Gl

assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

BAHIRDARUNIVERS
ITY
COLLEGEOFS
CIENCE
DEPARTMENTOFINDUS
TRIALCHEMIS
TRY
COURS
E:GLAS
S ANDBLOWING
COURS
ECODE:Ic
he(
3121)
Name:Gi
rumWor
kneh
IdNo:1308179

S
ubmi
ssi
ondat
e:19\19\2015

S
ubmi
ttedt
o:Mr
.Ayal
sewY.

I
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Co
ntent Pag
e

Gl
assmanufac
tur
ersi
ndus
try 3
1.
1Int
roduc
tio
n 3
1.
2Rawmat
eri
als(
Mai
nIng
redi
ent
s) 4
1.
3.Gl
assmanufac
tur
ingpr
oces
ses 6
1.
4.Pr
oces
sPar
amet
ero
fGl
assManufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.12

1.
5Qual
it
yPar
amet
ersOfGl
assManufac
tur
ingIndus
try 15
1.
6Pr
obl
emAndS
olut
iono
fGl
assManufac
tur
ingIndus
try 19
1.
7Rec
ommendat
iono
ngl
assmanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try 24

I
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Gl
assmanufac
tur
ersi
ndus
try
1.
1Int
roduc
tion
Whati
sgl
ass
?

Gl
assi
san i
nor
gani
cso
lid mat
eri
alt
hati
sus
ual
lyt
rans
par
ento
r
t
rans
luc
entaswel
lashar
d,b
rit
tle,and i
mper
vio
ust
othe nat
ural
el
ement
s.

Gl
assi
sas
uperc
ool
edl
iqui
dthati
svi
sco
useno
ught
ost
ayr
igi
d.Li
kel
ess
v
isc
ousl
iqui
ds,g
las
shasanamo
rpho
us,no
n-c
rys
tal
li
nephys
icals
truc
tur
e.
It
spr
oper
tiesdepend o
n ho
wdi
ffer
entat
omsand mo
lec
ulesi
nter
act
wi
thi
nthats
truc
tur
e.

Thepr
imar
yco
mpo
nent
sofg
las
sar
esi
li
ca,l
ime,s
odaas
handal
umi
na.
Ho
wev
er,mo
stg
las
sco
ntai
nss
mal
lamo
unt
sofmanyo
therc
ompo
nent
s.
Tho
ughmi
nori
namo
unt
,thes
eco
mpo
nent
sar
eimpo
rtantfo
rac
hiev
ing
des
iredpr
oper
tiesi
ntheg
las
s,l
ikes
treng
th,ab
ras
ionr
esi
stanc
e,heat
r
esi
stanc
e and c
olo
r.Co
ntr
olo
fthe g
las
s manufac
tur
ing pr
oces
s,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
het
emper
atur
eoft
heg
las
smel
ti
ngfur
nac
e,i
sal
soi
mpo
rtant
fo
rac
hiev
ingt
hedes
iredpr
oper
ties

Themo
stc
ommo
ngl
ass
esar
ethes
oda-l
imeg
las
ses
,whi
char
eus
edt
o
makemo
stwi
ndo
wsandb
ott
les
.Ot
herc
ommo
ngl
ass
esar
ebo
ros
il
icat
e,
al
umi
nos
il
icat
e,b
orat
e,l
ead,pho
sphat
e,hal
ideand met
all
icg
las
ses
.
Ot
herg
las
spr
oduc
tsi
ncl
udec
erami
csandfi
ber
glas
s.

Asmanufac
tur
ersl
ear
ned t
oco
ntr
olg
las
spr
oper
tiesand makeg
las
s
mo
reec
ono
mic
all
y,t
heyhav
edev
elo
pedg
las
ssui
tab
lefo
rmo
reandmo
re

1
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

appl
icat
ions
.Inaddi
ti
ont
owi
ndo
ws,b
ott
les
,lab
orat
oryg
las
swar
eand
l
ightb
ulb
s.

1.
2Rawmat
eri
als(
Mai
nIngr
edi
ent
s)
1.S
ili
con dio
xide (
SiO2)
:isa c
ommo
n fundament
alc
ons
tit
uento
f
g
las
s.S
ili
condi
oxi
dei
stheg
las
sfo
rmeri
ntheb
oro
sil
icat
egl
asss
yst
em.
Hi
gherl
evel
sofS
iO2i
ncr
eas
ethemel
ti
ngt
emper
atur
easwel
last
he
wo
rki
ngpo
int
,andr
educ
ethec
oeffi
ci
ento
fther
malex
pans
ion.
Sil
icahas
c
oval
entb
ondi
ngandfo
rmsanet
wor
kst
ruc
tur
e.

2.S
odi
um o
xide(
Na2O)
:gener
all
yob
tai
nedfr
om Na2CO3,"s
oda",whi
ch
l
ower
stheg
las
str
ans
iti
ont
emper
atur
e.Thes
odamakest
heg
las
swat
er-
s
olub
le,whi
chi
sus
ual
lyundes
irab
le.
Tor
educ
ethemel
ti
ngpo
into
fsi
li
ca,
i
tisnec
ess
aryt
oaddafl
ux;t
hisi
sthepur
pos
eoft
hes
odi
um c
arb
onat
e
(
sodaas
h),whi
chmakesav
ail
abl
ethefl
uxi
ngag
ents
odi
um o
xide.By
addi
ngab
out25per
cento
fthes
odi
um o
xidet
osi
li
ca,t
hemel
ti
ngpo
inti
s
r
educ
edfr
om1,
723t
o850°
C(3,
133t
o1,
562°
F).

