Internal Security Mainstorming 2023 WWW - Iasparliament.com1

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INDEX
1. TERRORISM & ORGANISED CRIME ... 2 3. CYBER SECURITY ........................... 17

1.1 The Anti-Maoist Greyhound Force..................... 2 3.1 Increasing Ransomware Attacks in India ......... 17
1.2 Women in Maoism .............................................. 4
4. SECURITY RELATED ACTS &
1.3 The Popular Front of India ................................ 5
ORGANISATIONS .................................. 18
1.4 Khalistan Referendum in Canada....................... 8
4.1 Crypto markets under PMLA ............................ 18
1.5 Drug trafficking in India .................................. 10
4.2 The Inter-services Organizations Bill, 2023 ..... 21
1.6 Drug Coverage in NDPS Act ............................ 12
5. OTHERS.......................................... 22
2. NORTH EAST INSURGENCY............. 13
5.1 Prioritizing the Bay of Bengal Region .............. 22
2.1 Assam-Meghalaya Border Dispute ................... 13
5.2 Grievances of Paramilitary Forces .................. 24
2.2 Assam-Arunachal Pradesh Border Dispute...... 14
2.3 Chin-Kuki-Mizo Refugees ................................. 15
CHENNAI | SALEM | MADURAI | COIMBATORE DELHI | BANGALORE | THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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1. TERRORISM & ORGANISED CRIME
1.1 The Anti-Maoist Greyhound Force
Why in news?
Despite contributing to the shrinking red zone, the elite anti-Maoist Greyhounds force has no base and training centre
in its own home – Andhra Pradesh.
DATA POINT – LEFT WING EXTREMISM IN INDIA
 According to South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), in 2022, Maoist

activities were reported from 10 States in comparison to 11 States in 2021.
 The Government has announced that the number of districts most
affected by LWE had reduced from 35 in 2017 to 25 in 2021.
 Further, the Government sta ted that the geographical spread of
violence has significantly reduced and only 176 Police Stations of 45
districts reported LWE violence in 2022, as compared to a high of 465
Police Stations of 96 districts in 2010.
How did the armed struggle begin in Andhra?

 Telangana Rebellion- The seed of the armed struggle was sown by the Telangana Rebellion of 1946 in the
undivided Andhra Pradesh.
 The peasant movement led by communist leaders rebelled against the feudal
lords of the Telangana region in the princely State of Hyderabad.
 The armed struggle ended in 1951, when the last of the guerilla squads was
subdued by police force.
 Srikakulam movement- The Srikakulam movement that began in 1967
inspired leaders such as Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and K.G. Satyamurthi in
the early 1980s.
 The movement grew in parts of Telangana due to oppression by feudal landlords and attempts by zamindars to
take over lands from tribals.
 Andhra Pradesh is one of the red corridor states that is under
the influence of Left-Wing Extremists (LWE) or Maoists.
Who are Greyhounds?
 The Greyhounds is an elite anti-Maoist force raised in 1989
by IPS officer K.S. Vyas to combat the growing Maoist threat in
Andhra Pradesh.
 The members are well-trained in guerilla and jungle warfare.
 Members of the force cannot be over 35 years.

 Once they cross 35, they are drafted into the civil police until retirement.
 This special police force became the root cause for the downfall of Left Wing Extremism in Andhra Pradesh.
 It also inspired to create other similar forces to fight the Maoists.
What is the issue now?
 The issue started after the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in 2014.
 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, the men and material of Greyhounds were to be shared by
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
 Since the training centres of the Greyhounds were located in Hyderabad, the Act specified that Andhra Pradesh
would have to set up its own base and training centre.
 The Andhra Pradesh Cabinet gave its nod for the establishment of a full-fledged training centre-cum-residential
facility but there is no progress due t0 rehabilitation and resettlement issues.
What are the effects of Left wing extremism
(LWE)?
 Frequent skirmishes have affected the security
forces.
 It has left many tribal civilians caught in the
crossfire.
 Human rights’ violations were reported in naxal
prone areas.
 It has added to the alienation among the poor in
these areas.
 It also has its effect on the government
exchequer.
 LWE widened the backwardness in terms of
social and economic development.
 It affected the democratic setup by hindering the
elections.
How can the issue be tackled?
 Tribal empowerment- Empowerment of
tribal people and civil society activists to
promote peace in these areas.
 Utilizing the surrendered- Surrendered
LWE cadre should be used for intelligence
collection to the maximum possible.
 Extension of welfare measures- The country’s best weapon against ultras is extending the welfare state to
areas it hasn’t quite reached.
 Retaining the faith in democracy- The government must act continually in winning over the support of
tribals and retain their faith in the liberal democratic institutions of the state.
IMPORTANT INITIATIVES FOR LWE AFFECTED STATES
 Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme – Under the Scheme, the Central Government reimburses to
the State Governments of 10 LWE affected States Security Related Expenditure of 70 districts relating to training
and operational needs of security forces, ex-gratia payment to the family of civilians/security forces,
compensation to surrendered LWE cadres, community policing, Security related infrastructure and publicity
materials.
 Special Central Assistance (SCA) for most LWE affected districts - It was approved in 2017 to fill the
critical gaps in Public infrastructure and Services
 Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS) - Under the scheme funds are provided to States for strengthening the
infrastructure related to Security.

 Assistance to Central Agencies for LWE management Scheme - Under the Scheme, assistance is
provided to Central Agencies (CAPFs/IAF etc.) for strengthening of infrastructure and hiring charges for
Helicopters.
 Civic Action Programme (CAP) - This Scheme aims to bridge the gaps between Security Forces and local
people through personal interaction and bring the human face of SFs before the local population.
 Media Plan - Under the scheme activities like Tribal Youth Exchange programmes organised by NYKS, radio
jingles, documentaries, pamphlets etc. are being conducted.
 All the above schemes are implemented as a sub-scheme of the Umbrella Scheme ‘Modernization of Police
Forces’.
 Scheme of Fortified Police stations - Under the scheme, 400 Fortified Police Stations have been constructed
in 10 LWE affected States.
 Road Requirement Plan-I (RRP-I) for LWE affected areas - This Scheme is being implemented by
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways for improving road connectivity in 34 LWE affected districts of 8 States
i.e. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
 Road Connectivity Project for LWE affected areas (RCPLWE) - Ministry of Rural Development is the
nodal Ministry for this project. The roads included under the scheme have been identified by the Ministry of
Home Affairs in consultation with the State Governments and the security agencies.
 LWE Mobile Tower Project - To improve mobile connectivity in the LWE areas, the Government approved
installation of mobile towers in LWE affected States.
 Aspirational District - The Ministry of Home Affairs has been tasked with the monitoring of Aspirational
districts programme in 35 LWE affected districts.
 SAMADHAN doctrine - After the killing of 25 CRPF personnel in Sukuma district of Chhattisgarh in 2017,
“SAMADHAN doctrine” has been formulated to counter naxalism.
1.2 Women in Maoism
Why in news?
Women who join the Maoist movements in the hope of bringing about a revolution are often subject to the same
structural violence that they are supposed to fight.
What is Maoism?
 Maoism is a form of communism developed by Mao Tse Tung.
 It is a doctrine to capture State power through a combination of armed insurgency, mass mobilization and
strategic alliances.
 The Maoists also use propaganda and disinformation against State institutions as other components to further
their agenda.
 Mao called this process, the ‘Protracted Peoples War’, where the emphasis is on military line to capture
power.
 The Front Organizations are the off-shoots of the parent Maoist party, which professes a separate existence
to escape legal liability.
Who are the Indian Maoists?
 The largest and the most violent Maoist formation in India is the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
 The CPI (Maoist) is an amalgamation of many splinter groups, of which the two most important groups are:
o The Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist),
o People War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India.
 The CPI (Maoist) and all its frontal organizations have been banned under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act (UAPA), 1967.

