Presented to the Decision Sciences and Innovation Department

De La Salle University - Manila

First Term,​ ​A.Y. 2018 - 2019

In partial fulfillment
of the course
In DSILYTC (C37)

De La Salle University Students’ Perception of their

Knowledge in the Field of Philippine Politics

Submitted by:
Altares, Erin Micah Zyre L.
Bagadion, Peaches Ani Marie E.
Cortez, Gabriel G.
Cruz, Juan Gabriel S.
Ortiz, Pio Antonio R.
Redondo, Karl Jhollo S.

Submitted to:
Ma. Theresa Concepcion A. Gerial

April 12, 2019

 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The impetus behind this study is rooted in two things: research supporting ​illusory
superiority,​ particularly the ​Dunning-Kruger Effect, ​and the upcoming 2019 senatorial elections.
Put simply, the ​Dunning-Kruger Effect ​is a type of illusory superiority, a phenomenon where low
ability and low competency individuals rate themselves as more competent than they actually
are. Consequently, individuals think they know more about a certain topic than they actually do
which may lead to them having the arrogance to neglect taking the time to do their research as
they think they know more than enough which leads them to making uninformed decisions. In
the worlds of Charles Darwin (1871), “​Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does
knowledge.”
With the upcoming senatorial elections, the Filipino people must be able to accurately
gauge how much they know about Philippine politics, in so doing, identify how much they have
to educate ourselves about the state of the nation. Too often, senatorial candidates take
advantage of the ignorance of voters to twist facts in their favor, use their charisma to brush off
evidence against their credibility, and rely on the people’s lack of knowledge to besmirch other
candidates.
This research will use data taken from a sample group of 120 ​Lasallians to see whether
there is an inverse relationship between their perceived knowledge on Philippine Politics and
their actual knowledge on the topic.

Objectives of the Research

The primary goal of this research is to identify the level of variance between Lasallians’
perceived and actual knowledge on Philippine politics and governance. With the the data
gathered, the research aims to prove the inversely dependent relationship between an
individual’s perceived and actual knowledge.
By providing all this information, the researchers hope to gain relevant insight about the
extent to which we have to educate the Lasallian community, and by extension, the Filipino
people. Through this endeavor, the proponents aim to raise awareness of the gap, if any,
between the population’s perceived and actual awareness, by doing so, may prompt individual
reflection, development, and engagement.
Lastly, this research is meant to be a first step towards the socio-political development of
the nation--a feat which requires, among other things, informed and critical citizens who are
aware of their own ignorance.

Significance of the Study

The state of a nation and its people is always a going concern to the citizens of that
democratic society--or it at least ought to be. Though the publication of this research is too late
to make a significant impact on the 2019 Senatorial Elections, the information derived from it
is relevant to future elections. This study is especially relevant to educators, who have the
responsibility of educating the population.
 In addition, although it has increasingly become part of ​pop lexicon​, there is still a need
for more research with regard to the illusory superiority; many of the most credible research
papers pertaining to this topic and others like it have been conducted and published at least a
decade prior to this study. Therefore, this paper contributes to the the pool of knowledge and
data, proving or disproving the existence and prevalence of this cognitive bias.

Research Questions
For the aim of the research and its success, the following questions will be answered:
1. What is the average perceived knowledge of De La Salle University (DLSU)
students towards Philippine politics and how well did they perform in the survey?
2. Is there a significant difference between the mean perceived scores of the 120
DLSU Students to mean of their actual performance in the survey regarding
Philippine Politics?
3. Does the perceived knowledge of the DLSU respondents have a significant effect
on their actual knowledge on the survey conducted to them on Philippine politics?
Research Hypothesis
The researchers propose the following alternative hypothesis:
1. There is a relationship between an individual’s perceived knowledge and their
actual knowledge of Philippine Governance and Politics;
2. More specifically, the proponents suggest that there is a negative correlation
between the individual’s perceived and actual knowledge of Philippine
Governance and Politics; or
3. There is a positive correlation between the individual’s perceived and actual
knowledge of Philippine Governance and Politics.
Scope and Delimitation
The study analyzes data taken from respondents coming from the DLSU-Manila
community, a majority of them, college students. This sample group is chosen as they are a
good enough representation of Filipino youth who’s also the most accessible, given other time
constraints of the study. To encourage as many respondents to participate, the survey form
contained only 11 questions: one to inquire their level of awareness regarding Philippine
politics and governance, the other 10 to gauge their level knowledge, asking questions
ranging from the basic structure of the Philippine Government to recent socio-political issues
in the recent months.
The sample size of the study is also limited to 120 individuals--which is a small fraction
of the population of DLSU-Manila and an even smaller fraction of the entire Filipino
Population.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Heuristics and Cognitive Biases