3.
Lime (
CaO, c
alc
ium o
xide)
:gener
all
y o
btai
ned fr
om l
imes
tone,
CaC
O3.
The addi
ti
ono
fli
me (
cal
cium o
xide,o
rCaO)
,suppl
ied b
ythe
l
imes
tone,r
ender
stheg
las
sins
olub
leag
ain.,b
utt
oomuc
hmakesag
las
s
pr
onet
odev
itr
ifi
cat
ion—i
.e.
,thepr
eci
pit
ati
ono
fcr
yst
all
inephas
esi
n
c
ert
ainr
ang
eso
ftemper
atur
e.Theo
pti
mum c
ompo
sit
ioni
sab
out75
per
cents
il
ica,10per
centl
ime,and15per
cents
oda,b
utev
ent
hisi
sto
o

2
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

l
iab
let
odev
itr
ifi
cat
iondur
ingc
ert
ainmec
hani
calfo
rmi
ngo
per
ati
onst
o
b
esat
isfac
tor
y.Gl
assenr
ichedwi
thl
imer
epr
esent
sov
er90% o
ftheg
las
s
t
hati
sus
eto
day.

4.
Mag
nes
ium o
xide(
MgO)and al
umi
nium o
xide(
Al2O3)areadded t
o
pr
ovi
defo
rab
ett
erc
hemi
caldur
abi
li
ty.Al
umi
nai
mpr
ovest
hepr
oper
ties
and depr
ess
est
hedev
itr
ifi
cat
iono
fso
dal
ime-s
il
icat
egl
ass
es.Her
ein,
t
hei
nfl
uenc
eofal
umi
nao
ntheg
las
str
ans
iti
ont
emper
atur
e,dens
ity
,
c
hemi
caldur
abi
li
ty,c
rys
tal
li
zat
iono
fli
thi
um-i
ron-pho
sphat
e(LIP)g
las
s
hasb
eeni
nves
tig
ated.

-Inmo
stc
ases
,theaddi
ti
ono
fAl
2O3,asano
xidei
nthec
hemi
str
y,r
ais
es
t
hemel
ti
ngt
emper
atur
eofag
laz
eorg
las
s.

Ther
esul
ti
ngg
las
sco
ntai
nsab
out70t
o74% s
il
icab
ywei
ghtandi
scal
led
a s
oda-l
ime g
las
s.S
oda-l
ime g
las
ses ac
count fo
r ab
out 90% o
f
manufac
tur
edg
las
s.

Ot
hermat
eri
alsar
eal
soadded,s
omeb
eingputi
ntoas
sis
tinr
efi
ningt
he
g
las
s(i
.e.
,tor
emo
vet
heb
ubb
lesl
eftb
ehi
ndi
nthemel
ti
ngpr
oces
s),whi
le
o
ther
sar
eaddedt
oimpr
ovei
tsc
olo
r.Fo
rex
ampl
e,s
andal
waysc
ont
ains
i
ronasani
mpur
ity,and,al
tho
ught
hemat
eri
alus
edfo
rmaki
ngb
ott
lesi
s
s
pec
ial
lys
elec
tedfo
rit
slo
wir
onc
ont
ent
,thes
mal
ltr
aceso
fimpur
itys
til
l
i
mpar
tanundes
irab
leg
reenc
olo
rtot
hec
ont
ainer
;byt
heus
eofs
eleni
um
and c
obal
tox
idet
oget
herwi
tht
rac
eso
far
seni
ctr
iox
ideand s
odi
um
ni
trat
e,i
tispo
ssi
blet
oneut
ral
izet
heg
reenc
olo
randpr
oduc
eas
o-c
all
ed
whi
te(
dec
olo
riz
ed)g
las
s.

 S
odi
ums
ulfat
e,s
odi
umc
hlo
ride,o
rant
imo
nyo
xidec
anb
eaddedt
o

3
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

pr
eventt
hec
reat
iono
fai
rbub
blesi
ntheg
las
smi
xtur
e.

 Ir
onc
ans
treng
thenab
ili
tyo
fgl
asst
oab
sor
binfr
aredener
gyand
heat
.Gl
assmadet
hatwayc
ant
odaymo
stc
ommo
nlyb
efo
undi
n
mo
viepr
ojec
tor
s.

 Cer
ium (
IV)o
xidei
sres
pons
ibl
efo
rab
sor
bingUVr
adi
ati
oni
nthe
g
las
smi
xtur
e.

 Po
tas
siumo
xideus
edasas
oft
eni
ngag
ent
.

 Pho
spho
rico
xideus
edt
oimpar
tbr
ightappear
anc
e

 Leado
xidei
ncr
eas
esi
nsul
ati
on.

 S
eleni
umi
sus
edasdec
olo
riz
ered.