DATA POINT - PARTICIPATION RATE OF WOMEN IN MAOIST MOVEMENTS
 Women constitutes 35-40% of the total cadre.

 Higher representation of women helps Maoists in establishing better connections with tribals and also in hiring
more young people.
 Despite their higher participation, the number of women in top echelons of their leadership are negligible.
 There is only one woman in the more than 20 member, Central Committee of the CPI (Maoist).
 Their representation in the Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee (DKSZC) is also negligible.
What are the causes for high women participation?

 Coercion and threats from Maoists.
 Gender inequality and the Maoist’s commitment towards women rights.
 Police brutality and atrocities against Scheduled Caste/Tribe (SC/ST)
 Marginalization from the rural economy and the perception of Maoism as relief from poverty and
unemployment
What are the struggles faced by women in Maoist movements?
 Sexual exploitation - Though Maoists profess discipline and integrity, exploitation of women prevails in the
party.
 The party has a code of conduct for solemnising marriage but no
code for issues of divorce and polygamy. In States like Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand, the Maoists have
 Reproduction - Male cadres are forced to undergo vasectomy formed ‘Bal Dastas’ comprising
either before marriage or immediately after marriage. young children to brain-wash
 In case a woman cadre gets pregnant, she has to undergo abortion. and indoctrinate young
children to Maoist ideology.
 Health challenges - Loin cloths are still used as sanitary napkin.
 It is also limited and to be shared by two women.
 Women are not permitted to liberally use water and is considered taboo to use water from streams or ponds for
washing.
 The food they provided for women has low nutritional values.
How to address the challenges?
 Woman specific policies - State has to address women’s ground realities in the region that push them toward
radicalization.
 Utilize the opportunity - State policies should focuses on the disadvantageous position that they face in the
party.
 Welfare measures – The current State schemes mostly focuses on hard-power security responses and not the
welfare demands of the populace itself.
 Infrastructure - To provide infrastructure in the Red corridor region.
 Economic inequality – Mainstreaming of Maoists by providing basic amenities and reducing economic
inequalities.
1.3 The Popular Front of India
What is the issue?

The Popular Front of India (PFI) was declared as an “unlawful association” under the Unlawful Activities Prevention
Act (UAPA) by the Centre.
What is the PFI?
 The Popular Front of India describes itself as a non-governmental organisation and a neo-social movement
striving for the empowerment of marginalized, deprived and oppressed sections of India.

 It was formed in 2007 by the merger of three Muslim groups — the National Democratic Front (NDF) in Kerala,
the Karnataka Forum for Dignity (KFD) and the Manitha Neethi Pasarai (MNP) in Tamil Nadu.
 Its head-quarter is at Delhi.
 The PFI expanded to States in the north, west, east and northeastern parts of the country by merging with
various other social organisations.
 The organisation has been described by Central agencies and the government as being a resurrection of the
banned outfit, Students Islamic Movement in India (SIMI).
 The PFI has various wings such as its women’s wing, student wing, political arm, an NGO and a think tank with
over 50,000 members.
What are the major cases involving PFI in the last decade?
 PFI has been on the radar of security agencies for its role in violent protests in different parts of the country
o Against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act
o Alleged forced conversions
o Radicalisation of Muslim youths
o Money laundering
o Disturbing communal harmony
o Links with banned groups
o Organising arms training camp
o Inciting people during the Delhi riots
 Current issue- Recently, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) arrested over 100 leaders and
activists of the Popular Front of India after raids in 15 States.
 The raids are related to Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 (UAPA) cases registered against the
body.
 The NIA was accompanied by officials of the Enforcement Directorate as PFI was alleged to mobilise funds
through well-organised networks in Gulf countries.
 In response to large-scale arrests of its leaders, the PFI organised a dawn to dusk hartal.
 Extremely provocative slogans and speeches formed part of the protest.
 It led to sporadic incidents of violence with police officers being attacked and inter-state buses being targeted.
 Involving in organising terror camps and encouraging youth to join terror activities could lead to a ban on the
organisation under anti-terror laws.
DATA POINT – UAPA IN INDIA
 Under the UAPA, 4,690 persons were arrested between 2018 and 2020, but
only 3% were convicted. Persons arrested 4690
 Till March 2022, 5,422 cases were recorded under the PMLA, but only 23
resulted in convictions. Persons convicted 149
 Of the 1,338 persons convicted under the UAPA in U.P. between 2018 and Persons acquitted 325
2020, only 6% got convicted, while none of the other 94% got bail.
 Among select major crimes, cases registered under Section 153A had among the Persons on bail 1080
lowest conviction rates (20.2%) in 2020.
What does a ‘ban’ on an organisation mean?

 Declaration of an organisation- The UAPA gives powers to the government to declare an organisation an
“unlawful association” or a “terrorist organisation”.
 The UAPA defines “terrorist organisation” as an organisation listed in the Schedule to the UAPA, or an
organisation operating under the same name as an organisation so listed in the Schedule.
 Schedule 1 currently lists 42 organisations as terrorist organisations.

 The law states that an organisation shall be deemed to be involved in terrorism, if it,
o Commits or participates in acts of terrorism, or
o Prepares for terrorism, or
o Promotes or encourages terrorism, or
o Otherwise involved in terrorism
 Removal of an organisation from the Schedule- An application can be made to the central government
by the organisation itself or any person affected by inclusion of the organisation in the Schedule.
 A review committee which is headed by a sitting or former judge of a High Court is appointed to judicially review
the application.
What is a UAPA tribunal?

