Triangles

Introduction

/padhleakshay
• In Class9, we have studied about ''Congruent triangles''. Let us once recall them.
Two triangles are said to be Congruent, if they have the Same Shape and the Same
Size. A P
~
//
B C Q R
We use the Symbol of Congruency to denote that two triangles are Congruent i.e.
∆ ~∆
ABC PQR
//

*Symbol of Congruency

• In Class10th we are going to learn about "Similarity of Triangles".

Two triangles are said to be Similar, if they have the Same Shape but different

/padhleakshay
Sizes. A P

~
B C
Q R
We use the Symbol of Similarity to denote that two triangles are Similar i.e.
∆ ~∆
ABC PQR
*Symbol of Similarity
#REMEMBER
"All congruent figures are Similar but all Similar figures need not be Congruent".
Ab aisa kyu?
Congruent figures ka matlab unka Shape bhi Same hai Size bhi same hai, lekin
Similar hone ke liye hame sirf Shape Same chahiye, Size same ho toh bhi chalega,
nhi ho to bhi chalega.

Congruent and Similar Similar but not Congruent

 Similarity of Triangles
Two triangles are said to be Similar, if
(i) their Corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their Corresponding Sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).
∆ ∆
A
P
i e. In ABC and PQR, if

(
/A=/P,/B=/Q,/C=/R
(
|

|
(
AB = BC = AC
B C

/padhleakshay
(
(
|
|
PQ QR PR |
∆ ∆
then, ABC ~ PQR Q R

*Suno agar question me ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (given), then

}
/A=/P,/B=/Q,/C=/R
ye dono results ham
|

|
|

AB = BC = AC
use kar sakte hain directly!
|
|
|

PQ QR PR

(*Note that if corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then they are
known as "equiangular triangles. Also the ratio of any two corresponding sides
in two equiangular triangles is always the same.)

Theorem 6.1:If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the

/padhleakshay
other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.
∆
Given : A ABC in which a line DE parallel to BC intersecting AB at at D
A
and AC at E, i.e. DE||BC.
N M
To Prove : AD = AE
_
_
/
/
|
|

DB EC D E
Construction : Join BE and CD and draw DM | AC
|

and EN | AB. B
∆
Proof : We know that, Area of a = 1 × base × height
C

∆ ∆
2
|

• ar( ADE) = 1 × AD × EN ; ar( BDE) = 1 × DB × EN

• •
|

2 2
|

∆
Now, ar( ADE)
= 1/2 × AD × EN =
AD
| |

| |

...........(1)
∆
|

ar( BDE) 1/2 × DB × EN DB

∆
Similarly, ar( ADE) = 1 × AE × DM ∆
; ar( DEC) = 1 × EC × DM
|

2 2
 ∆ = 1/2 × AE × DM = AE
ar( ADE) ...........(2)
∆

| |
| |

|
ar( DEC) 1/2 × EC × DM EC
Since ∆BDE and ∆DEC are on the Same base DE and between the Same Parallels
BC and DE.
• • ar(∆BDE) = ar(∆DEC)
• ...........(3)
Now, from eq(1), eq(2) & eq(3), we get
AD = AE

|
|
DB EC Hence proved.

/padhleakshay
• The above theorem is known by the name Basic Proportionality Theorem or
Thales Theorem after the name of famous Greek mathematician Thales.

Corollary of BPT :
AE
From the BPT theorem, we have AD = |
|

DB EC
DB = EC (by reciprocal of both sides)
=>
|
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AD AE
Now, adding 1 on both sides
=> DB + 1 = EC + 1
|
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AD AE
DB + AD = EC + AE

/padhleakshay
=>
AD AE
=> AB = AC
|
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AD AE
Now, again doing reciprocal of both sides, we get
AD = AE
=>
|
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AB AC

* Please note that this Corollary result is very very useful while solving questions
of BPT/Thales theorem. Now just once compare the result of BPT and this
Corollary by looking at the diagram and have a clear understanding of both of
them.
And guess what yeh chizz kafi saare teachers batate hi nhi hain ki BPT theorem
ki corollary bhi hoti hai and they directly use it in questions jisse baccho ko
confusion hoti hai, trust me apne teaching experience se bata raha hoon....toh
please do not forget this result....OK!
Theorem 6.2: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the
line is parallel to the third side
Given : A ∆ABC and a line DE intersecting AB at D and AC at E such that
AD AE ............(1) A
=

|
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DB EC
To Prove : DE||BC E'
Construction : Draw DE ' ||BC intersecting AC at E' . D E