Humans are complex animals distinguished from their ancestors and other animals by
their ability to know, think, and create; the evolution of human cognition has enabled the
human race to become the political, economic, scientific and artistic creatures (Heyes, 2012).
However, because evolution rewarded those who made timely and good enough decisions,
modern human beings are proven to rely on mental shortcuts called ​heuristics in order to
reduce the effort and time exerted and spent to make decisions and/or solve problems;
consequently, although heuristics can be efficient and useful in many situations as they’ve
helped humanity survive, they can also lead to biases and inaccuracies (Cherry, 2019).

Despite the immense potential of the human brain and the lengths that it has reached
thus far, it is not immune from producing errors in judgement or decision making due to certain
​ r
ways of thinking or processing ideas and stimuli, which can referred to as ​cognitive biases o
decision biases ​(Gilovich and Griffin, 2002); although they may not always result in poor
decisions, these lapses can have negative consequences on one’s self and/or to others (The
National Academies Press, 2015). There are many forms of cognitive biases, including but not
limited to the sunk cost fallacy, the confirmation bias, and the availability bias.

Illusory Superiority and the Dunning-Kruger Effect

The field of Social Psychology, the study which strives to understand individual behavior
in a social context, has brought up many self-related biases over the course of its
development; one of which is ​illusory superiority or the overvaluation of one’s own attributes
(such as skills, abilities, traits, etc.) relative to other people or the average (Hoorens, 1993).

There are many variants of illusory superiority, such as that discovered by David
Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999, which they coined overestimation of one’s knowledge or
performance when extremely incompetent and an underestimation when extremely
competent. This is illustrated in the infamous case of McArthur Wheeler in 1995, which
Dunning and Kruger themselves have cited in their paper: Wheeler came to understand that
lemon juice could be used as an invisible ink; armed with this newfound knowledge, he
decided to rob two banks without any visual sign of masking his face and instead covered it
with lemon juice, believing that its properties that make it invisible as an ink would make his
face invisible as well (Fuocco, 1996). In their study, Dunning-Kruger sought to see whether
this is a phenomenon observable in different fields and with different people; they conducted
four (4) experiments that tested participants in humor, grammar, and logic and found that
those in the lower percentile overestimated their test performance and ability. They concluded
these individuals uphold “overly optimistic and miscalibrated views” of themselves because
their own “incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it.”
 According to Dunning and Kruger (1999), it boils down to two things: understanding of
one’s own capabilities and understanding that of one’s peers; in other words, an awareness of
the self and the social context is key to having accurate estimation. Bottom performers’ issue
is that regarding metacognition and self-perception, which is to say that they are not able to
see how poor they are performing. On the other hand, top performers are self-aware to
recognize their own performance but are not able to judge the performance of their peers
accurately. In short, bottom performers are wrong about themselves but top performers are
wrong about others.

These lapses in judgement, although arguably humorous in cases such as that of

McArthur Wheeler, can cause great threat to individuals and to those around them as it can be
evident in countless situations. A particularly concerning example of this is one wherein
hunters overestimate their knowledge of firearm use and safety (Ehrlinger, Johnson, Banner,
Dunning, & Kruger, 2008). Additionally, elderly people tend to believe they are “above
average” drivers (Marottoli, & Richardson, 1998) when, in fact, they are considered to be
unsafe drivers (Freund, Colgrove, Burke, & McLeod, 2005). These erroneous perceptions,
especially in terms of underestimation, can come with dangerous and costly– perhaps even
deadly– consequences.