 Procedure- After the Centre’s declaration of an organisation as unlawful, its notification must reach the
tribunal within 30 days to adjudicate whether or not there is sufficient cause for the move.
 The tribunal then calls upon the association, by notice in writing, to show cause within 30 days why it should
not be declared unlawful.
 It then holds an inquiry and decides the matter within 6 months.
 Constitution- The tribunal consists of only one person, who has to be a High Court judge.
 The Centre will provide the necessary staff to the tribunal for the discharge of its functions.
 All expenses incurred for a tribunal are borne out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
What powers do the tribunal has?
 Regulation of own procedure- The tribunal has power to regulate its own procedure, including the place at
which it holds its sittings.
 It can hold hearings in different states for allegations pertaining to those states.
 Powers regarding inquiries- The tribunal has the same powers as vested in a civil court under the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908, in matters of
o Summoning a witness and examining him on oath
o Production of any document or other material object producible as evidence
o Reception of evidence on affidavits
o Requisitioning of any public record from any court or office
o Issuing of any commission for the examination of witnesses

 All proceeding before the Tribunal are deemed to be judicial proceedings.

 Government notifications, with a few exceptions, have largely been confirmed by the tribunals.
What are the criticisms against the tribunal?
 Lack of transparency - Proceedings of the tribunal have been criticised for being opaque.
 The UAPA permits public non-disclosure of information on bans given the sensitivity involved.
 No access to defend - Often, the government gives evidence in sealed cover, leaving no opportunity for an
organisation to defend itself.
What are the consequences of such declaration?
 Association of individuals - The association of individuals with a terrorist organisation is punishable with
imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
 Exemption- If the individuals have been members before declaring it as terrorist organisation and did not take
part in any activities of the organisation at any time during its inclusion in the Schedule.
 UAPA prescribes punishment for
o Being member of terrorist gang or organisation
o Holding proceeds of terrorism.
 Funding - Funding a terrorist organisation is also criminalized under the UAPA Act.
1.4 Khalistan Referendum in Canada
Why in news?
The participation of Canadian Sikhs in the Khalistan Referendum seeking to carve out Punjab from India has become a
bone of contention in India-Canada relations.
What events were responsible for Khalistan movement?
 1947 Partition of India- Partition of India left Sikhs in a lot of discontentment as their traditional lands were
lost to Pakistan.
 Punjabi Suba movement - A movement was initiated in 1955 under Akali Dal, a Sikh dominated political
party.
 It seeked the re-organisation of Punjab along linguist lines with division of the state into Punjabi and non-
Punjabi speaking areas.
 The State reorganisation commission rejected Akali Dal’s demand for separate statehood.
 Trifurcation of Punjab- The Punjabi Suba movement resulted in trifurcation of Punjab into Punjab, Haryana
and Himachal Pradesh.

 River water sharing- The sharing of waters of

Ravi-Beas and Sutlej between Punjab and Haryana
were the foundation on which the Khalistan dispute
was created.
What was the course of the movement?
 Evolution- The Khalistan movement is a Sikh
nationalist movement that desired to create an
independent state for Sikh people inside the North-
Western Republic of India.
 In early 1980s, the movement had emerged as a
major separatist movement that was fed on arms
under the patronage of Pakistan’s ISI.
 Emergence of Bhindranwale- Bhindranwale
emerged as the extremist voice of Sikhs and declared
himself as the protector and arbiter of Sikh rights.
 Operation Blue Star- Operation Blue Star was conducted to capture Bhindrawale in Harmandir Sahib
Complex, but the operation resulted in a strong anti-India sentiment.
 Killing of Indira Gandhi- The then PM Indira Gandhi was seen as an enemy of the Sikhs and two Sikh guards
of her killed her in 1984.
 Her killing was followed by wide-spread riots against the Sikhs across India fuelling more anti-India sentiment.
 At the present, Khalistan movement is dormant in India but gets ideological support from Sikhs living in
Canada, UK, USA and ISI of Pakistan.
What is the current happening in Canada?
 Recently, thousands of Canadian Sikhs took part in an unofficial voting exercise, the “Khalistan
referendum”.
 The unofficial referendum is a voting exercise that is being organised across several countries by the US-based
Sikhs for Justice (SFJ) organisation, which was banned in India in 2019.
 The referendum seeks to establish a consensus among Sikh communities to carve out a separate homeland called
Khalistan within the Indian state of Punjab.
 The group says that it would then approach the UN and other international human rights bodies with the
demand to re-establish Punjab as a nation state.
 Recently, a prominent Hindu temple was defaced by Canadian Khalistani extremists with anti-India graffiti in
an apparent hate crime.
 A similar referendum was held in London in
November 2021.
What is the stand of both the governments?
 Canada- The Canadian authorities have defended
this as an exercise in freedom of speech.
 India- The Indian foreign ministry has accused
Canada of allowing extremists to carry out
politically-motivated exercises that are threat to the
integrity of India.
 The Canadian government has reiterated that they
respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of
India, and that they will not recognise the so-called
referendum.
What is the history of Indians in Canada?
 Canada has a sizable Indian-origin population,
making up among the world’s largest Indian
diasporas.
 The immigrants from India account for at least 1.4% of the population of Canada.

 Canada is a preferred destination for higher education for many Indian students today, second only to the US.
 It is estimated on the basis of Canada’s Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, Canada (IRCC) report, around
60 - 65% of those applying to go to Canada are from Punjab.
 Some sections of the Punjabi Sikh community have also supported and funded the Khalistan separatist
movement.
 They have even hosted many individual Khalistani ideologues and extremists.
1.5 Drug trafficking in India
Why in news?
The narcotics trade is not only a social problem that harms youth and families but a national security problem as the
money it generates is diverted for disruptive activities.
What are Narcotic drugs?
 Narcotic drugs refer to any substance that binds with opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
 They are used to treat moderate to severe pain and are capable of producing sleep.
 Opioid is an umbrella term which refers to all natural, semisynthetic and synthetic chemicals.
DATA POINT – DRUG USAGE
 The UN’s World Drug Report 2022 (WDR) stated that in 2020, one in every 18 people had used a drug in
the past 12 months.
 The report also revealed that cocaine manufacturing reached a record high in 2020, so did its trafficking.
 As per the latest data published by National Crime Records Bureau, 1,052 kg of heroin was seized in 2021,
a staggering increase from 343 kg and 137 kg in 2020 and 2019 respectively.
 The bulk of the seizure was from Kerala, Punjab and Rajasthan.
 Abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs costs the nation $740 billion annually in crime, lost work productivity
and health. Out of this, $11 billion goes in healthcare and $192 billion gets drained due to the illicit use of drugs.
 For example: Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, and codeine.
 Opiates are a type of opioid that derives naturally from the opium, or poppy plant.
 Opium is derived from the opium poppy plant which hold a milky substance called latex.
 The latex that contains a number of chemicals, including morphine and codeine is extracted and dried to create
opium.
 The terms opiate, opioid, and narcotics are used interchangeably.
What is the problem with India?

