Drying is inseparable part of processing in chemical and pharmaceutical, food and dairy,

polymer and ceramic, biotechnology, pulp and paper, agricultural, wood industries and
many others. However the process of drying is demanding enormous energy and in
many cases leading to emission of carbon dioxide and hazardous gases.
At Kerone, we provide modern day drying equipment with high thermal efficiency and
advanced emission handling techniques. We as having over 42 years’ experience in
providing several type of drying solution for various applications. Kerone has
specialization in providing the Flash dryer also known as pneumatic dryer, which are
designed as built to get fitted for specific industrial need.
PNEUMATIC/ FLASH DRYERS - are direct drying units and are known as
convective dryers. In pneumatic flash drying system particulate solids to be dried travels
through the drying duct along with hot air and it get dried during transport in a hot gas
stream. The pneumatic flash dryer system consist of below components: 1) Gas Heater,
2) Wet Material Feeder, 3) Drying Duct, 4) Separator, 5) Exhaust Fan, and 6) Dried
Product Collector.
The material to be dried is fed into hog air/gas stream, the stream flows up the drying
tube. The gases travel within the stream with velocity higher than the velocity of largest
particle. The flash dryer are usually suitable for the removal of external moisture as the
contact time between the hot air/gas stream and particle are for very short time. The
Dried material and air/gas stream both are collected in separator unit, separator
arrangement help to disperse the dried material from the gas stream. It must comply
with the regulations for pollution control. For this purpose cyclone dust separators,
fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers, and fabric filters are used.
Drying is accomplished at low outlet drying temperatures, hence provides high energy
utilization.
High drying effectiveness and low energy expenses.Continuous processing can be
achieved in small drying time.Pneumatic Flash dryers can process at very high capacity
in small amount of scape.Kerone’s flash dryer provides High thermal flash drying
efficiency.Flash dryer provide high evaporation capacity.Cooling fans with high
volume, pressure.
ROTARY VACCUM DRYER
The rotary dryer also known as tumbling dryer is an equipment employed to minimize
the moisture content of feed materials by bringing it in direct contact with a heated gas.
It consists of an inclined long drum or cylindrical shell often fitted with internal flights
or lifters; rotated slowly upon bearings through which the material to be dried flow with
a tumbling/cascading action in concurrent (for heat-sensitive materials) or counter-
current flow with the heating air or gases.
The movement of the material is due to the combined effect of inclination of the shell
to the horizontal and the internal tumbling action or mechanical turn over thus the name
tumbling dryer. The nature of the feed determines the directions of gas flow through the
cylinder and it is relative to the solid. This drying equipment can also perform batch or
continuous processing of the wet feed.
Rotary dryers potentially represent the oldest continuous and undoubtedly the most
common high volume dryer used in industry, and it has evolved more adaptations of the
technology than any other dryer classification.
All rotary dryers have the feed materials passing through a rotating cylinder termed a
drum. It is a cylindrical shell usually constructed from steel plates, slightly inclined,
typically 0.3-5 m in diameter, 5-90 m in length and rotating at 1-5 rpm. It is operated in
some cases with a negative internal pressure (vacuum) to prevent dust escape. Solids
introduced at the upper end move towards the lower or discharge end. Depending on
the arrangement for the contact between the drying gas and the solids, a dryer may be
classified as direct or indirect, con-current or counter-current.
The drum is mounted to large steel rings, termed riding rings, or tires that are supported
on fixed trunnion roller assemblies. The rotation is achieved by either a direct drive or
chain drive, which require a girth gear or sprocket gear, respectively, on the drum.
As the dryer rotates, solids are picked up by the flights, lifted for a certain distance
around the drum and showered through the air in a cascading curtain. Most of the drying
occurs at this time, as the solids are in close contact with the gas. Flight action is also
partly responsible for the transport of solids through the drum.
 Industrial Rotary Vaccum Dryer

