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Valtek Sizing Selection
Valtek Sizing Selection
q max
the vena contracta and the valve outlet. FL is an
experimentally determined coefficient that accounts for
the influence of the valve’s internal geometry on the
maximum capacity of the valve. It is determined from
∆Pch
capacity test data like that shown in Figure 3-2.
FL also varies according to the valve type. High recov-
ery valves – such as butterfly and ball valves – have
significantly lower pressures at the vena contracta and
∆P/Gf
hence recover much farther for the same pressure drop
than a globe valve. Thus they tend to choke (or cavitate)
Figure 3–2: Choked Pressure Drop at smaller pressure drops than globe valves.
3-2
Reynolds Number Factor, FR Gas applications where special noise attenuation trim
are used should be limited to approximately 0.33 Mach.
The Reynolds Number Factor, FR, is used to correct the In addition, pipe velocities downstream from the valve
calculated Cv for non-turbulent flow conditions due to are critical to the overall noise level. Experimentation
high viscosity fluids, very low velocities, or very small has shown that velocities around 0.5 Mach can create
valve Cv. substantial noise even in a straight pipe. The addition
of a control valve to the line will increase the turbulence
Piping Geometry Factor, FP downstream, resulting in even higher noise levels.
Valve sizing coefficients are determined from tests run
with the valve mounted in a straight run of pipe which is Expansion Factor, Y
the same diameter as the valve body. If the process The expansion factor, Y, accounts for the variation of
piping configurations are different from the standard test specific weight as the gas passes from the valve inlet to
manifold, the apparent valve capacity is changed. The the vena contracta. It also accounts for the change in
effect of reducers and increasers can be approximated cross-sectional area of the vena contracta as the pres-
by the use of the piping geometry factor, FP. sure drop is varied.
3-3
Table 3-I: Typical Valve Recovery Coefficient and Incipient Cavitation Factors
NOTE: Values are given for full-open valves. See charts below for part-stroke values
The following steps should be used to compute the Where: FL = Liquid pressure recovery factor
correct Cv, body size and trim number: FF = Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
PV = Vapor pressure of the liquid at inlet
temperature, psia
Step 1: Calculate Actual Pressure Drop P1 = Upstream pressure, psia
The allowable pressure drop, ∆Pa, across the valve for See Table 3-I for FL factors for both full-open and part-
calculating Cv, is the smaller of the actual ∆P from stroke values.
Equation 3.2 and choked ∆Pch from Equation 3.3. FF can be estimated by the following relationship:
∆P = P1 - P2 (3.2)
PV
FF = 0.96 - 0.28 (3.4)
PC
Step 2: Check for Choked Flow, Cavitation
and Flashing
Where: FF = Liquid critical pressure ratio
Use Equation 3.3 to check for choked flow: PV = Vapor pressure of the liquid, psia
PC = Critical pressure of the liquid, psia
∆Pch = FL2 (P1 - FFPV) (3.3) (see Table 3-II)
3-4
If ∆Pch (Equation 3.3) is less than the actual ∆P Where:
(Equation 3.2) , use ∆Pch for ∆Pa in Equation 3.1. Fi = Liquid cavitation factor
(Typical values for Fi are given in Table 3-I)
P1 = Upstream pressure, psia
PV = Vapor pressure of the liquid, psia
Liquid critical pressure ratio, FF
1.0
The required Cv for flashing applications is determined
0.9 by using the appropriate ∆P allowable [∆Pch calculated
0.8 from Equation 3.3].
0.7 Step 3: Determine Specific Gravity
0.6 Specific gravity is generally available for the flowing
0.5 fluid at the operating temperature. The appendix pro-
0. 10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 vides fluid property data for 268 chemical compounds,
from which the specific gravity, Gf can be calculated.