The Dunning-Kruger effect did not go uncontested by other social psychologists. Case in
point, other researchers have proposed that the patterns of miscalibration found had nothing
to do with the relationship between the level of skill and metacognition (i.e. self-awareness of
one’s own thought process) (Krueger and Mueller, 2002); they argue that it is individuals have
a tendency to rate themselves higher than average regardless of their level of competence
(Alicke, 1985; Brown 1986; Krueger, 1998). Moreover, Krueger and Mueller (2002) proposed
that the patterns are simply produced by regression to the mean; they argued that the tests
conducted were unreliable and simply a product of a statistical phenomenon rather than a
psychological one. In response to this as well as other critiques, Dunning and Kruger along
with their colleagues reevaluated their study. Even when taking into account the regression to
the mean and taking other precautionary measures discussed by the critiques, they still
arrived to a similar conclusion (Ehrlinger, Johnson, Banner, Dunning, & Kruger, 2008). Using
data gathered in a study on college students, they also added that the top performers usually
learn from feedback and, with time, are more capable of becoming accurate predictors but the
same cannot be said for bottom performers despite clear and repetitive feedback (Hacker, Bol,
Horgan, & Rakow, 2000).
Dunning-Kruger Effect and the Filipino People

In a study conducted in 2017 by Ipsos, a global market research and a consulting firm,
researchers wanted to compare the accuracy of people’s knowledge about key issues and
features in their country versus their confidence in their knowledge; in essence, they were
testing the Dunning-Kruger Effect (or the general illusory superiority bias) on individuals from
38 countries from all continents around the world by asking them about their perception of the
amount of peril prevalent in their country. With this, they asked people to gauge the murder
rate, the number of immigrant prisoners, the number of teenage births, the correlation
between vaccines and autism, and other important issues.

Based on the results, the Filipino respondents were the third least accurate and the third
most confident; they perceived themselves to be knowledgeable when, in fact, they were not.
In contrast with this, countries such as Sweden and Norway were among the most accurate
but the least confident. This appears to be another real life example of the Dunning-Kruger
effect and has circulated in various local and international news and media outlets such as the
Philippine Inquirer (Hallare, 2018), Rappler (Gonzales, 2018), and the Independent (Evans,
2018).

It is important to take note, however, that this study was conducted was not without
flaws. Firstly, the number of respondents from countries were not equal; for China, France,
and Norway, for example, they surveyed approximately 1000 people while in other countries
like the Philippines, Sweden, and Colombia they surveyed approximately only 500 people.
Additionally, Germany and the Netherlands were the only countries with 2000 and 900
respondents respectively. This inconsistency in the number of individuals surveyed was not
justified or logically explained. Secondly, the method in which they conducted the study was
also varying; for most countries they used their Ipsos Online Panel system while in countries
such as Montenegro and Norway they used either face-to-face or online methodologies.
Lastly, the method/s in which the respondents were chosen was/were also not presented nor
justified. These inconsistent and unexplained methods make the results questionable and only
stress the need for more studies regarding the topic at hand.

Politics in the Philippines

Politics in the Philippines can be a complicated issue. Some may be vocal with their
concerns and some might be secretive with theirs. Philippine politics is rooted in political
dynasties and “ for the masses” decisions. This can cloud the voters minds as they associate
people and actions if they carry on their name. Film celebrities have high success in the field
of politics as well. Most of all politicians use religion and appeal to the poor to garner the most
votes. This is very likely because a huge amount of voters are poor and catholic. (Hays, 2015)
But, Filipinos must not let these empty promises cloud their mind. Voters must be rational
decisions and look into the background of possible candidates when election comes. The
Philippines and its people must not let emotions get in the way of making decisions for the
benefit of the country they should be decided with objective thoughts. Though, this is easier
said than done that is the reason this type of politics have survived. Hopefully, the youth of the
Filipino people may bring about this change for a better future for the country.