TRAY DRYER
Tray and tunnel dryers and spray, roller, and freeze dryers are all utilised in the food
drying process. Drying wet chemicals, powders, and crude pharmaceuticals is a breeze
using tray dryers.
A simple tray dryer is a box-shaped cabinet with shelves stacked one on top of the other
with a series of trays. Unlike an oven, which may include a heater in the cabinet’s base
or on the walls, a tray drier gets its heat from circulating warm air. The heated air is
blown over the trays by one or more fans.
The greatest tray dryers are those that allow you to adjust the airflow to the trays. On
top of the trays, which may be linked with paper, the materials to be dried are spread
out. Disposable papers are used as tray liners to reduce cleaning time and avoid
contamination. The trays are frequently supported by wire mesh or perforated steel tiers.
The latest tray dryers use strategically placed deflectors to drive air from one tray to
pass over the tray above in the opposite direction, achieving equal temperature
throughout a well-insulated cabinet.
Air flowing in opposite directions across the trays maintains flow uniformity and helps
to maintain a consistent temperature. Before passing from one shelf to the next, the air
can also be reheated. Each shelf loses some heat as air goes through it (the latent heat
of vaporisation of the water that is expelled from the solid material).
In a tray drier, hot air circulates continually, removing moisture from the material in the
trays using forced convection. Moisture-laden air is ejected from the cabinet and vented
at the same time.
After wet granulation, drying is often utilised. This is the process of breaking down a
tablet mix into granules by turning it into a paste with water. In the tabletting process,
granulation can improve the material’s uniformity and flowability.
Applications
 Sticky materials are dried using this.Drying of crystalline or granular materials
is possible.Drying can be done with wet mass, paste, powders, and
chemicals.Tray dryers can be used to dry a variety of tiny equipment.

VACUUM TRAY DRYER

A vacuum tray dryer is primarily used to dry high-quality, temperature-sensitive, and
oxygen-sensitive items. It’s ideal for drying hygroscopic materials with very low
residual moisture. When it comes to lumpy, sticky, or low-porosity products, vacuum
drying cabinets are frequently the only option.
 A vacuum dryer is shaped like a box into which trays are loaded and unloaded
through a door with a vacuum seal around the edges, similar to a regular tray
drier. The trays are placed on top of numerous heating plates that are stacked one
on top of the other.
 Because the trays are placed directly on the heating plates, their surfaces should
be as smooth as possible to allow for efficient heat transfer.The heat required for
drying is provided by hot water, steam, or oil flowing inside the heating
 plates.The circulating fluid may also be used to heat the cabinet walls to prevent
water condensation. The heating plates heat the water indirectly. The heating
plates provide indirect preheating. The dryer is pre-heated at atmospheric
pressure before being loaded with materials.
 The cabinet is emptied and drying begins only after all individual product trays
have reached the same temperature.A vacuum dryer’s heating temperatures can
be substantially greater than those of an air dryer, ranging between 800°C and
1100°C. Temperature and vacuum profiles can be programmed automatically in
some systems.

SPRAY DRIER
  Spray drying is a one-step continuous unit operation that employs liquid
atomization to produce droplets that are dried to individual particles when moved
in a hot gaseous drying medium. A spray dryer consists of a feed pump, atomizer,
air heater, air dispenser, drying chamber, and systems for exhaust air cleaning
and powder recovery/separator.
The three stages that occur in a spray dryer before drying is accomplished include:
 Atomization
 Spray-air mixing and moisture evaporation.
 Dry product separation from the exit air.
 The nature of the final product obtained after drying in a spray dryer depends on;
 The design and operation of the spray dryer.
 The physicochemical properties of the feed.
Pharmaceutical uses of Spray dryer
 1. Spray dryer is used in drying pharmaceuticals like penicillin, blood products,
enzymes, vaccines, etc.2. It is used in the production of excipients and co-
processed excipients with increased flowability, compatibility, and tablet
 disintegration.3. To improve drug compressibility and reduce capping tendencies
in crystals.4. It is equally used in the preparation of matrix microcapsule
containing drug substances and a biodegradable polymer in order to obtain
controlled drug release formulation.12. Food industries e.g. milk, whey, egg,
soya protein, etc.13. Fruits and vegetables e.g. banana, tomatoes, coconut milk,
etc.
 Advantages of Spray Dryers
 1. Product quality and properties can be effectively controlled and maintained
through the entire drying operation.
 2. Thermolabile products/ pharmaceuticals can be dried at atmospheric pressure
and low temperature.
 3. Spray dryer permits high- tonnage production in continuous operation
adaptable to conventional PLC control (Programmable Logic Controller) and it
is relatively simple to operate.

 Disadvantages of spray dryers

 1. Spray dryer is bulky and also expensive to install.
 2. It is difficult to clean after use.
 3. It has a low thermal efficiency that is a lot of heat is wasted during operation.
 4. Solid materials cannot be dried using spray dryers.
 5. Product degradation or fire hazard may result from product deposit on the
drying chamber.