Pv = Vapor Pressure
Step 4: Calculate Approximate Cv
Pc = Critical Pressure
Generally the effects of nonturbulent flow can be ig-
nored, provided the valve is not operating in a laminar
Figure 3-3: Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio or transitional flow region due to high viscosity, very low
Factor Curve velocity, or small Cv. In the event there is some question,
calculate the Cv, from Equation 3.1, assuming FP=1,and
then proceed to steps 5-7. If the Reynolds number
calculated in Equation 3.6a is greater than 40,000, FR
Table 3-II: Critical Pressures
can be ignored (proceed to step 8 after step 5.)
Critical Critical
Liquid Press. Liquid Press. Step 5: Select Approximate Body Size
(psia) (psia) Based on Cv
Ammonia 1636.1 Hydrogen From the Cv tables in section 4, select the smallest body
Chloride 1205.4 size that will handle the calculated Cv.
Argon 707.0 Isobutane 529.2
Benzene 710.0 Isobutylene 529.2 Step 6: Calculate Valve Reynolds Number
Butane 551.2 Kerosene 350.0 Rev and Reynolds Number Factor FR
Carbon Dioxide 1070.2 Methane 667.3 Use Equation 3.6a to calculate valve Reynolds Number
Carbon Nitrogen 492.4 Factor:
Monoxide 507.1 Nitrous Oxide 1051.1
Chlorine 1117.2 Oxygen 732.0 N4 Fd q FL2 Cv2 1/4
Cvs = (3.6c)
∆P (cavitation) = Fi2 (P1 - PV) (3.5) Fs Ns ∆P
In high pressure applications, alternate analysis may be
required; verify analysis with factory if ∆P > ∆P (cavita- Cvt = Turbulent flow Cv (Equation 3.1)
tion) > 300 psi (globe valves) or 100 psi (rotary valves). Fs = streamline flow factor
3-5
Table 3-III: Piping Geometry Factors for Table 3-IV: Piping Geometry Factors for
Valves with Reducer and Increaser, Increaser Only on Valve Outlet,
Fp versus Cv /d2 Fpversus Cv / d2
Cv / d2 d/D Cv / d2 d/D
0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
4 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
6 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 6 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01
8 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 8 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01
10 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 10 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02
12 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.00 12 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03
14 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.99 14 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04
16 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.99 16 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.05
18 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 0.99 18 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.06
20 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.96 0.99 20 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.08
25 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.94 0.98 25 1.17 1.22 1.24 1.22 1.13
30 0.73 0.79 0.85 0.91 0.97 30 1.27 1.37 1.42 1.37 1.20
35 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.89 0.96 35 1.44 1.65 1.79 1.65 1.32
40 0.63 0.69 0.77 0.86 0.95 40 1.75 2.41 3.14 2.41 1.50
NOTE: The maximum effective pressure drop (∆P Where:
choked) may be affected by the use of reducers and d = Valve port inside diameter in inches
increasers. This is especially true of Valdisk valves. D = Internal diameter of the piping in inches
Contact factory for critical applications. (See Tables 3-VII and 3-VIII)
2/3
Fd FL2 Cv2 1/6
Fs = +1 (3.6d) q Gf
FL 1/3
N2 d4 Cv = (3.6e)
FR P1 - P2
Where: d =
Valve inlet diameter, inches
Fd =
Valve style modifier (Table 3-1) For laminar and transitional flow, note the ∆P is always
Fs =
Laminar, or streamline, flow factor taken as P1 - P2.
q =
Flow rate, gpm
N2 =
890 when d is in inches Step 8: Calculate Piping Geometry Factor
N4 =
17,300, when q is in gpm and d in If the pipe size is not given, use the approximate body
inches size (from step 5) to choose the corresponding pipe
Ns = 47 when q is in gpm and ∆P in psi size. The pipe diameter is used to calculate the piping
µ = absolute Viscosity, centipoise geometry factor, FP, which can be determined by
ν = kinematic viscosity, centistokes = µ/Gf Tables 3-III and 3-IV. If the pipe diameter is the same
as the valve size, FP is 1 and does not affect Cv.