Youth in Politics

According to an article written Mabloc (2015) it is the Filipino youth would rather choose
honest and non corrupt political leaders for the nation. Naturally this would be the case for
everybody, but politics isn’t that simple. All the good politicians know what it takes to have seat
in the government. That’s why politicians have to use those winning methods however
questionable they may be. Nonetheless, the youth of the Filipinos carry the burden for social
reform for the future of the country. However, the youth are more concerned with their studies
rather than who leads the nation. Filipinos can only hope that their education can lead to a
better tomorrow for the country.

Raising Political Awareness

According to a paper written by Onda (2017) there are several ways to entice the youth
to be more politically aware. One is to expose them in politics like watching political debates,
reading articles, or keeping up with the news are some ways to expose the youth to politics.
According to a study conducted by the University of Chicago, Khane (2012) that the internet
can be a great tool to get the youth active in politics. They may easily read news articles and
blogs about the subject. The youth can also learn and voice different opinions about potential
candidates, get different perspectives. It is noted though the credibility of information may be
tainted as anyone can freely post what they wish. In Malaysia the education system
encourages political rights awareness, this is to develop their political values as they will be
the future of the country and their development should not be hindered.
 METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study is a non-experimental cross-sectional descriptive research since all analysis
and interpretation of data came from observations of the sample and the gathering of data was
gathered at a specific time frame only.
Descriptive cross-sectional research, as stated by Polit (1999), is defined as the type of
research that describes the characteristics of the data that are gathered at a specific time frame
only. Examples researches that uses the descriptive research design are studies that conducted
interviews, questionnaires, and documents from a sample. Through this, there is no
manipulation of groups which is seen in an experimental research design.

Research Locale and Participants

The place where the research and data gathering was conducted is at De La Salle
University (DLSU), Taft Avenue, Manila City. The respondents are 120 students inside the
university varying from different batches and colleges.

Sampling and Sampling Techniques

The research involved one data gathering wherein 120 students from De La Salle
University participated. Respondents were chosen through convenience sampling because data
collection was from DLSU members who were readily available upon data gathering. All
respondents voluntarily answered the survey given their consent and confidentiality of their
identity.

Research Instruments
A survey was used to gather the data from the respondents. The survey is about
knowledge on Philippine Politics. It consisted of two parts, the first part asked for the perceive
score of the respondents on their knowledge on Philippine Politics, while the second part was a
quiz type that that had two sections, multiple choice and true or false. The respondents had to
answer a total of 10 questions where they were graded based on the number of their correct
answers.

Data Gathering
The researchers conducted a data gathering of the knowledge on Philippine Politics of
DLSU student through a survey. The following were the procedures followed:
1. An online survey questionnaire was constructed through Google Forms to measure the
perceived and actual score of DLSU students on their knowledge on Philippine Politics
(See Appendix A).
2. Data was collected from 120 DLSU students. The survey questionnaire was posted in
DLSU Community Forum, a Facebook group that consists of DLSU students. To ensure
that the respondents are from DLSU-Manila, the survey was closed to DLSU emails
only.
3. Access results through Google Forms.
Data Processing
The data was already processed and listed by Google Forms. The researchers
downloaded the response summary of the respondents and used the data analysis feature of
Microsoft Excel for the statistical processing and treatment of the data gathered.

Statistical Tools and Treatment

The data gathered was analyzed through Descriptive Statistics on Microsoft Excel. A
0.05 level of significance was used for the study. The P-value method of hypothesis testing was
used to decide on the hypothesis. The following are the tests used for the study:
1. F-Test for Two-Sample Variances ​to check if the variances are equal.
2. T​-Test for Two-Sample Means Assuming Equal Variances to see if there is
significant difference between the variables.
3. Linear Regression Analysis​ to see if there is correlation between the variables.
 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the findings of the study, analyses and interpretations of the data
conducted in the study.

