WRITTEN REPORT

IN
GUIDANCE AND
COUNCELING
What is Counseling?
 Counselling is the process of helping and individual to recover and develop their education,
vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal
happiness and social usefulness
Guidance and Counseling
 is a profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a well
functioning individual primarily by helping him/her potential to the fullest and plan his/her
future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests and needs.
 Is a distinct, comprehensive program rather than a of loosely related services’’
 As a full-fledged, independent program, counseling and guidance is comprehensive, purposeful
and sequential.

1. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
 Behavioral approach relied on the use of external variable to promote acceptable behavior in school
 Mutie and Ndambuki (2002) in this approach, teachers manipulate and processes of shaping and
extinction to manage behavior of students Jones and George (1995).
 The behavioral approach to counselling focuses on the assumption that the environment determines an
individual’s behavior focuses on individual behavior and aims to help people to modify unwanted
behaviors.
 Unwanted behavior is defined as an undesired response to something or someone in the environment.
Using this approach, a counsellor would identify the unwanted behavior with a client and together they
would work to change or adapt the behavior.
 Clients/students might be taught skills to help them manage their lives more effectively.
For example:
- They may be taught how to relax in situations that produce an anxiety response.
- Another method involves learning desirable behavior by watching and copying others.
 In general, the behavioral approach is concerned with the outcome rather than the process of change.

 Behaviorists believe that that behavior is ‘learned’ and can therefore be unlearned. Behavior that
can be objectively viewed and measured.

Problems which respond well to this type of therapy include:

 phobias, ● eating disorders.
 anxiety attacks

2. DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
 In this counselling the counsellor plays an active role as it is regarded as a means of helping people how
to learn to solve their own problems.
 This type of counselling is otherwise known as counsellor-centered counselling. Because in this
counselling the counsellor does everything himself.
i.e., analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, prescription and follow-up.

STEPS IN DIRECT COUNSELING

1. Analysis:
 Collecting a data from a variety of sources by using a variety of tools and techniques.
 The data is needed for an adequate under starting of the client.
2. Synthesis:
 Summarizing and organizing the data so as to reveal the client’s assets liabilities, adjustments,
maladjustments.
3. Diagnosis:
 At this stage we are to find out the root cause of the problems exhibited by the clients.
4. Prognosis: At this stage we predict the future development of the client’s problems.
5. Treatment or counseling: It may include some or all of the following procedures:
a. Establishing rapport with the student.
b. Interpreting the collected data to the student.
c. Advising or planning a program of action with a student.
d. Assisting the student in carrying out the plan of action.
e. Referrals to other counselors for assistance in diagnosing or counseling.
f. In short, at this stage the counselor takes steps with the student or client to bring about adjustment
and readjustment for him.
6. Follow up: Here the counselor helps the client with new problems or with recurrences of the original
problem, and determines the effectiveness of counseling provided by him.

3. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
 Means' mind energy' or 'mind in conflict'.
 Emphasizes our unconscious thoughts and aims to understand how these thoughts conflict with our
experiences, i.e., biological, societal and those from early childhood.
 Psychodynamic counselling evolved from the work of Sigmund Freud.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