 Neighbourhood - India is sandwiched between the Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle.
 The Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle are names given to Asia's two principal areas of illicit opium
production.
 The Golden Crescent comprises Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan and the Golden Triangle represents the regions
of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand
 Long Coastline - Since India have a coastline of around 7500km, it aids in safe trade and transfer of drugs.
 Porous borders - It provides a safe space for illegal drug trade.
 Cocaine users - India has become a hot destination for cocaine, the supply of which is controlled by South
American drug cartels.
What are the threats to India?
 Social Problem – It harms youth and families and reduces the social capital of India.

 Link - The nexus between drug traffickers, organised criminal networks and terrorists causes instability in the
country.
 The money generated through this drug trade are used to fund various insurgent and terrorist movements.
 Use of technology - Due to its anonymity and low risks, dark nets are widely used for illicit drug trafficking.
What are the steps taken by India?
Conventions Legislations Institutions
India is a signatory to all 3 UN The legislative policy on narcotic Agencies responsible for various functions
drug control conventions, drugs are as follows: are as follows:
namely,
1. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940  The Department of Revenue, Ministry
1. The Single Convention on of Finance has the nodal co-ordination
2. The Narcotics Drugs and
Narcotic Drugs 1961 role under NDPS Act, 1985 and Illicit
Psychotropic Substances Act,
(amended by the 1972 traffic Act, 1988.
1985 (NDPS Act)
Protocol)
3. The Prevention of Illicit Traffic  The Ministry of Social Justice and
2. The Convention on Empowerment is the nodal agency
in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances responsible for implementing the drug
Psychotropic Substances Act,
1971 demand reduction programme.
1988
3. The UN Convention against  Narcotics Control Bureau
4. NDPS (Regulation of
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic (NCB) under the Ministry of Home
Controlled Substances) Order,
Drugs and Psychotropic Affairs is the nodal agency dealing with
1993
Substances, 1988 drug trafficking in India
What can be done to prevent drug trafficking?

 Twin goals - Adopt a comprehensive approach to reduce both the supply as well as demand for narcotics and
drugs.
 Coordination - There should be greater coordination between Customs and other enforcement agencies to
break the backbone of drug syndicates.
 Intelligence - There is an urgent need to develop a system for sharing of information by state police forces and
the central agencies
 It would help the enforcement agencies connect the distributors to source of supply.
 Implementation - Effective implementation of the existing laws plays a very important role.
 Regulation - curtailing the easy flow of money through regulating the crypto markets, darknet.
 Surveillance - Upgrading the maritime surveillance
 Countering internal demand - Given the addictive nature, youth are particularly susceptible to fall prey to
drugs and concerted effort is needed tackle the issue not only at the borders but also internally.
 To counter this internal demand, a campaign that leverages behavioural economics to nudge and inform people
of the menace of drugs should be initiated in the form of a Jan Andolan.

 De-addiction centres - Drug and alcohol addiction centres should be supported and non-stigmatised,
leveraging the support of CSR initiatives of corporates.
 Involving RWAs - Even Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) of housing societies should be mandated to
incorporate suitable bye-laws in society rules to inform residents of the criminality of drugs.
 Capacity enhancement - A need for capacity enhancement in the border areas is imperative for effectively
balancing the role of Customs in intercepting narcotics and facilitating genuine trade.
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
Constituted in 1986, NCB is the Central Authority for the purpose of exercising the powers and functions for
 Co-ordination of actions by various offices, State Governments and other authorities under
o The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS) 1985,
o Customs Act,
o Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
o Any other law for the time being in force in connection with the enforcement provisions of the NDPS Act
 Coordination of actions taken by the other concerned Ministries, Departments and Organizations in respect of
matters relating to drug abuse.
 Assistance to concerned authorities in foreign countries and concerned international organizations to facilitate
coordination suppression of illicit traffic in these drugs and substances.
Opium Cultivation in India
 The opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) is an annual medicinal herb.

 It contains many alkaloids that are frequently used as an analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-spasmodic in modern
medicine.
 Besides, it is also grown as a source of edible seed and seed oil.
 India is the only country authorised by the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) to produce
gum opium.
 Licit cultivation of opium is carried out in the states of - Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
1.6 Drug Coverage in NDPS Act
Why in news?
Karnataka High Court recently observed that nowhere in the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act
is bhang referred to as a prohibited drink or prohibited drug.
What is NDPS Act?
 Enacted in 1985, the NDPS Act is the main legislation that deals with
drugs and their trafficking.
 Various provisions of the Act punish production, manufacture, sale,
possession, consumption, purchase, transport, and use of banned drugs,
except for medical and scientific purposes.
 Coverage - The NDPS Act defines cannabis (hemp) as a narcotic drug
based on the parts of the plant that come under its purview.
o Charas- The separated resin, in whatever form obtained from
the cannabis plant including the concentrated preparation and
resin
o Ganja- The flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis (excluding the seeds and leaves when not
accompanied by the tops)
o Any mixture, with or without any neutral material, of any of the above forms of cannabis or any drink
prepared therefrom

 Exclusion - The Act excludes seeds and leaves when not accompanied by the
tops.
 Bhang, which is made with the leaves of the plant, is not mentioned in the
NDPS Act.
 Special provision- The Act states that the government may allow cultivation
of any cannabis plant for industrial purposes only of obtaining fibre or seed or
for horticultural purposes.
What is the criminal liability for cannabis cultivation?
 The NDPS Act lays out the punishment for the production, manufacture, sale, purchase, import and inter-state
export of cannabis.
 The prescribed punishment is based on the amount of drugs seized.
 Small quantity -
Contravention that involves 1 kg
of ganja will result in rigorous
imprisonment that may extend
to 1 year and/or a fine which may
extend to Rs 10,000.
 Commercial quantity -
Contravention that involves 20
kg ganja involves rigorous
imprisonment of 10 to 20 years,
including a fine that is not less
than Rs 1 to 2 lakhs.
 Intermediate - The
contravention that involves
quantity less than commercial
but greater than small quantity,
rigorous imprisonment up to 10
years is prescribed and a fine
which may extend to Rs 1 lakh.
2. NORTH EAST INSURGENCY
2.1 Assam-Meghalaya Border Dispute
Why in news?
Tension gripped the Assam-Meghalaya border areas after six people were killed when police intercepted a truck that
was allegedly smuggling timber.
What is the incident about?
 The Firing - There was an alleged clash between the Assam Police and a mob in an area bordering the West
Karbi Anglong district of Assam and Mukroh village in Meghalaya’s West Jaintia Hills.
 Six people were killed out of which five are from Meghalaya.
 Assam’s point - The Assam Police has claimed that they opened fire in self
defence after a mob surrounded them when they were trying to intercept a
truck allegedly smuggling timber.
 Assam has announced a one-man inquiry commission under a retired High
Court judge to probe the issue.
 Meghalaya’s stand - Meghalaya Chief Minister termed the Assam Police’s actions “inhuman” and said the
state will set up a judicial commission and a Special Investigation Team until a central agency takes over.