Problem No. 1: ​What is the average perceived knowledge of De La Salle University (DLSU)
students towards Philippine politics and how well did they perform in the survey?

Table 4.1 shows the descriptive statistics of the perceived and actual scores taken from
120 De La Salle University students.

Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics on Survey Results of

120 De La Salle University Students

Perceived Score Actual Score

Mean 6.2917 6.2083

Median 7 6

Standard Deviation 1.8489 1.4076

Minimum Score 1 3

Maximum Score 10 9

The results shown above indicates that the means of the perceived and actual score of
the respondents on the survey regarding their knowledge on Philippine politics is somewhat
similar in terms of value, scoring in between 6 and 7. Their perceived score if 6.2917 indicates
that on average, the samples of the study gave a score that is below the passing grade in DLSU
which is at 70% or 7 out of 10 questions. Although they gave a score which is below the
acceptable rate in the school, the results of their actual performance, on average, were clearly
similar. With an actual average score of 6.2083, it is observed in the study that their actual
perceived knowledge are somewhat similar. The low standard deviations of both the actual and
perceived scores of the respondents indicate that the individual scores from each respondents
tend to be closer to the mean scores of each.
Each respondent was given the freedom to rate their personal perception on their
knowledge towards the Philippine government and politics and their results from the perceived
score ranged from 1 to 10. However, their actual score performance ranged from only 3 to 9
points which indicates that no respondent was able to answer all questions correctly despite the
maximum perceived score of 10 that some chose.
Problem No. 2: ​Is there a significant difference between the mean perceived scores of the 120
DLSU Students to mean of their actual performance in the survey regarding Philippine Politics?

Table 4.2 shows the results of the t-Test for Two-Sample Means Assuming Equal
Variances. An F-Test for Two-Sample Variances were used in order to determine the type of
t-test that will be used for the data analysis. With a computed p-value of 0.0016 and a significant
level of 0.05, the null hypothesis of the F-Test stating that the variances of the variables in the
study are equal is rejected. Therefore, the specific t-Test below was made.

Table 4.2 t-Test for Two-Sample Means Assuming Unequal Variances

on the Actual and Perceived Score of the 120 DLSU
Students towards Philippine Politics

PERCEIVED SCORE ACTUAL SCORE

Variance 3.4184 1.9814

Degrees of Freedom 222

P-value 0.6948

The computed p-value for the two-tailed t-test assuming unequal variances with a
significant level of 0.05 and a degrees of freedom of 222 is equal to 0.6948. Since the computed
p-value is greater than the significant level (0.6948 > 0.05), the null hypothesis is not rejected.
Therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant difference between the means
of the perceived and actual scores of the respondents in DLSU regarding their knowledge on
Philippine politics is accepted.
The results indicate that the closeness of values of the means of the perceived and
actual scores of the respondents shown on Table 4.1, through the use of t-Test, is clearly
observed that their means are the same towards each other. This shows that their perceived
knowledge on Philippine politics may be the same with their actual performance in the survey
test itself. Even if a person gives a low grade on their knowledge on their perceived knowledge
on Philippine politics, it will have no bearing on their performance if they were asked questions
regarding it.
Problem No. 3: ​Does the perceived score of the DLSU respondents have a significant effect on
their actual score on the survey conducted to them on Philippine politics?

Table 4.3 shows the regression statistics gathered from the analysis of the respondents
of the study in order to determine whether there is an effect between the perceived and actual
scores on the survey and to predict the actual scores of the population given a specific
perceived value.

