THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE B.

Arch, First Year

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 1

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 2
 OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE
DEFINITION POINT SPHERE
Unit 01: INTRODUCTION

Unit 02 : ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

Unit 05: PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE

Unit 04: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE –
Unit 03: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE –
ORIGIN LINE CUBE ENCLOSURE – PROPORTION
ARCHITECTURE PLANE PYRAMID INTERNAL AND SCALE
SATISFYING HUMAN EXTERNAL BALANCE
FORM CYLINDER
NEEDS CONTINUOUS SPACES SYMMETRY/ASYMMETRY
SPACE CONE AND ITS – SPATIAL RHYTHM
FUNCTIONAL, SECTIONS
AESTHETIC AND SHAPE RELATIONSHIP AND ITS AXIS
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES HIERARCHY
PATTERN
ASPECTS OF SPATIAL DATUM
LIGHT ORGANIZATION:
ARCHITECTURAL UNITY
FORM-SITE, COLOR CENTRALIZED, LINEAR,
STRUCTURE, SURFACE RADIAL CLUSTERED, HARMONY
MATERIALS, SERVICES, GRID – BUILT FORM DOMINANCE
TEXTURE AND OPEN SPACE
USE, CIRCULATION, CLIMAX
EXPRESSION, RELATIONSHIPS
MOVEMENT
CHARACTER,
CIRCULATION

SPACE
EXPERIENCE
FORM
FORMAL BUILDING APPROACH
VOCABULARY OF ENTRANCE – PATH
ARCHITECTURE CONFIGURATION FORM
GESTALT IDEAS OF ORIENTATION
VISUAL PERCEPTION

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 3

THE TERM : ARCHITECTURE
§Originated from the Greek word “Architekton”
§[ Archi – great / chief, Tekton – builder / creator ]
§Architecture is the art and science of building
§It is the conscious creation of utilitarian spaces with the
deliberate use of material
§Architecture should be technically efficient and
aesthetically pleasing.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 4

ARCHITECTURE : as a discipline
ARCHITECTURE – an ability to
organize, manipulate and articulate
the constant and variable component
parts of size, shape, and treatment.
ARCHITECTURE - a language of
sequential path, place, and transition ARCHITECTURE
spaces in relationship to site,
location, and orientation.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 5

ARCHITECTURE : satisfying human needs
Food, Shelter,
Clothing

Education, Science,
Government Religion, Art
Recreation

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 6

ARCHITECTURE : functional

PSYCHOLOGICAL
The architect

[ [
should have a
comprehensive
understanding of
the client activities
before beginning
to design.

AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 7
ARCHITECTURE : functional

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
POMPIDOU CENTRE, RICHARD ROGERS AND RENZO PIANO THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 8
ARCHITECTURE : functional

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
THE INTERLACE, OMA, OLE SCHEEREN THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 9
ARCHITECTURE : functional

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
THE INTERLACE, OMA, OLE SCHEEREN THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 10
ARCHITECTURE : functional

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA AT NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, CPG CONSULTANTS THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 11
ARCHITECTURE : functional

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
BOSCO VERTICALE, STEFANO BOERI, GIOVANNI LA VARRA & GIANANDREA BARRECA THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 12
ARCHITECTURE : aesthetics

PSYCHOLOGICAL
Elements of aesthetics:

Mass & space

[ [
proportion
symmetry

AESTHETICS
balance
contrast
decoration
massing

FUNCTIONAL
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 13
ARCHITECTURE : aesthetics

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER, ZAHA HADID THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 14
ARCHITECTURE : aesthetics

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO, FRANK GEHRY THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 15
ARCHITECTURE : aesthetics

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
THE BUND FINANCE CENTER, NORMAN FOSTER & HEATHERWICK THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 16
ARCHITECTURE : aesthetics

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
GARDENS BY THE BAY, GRANT ASSOCIATES AND ARCHITECTS, WILKINSON EYRE ARCHITECTS THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 17
ARCHITECTURE : psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
•

[
Play with human mind
•
•
mood and productivity
affect health and wellbeing
[

AESTHETICS
• expression of cultural pride,
• societal passion, or national esteem
• Space, form, and light

FUNCTIONAL
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 18
 ARCHITECTURE : psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
• Physical structure has a significant effect on human behavior.

[ As humans find themselves spending more time enclosed within the walls of structure, it becomes valuable
to design structures integrating features of the natural environment and structural landscape features into
the human-made environment (Joye, 2007).
[

AESTHETICS
• Research suggests the design of residential and commercial space has pervasive effects on its
inhabitants and is an important consideration in architectural design.

• Space, form, and light are elements that are often incorporated either purposefully or
unconsciously for aesthetic or practical reasons but more pointedly give people meaning, purpose

FUNCTIONAL
and stability amidst an ever changing physical universe of seeming chaos.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 19

ARCHITECTURE : psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
THE JEWEL, CHANGI AIRPORT, MOSHE SAFDIE THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 20
ARCHITECTURE : psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
THE JEWEL, CHANGI AIRPORT, MOSHE SAFDIE THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 21
ARCHITECTURE : psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
GOOGLE HEADQUARTERS THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 22
ARCHITECTURE : psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL
GOOGLE HEADQUARTERS THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 23
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form
Site
Structure

[
Materials
Services
Use
[

USE
Circulation
Expression

SERVICES
Character
Experience

MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 24
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

SITE

Location (geography)a point or an area on the Earth's

surface or elsewhere.

USE
Building site, a place where construction takes place.