3-6
Where: Insert FL and FF into Equation 3.3:
V = Velocity, ft/sec
q = Liquid flow rate, gpm ∆Pch = (0.90)2 [314.7 - (0.93)(30)] = 232.3 psi
Av = Applicable flow area, in2
of body port (Table 3-VIII) Since the actual ∆P is less than ∆Pch , the flow is not
choked; therefore, use the smaller (or actual ∆P ) to size
After calculating the exit velocity, compare that number the valve.
to the acceptable velocity for that application. It may be At this point, also check for incipient cavitation using
necessary to go to a larger valve size. Equation 3.5 and Table 3-I:
Step 11: Recalculate Cv If Body Size
∆P (cavitation) = (0.81)2 (314.7-30) = 187 psi
Changed
Recalculate Cv if the FP has been changed due to Since ∆P (actual) exceeds ∆P (cavitation), substantial
selection of a larger body size. cavitation is occurring, but flow is not choked. Special
attention should be paid to material and trim selection.
Step 12: Select Trim Number
First identify if the valve will be used for on/off or Step 3: The specific gravity for water is given as 0.94
throttling service. Using the Cv tables in Section 4, Step 4: Calculate the approximate CvFP using Equation
select the appropriate trim number for the calculated Cv 3.1 and assuming FP is 1.0:
and body size selected. The trim number and flow
characteristic (Section 9) may be affected by how the
valve will be throttled. When cavitaiton is indicated, 0.94
Cv = 500 = 33.4
refer to Section 14 to evaluate special trims for cavita- 210
tion protection.
Step 5: From the Cv tables (Mark One, flow-under,
LIQUID SIZING EXAMPLES equal percentage, Class 600) select the smallest body
Example One size for a Cv of 33.4, which is a 2-inch body.
3-7
is a more acceptable value. However, special trim may Step 3: The specific gravity for ammonia is given as
be required to eliminate cavitation damage. 0.65
NOTE: In this example, a 2 x 4-inch Mark One -X might Step 4: Calculate the approximate Cv using Equation
also be chosen. It is less costly than a 3-inch valve and 3.1:
the larger outlets will lower the velocities. It will also be
less costly to install in a 4-inch line. 0.65
Cv = 850 = 77.5
Step 11: Since the body size has changed, recalculate 78.2
the Cv by following steps 8 and 9. The FP for a 3-inch
body is nearly 1.0, and the final Cv is 33.4.
Step 12: Referring to the Cv tables, a Cv 33, 3-inch valve Step 5: From the Cv tables (Mark One, flow-over, linear,
would require at least a trim number of 1.25. Trim Class 600) select the smallest body size for a Cv of 77.5,
number 2.0 may also suffice and have no reduced trim which is a 3-inch body.
price adder. Refer to Section 14 on special trims for
cavitation protection.
Steps 6 and 7: Turbulent flow is assumed, so Reynolds
Number Factor is ignored, FR = 1.0.
Example Two
Given: Step 8: With the 3-inch body and 3-inch line, FP = 1.
Liquid .................................................... Ammonia
Critical Pressure (PC ) ......................... 1638.2 psia Step 9: Since FP = 1, the final Cv remains as 77.5.
Temperature ................................................ 20° F Step 10: Using Equation 3.7, the velocity for a 3-inch
Upstream Pressure (P1 ) ....................... 149.7 psia body is found to be over 38 ft/sec. Since this application
Downstream Pressure (P2 ) .................... 64.7 psia is cavitating, this velocity may damage a 3-inch valve.
However, since the size is restricted to a 3-inch line, a
Specific Gravity ............................................. 0.65
larger valve size cannot be chosen to lower the velocity.
Valve Action .................................... Flow-to-close Damage problems may result from such a system. A
Line Size ................................. 3-inch (Class 600) cavitation control style trim should be suggested; see
Flow Rate ............................................... 850 gpm Section 14.
Vapor Pressure (PV) ............................... 45.6 psia
Step 11: If cavitation control trim is not selected, Cv
Kinematic Viscosity (v) ............... 0.02 centistokes
recalculation is not necessary since the body size or
Flow Characteristic .................................... Linear trim style did not change.