What is the border dispute between the two states?

 Assam and Meghalaya share an 885-km border.In 1970, Meghalaya was carved out of Assam as an autonomous
state.
 In 1972, Meghalaya became a full-fledged state following the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act
of 1969.The Meghalaya government found the Act unacceptable.
 As many as 12 land dispute points have been a bone of contention, out of which 6 areas have found some type
of resolution after signing a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the two states.
 Langpih in the West Garo Hills bordering the Kamrup district of Assam is a major flashpoint.
 Langpih was part of the Kamrup district during the British colonial period, but post-Independence, it became
part of the Garo Hills and Meghalaya.
 Meghalaya claims that the border problem in Langpih has been created by Assam, which has often set up police
posts there.
What efforts have been taken to resolve the issue?
 1983 - A joint official committee recommended that the
Survey of India should re-delineate the border, teaming
up with both the states.
 1985 - An independent panel, spearheaded by Justice
YV Chandrachud, was set up but Meghalaya denounced
the report.
 1991 - About 100 km of the border was demarcated with
the help of the Survey of India, but Meghalaya protested
strongly.
 2011 - The Meghalaya Assembly passed a resolution for
intervention of the Centre and the establishment of a
boundary commission.
 The Centre asked the two governments to appoint nodal
officers to discuss the dispute.
 2019 - Meghalaya urged the Supreme Court to direct the Centre to resolve the dispute but the petition was
turned down.
 2022 - Assam and Meghalaya signed a draft resolution as a first step towards resolving a 50-year-old dispute.
 A MoU was signed between Assam Chief Minister and his Meghalaya counterpart in the presence of Home
Minister Amit Shah in New Delhi which sought closure in 6 disputed sectors.
 The second phase of border talks decided to form three regional committees to resolve issues in the remaining
disputed areas.
Related links - Assam-Mizoram Border Dispute
2.2 Assam-Arunachal Pradesh Border Dispute
Why in news?
Chief Ministers of both the states of Assam and Arunachal signed memorandum of understanding (MoU) to resolve the
long-standing border dispute.
What is the border dispute between the two states?
 Assam and Arunachal Pradesh share a roughly 800-kilometre long border and Arunachal was formed in
1954 by carving out of Assam.
 During the formation of Arunachal Pradesh, around 3500 km plain area were transferred from Arunachal
Pradesh to Assam.
 When Arunachal Pradesh was made as Union Territory in 1972 the areas belonging to hill tribal chiefs of
Arunachal Pradesh was unilateral transferred to Assam.

What are the earlier efforts taken to resolve the dispute?

 High-powered tripartite committee - Was constituted to delineate the boundary on the basis of Survey of
India maps.
 Around 489 km of the 800 km were demarcated by 1983-84 but it was not accepted by Arunachal Pradesh.
 Local boundary commission - Several recommended were made including
o Arunachal Pradesh to have back its territories
o Both states should arrive at a consensus through discussions.
 123 villages - Border dispute to be confined to 123 villages of Arunachal Pradesh.
 Notified boundary - Boundary line delineated by the high powered tripartite committee in 1980 would be
taken as the notified boundary.
 12 regional committees - Was constituted covering the 12 districts of Arunachal Pradesh and the 8
counterpart districts of Assam for joint verification of the 123 villages.
 Namsai Declaration - The dispute over 37 of 123 villages had been resolved with the signing of the Namsai
Declaration.
What are the shortfalls of the MoU?

 Tirap, Changlang and Longding People’s Forum (TCLPF) has said that the MoU is totally against the interest of
people of Arunachal Pradesh.
 The people of 13 villages on either side of the border strongly opposed the boundary deal.
 The ground survey was done leading to faulty factual positions of the villages in the border.
 The MoU was not taken considering the opinion of the village people.
2.3 Chin-Kuki-Mizo Refugees
What is the issue?

Bangladeshi tribal nationals entered Mizoram, trying to flee fighting between Bangladeshi security forces and the Kuki-
Chin National Army (KNA), an armed insurgent group in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT).
The Mizoram Cabinet resolved to give temporary shelter, food and other relief Chin-Kuki-Mizo refugees as per
convenience of the state government.

What is the refugee problem in Mizoram?

 From Bangladesh - The Chittagong Hill Tracts
(CHT) is an impoverished hilly, forested area that is
found in the Khagrachari, Rangamati, and Bandarban
districts of Bangladesh.
 It borders Mizoram to the east, Tripura to the north,
and Myanmar to the south and southeast.
 A significant portion of the population is tribal, and
culturally and ethnically different from the
majority Muslim Bangladeshis.
 The tribal population of the CHT has ethnic links with
tribal populations in the adjacent areas of India,
mainly in Mizoram.
 From Mizoram - Mizoram is already hosting about 30,000 refugees who have been fleeing fighting
in Myanmar’s Chin state since July-
August 2021. Kuki Tribes
 A pro-democracy civilian resistance group  The Kuki ethnic group, which originated in the Mizo
called the Chin Defence Force has been hills, includes the Chins of Myanmar, the Mizos of
fighting the forces of the junta ever since the Mizoram, and the Kukis of Bangladesh.
military coup of February 2021.
 The three are collectively known as Zo people.
 Chin Defence Force is backed and trained by
the Chin National Army (CNA), an ethnic  Kuki Tribes are believed to be the native people of
armed organisation active in Myanmar. Mizoram.
What is the stance of the Union Government of  They inhabited the regions of Myanmar, Manipur,
India? Assam and Mizoram of India and Bangladesh.
 When people began pouring in from  Around 50 tribes of kuki people in India are recognized
Myanmar’s Chin State, the Union Home as scheduled tribes based on dialect spoken and region
Ministry asked the Northeastern states to act of origin.
against “the illegal influx”.
 Kuki Tribes are mainly followers of Christianity.
 But the Mizoram government has openly
differed with the Centre on the issue of  Traditionally the Kuki lived in small settlements in the
refugees. It has continued to welcome the jungles, each ruled by its own chief called Lal.
refugees.
 The increasing numbers of refugees have, however, put strain on the state’s resources, and several NGOs, the
church, and youth organisations have joined the effort.
 The Centre has so far not prevented Mizoram from helping the refugees.
What is the complex conflict in the CHT?
 The Kuki-Chin National Front (KNF) is an ethnic separatist organisation that claims
to represent the interests of the Kuki-Chin-Mizo communities living in the area.
 The KNF emerged around 2008, with the demand of a separate state in the
Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 The Kuki-Chin National Army (KNA), the armed wing of the KNF, is fighting
soldiers of the Bangladesh Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) in the CHT.
 The KNF claims all members of the Bawm, Pungkhua, Lushai, Khumi, Mro, and Khyang ethnic groups belong
to a greater Kuki-Chin race.
 Deal - The amir of the Jama’atul Ansar, Md Anisur Rahman
alias Mahmud and the KNF chief Nathan Bom had “struck a
three-year agreement” at the beginning of 2021.
 As per the deal, the KNF was providing shelter, training and
other support to the militants.
 In return, the militant outfit was giving the KNF Bangladeshi
Taka 3 lakh per month and the expenditure for food”.

