy for the forward reaction is less than
the activation energy required for the reverse reaction,
Question 1 Question 3 in which reactants are formed from products.
1.1.1 Interatomic forces are the electrostatic forces of 3.1 A CC4 molecules are symmetrical and non-polar.
attraction between atoms during chemical bonding, e.g. 6.2 CO (carbon monoxide) is released and is a
the forces between atoms involved in a covalent bond 3.2 B I2 molecules poisonous gas.
(electron-pair sharing) or between ions in an ionic bond 6.3
(electron transfer and ion formation). 3.3 E HC + H2O  H3O+ + C-

1.1.2 Intermolecular forces are the electrostatic forces of 3.4
attraction that hold molecules in the fluid and solid
phases together.
1.2.1 Dipole-dipole forces are the intermolecular forces 3.5
between polar molecules. The oppositely charged sides
of the dipole align/orient themselves towards each
other, attracting each other with an electrostatic force of 3.6
attraction.
INTERMOLECULAR AND INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
Energy
B Molecular solids dissolve f = forward reaction
in non-polar solvents. EA (f) r = reverse reaction
EA (r)
C Contains H and O which are relatively small
atoms with a difference in electronegativity.
Course of reaction
D Ionic bonds are very strong. Thus a lot
The catalyst provides an alternative route along which
of energy is needed to separate ions, 
the reaction proceeds, decreasing the activation energy
the melting and boiling points are high.
for both the forward and reverse reactions.

1.2.2 Induced dipole forces are the intermolecular forces

between non-polar molecules. A temporary dipole can
be formed in a non-polar molecule due to the shifting of Energy and Question 7
the electron cloud around it. It can induce a dipole in a
neighbouring non-polar molecule and thus electrostatic
Chemical Change 7.1.1 A catalyst accelerates a chemical reaction by
decreasing the activation energy required. Therefore,
attraction can be produced between the temporary Question 4 more molecules in the reaction solution will have
dipoles
4.1 H = Hproducts - Hreactants = 30 - 10 = 20 kJ sufficient energy (Ek  EA) to have effective collisions.
1.3.1 dipole-induced dipole forces
4.2 activation energy = 50 - 10 = 40 kJ 7.1.2
1.3.2 induced dipole forces (Van der Waals London forces 4.3 The catalyst will reduce this value.

Number of
or dispersion forces)

particles
4.4 absorbed 4.5 50 kJ
original
1.3.3 dipole-dipole forces 1.3.4 ion-dipole forces
EA
Question 5
1.4.1 induced dipole forces
5.1 A: exothermic (H is negative)
1.4.2 dipole-dipole forces 1.4.3 hydrogen bonding B: endothermic (H is positive) Energy
1.4.4 induced dipole forces 5.2 The minimum amount of energy required to start new activation
a reaction. energy
Question 2
5.3 A: activation energy (EA) = 350 kJ·mol-1
2.1 Fluorine is the element with the highest 7.2 The higher the temperature of milk,
B: activation energy (EA) = 600 kJ·mol-1
electronegativity. Therefore, HF molecules form  the more kinetic energy the molecules have.
Reaction A has a lower activation energy, therefore the
stronger dipoles than HC molecules. The smaller size  More molecules have Ek  EA.
reaction rate will be high. (More molecules in the
of a fluorine atom enables the hydrogen atom in an mixture will have sufficient energy (Ek  EA) to react.)   more effective collisions per unit time can
adjacent molecule to get very close to it. In this way a take place.
Reaction B has a higher activation energy, therefore the
much stronger intermolecular force, called hydrogen  The milk will now go off sooner, because the
reaction rate will be relatively low. (Fewer molecules in
bonding, is produced between the molecules. chemical reactions of the decay-causing bacteria are
the mixture will have sufficient energy (Ek  EA) to be
able to react.) taking place more rapidly.