Table 4.3 Regression Statistics on the Perceived and Actual Scores

of DLSU Students on the Survey Regarding Their
Knowledge on Philippine Politics

Multiple R 0.1218

R Square 0.0148

Adjusted R Square 0.0065

Standard Error 1.4031

Y- Intercept Coefficient 5.6251

Y- Intercept Standard Error 0.4560

Perceived Score (X) Coefficient 0.0927

Perceived Score Standard Error 0.0696

Significant F / P-Value 0.1853

The regression analysis aims to examine the relationship between an independent and
dependent variable and to predict how the independent variable changes the dependent
variable. The perceived scores in the survey is identified as the independent variable in the
study because it is what the respondents of the study can control. The actual scores of the
respondents are considered as the dependent variable since it is not controlled by the
respondents and it may vary according to their given perceived scores. At a significance level of
0.05, the following regression data were gathered on Table 4.3. Since the p-value of 0.05 is less
than the computed p-value of 0.1853, the null hypothesis is not rejected. Therefore the null
hypothesis stating that there is no effect and relationship between the perceived and actual
scores of the respondents in the survey is accepted. This indicates that there is no significant
effect between the perception of DLSU students towards Philippine politics to their actual
knowledge on such topics.
The null hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the two variables is
backed up by the low multiple R value computed at 0.1218 which indicates a very low positive
relationship to no relationship between the two variables. This means that as the students of
DLSU give a higher perceived value on their knowledge on Philippine politics, their actual
knowledge gets higher by only a little significant value. This happens due to its weak positive
relationship and an R square value of 0.0148 which states that approximately 1.48% of the
y-values are explained through the regression table.

Figure 4.1 Scatter Plot on the Results of the Survey

Given to 120 DLSU Students on Their Perceived and Actual
Knowledge Towards Philippine Politics

Figure 4.1 shows the scatter plot for the results of the survey conducted. It clearly shows
a very weak positive relationship between the perceived and actual knowledge of the
respondents who were part of the study. Factors that may have been brought up by such
relationship were the broad coverage of the dependent variable and its low adjusted r value.
The relationship between the perceived knowledge of the respondents towards Philippine
politics and their actual knowledge in it can be measured and predicted by the equation
y = 0.0927x + 5.6251 ​through the regression analysis.
Through the regression analysis, it is observed that through the very weak to no
relationship between the perceived and actual knowledge of the respondents towards Philippine
politics, it shows that one’s perceived knowledge towards Philippine politics will have little to no
effect at all to their actual knowledge on it. One person could claim to know almost everything
about Philippine politics and perform well while at the same time another person could claim
that he knows nothing about Philippine politics yet still perform well. This regression analysis
clearly proves that one’s perceived knowledge will have little to no bearing to how much they
really know on a certain topic.
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The main focus of the study was to determine if there is a significant difference or impact
towards one’s perceived knowledge on Philippine politics and governance and their actual
knowledge towards it. 120 De La Salle University (DLSU) students were surveyed asking them
their personal rating (ranging from 0 to 10) on their personal knowledge towards Philippine
politics and governance. They were then asked to answer 10 short questions to assess their
actual knowledge on the said topic. Respondents were chosen through convenience sampling.
T-test for two sample means assuming unequal variances and linear regression analysis were
used for the treatment and processing of data.

After the data gathering and processing, the following conclusions were made answering
all the initial research questions:
1. The average perceived and actual knowledge of DLSU students towards Philippine
politics and governance are 6.2917 and 6.2083 out of 10 respectively.
2. At a significance level of 0.05 and at the computed p-value of 0.6948, there is enough
evidence to say that there is no significant difference between the perceived and actual
knowledge of DLSU students towards Philippine politics and governance.
3. At a significance level of 0.05, a computed p-value of 0.1853, and a multiple r-value of
0.1218 there is enough evidence to say that there is very little positive to no effect or
impact of the perceived knowledge of DLSU students towards Philippine politics and
governance to their actual knowledge to it.