 The Zo Reunification Organisation (ZORO) had told that the Bangladesh Army has entered into a secret pact
with Myanmar-based Arakan Army to launch joint operations against KNA.
3. CYBER SECURITY
3.1 Increasing Ransomware Attacks in India
Why in news?
Recently, e-services at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) were crippled and is suspected to be a
ransomware attack.
What is the issue?
 Issue - AIIMS has a Local Area Network comprising more than 6,500 computers.
 The centralised records were inaccessible and the e-hospital system
has been completely shut down.
The information tracked by
 A ransomware attack is suspected in this regard.
the CERT-In showed that
 Impacts - Preliminary findings have indicated that at least five of the cyber-attacks saw a four-fold
AIIMS’ servers that hosted data related to more than three crore jump in 2018 and recorded an
patients were compromised.
89% growth in 2019.
 The institute has been able to provide consultation services to just
about one-fifth that number.
 The latest incident has dented the image of the institute which is known for the quality of teaching and research
work.
 The Delhi Police’s Intelligence Fusion & Strategic Operations have launched investigations.
 The experts from the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) and National Informatics
Centre (NIC) are working on restoring online services.
What is Ransomware?
 Ransomware is a type of malware that prevents users from accessing their system or personal files and
demands ransom payment in order to regain access.
 The malware may usually be injected remotely by tricking the user into downloading it upon clicking an
ostensibly safe web link sent via email or other means, including hacking.
 It can spread throughout the network by exploiting existing vulnerabilities.
 Ransomware attacks can be accompanied by theft of sensitive data.

 Recently, Spice jet and Oil India had faced a cyber-threat.

How are cyber-attacks dealt in India?
 Indian Computer Emergency Team (CERT-In) - CERT-In is the national nodal agency for responding to
computer security incidents as and when they occur.
 CERT-In is operational since January 2004.
According to Interpol’s first-
 The constituency of CERT-In is the Indian Cyber Community. ever Global Crime Trend report,
 CERT-In has been designated to perform the following functions ransomware was the second
o Collection, analysis and dissemination of information on highest-ranking threat after
cyber incidents. money laundering, at 66%.
o Forecast and alerts of cyber security incidents.

o Emergency measures for handling cyber security incidents
o Coordination of cyber incident response activities.
o Issue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability notes and whitepapers relating to information security
practices, procedures, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents.
o Imparting training to computer system managers.
 National Cyber Security Coordinator - Best practices recommended by CERT-In

The National Cyber Security Coordinator,
under the National Security Council  Maintain regularly offline data backups with encryption.
Secretariat, coordinates with different
agencies at the national level on  All accounts should have strong and unique passwords
cybersecurity issues. and lockout policy
 The National Critical Information  Multi-factor authentication for all services
Infrastructure Protection Centre - It
has been set up for the protection of national  Disable remote desktop connections
critical information infrastructure.  Have a proper Remote Desktop Protocol logging and
 The Cyber Swachhta Kendra - It is a configuration, and spam-proof email validation system
Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis  Anti-virus software should be updated
Centre that has been launched for detection
of malicious software programmes and to  Users must not open attachments or URL links in
provide free tools to remove them. uninvited e-mails
 The National Cyber Coordination Centre - It works on creating awareness about existing and potential
threats.
 Cyber Crisis Management Plan - The government has formulated a Cyber Crisis Management Plan for
countering cyber-attacks.
4. SECURITY RELATED ACTS & ORGANISATIONS
4.1 Crypto markets under PMLA
Why in news?
The Finance Ministry’s move to bring in virtual digital assets under the money laundering law is aimed at widening the
taxation and regulatory net and giving teeth to agencies.
What is Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)?
 The Act enacted in 2022 enables government authorities to confiscate property earned from illegal sources and
through money laundering.
 Under the Act, the burden of proof lies with the accused.
Key features of PMLA
 Confiscation of property - The PMLA deals with the confiscation of both movable and immovable property.

 Intermediaries - The Act provides that every banking company, financial institution and intermediaries
should maintain a record of transaction.
 Appellate Tribunal - The Appellate Tribunal was established by Central Government to hear appeals against
the dealers of Adjudicating Authority and authorities under this Act.
 Special Courts - The Central Government shall constitute the Special Courts in consultation of the Chief
Justice of India to try the offence of Money Laundering.
 Location of an entity - The third party of any entity in the country shall not be located in any country
classified as ‘high risk’ by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Objectives Offences
 Preventing money laundering.  Part A – It includes offences under various acts.

 Combating the channelizing of money into  Indian Penal Code, Prevention of Corruption Act, Narcotics
illegal activities and economic crimes. Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, Antiquities and Art
Treasures Act, Trademark Act, Wildlife Protection Act,
 Providing for the confiscation of property Copyright Act and Information Technology Act.
derived from or involved in money
laundering.  Part B – It includes offences that are mentioned in Part A,
but are of a value of Rs. 1 crore or more.
 Providing for any other matters connected
with or incidental to the act of money  Part C – It includes trans-border crimes.
laundering.
Authorities Responsible Penalties
 Enforcement Directorate (ED) – It is  Freezing assets – Freezing or seizing of property and

responsible for investigating offences under records, and/or attachment of property obtained through
the PMLA. crime proceeds.
 Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-  Punishment – Imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years
IND) – It is the national agency that receives, and a maximum of 7 years.
processes, analyses and disseminates
information related to suspect financial  Drugs – If the crime of money laundering is involved with
transactions. the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985,
the punishment can go up to 10 years, along with fine.
What is a cryptocurrency?
 A cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange in digital format and uses encryption techniques to both control the
creation of monetary units and to verify the exchange of money.
 With cryptocurrencies, a
chain of private computers
is constantly working
towards authenticating the
transactions by solving
complex cryptographic
puzzles.
 Bitcoin is the largest in the
world according to market
capitalisation, followed by
Ethereum.
 A blockchain wallet is used
to store the cryptocoins
which facilitate smooth
exchanges and secure
transactions as they are
cryptographically signed.
To know about working mechanism
of crypto currencies, click here