 Bo
raxi
sus
etoi
ncr
eas
ehar
dnes
sorr
efr
act
ivei
ndex

 Bo
rico
xidei
sus
edt
oimpr
ovesc
hemi
calo
rco
rro
siv
eres
ist
ivi
ty.

 Bo
rono
xidei
soneo
fthemai
ning
redi
ent
sins
ocal
ledPyr
exg
las
s.
It
sab
ili
tyt
ost
reng
thent
hes
truc
tur
eofg
las
sandpr
otec
titfr
om
t
her
malex
pans
ion,c
rac
kingandt
her
mals
hoc
kmakesi
tper
fec
tfo
r
pr
oduc
tio
nof many ki
tchen c
ookwar
e,o
pti
calc
ompo
nentand
r
eag
entb
ott
les
.

1.
3.Glassmanufact
uri
ngpr oc
ess
es
1.Col
lec
tio
nofr
awmater
ial
s:

4
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Ther
awmat
eri
alss
uchass
il
icai
nthefo
rmo
fwhi
tes
ando
rquar
tz(
SiO2)
,
s
odaas
h(Na2CO3)
,li
mes
tone(
CaCO3)and c
ull
et(
bro
ken pi
eces
)ar
e
g
rounds
epar
atel
yandmi
xedi
npr
operpr
opo
rti
on.Thefus
iono
fcul
leto
r
b
rokeng
las
sist
obr
ingdo
wnmel
ti
ngpo
into
gthec
har
ge.Thepr
oces
sis

madeec
ono
mic
al.

2.Pr
epar
ati
ono
fbat
ch:

Ther
awmat
eri
als
,cul
letanddec
olo
riz
ear
efi
nel
ypo
wder
edi
ngr
indi
ng
mac
hines
.Thes
emat
eri
alsar
eac
cur
atel
ywei
ghedi
nco
rrec
tpr
opo
rti
ons
b
efo
ret
heyar
emi
xedt
oget
her
.Themi
xi
ngo
fthes
emat
eri
alsi
scar
ried
o
uti
nmi
xingmac
hinesunt
ilauni
for
mmi
xtur
eiso
btai
ned.

S
uchauni
for
m mi
xtur
eiskno
wnast
heb
atc
horfr
itandi
tist
akenfo
r
fur
therpr
oces
sofmel
ti
ngi
nafur
nac
e.

No
te:Theb
atc
hoft
hes
tar
tingmat
eri
als(
isc
all
edac
har
ge)t
obemel
ted

5
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

and l
oadi
ngi
tint
othefur
nac
eisc
all
ed c
har
gingt
hefur
nac
e.The
i
nti
mat
eho
mog
eneo
usmi
xtur
eofr
awmat
eri
alsi
scal
ledb
atc
h.

3.Mel
ti
ngo
rHeat
ingo
fchar
ge:

TheGl
assb
atc
hismel
ted ei
theri
napo
tfur
nac
eori
nat
ank/o
pen
hear
thfur
nac
efur
nac
emadeo
ffi
rec
layo
rpl
ati
num.Theheat
ingi
s
c
ont
inuedunt
ilt
heev
olut
iono
fcar
bondi
oxi
de,o
xyg
en,s
ulphur
edi
oxi
de
ando
therg
asess
tops
.

Heat
ingi
soneb
ybur
ningpr
oduc
erg
asmi
xedwi
thai
rov
ert
hec
har
ge.The
c
ull
et(
orb
rokeng
las
s)mel
tsfi
rstandhel
psi
nthefus
iono
fther
esto
f
t
hec
har
ge.Ahi
ght
emper
atur
eof1500–1800°
Cismai
ntai
nedt
oreduc
e
t
hev
isc
osi
tyo
fgl
assmel
tandt
oob
tai
naho
mog
eneo
usl
iqui
d.

Thefo
llo
wingr
eac
tio
nst
akepl
acei
nthemanufac
tur
eofg
las
s:

CaCO3+S
iO2→CaS
iO3+CO2

Na2CO3+S
iO2→ Na2S
iO3+CO2

K2CO3+S
iO2→ K2S
iO3+CO2

Heat
ingi
sco
nti
nuedt
il
ltheg
las
smel
tisfr
eefr
omg
asb
ubb
lesl
ikeCO2,
S
O2et
c.Undec
ompo
sedr
awmat
eri
alsandi
mpur
iti
esfo
rm as
cum c
all
ed
g
las
sgal
lwhi
chi
sski
mmedo
ff.Thec
learl
iqui
disno
wal
lowedt
oco
ol
aft
eraddi
ngt
henec
ess
arydec
olo
riz
eso
rco
lor
ingag
ent
s.Iti
sco
oledt
o
700-1200°
C,s
othati
twi
llhav
ethepr
operv
isc
osi
tyfo
rshapi
ng

6
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

No
te:Po
tfur
nac
e:S
mal
lsc
alepr
epar
ati
ono
fhi
ghg
radeg
las
sisc
arr
ied
o
uti
napo
tfur
nac
e.Gl
asso
funi
for
mqual
it
yispo
ssi
blei
napo
tfur
nac
e.
Thes
epo
tsar
epl
aced i
nspec
ial
lypr
epar
ed ho
lesi
nthefur
nac
e.The
c
har
gingand c
oll
ect
ingdo
orsar
ekeptpr
ojec
tingo
uts
ides
othatr
aw
mat
eri
alsmayb
eaddedandmo
lteng
las
smayb
etakeno
utc
onv
eni
ent
ly.