/padhleakshay
Proof : We assume that in ABC, DE is not parallel C
B
to BC. Also by construction we have DE ' ||BC.
AD AE' ............(2)
On applying BPT, we have =

|
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DB E'C
AE'
Now, from eq(1) & eq(2), we get AE = ............(3)

|
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EC E'C
Adding 1 on both sides of eq(3), we get
AE 1 = AE' + 1
=> +
|
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EC E'C
AE + EC
=> = AE' + E'C
EC E'C
AC
=> = AC
|
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/padhleakshay
EC E'C
=> EC = E'C
Thus, from the above result, it can be said that point E and E'
Coincides i.e DE' coincides with DE.
Hence, DE||BC

Let's Practice:
Example: In the given fig. if DE||BC, find EC.
SOLUTION: It is given that DE||BC A
By using Thales theorem, we have 1.5cm 1cm
AD AE
= EC D E
|
| |

DB
=> 1.5 1
= 3cm ?
|

3 EC
=> 1.5EC = 3
3 B C
=> EC =
|

1.5
=> EC = 2Cm
Example:In the given figure, if LM||CB and LN||CD, prove that AM = AN .

|
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AB AD

SOLUTION:Observe in this question we need to use the corollary result of BPT.

∆
In ABC, LM||CB
AM = AL [By BPT] ...........(1)

/padhleakshay
|
|
AB AC
∆
In ADC, LN||CD
AN = AL [By BPT]
| ...........(2)
|
AD AC
On Comparing eq(1) & eq(2), we get
AM AN
=
|
|

AB AD Hence proved.

Example: In the given figure, if DE||AC and DF||AE. Prove that BF = BE .

|
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FE EC

/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: It is given that DE||AC and DF||AE, so we will use BPT theorem
∆
In ABC, DE||AC
BD BE [By BPT] ...........(1)
=
|
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DA EC
∆
In ABE, DF||AE
BD BF
= [By BPT] ...........(2)
|
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DA FE
On Comparing eq(1) & eq(2), we get
BE BF
=
|
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EC FE
BF BE
or =
|
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FE EC Hence proved.
Example: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and it's diagonals intersect each
other at the point O. Show that AO = CO .

|
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BO DO
SOLUTION: Given ABCD is trapezium i.e. AB||DC such that it's diagonals intersect each
other at point O. A B
E
O

D C

/padhleakshay
Draw a line EO through point O, such that EO || AB.
∆
In ABD, EO || AB
AE = BO [By BPT] ...........(1)

|
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ED DO
∆
In ADC, EO || DC
AE = AO
| [By BPT] ...........(2)
|

ED CO
Now, on comparing eq(1) & eq(2), we get
AO = BO
|
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CO DO
or AO = CO
Hence proved.
|
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BO DO

Example: In the given figure, PS = PT and / PST = / PRQ. Prove that PQR is an

/padhleakshay
|
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/
/

SQ TR
isosceles triangle.

SOLUTION: It is given that PS = PT .

|
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SQ TR
=> ST || QR [By converse of BPT]
=> / PST = / PQR (Corresponding angles) ...........(1)
/
/

Also, it is given that / PST = / PRQ ...........(2)

/

/ PQR = / PQR (from (1) and (2)

/

=> PQ = PR (Sides opposite to equal angles

Hence, PQR is an isosceles triangle.
Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
There are three Criterias for Similarity of Triangles :
(i) AAA Similarity Criteria
(ii) SSS Similarity Criteria
(iii) SAS Similarity Criteria

Theorem 6.3:

/padhleakshay
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then there corresponding sides
are in the same ratio i.e. proportional and hence the two triangles are similar.
(AAA Similarity Criterion)
A P
)

)
)))
)) )))
B C
Q
)) R
i.e. if / A = / P ; / B = / Q ; / C = / R
/
/

/
/

then AB BC AC
= =
|
|
|

PQ QR PR
Hence, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR .

/padhleakshay
*Suno agar question me kabhi sirf do corresponding angles hi equal aata hain,
toh bhi dono triangles Similar ho jaate hain by AA Similarity Criterion.

