Dr.

Chathura Ranasinghe

Thermofluids and Energy Group

Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Moratuwa
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Contents
• Classification of pumps
• Introduction to positive displacement pumps
• Rotodynamic pumps
• Performance characteristics
• Selection

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Introduction
What is a pump
A device which transfers mechanical energy of its operating
member to the fluid flowing through the machine

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Introduction
Applications

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Classification
Based on the principle of operation

• Rotodynamic pumps
• Positive displacement pumps
• Special effect pumps

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Classification
Positive Displacement Pumps
Type of the operating member

• Piston
• Vane
• Screw
• Diaphragm
• Lobe
• Gear

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Classification
Positive Displacement Pumps
• Operation is due to change (or displacement) of the volume
occupied by the fluid within the machine
• Energy is periodically added by application of force to one or
more movable parts of the pump
• Flow rate is generally low
• Flow is intermittent or fluctuating

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Classification
Positive Displacement Pumps

• Pressure developed by the pump is determined by the load

• Deliver a constant volume of liquid per cycle against a
varying discharge head

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Classification
Positive Displacement Pumps

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Classification
Rotodynamic Pumps
• All rotodynamic pumps have a rotating element called
impeller driven by an engine or a motor
• The flow is governed by the hydrodynamic action
• Continuous high speed rotation of the impeller adds kinetic
energy to the fluid

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Classification
Rotodynamic Pumps
Based on the flow direction across the impeller
• Radial flow pumps
• Mixed flow pumps
• Axial flow pumps

Centrifugal Pumps

• A type of rotodynamic pump which adds kinetic energy to

the fluid with the help of centrifugal force

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Classification
Centrifugal Pumps
• They are the most common type of rotodynamic pumps
• It has a rotating impeller within a casing
• Flow enters axially through the eye of the pump

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Classification
Centrifugal Pumps
• Fluid is whirled tangentially and radially due to the centrifugal
force acting on the fluid
• Due to the increasing cross sectional area, fluid losses kinetic
energy and gains pressure
• The volute shape of the pump housing also further increases
the pressure before it leaves the pump outlet
• Usually, needs priming

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Centrifugal Pumps
Impellers Types

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Centrifugal Pumps
Impellers Types

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Centrifugal Pumps
Impellers Types

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Centrifugal Pumps
Impellers Types

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Centrifugal Pumps
Impellers Types
• Radial flow pumps are used for high heads and relatively low
flow rate applications
• Axial flow pups are used for high flow rates with low heads
• Mixed flow pumps operate between these two extremes

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Centrifugal Pumps
Special Features

Double Suction

Multi Stage

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Centrifugal Pumps
Special Features

Submersible
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Centrifugal Pumps
Special Features

• Double volute pump minimizes the

load on bearings & shaft due to
unbalanced pressure distribution
around the impeller

Double Volute Casing

Impeller Holes

• Holes in the impeller balance

the pressure in both sides of
the impeller
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Special Effect Pumps

Jet Pump

Ram Pump

Air Lift Pump

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Characteristics D
• Suction head
𝑝 𝑉2 S
𝐻𝑆 = + +𝑍
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝑆

• Discharge head • Total pump head (Input)

𝑝 𝑉2
𝐻𝐷 = + +𝑍 𝐻𝑇 = 𝐻𝑃 + 𝐻𝐿
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝐷
• Pump efficiency
• Pump head (Effective output) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐻
𝜂= ൗ𝑃 = 𝑃ൗ𝐻
𝑖𝑛 𝑇
𝐻𝑃 = 𝐻𝐷 − 𝐻𝑆
• Input power to the pump
• Output pump power
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐻𝑃 𝜌𝑔𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝑄 𝐻𝑃 𝜌𝑔𝑄
𝑃𝑖𝑛 =
𝜂
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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance / Characteristic Curve

Head
Head - H

Best Efficiency
Point (BEP)
Efficiency
Curve

Flow Rate - Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Curve

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Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Point

Head 𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 + 𝐾𝑄2

Head - H

Operating Point

Best Efficiency
Point (BEP)
Efficiency
Curve

QR Flow Rate - Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
Load Curve (System Curve)
• Total system head
HSYS = Static head + Pipe frictional losses + Component losses
𝐿 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 = (𝑍2 − 𝑍1) + 𝜆 + ෍ 𝑘𝑖
𝐷 2𝑔 𝑆+𝐷
2𝑔
𝑆+𝐷

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Characteristics

• Exercise 1
It is required to pump water from a reservoir to a storage tank in a water
distribution system. The reservoir water level is located 4 m below pump inlet
and the inlet of the storage tank is 12 m above the pump inlet. The pipe line
consists of PVC pipes having an internal diameter of 8 cm and a total length
of 120 m. The pipe line has a gate valve for flow controlling. Loss coefficient
of the gate valve at its fully open position is 10. The sum of the coefficients of
fluid resistance (K factors) of other pipe components is equal to 32.
Find the following parameters if pump A is used .
I. Operating point
II. Power consumptions.

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Characteristics

• Exercise 2
It is required to maintain a minimum water flow of 30 m3/hr to the storage
tank.

Out of pumps A, B, C and D, identify the most suitable pump.

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Characteristics

• Exercise 3
If the required flow rate is exactly 35 m3/hr , and the flow is obtained by
controlling the gate valve, identify the most suitable pump from pumps A,
B, C and D,.