3-8
if the flow rate is given in gpm, the following Equation Flashing Liquid Example
can be used:
Assume the same conditions exist as in Example One,
V= 20 q 1- x vf2 + x v (3.9) except that the temperature is 350° F rather than 250°
Av 100% 100% g2 F. By referring to the saturated steam temperature
tables, you find that the saturation pressure of water at
Where: 350° F is 134.5 psia, which is greater than the outlet
V = Velocity, ft/sec pressure of 105 psia (90 psia). Therefore, the fluid is
flashing. Since a portion of the liquid is flashing,
w = Liquid flow rate, lb/hr
Equations 3.9 and 3.10 must be used. x (% flashed) can
q = Liquid flow rate, gpm be determined by using Equation 3.10:
Av = Valve outlet flow area, in2, see Table 3-VIII.
hf1 = 321.8 Btu/lb at 350° F
vf2 = Saturated liquid specific volume (ft3/lb at
(from saturation temperature tables)
outlet pressure)
hf2 = 302.3 Btu/lb at 105 psia
vg2 = Saturated vapor specific volume (ft3/lb at
outlet pressure) (from saturation pressure tables)
x = % of liquid mass flashed to vapor hfg2 = 886.4 Btu/lb at 105 psia
(from saturation pressure tables)
Calculating Percentage Flash
321.8 - 302.3
x= x 100% = 2.2%
The % flash (x) can be calculated as follows: 886.4
hf1 - hf2
x= x 100% (3.10) Therefore, the velocity in a 3-inch valve can be deter-
hfg2 mined by using Equation 3.9:
V = 156 ft/sec
For water, the enthalpies (hf1, hf2 and hfg2) and specific
volumes (vf2 and vg2) can be found in the saturation Flashing velocity is less than 500 ft/sec, which is accept-
temperature and pressure tables of any set of steam able for Mark One bodies. Hardened trim and
tables. CavControl should also be considered.
3-9
The following steps should be used to compute the
CALCULATING Cv FOR GASES
correct Cv, body size and trim number:
Introduction
Step 1: Select the Appropriate Equation
Because of compressibility, gases and vapors expand
as the pressure drops at the vena contracta, decreasing Based on the information available, select one of the
their specific weight. To account for the change in four Equations: 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 or 3.14.
specific weight, an expansion factor, Y, is introduced
into the valve sizing formula. The form of the Equation Step 2: Check for Choked Flow
used is one of the following, depending on the process Determine the terminal pressure drop ratio, xT , for that
variables available: particular valve by referring to Table 3-V.
w = 63.3 FPCvY x P1 γ1 (3.11) Next, determine the ratio of specific heats factor, Fk , by
using the Equation below:
Q = 1360 FPCvP1Y x (3.12)
GgT1 Z
k
Fk =
w = 19.3 FPCvP1Y xMw (3.13) 1.40 (3.15)
T1 Z
Where:
Q = 7320 FPCvP1Y x (3.14) Fk = Ratio of specific heats factor
MwT1 Z
k = Ratio of specific heats (taken from
Table 3-VI).
Where:
w = Gas flow rate, lb/hr Calculate the ratio of actual pressure drop to absolute
FP = Piping geometry factor inlet pressure, x, by using Equation 3.16:
Cv = Valve sizing coefficient ∆P
Y = Expansion factor x = (3.16)
P1
x = Pressure drop ratio
Where:
γ1 = Specific weight at inlet conditions, lb/ft3 x = Ratio of pressure drop to absolute inlet
Q = Gas flow in standard ft3/hr (SCFH) pressure
Gg = Specific gravity of gas relative to air at ∆P = Pressure drop (P1 - P2)
standard conditions P1 = Inlet pressure, psia
T1 = Absolute upstream temperature P2 = Outlet pressure, psia
o
R = (o F + 460o)
Z = Compressibility factor
Choked flow occurs when x reaches the value of FkxT.
Mw = Molecular weight
Therefore, if x is less than FkxT, the flow is not choked.
P1 = Upstream absolute pressure, psia
If x is greater, the flow is choked. If flow is choked, then
NOTE: The numerical constants in Equations 3.11– FkxT should be used in place of x (whenever it applies)
3.14 are unit conversion factors. in the gas sizing Equations.