Legal Status of Crypto in India
 Even though the government brought in a tax for cryptocurrencies, it did not proceed with framing regulations.
 Ban – The Reserve Bank of India had proposed a ban on cryptocurrencies, this was set aside by a court order.
 Taxation – In 2022, India introduced a 30% income tax on gains made from cryptocurrencies and the rules
regarding 1% tax deducted at source on cryptocurrency came into effect.
What are the recent changes in the PMLA?
Changes in the Prevention of Money-laundering

Bringing five types of activities under PMLA
(Maintenance of Records) Rules, 2005
 Exchange between virtual digital assets (VDA)  Defining the term - Politically Exposed Person( PEP)
and fiat currencies
 Every banking company or financial institution must
 Exchange between one or more forms of VDA shall register the details of clients on the DARPAN Portal
of Niti Aayog.
 Transfer of VDA
 The rules broadens the definition of a non-profit
 Safekeeping or administration of VDA or organization to now also include organizations that
instruments enabling control over them function for charitable purposes including relief to the
 Participation in and provision of financial services poor, education or medical relief etc.
related to an issuer’s offer and sale of a VDA.  The new rules add more data retention requirements to
NGOs
What are the impacts of changes in PMLA?

Impact on Crypto exchanges
 If activities related to exchange of VDAs are carried out for or on
behalf of another person, it shall be regarded as an activity under
PMLA
 The crypto-entities are required to verify the identity of clients
and beneficial owners, and maintain records of transactions for 5
years from the date of transaction
 The crypto exchanges must maintain records of identity, files and
correspondences of clients for 5 years
Impact on Foreign portfolio investors
 FPIs will have to rework the mechanism for maintenance of records because of the change in threshold for
determining beneficial ownership.
How is the notification being viewed by the industry?
 Time crunch – There are concerns that the notification does not offer entities time to adhere to the fresh
norms.
 No central regulator – The industry is also concerned that in
the absence of a central regulator, crypto entities could end up
dealing directly with enforcement agencies like the ED.
 Due diligence – Entities such as CoinDCX are now required by
law to conduct due diligence and enhanced due diligence under
the PMLA.
What is the way forward?
 VDAs – With this move Virtual Digital Asset (VDA) entities are
covered as a reporting entity.
 PMLA laws – This means exchanges, custodians, administrators of VDAs handling customer funds will have
to take care of PMLA laws as much as banks do and report suspicious transactions.

 However, in the absence of regulators, enforcement agencies could directly take recourse of this amendment.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
 It was set up in 1989 by the G7 countries, with headquarters in Paris.

 Members - It has 39 members that include all 5 permanent members of UNSC and 2 regional organisations -
Gulf Cooperation Council and the European Commission.
 Saudi Arabia, Israel and Indonesia are “observer countries” (partial membership).
 India became a full member in 2010.
 Objectives - To set standards and promote effective FATF

implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for
combating money laundering, terrorist financing and Founded in 1989
other related threats to the integrity of the international financial
system Secretariat Paris (OECD HQ)
 It is therefore a “policy-making body” which works to generate
the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and India’s India is a member
regulatory reforms in these areas. membership
 It is empowered to curtail financing of UN-designated terrorist

groups. It can publicly sensor countries that are not abiding by its
norms.
 Grey List - A country is put on the grey list that are “Monitored
Jurisdictions” when it fails to curb terrorism financing and money
laundering.
 Grey list countries - Cambodia, Syria and Yemen in Asia along
with few other countries.
 In 2022, Pakistan was taken off from the Grey list after four years
since its inception in 2018.
 Blacklisting a country refers to countries facing a “call to action”
or severe banking structures, sanctions and difficulties in
accessing loans.
 It means shutting all doors to international finance for that
country. Black list Countries - North Korea, Iran and Myanmar.
4.2 The Inter-services Organizations Bill, 2023
Why in news?
Recently, the Inter-services Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha
which empowers the central government to constitute Inter-services
Organisation.
What is the current setup?
Inter-services Organisations
 Presently, the service personnel of Air Force, Army and Navy are (ISOs) include Andaman and
governed by Nicobar Command
o The Air Force Act, 1950 Defence Space Agency and Joint
o The Army Act, 1950 training establishments includes
National Defence Academy &
o The Navy Act, 1957 National Defence College
 Only officers of the respective services are empowered to
exercise disciplinary powers over the respective service personnel.
 This has a direct impact on command, control and discipline of the Inter-services Organisations (ISOs) and joint
training establishments.

 In simple words, Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command of such ISOs are not empowered to exercise
powers over the personnel belonging to other services.
What are the challenges in the current setup?
 Parent unit - The personnel serving in the ISOs need to be reverted to their parent Service units for any
disciplinary or administrative action.
 Negatives - This is both time consuming and have financial implications relating to the movement of the
personnel.
 Multiple proceedings - It results in multiple sets of proceedings when the enquiry involves the same set of
facts and circumstances but involves personnel belonging to different services.
 Standard of discipline - Multiple proceedings demands expeditious disposal of cases which eventually
affects the standard of discipline.
 The 1st tri-service command is the Andaman and Nicobar Command which was formed in 2001.
 Shekatkar Committee is associated with military reforms
What is the Inter-services Organizations Bill, 2023?

 It aims to address these impediments to ensure discipline and faster disposal of cases without disturbing the
unique service conditions or amending the service Acts.
Key provisions of the bill
 Establishment - With the existing ISOs, the bill empowers the Union government to set up ISOs.
 These ISO can include a joint services command comprising personnel belonging to at least 2 of the 3 services.
 Head of ISOs - Commander-in-chief or the officer-in-command will be the heads of ISOs and it empowers
them to exercise command and control over the personnel serving in an ISO or attached to it.
 Superintendence - The superintendence of these ISOs will be vested in the Central Government.
 Parent Act - Personnel will continue to be governed by their respective service Acts while serving in or attached
to an ISO.
 Theaterisation - The Bill ensure better management of theatre
commands once they are operationalised. Theaterisation of Armed Forces is
What are the impacts of the bill? a concept in which the 3 services
will work as a single entity looking
 Expedite disposal of cases after security challenges in a
 Saving of time and public money by avoiding multiple proceedings specified geographical territory
under an operational commander.
 Greater integration amongst armed forces personnel
 Addresses security challenges in a specified geographical territory
5. OTHERS
5.1 Prioritizing the Bay of Bengal Region
Why in news?
The launch of the Centre for Bay of Bengal Studies (CBS) at Nalanda University has demonstrated India’s commitment
to advancing constructive agendas in the Bay.
How significant is Bay of Bengal to India?
 Commercial hub- The Bay has long been a major commerce hub for the Indian Ocean.
 Linking east and west- It created a conduit between the East and the West in terms for trade and culture.
 Security- The key sea lanes of communication in this area are lifelines for global economic security and are
crucial to the energy security that powers the economies of many countries in the region.