SERVICES
MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 25
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

STRUCTURE

It is an arrangement and organization of interrelated

elements in a material object or system, or the object or

USE
system so organized.

SERVICES
ST MARYS AXE, NORMAN FOSTER

MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 26
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

USE
SERVICES
MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
THE OCULUS, SANTIAGO CALATRAVA OGDEN CENTER FOR FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS AT DURHAM UNIVERSITY, DANIEL LIBESKIND

SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 27
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

MATERIALS

It is used for construction process. Many

naturally occurring substances, such as clay,

USE
rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves,
have been used to construct buildings. Apart

SERVICES
JEAN-MARIE TJIBAOU, RENZO PIANO
from naturally occurring materials, many man-
made products are in use, some more and

MATERIALS
some less synthetic.

STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 28
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

USE
SERVICES
MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
CHURCH OF LIGHT, TADAO ANDO GLASS HOUSE, PHILIP JOHNSON

SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 29
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

SERVICES

POMPIDOU CENTRE, RICHARD ROGERS AND RENZO PIANO

Building services are the systems installed in
buildings to make them comfortable,

USE
functional, efficient and safe.

SERVICES
[
Structural
Plumbing
[

MATERIALS
Electrical
Fire safety
Maintenance

STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 30
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

USE
SERVICES
MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
LLOYDS BUILDING, RICHARD ROGERS MILLENNIUM DOME, RICHARD ROGERS

SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 31
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

CIRCULATION

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM INTERIOR, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

It refers to the way people move through and
interact with a building.

USE
• APPROACH: The Distant View

SERVICES
• ENTRANCE: From Outside to inside
• CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH: The
Sequences of Spaces

MATERIALS
• PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIPS: Edges, Nodes,
and Terminations of the Path
• FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE:

STRUCTURE
Corridors, Halls, Galleries, Stairways and
Rooms

SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 32
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

EXPRESSION
Expression in architecture implies a clear and
authentic displaying of the character or

USE
personality of an individual (architect).

SERVICES
DANCING HOUSE, FRANK GEHRY

MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 33
 CIRCULATION EXPRESSION CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

CHARACTER
The Character and Style of a building is
based on its functional aspects,

USE
associated aspects and personal aspect.

SERVICES
The character of some buildings is
expressed through elements associated
with certain influences.

MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
TAJ MAHAL

SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 34
 EXPERIENCE
ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form

CIRCULATION CHARACTER
EXPERIENCE
Experience in architecture is the art of
articulating a clear user story/journey

USE
through a design as intended by the
architect.

SAGRADA FAMILIA, ANTONIO GAUDI

SERVICES
MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
SITE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 35
GESTALT IDEAS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
§The Gestalt Principles are a set of laws
arising from 1920s’ psychology,
describing how humans typically see
objects by grouping similar elements,
recognizing patterns and simplifying
complex images.
§Designers use these to engage users via
powerful -yet natural- “tricks” of
perspective and best practice design
standards.
§Gestalt theory focuses on the mind’s
perceptive processes

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 36

GESTALT IDEAS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION

WHAT DO YOU SEE

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 37
GESTALT IDEAS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION

WHAT DO YOU SEE

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 38
GESTALT THEORY : principles
Closure
Common Fate
Common Region

[
Continuation
Convexity
Figure-Ground
[
Proximity
Regularity
Similarity
Symmetry
Synchrony

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 39

GESTALT THEORY : principles
CLOSURE:
Preferring complete shapes, we automatically fill in gaps between
elements to perceive a complete image; so, we see the whole first.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 40

GESTALT THEORY : principles
COMMON FATE: We group elements that move in the same direction.

COMMON REGION: We group elements that are in the same closed region.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 41

GESTALT THEORY : principles
PROXIMITY : We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart.
SYMMETRY : We group elements that are in the same closed region.
SIMILARITY : We seek differences and similarities in an image and link similar elements.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 42

GESTALT THEORY : principles
CONTINUATION: We follow and “flow with” lines.
CONVEXITY: We perceive convex shapes ahead of concave ones.
FIGURE/GROUND : Disliking uncertainty, we look for solid, stable items. Unless an image is
truly ambiguous, its foreground catches the eye first.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 43

GESTALT THEORY : principles
FIGURE/GROUND :

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 44

GESTALT THEORY : principles
FIGURE/GROUND :
CHAMPS ELYSEES, PARIS, FRANCE

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 45

GESTALT THEORY : architecture

SYMMETRY
We seek balance and order in designs, struggling
to do so if they aren’t readily apparent.

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 46

 GESTALT THEORY : architecture – Ar. Tadao Ando

4×4 HOUSE, JAPAN

NARIWA MUSEUM, JAPAN

SIMILARITY : the degree of sameness to each other - two nearly identical buildings are placed next
to one another

FIGURE/GROUND :structure of walls and negative

space create interesting figure/ground relationships THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 47
 GESTALT THEORY : architecture – Ar. Tadao Ando
FORT WORTH MUSEUM, USA

CONTINUANCE : grouping that results in a continuation of direction - reflection pool allows architectural structure to continue into the water

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 48

 GESTALT THEORY : architecture – Ar. Tadao Ando
THE OVAL, JAPAN

PROXIMITY : the degree of distance between sensations - doors are placed at different distances away from each other, creating a visual rhythm around the pool
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 49
 GESTALT THEORY : architecture – Ar. Tadao Ando
CHURCH OF THE LIGHT, JAPAN

CLOSURE : grouping into recognizable forms or shapes - negative space between walls create a cross that becomes illuminated with natural light
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 50
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 51