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 Rate and Extent of Reaction 9.2 Reaction heat (Η) is the energy released or absorbed
during a chemical reaction at constant pressure.
Question 12
12.1 remains the same
4
Question 8

8.1 B The combustion of methane gas is an exothermic
reaction, which corresponds with the graph.
8.2 C
The forward reaction, during which 2 moles of water
decomposes, is endothermic and absorbs 571,8 kJ·mol-1
of heat. Therefore, the reverse reaction during which
2 moles of water is formed, is exothermic and releases
571,8 kJ·mol-1 of heat. For 2 moles of water to be
formed, 2  571,8 = 1 143,6 kJ heat is released.
8.3 A 10.1
8.4 A A catalyst accelerates a chemical reaction
so that equilibrium can be reached more
rapidly. It does not affect the equilibrium
position, and therefore also not the yield.
8.5 B Question 13
A higher HC concentration increases the reaction rate
(see collision theory). It also has a greater number of
moles of HC molecules per unit volume and will form
more products if it reacts with an excess of magnesium.
8.6 D  more particles have Ek  EA
8.7 B More water dilutes the acid
and fewer acid molecules
per unit volume are present.
8.8 C
The rate of the reaction gradually decreases as the
reactants decrease. The reaction stops once the
magnesium is used up and now the rate is zero.
ANSWERS
9.3 An exothermic reaction is a reaction during which heat The Zn is already covered by the acid; with the addition of
is released to the environment. more HC of the same concentration, the number of HC
molecules per unit volume stays the same.
9.4 Reaction rate is the rate of change in the
concentration/mass/volume of one of the reactants or
one of the products in a chemical reaction. OR 12.2 increases The copper acts as a catalyst.
Reaction rate is a change in the concentration/
mass/volume of one of the reactants or one of the 12.3 decreases The average Ek of the molecules decreases,
products per unit time. fewer molecules have an Ek  EA.
Question 10 12.4 increases If it is shaken, it effectively
1) The colliding molecules should have sufficient increases the surface area of the
Zn that is in contact with the acid.
kinetic energy ( the activation energy (EA)) to
overcome the repulsive forces, break the existing
bonds and form new bonds. 12.5 increases Zn powder has a greater total contact area.
2) The molecules should be correctly oriented for the
collision to be effective, thus resulting in a reaction.
13.1.1 State of division (of solid)/reaction surface.
10.2 Yes, the reaction rate is always higher at a higher
13.1.2 How will the state of division/reaction surface/
temperature.
surface area of the reactants influence the rate
If the temperature increases of the reaction? OR
 the velocity and average Ek of the particles increases What is the relationship between state of division/
reaction surface/surface area of the reactants and
(the area under curve T2 representing the number reaction rate?
of molecules with Ek  EA, is greater)
13.1.3 More CaCO3 produces a greater reaction area, and
 more collisions and also move effective collisions per therefore, more effective collisions per unit time.
unit time occur
 the rate of the reaction increases 13.2.1 concentration (of HC)
13.2.2 The higher the concentration (of the reactant/acid),

RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION

10.3 With an increase in pressure
the higher the rate of the reaction OR
 the gas is compressed into a smaller volume
8.9 B A catalyst itself does not take part in a chemical The higher the concentration, the lower the rate of
 there are more particles per unit volume, increasing the reaction. OR
reaction; therefore, its mass remains constant.
 n Reaction rate increases with an increase in
the concentration  c = 
 V concentration.
8.10 A The activation energy remains the same, but
 there are more collisions and therefore also more OR
more particles have Ek  EA, which
effective collisions per unit time Reaction rate decreases with a decrease in
increases the number of effective collisions.
 the reaction rate increases concentration.
Question 9 13.2.3 Yes
Question 11 All other variables that could influence the reaction
9.1 Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal energy (U) of a
system plus the energy available to do work on the 11.1 in C rate are kept constant.
environment (pV). OR OR
11.2 Of the three reactions, reaction C takes place at the The acid is in excess, thus the volume of the acid will
Enthalpy (H) is the internal energy (U) of a system
highest temperature; the Zn is in powdered form. not affect the rate of the reaction.
plus the product of pressure and volume: H = U + pV
OR 11.3  add HC with a higher concentration OR
Enthalpy is the heat content of the system.  add a catalyst Concentration is the only independent variable.

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 4 13.2.4 equal to
CaCO3 is the limiting reagent and the same number of
15.2.1 The higher the temperature of the reaction mixture, the
less the time it takes for the cross to disappear.
3) Start the stop-watch.
4) Stop the stop-watch when gas evolution stops.
moles/mass of CaCO3 reacts in both experiments. OR If the temperature of the reaction mixture
ANSWERS

5) Repeat the experiment with the same volume of

increases then the rate of the reaction increases.
H2O2, and the same mass of the other 2 catalysts,
13.3.1 lower than at the same temperature. Use the same person to
The hypothesis can also be a false
statement, thus the opposites are also valid. work the stop-watch. (Reaction time might vary)
13.3.2
Exp. 5
Number of molecules

6) Repeat the experiment a number of times.

