Experiment # 11

Title:
To Study and Implement Nodal Analysis
Objective:
1. To understand the principle of Nodal Analysis
Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 100Ω , 200Ω , 350Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
Part (a): Nodal Analysis with one unknown node voltage
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.

R1
+0.05
Amps 100ohm
+0.02

+0.02
Amps

Amps

Vin

R2 R3
200ohm 200ohm

2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the nodes.
3. Calculate the node voltages the current through R 1, R2 andR3.
4. Measure the node voltages the current through R1, R2 andR3.
5. Verify the calculated and measured values using Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
6. Write down the equation for Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
7. Write down the values in observation Table.
8. Calculate the percentage error:

Observation Table:
 Table. 1 Nodal Analysis with one unknown node voltage
Values I1 I2 I3 VA
Calculated 0.05A 0.025A 0.025A 5V
Measured 0.05A 0.025A 0.025A 5V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0%

Calculations:
Take node-3 as reference point,
By using KCL, on the Node-1
VS=V= 10 volts
KCL at the Node-2
I1 = I2 + I3
V-VA/R1 = VA/R2 + VA/R3
10-VA/100 = VA/200 + VA/200
10-VA/100 = 2VA/200
200(10-VA) = 2VA*100
2000-200VA = 200VA
VA = 2000/400
VA = 5V
Now, find the current.
As we know that R2 and R3 parallel, find their equivalent resistance.
1/RP= 1/R2+1/R3+1/R4
1/RP= 1/200+1/200
1/RP= 0.01Ω

RP= 100Ω
For current I1, I2, I3,

1. I1 = RS/R1+RP
I1 = 10/ (100+100)
I1 = 0.05A
2. I2 = VA/R2
I2 = 5/200
I2 = 0.025A
 3. I3 = VA/R3
I3 = 5/200
I3 = 0.025A
By using the KCL,
I1 =I2+I3
0.05=0.025+0.025
0.05A = 0.05A

Part (b): Nodal Analysis with two unknown node voltages

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.

R1 R4
+0.02 +7.69
Amps 200ohm +0.01 350ohm mA
Amps

Vin

R2 R3
350ohm 350ohm

2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the nodes.
3. Calculate the node voltages the current through R 1, R2, R3 and R4.
4. Measure the node voltages the current through R1, R2, R3 and R4.
5. Verify the calculated and measured values using Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
6. Write down the equation for Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
7. Write down the values in observation Table.
8. Calculate the percentage error:

Observation Table:
Table. 1 Nodal Analysis with two unknown node voltages
Values I1 I2 I3 I4 VA VB
Calculated 0.02A 0.015A 7.69mA 7.69mA 5.3846 V 2.6923 V
Measured 0.02A 0.015A 7.69mA 7.69mA 5.3846 V 2.6923 V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Calculation:
Take node-4 as reference point,
By using KCL, on the Node-1:
VS=V= 10 volts
KCL at the Node-2:
I1 = I2 + I3
VS-VA/R1 = VA/R2 + (VA-VB)/R3
VS-VA/R1 - VA/R2 - (VA-VB)/R3 = 0
VS/R1 – VA/R1 - VA/R2 – VA/R3 + VB/R3 = 0
-VA/R1 - VA/R2 – VA/R3 + VS/R1 + VB/R3 = 0
Taking (-) common
-(VA/R1 + VA/R2 + VA/R3 - VS/R1 - VB/R3) = 0
VA (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) - VB/R3 = VS/R1
Multiply both sides by “R1”
VA (R1/R1 + R1/R2 + R1/R3) - VB(R1/R3) = VS(R1/R1)
VA (1 + R1/R2 + R1/R3) - VB(R1/R3) = VS ----------- (1)
KCL at the Node-3:
VA-VB/R3 – VB/R4
VA/R3 - VB/R3 - VB/R4 = 0
Taking (-) common
Multiply both sides by “R1”
-(VA/R3 + VB/R3 + VB/R4) = 0
VA (R1/R3) + VB (R1/R3 + R1/R4) = 0 ------------(2)
Now, rewrite the equation 1 and 2 for matrix,
VA (1 + R1/R2 + R1/R3) - VB(R1/R3) = VS ---------------- (1)
VA (R1/R3) + VB (R1/R3 + R1/R4) = 0 ----------------- (2)
 | |
R1 R1 R 1
1+ + −
R2 R3 R 3
| A|=
−R1 R1 R1
+
R3 R3 R4

| A|= (1 + R1/R2 + R1/R3) (R1/R3 + R1/R4) – (-R1/R3) (-R1/R3)

| A|= (R1/R2) + (R1/R4) + (R12/R2 R3) + (R12/R2 R4) + (R12/ R32) + (R12/ R3 R4) – (R12/ R32)
| A|= (R1R4+R1R3/ R3R4) + (R12R4+ R12R3/R2R3R4) + R12/R3R4
| A|= R2R1R4 + R2R1R3 + R12R4 + R12 R3 + R12R2/ R2R3R4 --------------------- (A)
Taking R1 common

| A|= R1 (R2R4 + R2R3 + R1R4 + R1R3 + R1R2)/ R2R3R4

Now, put the values of R1, R2, R3, R4 in equation (A)

| A|= 200 (350*350 + 350*350 + 200*350 + 200*350 + 200*350)/350*350*350

| A|= 200 (122500+122500+70000+70000+70000)/42875000
| A|= 200 (455000)/42875000
| A|= 2.1224

| |
R1
V S−
R
|V A| = R R3 /| A|
0 1+ 1
R3 R4

|V A| = (VS) (R1/R3 + R1/R4) – (R1/R3) (0)/2.1224

|V A| = (VS) (R1/R3 + R1/R4) – (R1/R3) (0)/2.1224
|V A| = (10) (200/350 + 200/350) – 0/2.1224
|V A| = (10) (200+200/350)/2.1224
|V A| = (10) (400/350)/2.1224
|V A| = 5.3846 volts
 | |
R 1 R1
1+ + V
R 3 R4 S
|V B| = −R 1
/| A|
0
R3

|V B| = (1 + R1/R2 + R1/R3) (0) – (VS) (-R1/R3)/2.1224

|V B| = 0 + (VS) (R1/R3)/2.1224
|V B|= (10) (200/350)/2.1224
|V B|= 2.69231 volts
As R2, R3, R4, are parallel, their equivalent resistance is,
1/RP= 1/R2+1/R3+1/R4
1/RP= 1/350+1/350+1/350
1/RP=8.571 mΩ

RP= 166.66 Ω
For current I1, I2, I3,

1. I1 = VS/R1+RP
I1 = 10/200+166.66
I1 = 0.02Amp
2. I2 = VA/R2
I2 = 5.3846/350
I2 = 0.01Amp
3. I3 = VA-VB /R3
I3 = 5.3846-2.69231/350
I3 = 7.69mA.
By using the KCL,
I1 =I2+I3
0.02=0.015+ 7.69mA.
0.02Amp = 0.02Amp
As I3 is the current which passes through the R3 andR4 it has only one path to flow, so basically I3 is the
current also passes through the R4, In this way I3 =I4 = 7.69mA
THE END