Thepo
tsar
efi
ll
edwi
thr
awmat
eri
als
.Thefur
nac
eisheat
edb
ymeanso
f
pr
oduc
erg
as.Whent
hemas
shasmel
teddo
wn,i
tisr
emo
vedfr
omt
hepo
t
andi
tist
akenfo
rthenex
toper
ati
ono
ffab
ric
ati
on.Themel
ti
ngo
fgl
ass
b
y po
tfur
nac
eisan i
nter
mit
tentpr
oces
s.Iti
sus
ed t
omel
tsmal
l
quant
iti
eso
fgl
assatat
imeo
rtopr
epar
espec
ialt
ypeso
fgl
ass
.

TankFur
nac
e:Thi
sfur
nac
eres
emb
lest
her
ever
ber
ato
rfur
nac
eado
pted
fo
rpeddl
ingo
fthewr
oug
ht-i
ron.S
howi
ngt
hes
ect
iono
fat
ankfur
nac
e
ado
pted fo
rthe mel
ti
ng o
fgl
ass
.Iti
sco
nst
ruc
ted wi
thr
einfo
rced
mas
onr
y.Ther
oofi
sgi
vens
pec
ials
hapet
odefl
ectt
hefl
ameso
fheat
ed
g
as.Thepo
rtsar
epr
ovi
dedfo
rtheent
ryo
fpr
eheat
edpr
oduc
erg
as.The
do
orsar
epr
ovi
dedfo
rchar
gingandfo
rtaki
ngo
utt
hemo
lteng
las
s.

Ab
ridg
esepar
atest
het
anki
ntot
wounequalc
ompar
tment
s.Theb
atc
his
heat
edi
nlar
gec
ompar
tmentandi
tco
ntai
nss
omewhati
mpur
egl
ass
.It
fl
owst
hro
ugho
peni
ngo
fbr
idg
eint
osmal
lco
mpar
tment
.Theg
allo
r
fl
oat
ingi
mpur
iti
esar
eco
llec
tedatt
het
opo
flar
gec
ompar
tment
.The
r
efr
act
oryl
ini
ngi
spr
ovi
dedt
othei
nter
iors
urfac
eoft
ank.

Thet
anki
sfi
ll
edwi
thr
awmat
eri
als
.Thefur
nac
eisheat
edb
yal
lowi
ng
pr
oduc
erg
ast
hro
ughpo
rts
.Thec
har
gingo
frawmat
eri
alsandt
aki
ngo
ut
o
fmo
ltenmas
sar
esi
mul
taneo
us.Thi
sisac
ont
inuo
uspr
oces
sandi
tis
ado
ptedt
omel
tlar
gequant
iti
eso
fgl
assatat
ime.S
altc
akeNa2S
O4i
s

7
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

addedt
oremo
vet
hes
cum fr
omt
ankfur
nac
eandal
sot
oenab
ler
eady
es
capeo
fbub
bles
.

Gl
assmel
ti
ngc
anb
edi
videdi
ntofo
urphas
es:

A.Heat
ing

B.Pr
imar
ymel
ti
ng

C.Fi
ning and Ho
mog
eni
zat
ion The g
las
smel
tmus
tbec
ompl
etel
y
ho
mog
eni
zed and fr
ee o
fbub
blesb
efo
rei
tcan b
e fo
rmed i
ntot
he
pr
oduc
ts.Thi
sinv
olv
est
hec
ompl
etedi
sso
lut
ionandev
endi
str
ibut
iono
f
al
lco
mpo
nent
sandt
heel
imi
nat
iono
fal
lbub
blesb
yrefi
ning
.

D.Co
ndi
ti
oni
ngAc
ondi
ti
oni
ngphas
eatl
owert
emper
atur
esfo
llo
wst
he
pr
imar
ymel
ti
ngand fi
nings
tag
es.Dur
ingt
hispr
oces
s,al
lremai
ning
s
olub
leb
ubb
lesar
ereab
sor
bedi
ntot
hemel
t.Att
hes
amet
ime,t
hemel
t
c
ool
ssl
owl
ytoawo
rki
ngt
emper
atur
ebet
ween900°
Cand1350°
C.

4.Pr
oces
singo
fgl
ass
:

s
hapi
ng:Themo
lteng
las
sisr
uni
ntomo
uldsandaut
omat
icmac
hines
t
urnt
hem i
ntodes
ireds
hapess
uchass
heet
s,t
ubes
,ro
ds,wi
reset
c.The
mo
lteng
las
sisg
ivens
uit
abl
eshapeo
rfo
rmi
nthi
sst
age.Itc
anei
therb
e
do
neb
yhando
rbymac
hine.

Thehandfab
ric
ati
oni
sado
ptedfo
rsmal
lsc
alepr
oduc
tio
nandmac
hine
fab
ric
ati
oni
sado
ptedfo
rlar
ges
cal
epr
oduc
tio
n.