15.2.2 SO2 /sulphur dioxide/sulphur(IV) oxide
16.4
15.2.3 The concentrations of the reactants.
Exp. 6 15.2.4 Sulphur/S 1st 2nd 3rd
Catalyst Average
reading reading reading
15.2.5 It is important that the same learner evaluates the used time in s
time in s time in s time in s
different reactions equally and chooses the same
degree of invisibility as the end point. Judgements and MnO2 4,8 5,2 5,4 5,13
Kinetic energy reactions times of different people could vary. Fe2O3 11,3 11,7 11,5 11,5
15.2.6 The rate of the reaction. PbO2 7,2 6,9 7,1 7,07
13.4.1 exothermic
Reactants at higher energy than products / H < 0 15.2.7 The higher the temperature of the reaction mixture,
the faster the rate of the reaction. 16.5 The time taken to form a specific volume O2(g) is the
13.4.2 (a) A (b) C - B shortest for MnO2, longer for PbO2 and the longest for
Question 16 Fe2O3.
Question 14 16.1 Fe2O3 catalyses the reaction faster than PbO2, while 16.6

Volume O2(g) dm3

14.1 CaCO3(s) + 2HC(aq)  CaC2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) MnO2 is the weakest catalyst for the reaction.
Because CO2 is a gas it escapes from the beaker. (Catalysts may be listed in any order.)
16.2 The volume O2(g) formed during a specified time. OR
Total mass is conserved i.e. if we kept the CO2 in (1) (2) (1) MnO2
The time taken for a specific volume O2(g) to form.
the same sealed container mass would not decrease. (2) PbO2
You need to consider the reactants given and the products (3) (3) Fe2O3
formed in order to decide what Michael and Thembi would
5,13 7,07 11,5
14.2 The reaction is complete. All the CaCO3 has reacted. observe and be able to measure. H2O2 is a colourless liquid,
Time (s)
H2O is a colourless liquid, O2 is a colourless gas  Because a
Reaction takes longer to reach gas is released, the evolution of that gas will be seen. They can 16.7 MnO2 is the best catalyst as it catalyses the reaction
14.3.1 Graph B
RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION

completion. Lower temperature measure the volume of gas collected in a syringe per time unit.
the fastest, then PbO2 and then Fe2O3.
decreases reaction rate. The
gradient of the curve represents the
16.3 Question 17
reaction rate and is less steep.
When writing a method, identify the variables to be 17.1 The change in amount/mass/volume of products formed
measured, independent and dependent. Also, the variable(s) per unit time. OR
14.3.2 Graph A Mass is greater to start to control to make sure this is a fair test. The independent
since more CaCO3 is present. variable is the variable you change or monitor as changing. The change in amount/mass/volume of reactants used
If a graph is drawn, this is plotted on the x-axis. The per unit time.
Reaction is faster because powdered dependent variable changes because of the change in the
14.3.3 Graph C 17.2 change in mass = 184,8 - 200 = -15,2 g
independent variable. This is plotted on the y-axis.
CaCO3 has greater surface area.
Controlled variables are the variables that are identified as
17.3 mass CO2 produced = -change in mass of the beaker
affecting the experiment. These must be kept the same
Question 15 (constant) for every experiment to ensure a fair test. = -(-15,2) = 15,2 g
15.1.1 catalyst 15.1.2 effective collision mass CO2 produced
reaction rate =
Method: time change
15.1.3 surface area 15.1.4 activated complex
1) Put a given volume of H2O2 in a test tube. 15,2
= = 1,9 g·min-1 CO2 produced
15.1.5 temperature 15.1.6 heat of reaction 2) Add a particular mass of MnO2. 8

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17.4 mol CO2 formed:
m 15,2
18.5
18.6
B
D
A Kc value only changes with
20.5 decreases If products are removed, the
forward reaction is favoured.
4
n = = = 0,3455 mol CO2 a change in temperature. Reactants react and form products;
M 44