3-10
Figure 3-4: Compressibility Factors for Gases with Reduced Pressures from 0 to 40.
(Reproduced from charts of L.C. Nelson and E.F. Obert, Northwestern Technological Institute)
Tr=1.00
4.0 1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
3.0 1.60
Compressibility Factor, Z 1.80
2.00
2.50
3.00
2.0 3.50
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
Tr=5.00 15.00
1.0
Tr=1.20
Tr=1.00
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Reduced Pressure, Pr
E0174
3-5.
3-11
Table 3-VI: Gas Physical Data
Critical Critical Ratio of
Pressure Temperature Molecular Specific
Gas (psia) (o R) Weight (Mw) Heats (k)
Air 492.4 227.1 28.97 1.40
Ammonia 1636.1 729.8 17.0 1.31
Argon 707.0 271.1 39.9 1.67
Carbon Dioxide 1070.2 547.2 44.0 1.29
Carbon Monoxide 507.1 238.9 28.0 1.40
Ethane 708.5 549.4 30.1 1.19
Ethylene 730.6 508.0 28.1 1.24
Helium 32.9 9.01 4.00 1.66
Hydrogen 188.2 59.4 2.02 1.40
Methane 667.4 342.8 16.04 1.31
Natural Gas 667.4 342.8 16.04 1.31
Nitrogen 492.4 226.8 28.0 1.40
Oxygen 732.0 278.0 32.0 1.40
Propane 615.9 665.3 44.1 1.13
Steam 3208.2 1165.1 18.02 1.33
Qa
Step 7:Calculate Piping Geometry Factor M (air) = (3.22)
1225 Av T
If the pipe size is not given, use the approximate body
size (from step 6) to choose the corresponding pipe
wv
size. The pipe size is used to calculate the piping
M (steam) = (3.23)
geometry factor, FP, which can be determined by
1514 Av T
Tables 3-III or 3-IV. If the pipe diameter is the same as
the valve size, FP is 1 and is not a factor. Where:
M = Mach number
Step 8: Calculate the Final Cv Qa = Actual flow rate, ft3/hr
(CFH, not SCFH; see page 3-13)
With the calculation of the FP, figure the final Cv.
Av = Applicable flow area, in2, of
body port (Table 3-VIII)
T1 = Absolute temperatureo R, (o F + 460o)
Step 9: Calculate Valve Exit Mach Number
w = Mass flow rate, lb/hr
Equations 3.20, 3.21, 3.22 or 3.23 are used to calculate
entrance or exit velocities (in terms of the approximate v = Specific volume at flow conditions, ft3/lb
Mach number). Use Equations 3.20 or 3.21 for gases, Gg = Specific gravity at standard conditions
Equation 3.22 for air and Equation 3.23 for steam. Use relative to air
downstream temperature if it is known, otherwise use Mw = Molecular weight
upstream temperature as an approximation. k = Ratio of specific heats
3-12
NOTE: To convert SCFH to CFH use the Equation: Step 2: Referring to Table 3-V, the pressure drop ratio,
xT, is 0.75. Calculate Fk using Equation 3.15 and x using
(Pa)(Qa) (PS)(Q) Equation 3.16:
= (3.24)
Ta TS 1.33
Fk = = 0.95
Where: 1.40
Pa = Actual operating pressure
140 - 50
Qa = Actual volume flow rate, CFH x = = 0.64
Ta = Actual temperature,° R (° F + 460° ) 140
PS = Standard pressure (14.7 psi) Therefore, FkxT is (0.95)(0.75) or 0.71. Since x is less
Q = Standard volume flow rate, SCFH than FkxT , flow is not choked. Use x in all Equations.