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Centrifugal Pumps
Flow Control - Damper
𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 + 𝐾0 𝑄2

𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 + 𝐾𝑄2
Head - H

Operating Point

Best Efficiency
Point (BEP)

QR Flow Rate - Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
Flow Control - VSD

Higher Speed
Head - H

Rated Speed
Lower Speed

Efficiency
Curve

Flow Rate - Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
Flow Control - VSD

𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 + 𝐾𝑄2
Head - H

Lower Speed

QR Flow Rate - Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Characteristics

• Exercise 4
If the required flow rate, i.e 35 m3/hr, was obtained by using a VSD, with
pump B, estimate the relative saving with respect to damper controlling.

Assume a 2% reduction in efficiency.

Note: Estimation of actual efficiency requires to consider similarity conditions

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Centrifugal Pumps
Flow Control – Impeller Change/Trim

𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑍 + 𝐾𝑄2
Head - H

Lower Diameter

QR Flow Rate - Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
More on Performance Curve

H H H

Q Q Q

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Centrifugal Pumps
More on Performance Curve

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Centrifugal Pumps
More on Performance Curve
• Pump specific speed
1ൗ
𝜔𝑄 2
𝑁𝑆 = 3ൗ
𝐻 4

𝜔 − 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

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Centrifugal Pumps
More on Performance Curve
• Fan Curves

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Centrifugal Pumps Pressure - ABS

Cavitation

1 bar
C D

A B C D E
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Centrifugal Pumps
Cavitation

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Centrifugal Pumps
NPSH
The minimum absolute pressure that should be maintained at
the inlet of the pump, in order to prevent cavitation.

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Centrifugal Pumps
NPSH NPSHA = hsp ± hs – hf – hvelocity – hvp

NPSHA should be at least 10% greater than NPSHR to prevent

cavitation

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Centrifugal Pumps
Performance Characteristics Temperature
Vapor
Max. elevation
Pressure
Determine the available NPSH (oC) (kN/m2) (m) (ft)

Water at 70 0C 0 0.6 10.3 33.8

5 0.9 10.2 33.5
Patm = 100 kpa 10 1.2 10.2 33.5
hs = - 6.5 m 15 1.7 10.2 33.5
20 6.3 10.1 33.1
Pipe is 1 ½ inch schedule 40 steel pipe 25 3.2 10.0 36.8
30 4.3 9.9 36.5
Total pipe friction at suction side is 1.19 m 35 5.6 9.8 36.2
Flow rate = 95 l/min 40 7.7 9.5 31.2
45 9.6 9.4 30.8
50 16.5 9.1 29.9
55 15.7 8.7 28.5
60 20 8.3 27.2
65 25 7.8 25.6
70 36.1 7.1 23.3
75 38.6 6.4 21
80 47.5 5.5 18
85 57.8 4.4 14.4
90 70 3.2 10.5
95 84.5 1.7 5.6
100 101.3 0.0 0

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Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with Branched Distribution

Identify the path with highest resistance

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Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with Branched Distribution
STEP 1: Estimate the pipe diameters based on flow rates and
recommended flow velocity

STEP 2: Estimate the losses in straight pipe segments

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Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with Branched Distribution
STEP 3: Estimate the losses in pipe fittings
STEP 4: Calculate total losses in each pipe run
STEP 5: Identify the index run ( run with the highest losses)
STEP 6: Estimate the static head
STEP 7: Estimate the total head of the index run ( HT )

STEP 8: Estimate the total flow arte through the pump ( QT )

STEP 9: Mark ( QT , HT ) on the pump curve
STEP 10: Develop the system curve
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Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with Branched Distribution

A B C H

𝑄
E
F D
G

2
𝐻𝐴𝐷 = 𝑘𝐴𝐵 𝑄𝐴𝐵 +𝑘𝐵 𝑄𝐵2 +𝑘𝐵𝐶 𝑄𝐵𝐶
2
+𝑘𝐶 𝑄𝐶2 + 𝑘𝐶𝐷 𝑄𝐶𝐷
2
+𝑘𝐷 𝑄𝐶𝐷
2

𝐻𝐴𝐷 = 𝕂𝑄 2

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Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with Branched Distribution
𝑄2 = 𝛼𝑄1
𝑃1 𝑄12 𝑃2 𝛼 2 𝑄12
+ 2 = + 2 + 𝑘𝑄12
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔𝐴 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔𝐴
𝑄1 𝑄3 = 1 − 𝛼 𝑄1

𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝛼2 1 The 𝛼 depends only on K,

= 𝑘1 + 2
− 2
𝑄12
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔𝐴 2𝑔𝐴
hence 𝛼 is a constant
𝑃1 − 𝑃3 1−𝛼 2 1
= 𝑘2 + 2 − 2 𝑄12
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔𝐴 2𝑔𝐴

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Segment Length (m)
Centrifugal Pumps 1-2 5
2-3 1.5
Pumps with Branched Distribution 2-4 10
4-5 1.5
• Exercise 5 4-6 8
4 6 6-7 1.5
5 7 6-8 8

8 8-9 1.5
3 14 9
13 8-10 13
2 15
10 11-12 6
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12-13 13
12 13-14 8
1
14-15 10
17 15-16 20

16 17-1 8
3-15 1.5
Estimate the equation of system curve using
5-14 1.5
i. K factor method
7-13 1.5
ii. Equivalent length method
Flow rate though each radiator – 1.0 l/s 9-12 1.5

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Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with Branched Distribution

Radiator – 3.9 m
Boiler/Chiller – 4.2 m

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References
1. Pump Handbook, Grundfos
2. Water Piping and Pumps, Trane

-END-

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