The research had various limitations to the study. Thus, the researchers recommend the
following for the improvement of future studies:
1. Cater more respondents that will ensure a wider scope towards data gathering and
processing.
2. Create a more specific questionnaire that will tackle different areas in the Philippine
government and politics
3. Use more variables in the study to establish a stronger relationship between the
perceived and actual knowledge of the population towards Philippine politics and
governance.
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df
 APPENDICES

A. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
B. Descriptive Statistics of the Respondents’ Data

PERCEIVED SCORE ACTUAL SCORE

Mean 6.291666667 Mean 6.208333333

Standard Error 0.168780364 Standard Error 0.128499111

Median 7 Median 6

Mode 7 Mode 6

Standard Deviation 1.848896256 Standard Deviation 1.407637232

Sample Variance 3.418417367 Sample Variance 1.981442577

Skewness -0.437978304 Skewness -0.17603816

Range 9 Range 6

Minimum 1 Minimum 3

Maximum 10 Maximum 9

Sum 755 Sum 745

Count 120 Count 120

C. F-test for Two-Sample Variances of the Respondents

ACTUAL
PERCEIVED SCORE
SCORE

Mean 6.2917 6.2083

Variance 3.4184 1.9814

Observations 120.0000 120.0000

df 119.0000 119.0000

F 1.7252

P(F<=f) one-tail 0.0016

F Critical one-tail 1.3536

D. T-test for Two Sample Means Assuming Unequal Variances of the Respondents
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

PERCEIVED ACTUAL
SCORE SCORE

Mean 6.291666667 6.208333333

Variance 3.418417367 1.981442577

Observations 120 120

Hypothesized Mean 0
Difference

df 222

t Stat 0.392842195

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.347406494

t Critical one-tail 1.651746359

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.694812987

t Critical two-tail 1.970707395

E. Regression Statistics of the Respondents

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.1218

R Square 0.0148

Adjusted R Square 0.0065

Standard Error 1.4031

Observations 120.0000

ANOVA
 df SS MS F Significance F

Regression 1 3.4954 3.4954 1.7756 0.1853

Residual 118 232.2962 1.9686

Total 119 235.7917

Coefficients Standard t Stat P-value Lower Upper Lower Upper

Error 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%

Intercept 5.6251 0.4560 12.3347 0.0000 4.7220 6.5282 4.7220 6.5282

Perceived 0.0927 0.0696 1.3325 0.1853 -0.0451 0.2305 -0.0451 0.2305

Score

F. Raw Data

PERCEIVED ACTUAL PERCEIVED ACTUAL

SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE

7 3 5 5

3 4 4 6

6 7 7 6

9 4 7 4

7 6 7 7

7 5 7 7

8 5 8 6

3 4 8 7

7 7 9 7

7 6 7 7

8 7 7 7

8 9 5 6

5 6 7 6
8 6 4 6

7 6 4 4

4 7 7 7

3 6 9 7

8 6 6 4

6 7 8 4

5 4 6 6

6 4 9 6

5 5 5 4

5 7 6 6

6 7 5 7

7 7 6 7

3 5 7 8

8 6 10 4

7 6 8 7

3 8 4 8

4 5 7 5

4 8 7 6

4 6 6 8

3 6 6 8

5 4 6 3

8 7 6 6

7 6 8 7

8 9 3 8
7 7 8 4

4 5 6 7

10 7 7 8

6 8 7 5

5 5 4 3

8 7 1 6

10 9 6 6

9 8 5 5

8 6 5 7

8 6 6 6

7 6 6 7

8 8 5 7

7 9 8 8

3 5 8 7

7 6 5 5

7 4 4 6

3 9 7 6

3 9 7 4

7 6 7 7

9 6 7 7

5 5 8 6

8 4 8 7

7 6 9 7

7 6 7 7
8 6 7 7

8 8 5 6

6 8 7 6

7 6 4 6

8 7 4 4

3 6 7 7

3 6 9 7

7 7 6 4

5 7 8 4

6 7 6 6

7 8 9 6

10 4 5 4

8 7 6 6

4 8 7 6

7 5 6 8

6 6 6 8

5 5 6 3

5 7 6 6

6 6 8 7

6 7 3 8

5 7 8 4

8 8 6 7

8 7 7 8

4 3 7 5