Bl
owi
ng:Fo
rthi
spur
pos
e,ab
low-pi
pei
sus
ed.It
sdi
amet
eri
sab
out12
mm andi
tsl
eng
thi
sab
out1.
80m.Oneendo
ftheb
low-pi
pei
sdi
ppedi
n

8
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

t
hemo
ltenmas
sofg
las
sandal
umpo
fab
out50Nwei
ghti
stakeno
ut.Thi
s
l
umpo
fgl
asswi
llt
henl
eng
thent
oso
meex
tentb
yit
sownwei
ght
.

Theo
per
ato
rthenb
lowsv
igo
rous
lyfr
omo
therendo
fbl
owpi
pe.Itc
anal
so
b
edo
newi
tht
hehel
pofanai
rco
mpr
ess
or.Thi
sbl
owi
ngc
aus
est
hemo
lten
mas
stoas
sumet
hes
hapeo
fac
yli
nder
.Iti
sthenheat
edfo
rfews
eco
nds
andi
sbl
ownag
ain.

Cas
ting
:Themo
lteng
las
sispo
uredi
nmo
uldsandi
tisal
lowedt
oco
oldo
wn
s
lowl
y.Thel
arg
epi
eceso
fgl
asso
fsi
mpl
edes
ignc
anb
epr
epar
edb
ythi
s
met
hod.Iti
sal
soado
ptedt
opr
epar
emi
rro
rs,l
ens
es,et
c.

Dr
awi
ng:Thi
spr
oces
sco
nsi
stsi
nsi
mpl
ypul
li
ngt
hemo
lteng
las
sei
therb
y
hando
rbymec
hani
calequi
pment
.Ani
ronb
ari
sdi
ppeds
idewaysi
nthe
mo
lten mas
sofg
las
s.Iti
sli
fted upho
riz
ont
all
yand i
n do
ings
o,i
t
c
atc
hesupas
heeto
fmo
lteng
las
s.

Pr
ess
ing
:Int
hispr
oces
s,t
hemo
lteng
las
sispr
ess
ed i
ntomo
ulds
.The
pr
ess
uremayei
therb
eappl
ied b
yhand o
rbymec
hani
calmeans
.Thi
s
pr
oces
sisado
ptedfo
ror
nament
alar
tic
les
,ho
llo
wgl
assar
tic
leset
c.

Ro
lli
ng:Ther
ear
etwomet
hodso
fro
lli
ng.Ino
nemet
hod,t
hemo
ltenmas
s
o
fgl
assi
spas
sed b
etween heav
yir
onr
oll
ersand fl
atg
las
spl
ateo
f
uni
for
mthi
cknes
siso
btai
ned.Inano
thermet
hod,t
hemo
ltenmas
sof
g
las
sispo
uredo
nafl
ati
ronc
ast
ingt
abl
eandi
tist
hent
urnedfl
atwi
th
t
heai
dofaheav
yir
onr
oll
er.

S
pinni
ng:Int
hispr
oces
s,t
hemo
lteng
las
siss
punathi
ghs
peed b
ya

9
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

mac
hinet
ofo
rmv
eryfi
neg
las
sfi
ber
s.Thi
sgl
asshast
ens
il
est
reng
th
equalt
othato
fmi
lds
teel
.Itdo
esno
tfade,dec
ayo
rshr
ink.Iti
sno
t
at
tac
kedb
yac
ids
,fi
reandv
ermi
n‘s
.Iti
sver
yso
ftandfl
exi
ble.Iti
sus
ed
fo
rpr
ovi
dingi
nsul
ati
onag
ains
theat
,el
ect
ric
ityands
ounder
.

Anneal
ing
:Aft
ers
hapi
ng,t
heg
las
sar
tic
lesneedt
obec
ool
edg
radual
ly
and s
lowl
y.Rapi
dco
oli
ngc
aus
esfr
act
ureAnneal
ingi
scar
ried o
uti
n
s
pec
ialc
hamb
ers
,wher
etemper
atur
eisb
roug
htdo
wns
lowl
y.Theent
ire
pr
oces
sofanneal
ingmayr
equi
reafewdaysg
las
smayc
rys
tal
li
nei
f
c
ool
edv
erys
lowl
y.⁰Theg
las
sar
tic
les
,aft
erb
eingmanufac
tur
ed,ar
eto
b
eco
oled do
wn s
lowl
y and g
radual
ly. Thi
s pr
oces
sofs
low and
ho
mog
eneo
usc
ool
ingo
fgl
assar
tic
lesi
skno
wnast
heanneal
ingo
fgl
ass
.

Theanneal
ingo
fgl
assi
sav
eryi
mpo
rtantpr
oces
s.Ifg
las
sar
tic
lesar
e
al
lowedt
oco
oldo
wnr
api
dly
,thes
uper
fic
iall
ayero
fgl
assc
ool
sdo
wnfi
rst
asg
las
sisa b
ad c
onduc
toro
f heat
.The i
nter
ior po
rti
onr
emai
ns
c
ompar
ati
vel
yho
tandi
tist
her
efo
rei
nas
tat
eofs
trai
n.Henc
e,s
uch
g
las
sar
tic
lesb
reakt
opi
ecesunderv
erys
li
ghts
hoc
kso
rdi
stur
banc
es.