TS = Standard temperature (520° Rankine)
Step 3: Determine Y using Equation 3.17:
After calculating the exit velocity, compare that number
to the acceptable velocity for that application. Select a 0.64
larger size valve if necessary. Refer to section 13 to Y = 1- = 0.70
predict noise level. 3 (0.71)
Given:
Step 6: From the Cv tables (Mark One, flow-under,
Gas............................................................. Steam equal percentage, Class 600), select the smallest
Temperature ............................................... 450° F body size for a Cv of 47, which is a 2-inch body.
Upstream Pressure (P1) ......................... 140 psia
Downstream Pressure (P2)....................... 50 psia Steps 7 and 8: Since the pipe size is the same as the
Flow Rate .......................................... 10,000 lb/hr body, FP is 1 and is not a factor. Therefore, the Cv is 47.
Valve Action .................................... Flow-to-open
Critical Pressure (PC) ........................ 3206.2 psia Step 9: The gas is steam, calculate the Mach number
using Equation 3.23. Assume a constant enthalpy
Critical Temperature (TC) ........................705.5° F
process to find specific volume at downstream condi-
Molecular Weight (Mw) .............................. 18.026 tions; from steam tables, v = 10.41 ft3/lb at T2 = 414oF :
Ratio of Specific Heats (k) ............................ 1.33
Flow Characteristic .................. Equal percentage (10,000) (10.41)
Line Size ................................. 2-inch (Class 600) M= = 0.74
1515 (3.14) 414 + 460
Specific Volume .......................................... 10.41
This is greater than Mach 0.5 and should be re-
Step 1: Given the above information, Equation 3.13 can viewed for excessive noise and use of noise reduc-
be used to solve for Cv. ing trim.
3-13
Step 10: If body size does not change, there is no 65 + 460
impact on Cv calculation. Tr = = 1.53
342.8
Step 11: Referring to the Cv tables, a Cv 47, 2-inch Mark
One would use a trim number of 1.62. If noise is a Using Figure 3-5, Z is found to be about 0.86.
consideration, see Sections 13 and 14.
Step 5: Determine CV using Equation 3.14 and assum-
Example Two ing FP is 1:
0.70 Solve for the valve diameter from the area by:
Y = 1- = 0.667
3 (0.70)
4Av 4 (16.3)
Av = πd2 or d = = = 4.6 in.
Step 4: Determine Z by calculating Pr and Tr using π π
Equations 3.18 and 3.19:
Thus a 6-inch valve is required.
Step 12: Referring to the CV tables, a CV of 31.7, 6-inch
1314.7 Mark One would use a trim number of 1.62. Since the
Pr = = 1.97
667.4 flow is choked, noise should be calculated from Section
13, and special trim may be selected from Section 14.
3-14
CALCULATING Cv FOR TWO PHASE FLOW Step 3: Calculate the Required Cv of the Valve
Introduction wg + wf ve
CvFp =
The method of Cv calculation for two phase flow as- 63.3 ∆P a
sumes that the gas and liquid pass through the valve
Use the smaller of P1- P2 and ∆Pch for Pa.
orifice at the same velocity. The required Cv is deter-
mined by using an equivalent density for the liquid gas
mixture. This method is intended for use with mixtures Step 4: Select Body Size Based on Cv
of a liquid and a non-condensable gas. To size valves From the Cv tables in the appendix, select the smallest
with liquids and their own vapor at the valve inlet will body size that will handle the calculated Cv.
require good engineering judgement.
Step 5: Calculate Piping Geometry Factor
Nomenclature:
If the pipe size is not given, use the approximate body size
Av = flow area of body port (Table 3-VIII)
(from step 6) to choose the corresponding pipe size. The
∆Pa = allowable pressure drop pipe size is used to calculate the piping geometry factor,
qf = volumetric flow rate of liquid, ft3/hr FP, which can be determined by Tables 3-III or 3-IV. If the
qg = volumetric flow rate of gas, ft3/hr pipe diameter is the same as the valve size, FP is 1.
wf = liquid flow rate, lb/hr
wg = gas flow rate, lb/hr Step 6: Calculate Final Cv
Gf = liquid specific gravity at upstream conditions With the calculation of the FP , figure the final Cv.