Theorem 6.4:
If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are in the same ratio i.e. proportional to
the sides of other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence
the two triangles are similar.
(SSS Similarity Criterion)
A P
)

) ))
B C ))
)))
Q R
i.e.if AB = BC = AC
|
|
|

PQ QR PR
then / A = / P ; / B = / Q ; / C = / R
/
/

Hence, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR .

Theorem 6.5:
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
SAS Similarity Criterion
A P

(
B C
Q R

/padhleakshay
i.e. / A = / P and AB = AC

|
/
/

|
PQ PR
∆
then, ABC ~ PQR ∆
Let's Practice :
Example: In the given figure, find the value of / P .

∆ABC and ∆PQR, we have

/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: In
AB = 3.8 = 1 ; BC = 6 = 1 ; CA 3 3 1 √
= =
√
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|
|
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||
RQ 7.6 2 QP 12 2 PR 6 3 2 |
Clearly, AB = BC = CA = 1
|
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|
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RQ QP PR 2
∆ ∆
So, ABC ~ RQP [By SSS Similarity Criteria]
Therefore, / C = / P ...........(1)
/

[Corresponding angles of similar

triangles are equal]
∆
Now, In ABC, by using Angle Sum Property of a ∆ we have
/ A + / B + / C = 180°
/

/
/

80° + 60° + / C = 180°

/

/ C = 180° - 140°
/

/ C = 40°
/

•
• • From eq(1), / C = / P = 40°
/

/
Example: In the following figure, QR QT and / 1 = / 2. Show that
= ∆PQS ~ ∆TQR.

|
|

/
/
QS PR

SOLUTION: In ∆PQR, / PQR = / PRQ (given)

/
• [sides opposite to equal angles] ...........(1)
• • PQ = PR

/padhleakshay
Given, QR = QT
|
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QS PR
Using (1), we get QR = QT ...........(2)
|
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QS PQ
∆ ∆
In PQS and TQR, we have
QR QT
= [Using (2)]
|
| QS PQ
/Q=/Q (common)
∆ ∆
/

•
• • PQS ~ TQR [SAS Similarity criterion]
Example: Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively
proportional to sides PQ and QR and median PM of ∆PQR. Show that
∆ ∆
ABC ~ PQR.

/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: Given that, AB = BC = AD
|
|
|

PQ QR PM
=> AB = 1/2BC = AD
|
|
|
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PQ 1/2QR PM
=> AB = BD = AD [Since median of a triangle divides the
|
|
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PQ QM PM
side equally]
∆ ∆
Therefore, ABD ~ PQM [By SAS Similarity criterion]
∆ ∆
Now, In ABC and PQR we have
/B=/Q [Corresponding angles of similar 's] ∆
/

AB = BC (given)
|
|

PQ QR
• ∆ ∆
• • ABC ~ PQR [By SAS Similarity criterion]
Example: In given figure, ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF. AP bisects / CAB and DQ bisects / FDE.
Prove that :
(a) AP = AB (b) ∆CAP ~ ∆FDQ

|
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DQ DE F
C

P Q

A B
D E

/padhleakshay
∆ ∆
SOLUTION: Since it is given that ABC ~ DEF, therefore,
_ _ _
/A=/D,/B=/E,/C=/F _ _
_ _ _ _
Now, / A = / D => 1 / A = 1 / D
_ _ _
=> / BAP = / EDQ and / CAP = /_FDQ
/
/
2 2

∆ ∆
(a) In ABP and DEQ, we have (b) In CAP & FDQ, we have ∆ ∆
_ _
/ BAP = / EDQ [Proved above] _
/ CAP = / FDQ [Proved _
_ _
/B=/E [Given] above]
So, by AA Similarity criterion /C=/F _ _
[Given]
∆ABP ~ DEQ ∆ So, by AA Similarity criterion
CAP ~ FDQ ∆ ∆
Example: D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that _/ ADC = /_ BAC.
Show that CA2 = CB.CD.

/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: Let us first draw the triangle in which /_ ADC = /_ BAC
∆ ∆
•
Now, In ABC and ADC, we have
/A=/D _ _(given) (
_ _
(
/C=/C (common)
So, ∆ ∆
ABC ~ ADC [By AA Similarity criteria]
=> CA = CB [Corresponding Sides of similar ∆'s are prop.]
|
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CD CA
=> CA × CA = CB × CD
=> CA2= CB.CD Hence proved.

*After studying from

these notes
*Note: Worksheet (important questions of all typology with answers) is
provided as a separate PDF on website padhleakshay.com