5.Fi
nis
hing
:

Aft
eranneal
ingt
heg
las
sar
tic
lesar
esub
jec
ted t
ofi
nis
hings
uch as
c
leani
ng,g
rindi
ng,po
lis
hingandc
utt
inget
c.Fi
nis
hingi
nvo
lvesal
ter
ing
t
hes
urfac
eofamanufac
tur
edpar
ttoac
hiev
ethedes
iredappear
anc
e
o
rmake i
teas
iert
obo
nd wi
tho
rpr
ovi
de dur
abi
li
ty.The fi
nis
hing
pr
oces
sesus
ed o
nthe manufac
tur
ed par
tal
ldepend o
nthe par
t's
mat
eri
al,whet
heri
bepl
ast
ico
rmet
al.

Cer
tai
ndec
olo
riz
ingag
ent
ssuc
hasc
eri
um o
xide,neo
dymi
um o
xideet
c.,

10
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

ar
eaddedt
oneut
ral
izeanundes
iredc
olo
rpr
esenti
ngl
ass
.

Gl
asspr
oduc
tio
npr
oces
s

Co
lbur
nPr
oces
s:

.
Niho
nSheetGl
assCo
.us
edt
opr
oduc
esheetg
las
sesb
ymeanso
fCo
lbur
n
pr
oces
ssi
nces
heetg
las
scanb
epul
led o
utho
riz
ont
all
ywhi
chal
lowst
o
hav
eal
ong
erg
radualc
ool
ings
panfo
rpr
oduc
ings
oftands
tic
kyg
las
s
s
heet
s.

Fo
urc
our
tPr
oces
s

As
ahiGl
assCo
.us
edt
opr
oduc
esheetg
las
sesb
ythi
spr
oces
s.S
inc
eitpul
ls
o
utt
hes
heetg
las
sver
tic
all
yinat
allb
uil
ding
,butt
hec
ool
ingpr
oces
sspan
i
ssho
rtands
heetg
las
sbec
omesv
erys
oli
dandfr
agi
le.It
sadv
ant
ageo
ver
t
heo
therpr
oces
sesi
stob
ecapab
leo
fpr
ovi
dingapl
uralnumb
ero
fgl
ass
pul
li
ng-o
utg
atesfr
omamel
ti
ngc
hamb
er.

Al
tho
ught
hes
etwo
(2)pr
oces
sesenab
led t
opr
oduc
efl
ats
urfac
esheet
g
las
sesi
ncer
tai
nex
tent
,buffi
ngpr
oces
seswer
enec
ess
aryfo
rmi
rro
rs.
S
til
lso
meo
ffo
rei
gnmanufac
tur
ersar
eus
ingt
hes
epr
oces
ses
.

Fl
oat
ingPr
oces
s

Iti
sani
nno
vat
ivefl
atg
las
spr
oduc
tio
npr
oces
sinv
ent
edb
yPi
lki
ngt
ono
f
t
heUni
ted Ki
ngdo
m.Ut
il
izi
ngt
hes
pec
ifi
cgr
avi
tydi
ffer
enc
ebet
ween
g
las
sandmo
ltent
inasg
las
sisl
ight
ert
hanmo
ltent
in,g
las
sfl
owso
vert
he
mo
ltent
inandg
las
sit
sel
fismo
ltenb
yab
urnerandt
hefi
nis
hedg
las
s
c
anb
epul
ledo
utwi
tho
utanys
trai
nwhi
chc
anb
eus
edfo
rmi
rro
rasi
s.In
t
hes
edays
,thi
spr
oces
sisus
edt
hro
ugho
utt
hewo
rld.

11
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Ot
herMaj
orManufac
tur
ingPr
oces
seso
fSpec
ialTypeGl
ass
es

TheFus
ionPr
oces
s

Thefus
ion,i
ftr
ans
lat
edi
ntoJapanes
e,i
stoi
ndi
cat
eso
met
hingmo
lten,
b
utt
hispr
oces
senab
lest
opr
oduc
esheetg
las
sbyno
tto
uchi
ngi
mpur
iti
es
c
ont
ainedi
nthemat
eri
alo
famel
ti
ngc
hamb
er.Ther
efo
ret
hepr
oduc
ts
ar
emai
ntai
nedatv
eryhi
ghphys
icalr
eli
abi
li
ty.It
smaj
orus
agei
sfo
r
l
iqui
dcr
yst
aldi
spl
ays
.Es
pec
ial
ly,i
tismo
sts
uit
abl
efo
rco
lorl
iqui
dcr
yst
al
di
spl
ays(
Col
orLCD)
.In1991,Co
rni
ngGl
assWo
rkso
ftheUni
tedS
tat
es
b
egant
osel
lit
spr
oduc
tsi
nJapanandi
sco
ver
ingmaj
ori
tyo
fmar
ket
demands
.TheNi
ppo
nSheetGl
assCo
.hasb
eeni
ndev
elo
pmentwi
thHo
ya
Gl
assCo
.andar
esuppl
yingpr
oto
typesnamedCo
rni
ng

7059NH.It
sweakpo
inti
sso
met
imess
mal
lbub
blest
endst
oappearwhen
t
wo(
2)s
heet
sofg
las
sar
est
ackedt
oget
her
.