Gg = gas specific gravity at upstream conditions
Step 7: Calculate the Valve Exit Velocity
T1 = upstream temperature (o R)
Where: (qf + qg)
Step 1: Calculate the Limiting Pressure Velocity =
Av
Drop wf
qf =
First it must be determined whether liquid or gas is the
62.4 Gf
continuous phase at the vena contracta. This is done by
comparing the volumetric flow rate of the liquid and gas.
Whichever is greater will be the limiting factor: wgT1
qg =
If qf > qg, then ∆Pa = ∆Pa for liquid 2.7 GgP2
If qg > qf, then ∆Pa = ∆Pa for gas
Area = applicable flow area
The ∆P a for liquid or gas is either P1 - P2 or the choked
pressure drop of the dominating phase if the valve is After calculating the exit velocity, compare that number
choked. (See the gas and liquid choked pressure to the acceptable velocity for that application. Select a
Equations.) larger valve size if necessary.
Recommended two phase flow velocity limits are simi-
Step 2: Calculate the Equivalent Specific lar to those for flashing when the gaseous phase is
Volume of the Liquid-gas Mixture dominant. If liquid is the dominant phase, velocity of the
mixture should be less than 50 ft/sec in the body.
Where:
(fgvg)
ve = + ffvf Step 8: Recalculate Cv if Body Size Changed
Y2
Recalculate Cv if FP has been changed due to the selection
wg
fg = of a larger body size.
(wg + wf)
wf Step 9: Select Trim Number
ff =
(wg + wf) Identify if the valve will be used for on/off or throttling
T1 service. Using the Cv tables in Section 4, select the
vg =
(2.7 P1Gg) appropriate trim number for the calculated Cv and body
size selected. The trim number and flow characteristic
vf = 1 (Section 9) may be affected by how the valve is throttled.
(62.4 Gf) Special trim and materials may be required if high noise
Y = gas expansion factor (Equation 3.17) levels or cavitation are indicated.
3-15
Table 3-VII: Pipe Flow Areas, Ap (Square Inches)
Nominal Schedule
Pipe
Diameter 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS
1
/2 0.30 0.23 0.17 0.30 0.23 0.05
3
/4 0.53 0.43 0.30 0.53 0.43 0.15
1 0.86 0.72 0.52 0.86 0.72 0.28
11/2 2.04 1.77 1.41 2.04 1.77 0.95
2 3.36 2.95 2.24 3.36 2.95 1.77
3 7.39 6.61 5.41 7.39 6.61 4.16
4 12.73 11.50 10.32 9.28 12.73 11.50 7.80
6 28.89 26.07 23.77 21.15 28.89 26.07 18.83
8 51.8 51.2 50.0 47.9 45.7 43.5 40.6 38.5 36.5 50.0 45.7 37.1
10 82.5 80.7 78.9 74.7 71.8 68.1 64.5 60.1 56.7 78.9 74.7
12 117.9 114.8 111.9 106.2 101.6 96.1 90.8 86.6 80.5 113.1 108.4
14 143.1 140.5 137.9 135.3 129.0 122.7 115.5 109.6 103.9 98.3 137.9 132.7
16 188.7 185.7 182.6 176.7 169.4 160.9 152.6 144.5 135.3 129.0 182.6 176.7
18 240.5 237.1 230.4 223.7 213.8 204.2 193.3 182.7 173.8 163.7 233.7 227.0
20 298.6 291.0 283.5 278.0 265.2 252.7 238.8 227.0 213.8 202.7 298.0 283.5
24 434 425 411 402 382 365 344 326 310 293 425 415
30 678 661 649 663 602 574 542 513
36 975 956 938 914 870 830 782
42 1328 1302 1282 1255 1187 1132 1064
NOTE: To find approximate fluid velocity in the pipe, use the Equation V P = V v A v / A P where:
VP = Velocity in pipe A v = Valve Outlet area from Table 3-VIIl
Vv = Velocity in valve outlet A P = Pipe area from Table 3-VII
To find equivalent diameters of the valve or pipe inside diameter use: d = 4A v /π , D = 4A p /π
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