 Regional cooperation- The Bay also provides an opportunity for greater regional cooperation in the
environmentally friendly exploration of marine and energy resources.
 Biodiversity - The Bay has a biodiverse marine environment and is home to many rare and endangered marine
species and mangroves.
 Geopolitics - An Indo-Pacific orientation and the realignment of global economic and military power towards
Asia have had a considerable impact on the Bay region.
What are the issues at the bay?
 Environmental issues- Species extinction has
become an issue due to careless exploitation of the
maritime environment.
 Problems such as population growth, altered land
use, excessive resource exploitation, salinisation, sea
level rise, and climate change are straining the Bay’s
environment.
 Discharge from feeder ships, shipping collisions, oil
spills, industrial waste, pollution, and accumulation
of plastic litter has resulted in the formation of a dead
zone.
 The mangrove trees that protect the shore from the
fury of nature are under threat.
 Expansion of power- The region’s maritime
environment has changed as a result of major powers
expanding their economic and geopolitical influence.
 Security concerns- Non-traditional dangers
including terrorism have become more prevalent.
What potential does CBS hold?
 Generation of opportunities- The Centre for Bay of Bengal Studies will offer collaborations in geo-
economics, geopolitics, ecology, trade, connectivity, maritime security, culture and blue economy.
 Sustainable growth for all- It has the potential to strengthen India’s framework for maritime engagement
in order to advance sustainable economic growth for all.
 Promotion of Partnership- It promotes the nautical neighbours to partner and cooperate since the maritime
domain is interrelated and interdependent in nature.
 Interdisciplinary research centre- It will serve as a unique interdisciplinary research centre devoted to
Bay-focused teaching, research, and capacity building.
 Scholars from many countries and academic streams are already participating in CBS’s first certificate
programme on the Bay.
What lies ahead?
 There are few concerns that need immediate attention
o Expanding cooperation in maritime safety and security
o Enhancing cooperation on maritime connectivity
o The ease of maritime transit
o Boosting investment possibilities in maritime connectivity
 Littoral governments need to support and promote skill-building, research, and training.
 Countries in the region will need to mobilise incentives and investments and manage oceanic affairs more
effectively.

5.2 Grievances of Paramilitary Forces
Why in news?
Old age pension is not given to paramilitary personnel who died in Pulwama attack.
What is a paramilitary force?
 A semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) functions are
similar to those of a professional military but which is not included as part of a state's formal armed forces.
 Though paramilitary is not a military force, it is usually like military's light infantry force in terms of training,
and organizational structure.
What are the functions of the paramilitary force?
 All the paramilitary forces comes under Ministry of Home Affairs.
 Other forces – Special Frontier Force (Cabinet Secretariat) and Indian Coast Guard ( Ministry of Defence)
Paramilitary Forces Year Functions
Assam rifles contribute in maintaining of law and order, countering

The Assam Rifles 1835
insurgency.
The Central Industrial Security

1969 CISF provides integrated security cover to public sector undertaking.
Forces(CISF)
The Central Reserve Police Force CRPF shall be to enable the government to maintain Rule of Law, and
1949
(CRPF) Internal Security effectively.
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police ITBP guards 3,488 km long India-China borders ranging from the
1962
(ITBP) Force Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Jachep La in Arunachal Pradesh.
NSG has been given the specific role to handle all facets of terrorism
National Security Guard 1986
in any part of the country
To ensure the security of the borders of India and any matter related
Border Security Forces 1965
to it
Sole objective of achieving ‘Total security preparedness’ in the remote

Sashastra Seema Bal 1963
border areas for performing a ‘stay-behind’ role in the event of a war.
What are the various problems faced by paramilitary forces?

 Poor quality of food
 Shortage of gazetted officers (GOs) and personnel
 The old pension scheme not being provided to personnel joining service after December 31, 2003
 Lack of training and skills
 Harsh service conditions
 Harsh terrains as place of deployment
 Deficiencies in infrastructure
 Absence of promotional opportunities
 Increased gap between the officers and the men
Measures taken by the Government of India
 Sanrakshika - The CISF Wives Welfare Association works for the empowerment and betterment of the families
of CISF personnel through various activities.

 Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) - It is an online platform
available to the citizens 24x7 to lodge paramilitary personnel grievances to the public authorities on any subject
related to service delivery.
 Agni veers - To address the shortage of personnel Six para forces may recruit 2,184 ex-Agni veers every year.
What is the need of the hour?

 The government must listen to the public opinion relating to old age pension.
 Paramilitary forces needed to be treated in par with armed forces.
 The morale of these paramilitary military personnel needs to be kept high.
 The genuine grievances of India’s paramilitary forces need to be addressed
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1. TERRORISM & ORGANISED CRIME ... 2 3. CYBER SECURITY ........................... 17

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1. TERRORISM & ORGANISED CRIME

1.1 The Anti-Maoist Greyhound Force

DATA POINT – LEFT WING EXTREMISM IN INDIA

 According to South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), in 2022, Maoist

How did the armed struggle begin in Andhra?

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IMPORTANT INITIATIVES FOR LWE AFFECTED STATES

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1.2 Women in Maoism

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DATA POINT - PARTICIPATION RATE OF WOMEN IN MAOIST MOVEMENTS

 Women constitutes 35-40% of the total cadre.

What are the causes for high women participation?

1.3 The Popular Front of India

What is the issue?

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DATA POINT – UAPA IN INDIA

What does a ‘ban’ on an organisation mean?

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What is a UAPA tribunal?

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 All proceeding before the Tribunal are deemed to be judicial proceedings.

1.4 Khalistan Referendum in Canada

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 River water sharing- The sharing of waters of

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1.5 Drug trafficking in India

What is the problem with India?

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What are the steps taken by India?

Conventions Legislations Institutions

What can be done to prevent drug trafficking?

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Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)

Opium Cultivation in India

 The opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) is an annual medicinal herb.

1.6 Drug Coverage in NDPS Act

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2. NORTH EAST INSURGENCY

2.1 Assam-Meghalaya Border Dispute

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What is the border dispute between the two states?

2.2 Assam-Arunachal Pradesh Border Dispute

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What are the earlier efforts taken to resolve the dispute?

What are the shortfalls of the MoU?

2.3 Chin-Kuki-Mizo Refugees

What is the issue?

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What is the refugee problem in Mizoram?

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3.1 Increasing Ransomware Attacks in India

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 Recently, Spice jet and Oil India had faced a cyber-threat.

o Forecast and alerts of cyber security incidents.

 National Cyber Security Coordinator - Best practices recommended by CERT-In

4. SECURITY RELATED ACTS & ORGANISATIONS

4.1 Crypto markets under PMLA

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