ANSWERS
18.7 D therefore, Y2 continually decreases.
mol CaCO3 used: A decrease in pressure favours the forward
n(CO2 : CaCO3) reaction, with more moles of gas on the product 20.6 increases A decrease in pressure favours
side, but the Kc value remains unchanged.
= 1 :1 the reaction with more moles of
= 0,3455 : 0,3455 gas, namely the reverse reaction.
18.8 C An increase in temperature favours the forward
 n(CaCO3) = 0,3455 mol
reaction; therefore, the forward reaction is 20.7 remains the same Catalyst has no effect
m(CaCO3) = nM = (0,3455)(100) = 34,55 g CaCO3 endothermic. Therefore, the new Kc value is higher. on the equilibrium.
OR From balanced equation:
Question 21
44 g CO2 formed from 100 g CaCO3 18.9 D The ratio of the reactants : products
X = 3 - 2 ; Y = 3 - 1,5 ; Z = 0 + 1 21.1 endothermic (H > 0)
15,2
 15,2 g CO2 formed from  100 g = 1 = 1,5 = 1
44 21.2 yellow Temperature decrease favours
 X : Y : Z = 1 : 1,5 : 1 = 2 : 3 : 2
= 34,55 g CaCO3 formed exothermic/reverse reaction.
17.5 powder 18.10 D A decrease in pressure favoured the reaction with
 larger surface area more moles of gas, namely the reverse reaction. 21.3 decrease Rate of both the forward and
 more effective collisions per unit time / more reverse reaction decreases with
molecules colliding with the correct orientation Question 19 a decrease in temperature.
 increase in reaction rate 19.1.1 An open system interacts with the environment and
some of the reactants can be added to or products can 21.4 remains the same
Chemical Equilibrium escape from the system.
Increasing the reactant concentration
A closed system is isolated from the environment 21.5 increases
Question 18 favours the forward reaction.
and the reactants or products cannot be added or
18.1 D Both the reactants and the products are made up of escape from the system. 21.6 remains the same No gases present;
2 moles of gas molecules. Therefore, an increase
in pressure will increase the rate of both reactions 19.1.2. A dynamic equilibrium exists when the rate of the pressure has no effect.
equally, without favouring one of the reactions. forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse
reaction during a reversible reaction. Question 22
18.2 D
22.1 increases More effective collisions per time unit.
If the kelvin temperature of the gas is doubled at a constant
19.2  the rate of the forward reaction should be equal to
pressure, the volume of the gas will also double. Because the the rate of the reverse reaction
22.2 decreases Increase in temperature favours
forward reaction is exothermic (H < 0), an increase in  the concentration of all the reactants and products endothermic/reverse reaction.
temperature favours the reverse reaction, which correlates in the reaction mixture should remain constant
with an increase in n( A3), but a decrease in the total moles 19.3.1 a change in temperature or pressure 22.3 decreases [products]
of gas and thus also in the total gas volume in a ratio of 2:3. Kc =
Therefore the net change is an increase in volume. 19.3.2 a change in temperature or concentration [reactants]
nRT 19.4 When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed,
pV = nRT  V =  V  nT (R and p constant)

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
p the system reinstates a new equilibrium by favouring
22.4 increases Increased concentration of reactants.
the reaction that counteracts the imposed change.
2 4 4
V2  n·2T  nT  V1
3 3 3 22.5 increases The forward reaction is favoured
Question 20
and more CO32- is formed per
18.3 D The forward reaction is endothermic and is favoured 20.1 It is a reversible reaction. volume to restore the equilibrium.
by an increase in temperature. Thereby, the [CO2] 20.2 H = -1 300 kJ OR H = -650 kJ·mol-1 of product
and therefore also the Kc value are increased. 22.6 no change Kc only changes with a
20.3 exothermic - heat/energy is released.
18.4 A change in temperature.
The number of moles of products (NH3) formed 20.4 increases
Question 23
during the Haber process is less than the number An increase in temperature favours the
of moles of reactants (N2 and H2). Therefore, the endothermic/reverse reaction that will absorb [NO]2 [O2 ]
forward reaction is favoured and a higher yield of the heat/energy that was added (Le Chatelier). 23.1 Kc =
ammonia is produced by an increase in pressure. [NO2 ]2

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