Do
wnDr
awPr
oces
s

Thi
spr
oces
sisg
oodfo
rvo
lumepr
oduc
tio
noft
hing
las
ses
.As
ahiGl
assCo
.
i
swel
lkno
wnasas
uppl
iero
fa0.
05mm t
hic
kgl
assus
edfo
rthec
overo
f
s
olarb
att
ery.Wear
esuppl
yinga0.
2mm t
hic
kco
verg
las
sfo
rto
uchpanel
whi
chi
sal
sopr
oduc
edb
ythi
spr
oces
s.Manufac
tur
erswhoc
an

s
uppl
ythi
stypeo
fgl
ass
esar
eCo
rni
ngGl
assWo
rkso
ftheUni
tedS
tat
es,
DES
AG,adi
vis
iono
fSho
tofGer
manyandAs
ahiGl
assCo
.ofJapan.Thi
s
t
ypeo
fgl
assi
sus
edfo
rmedi
cali
nspec
tio
n,c
overg
las
sofmi
cro
sco
peand
t
ouc
hpanelfo
rthedi
spl
ays
.

Re-dr
awPr
oces
s

12
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Thi
spr
oces
sisas
eco
ndar
ypr
oces
singr
athert
hanapr
oduc
tio
npr
oces
s.
TheDo
wnLo
adpr
oces
srefer
redt
oint
heab
over
equi
reshi
ghl
yadv
anc
ed
t
echni
quesaswel
lass
ophi
sti
cat
ed fac
ili
ti
es,t
her
efo
re,t
hispr
oces
s
feat
urest
opul
loutho
riz
ont
all
ythi
ckerg
las
seso
f1.
0mm t
o2.
0mm b
y
g
ivi
ngheat
.Ni
ppo
nEl
ect
ricGl
assCo
mpany'
sco
nti
nuesr
e-dr
awpr
oces
sis
o
neo
fthemo
sts
ophi
sti
cat
edpr
oduc
tio
nfac
ili
ti
esi
nJapan.Iti
scapab
le
o
fpr
oduc
ing0.
1,0.
2,03mm t
hic
kgl
asss
heet
s,et
c.Us
eofs
ucht
hing
las
s
s
heet
sar
efo
rLi
qui
dCr
yst
alDi
spl
aysandTo
uchPanel
s.

1.
4Pr
oces
sPar
amet
ersOfGl
assManufac
tur
ingIndus
try

Pr
oces
spar
amet
ersar
eat
tri
but
eso
fthemanufac
tur
ings
yst
em andar
e
us
ual
lyt
he c
har
act
eri
sti
cso
fthe equi
pmento
rpr
oces
sesr
elat
ed t
o
manufac
tur
ing
,suc
hast
het
emper
atur
eand mi
xingr
ate,feed r
ate,
c
utt
ings
peed,dept
hofc
ut.S
uchpar
amet
ersdi
rec
tlyaffec
tindus
tri
al
per
for
manc
e

Pr
oces
sPar
amet
ersi
sint
hei
dealpo
sit
iont
obeab
let
oas
sis
twhen
mo
nit
ori
ngpr
oces
stemper
atur
esi
nourg
las
smanufac
tur
ingappl
icat
ion
r
egar
dles
sofyo
urendpr
oduc
t.

Ther
ear
emanypar
amet
erst
hatc
har
act
eri
zet
hemanufac
tur
ingo
fgl
ass
i
ndus
try.Amo
ngt
hemt
hefo
llo
wingar
ethemo
stpar
amet
ers:

I.Temper
atur
es;Ino
urg
las
smanufac
tur
ingappl
icat
ionr
egar
dles
s
o
fourend pr
oduc
t.t
he meas
uremento
ftemper
atur
eint
he Gl
ass
Indus
tryi
sfundament
alt
othequal
it
yoft
hefi
nis
hedpr
oduc
tandi
s
equal
lyi
mpo
rtantwhet
hert
heend pr
oduc
tiss
heetg
las
sormo
ulded
c
ont
ainerpr
oduc
ts.

13
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

II.Feedi
ngmet
hod(
feedi
ngr
ate)Thet
hic
knes
soft
hel
ayero
fthe
b
atc
hmat
eri
alfedi
ntot
hefur
nac
ehasani
mpo
rtanti
nfl
uenc
eoni
ts
mel
ti
ngr
ateandfur
nac
epr
oduc
tiv
ity
.

III.Hi
ghpr
ess
ureshav
eas
igni
fic
anti
mpac
tont
hes
truc
tur
e-r
elat
ed
pr
oper
tieso
fgl
assand ar
e enc
ount
ered i
nsc
enar
iosr
ang
ing fr
om
fr
act
uremec
hani
cs,wher
est
res
sesi
ntheg
igapas
calr
egi
mear
eeas
il
y
g
ener
atedb
yshar
p-c
ont
actl
oadi
ng,t
othemanufac
tur
eofper
manent
ly
dens
ifymat
eri
alswi
tht
unedphys
icalc
har
act
eri
sti
cs

IV.Vi
sco
sit
yGl
assl
iqui
dvi
sco
sit
ywi
tht
hei
ncr
eas
eoft
emper
atur
e
dr
opandt
hec
har
act
eri
sti
cist
heb
asi
sofg
las
sfo
rmi
ngandfi
nal
izet
he
des
ign,i
thasa v
eryi
mpo
rtantr
olei
nthepr
oces
sofg
las
smo
ldi
ng,
g
ener
al s
odi
um c
alc
ium s
il
icat
e g
las
svi
sco
sit
y c
hang
e r
ule: hi
gh
t
emper
atur
esl
owl
y,1000-900°Cg
rowt
h,g
rowi
ngfas
tert
hant
hev
isc
osi
ty,
c
anqui
ckl
yfi
nal
izet
hedes
ignb
ecaus
etheg
las
shasanyr
equi
redv
isc
osi
ty
v
alue,s
oitc
anus
evar
iousmet
hodst
oshape.