 During his career as a medical doctor, Freud came across many patients who suffered from
medical conditions which appeared to have no ‘physical cause’.
 Freud believed that our unconscious mind is an area where some of our deepest feelings
and traumas hide, yet they still actively interact with our daily lives, thereby contributing to
our behavior in the present day
 It is based on the idea that every person has different personality parts (psyche) and
conflicting interests, and they may not be consciously aware of what they want.
 He suggested that the reason for our behavior and our emotions is all down to our
unconscious mind - we store information from our past in that area, and it stays hidden
away, but it still contributes to our conscious thoughts and actions.
 Our behavior might result from our unconscious, but what comprises our unconscious mind?
Is it just the thoughts we don't want to accept, or is that and so much more?
 According to Freud, our childhood experiences - the good, the bad and the ugly - form the
majority of our unconscious, shaping our personalities and making us who we are; maybe
this is why we're all so different!
 Psychodynamic counselling is based on Freud’s idea that true knowledge of people and their
problems is possible through an understanding of three particular areas of the human mind.
These areas are:
1) THE CONSCIOUS – things that we are aware of, including feelings or emotions, such as anger,
sadness, grief, delight, surprise, and happiness.
2) THE SUBCONSCIOUS – these are things that are below our conscious awareness but fairly easily
accessible. They may include, for example, events that we have forgotten, but will easily
remember when asked an appropriate question.
3) THE UNCONSCIOUS – this is the area of the mind where memories have been suppressed and is
usually very difficult to access. Such memories may include extremely traumatic events that have
been blocked off and require a highly skilled practitioner to help recover.
 Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and
the superego.
1) ID = is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
 is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires,
basic needs of food, comfort and pleasure.

  If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.
For example: an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat
or drink.

2) EGO = is defined as “the realistic awareness of self”. It is the logical and common-sense side to
our personality.
The ego is the personality component responsible for dealing with reality.
 is the conscious part of your personality that mediates between the id and the superego
and makes decisions.
 The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in
realistic and socially appropriate ways.

3) SUPER-EGO = develops later in a child’s life, from about the age of three.
 The Superego curbs and controls the basic instincts of the Id, which may be socially
unacceptable.
 It therefore acts as our conscience. provides guidelines for making judgments is the
judgmental and morally correct part of your personality

Freud believed that everybody experiences tension and conflict between the three elements
of their personalities.
For example, desire for pleasure (from the Id) is restrained by the moral sense of right and
wrong (from the Superego). The Ego balances the tension between the Id wanting to be
satisfied and the Superego being over strict.

The main goal of psychodynamic counselling, therefore, is to help people to balance the
three elements of their personality so that neither the Id nor the Superego is dominant.
The psychodynamic approach to counselling aims to help clients to develop their self-
awareness by exploring what is happening in their process at an unconscious level.

Psychodynamic therapy is an approach that involves facilitation a deeper understanding of one's emotions
and other mental processes. It works to help people gain greater insight into how they feel and think.
How is the psychodynamic approach used today?
 Understanding emotions: Research has found that psychodynamic therapy is useful for
exploring and understanding emotions. Through gaining insight into emotional experiences,
people are better able to recognize patterns that have contributed to dysfunction and then
make changes more readily.

 By improving this understanding, people can then make better choices about their lives.
They can also work on improving their relationships with other people and work toward
achieving the goals that will bring them greater happiness and satisfaction.

How can psychodynamic theory be applied in a classroom?

If there is a student that is disruptive in the classroom a teacher should attempt to interview and
counsel the child.

 In the classroom, it is important for a teacher to be aware of their own thought processes
and emotions. By doing so, they will be able to respond to classroom management needs
more effectively and more professionally.
 Realizing that each student is made up of their own psychodynamic processes which also
help a teacher to empathize with students and to provide individualized instruction when
needed.
CASE STUDIES
 are in-depth investigations of a person, group, event, or community. Typically, data is gathered from various
sources and by using several different methods (e.g., observations & interviews).
 A case study provides a well-researched and compelling narrative about an individual, or a group of people,
that needs to make a decision in an organizational setting.
 The case study narrative includes relevant information about the situation, and gives multiple perspectives on
the problem or decision that needs to be taken, but does not provide analysis, conclusions, or a solution.
 It is defined as a collection of all available information – social, physiological, biographical, environmental,
vocational – that promises to help explain a single individual

Benefits and Limitations

A case study can have both strengths and weaknesses. Researchers must consider these pros and cons before
deciding if this type of study is appropriate for their needs.

Pros
One of the greatest advantages of a case study is that it allows researchers to investigate things that are often
difficult to impossible to replicate in a lab. Some other benefits of a case study