V.Res
il
ienc
eInmo
sto
ftheg
las
sfo
rmi
ngpr
oces
s,mayhav
ereac
hedt
he
t
emper
atur
eoft
heel
ast
icwo
rks
,atl
eas
tint
hepr
oduc
tspar
tshasb
een
c
los
etot
het
emper
atur
e,s
o,el
ast
ici
tyandel
imi
nat
etheneedfo
rti
me,
t
heel
ast
iceffec
tshasb
eco
mev
eryi
mpo
rtant
.Ther
efo
re,t
empo
rar
y
s
tres
s,t
hes
epar
tsmayo
ccuri
fthes
tres
sisfas
t,g
las
sfr
act
uremayo
ccur
.

VI.Redo
xreac
tio
n: Redo
xiso
neo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtantpar
amet
ersi
n
i
ndus
tri
alg
las
smaki
ng.Gl
ass
es(
andg
las
smel
ts)us
ual
lyc
ont
ains
pec
ies
t
hatc
anb
efo
undi
ndi
ffer
ento
xidat
ions
tat
es.Ag
las
smel
twi
llc
ont
ain

14
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

ac
ert
ain amo
unto
fdi
sso
lved o
xyg
en,ei
therc
hemi
cal
lydi
sso
lved as
o
xyg
en i
onsO2b
onded t
o po
lyv
alenti
onsi
nthe g
las
s,o
r phys
ical
ly
di
sso
lvedasO2mo
lec
uleso
rox
ygenat
omswi
tho
utb
ondst
oot
herg
las
s
c
ompo
nent
s.Ox
idi
zingag
ent
ssuc
hass
ulfat
es,ni
trat
eso
rpo
lyv
alenti
ons
i
nthei
rmo
sto
xidi
zedfo
rm,wi
llo
xidi
zet
hemel
tbys
uppl
yingo
xyg
en.

1.
5Qual
it
yPar
amet
ersOfGl
assManufac
tur
ingIndus
try
Whenappl
yingpar
amet
ersi
nthequal
it
yco
ntr
olo
fapr
oduc
twec
an
fo
cuso
nthemeas
uremento
fthefo
llo
wingc
har
act
eri
sti
cs

1.Func
tio
nal
it
y;Theab
ili
tyt
osat
isfyes
tab
lis
hedneedsi
soneo
fthemai
n
qual
it
ypar
amet
ers
.Whati
tdet
ermi
nesi
swhet
hert
hepr
oduc
tcando
whati
tsaysi
tcandowi
thc
ert
aint
yandr
epeat
abi
li
ty.

2.Dur
abi
li
ty;Thi
sisanes
sent
ialas
pec
tofpr
oduc
tqual
it
yandc
ust
omer
per
cept
ion,ast
hos
e wi
tht
hisfeat
ure pr
ovet
obe dur
abl
e fo
rthe
i
ntendedper
iodo
fus
eandev
enl
ong
er.

3.Rel
iab
ili
ty;Go
odqual
it
yit
emsandmat
eri
alsg
ener
atec
onfi
denc
eby
per
for
mingast
heys
houl
d,whi
chi
ses
sent
iali
nanyi
ndus
try
.

4.Effi
ci
enc
y;Thequal
it
yofapr
oduc
trefer
sno
tonl
ytoi
tsper
for
manc
e,
b
utal
sot
othewayi
tdo
est
hej
obands
avesc
ost
s,s
uchasr
epai
rco
sts
.

5.S
afet
y;S
afet
yiso
neo
ftheb
asi
crequi
rement
sthatev
erypr
oduc
tio
n
pr
oces
smus
tmeett
oav
oidg
ener
ati
ngpr
obl
ems
.

6.Appear
anc
e;Apr
oduc
tthathasanadequat
efi
nis
handc
ompl
ieswi
th
l
ogi
calaes
thet
icpr
inc
ipl
es,s
uchasnor
oug
hedg
eso
rpo
orv
isualqual
it
y,

15
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

wi
llb
e muc
h mo
rec
ompet
iti
vei
nthe mar
ketand wi
llat
trac
tmo
re
c
ons
umer
s.

7.Us
ers
ati
sfac
tio
n Emphas
izest
he pr
oduc
t‘sab
ili
tyt
oimpr
ovet
he
c
ust
omer
‘sl
ife.Thi
sisi
nli
newi
thr
esul
ts-b
ased i
nno
vat
ion and i
tem
o
pti
miz
ati
on

In s
hor
t,t
he g
reat
est adv
ant
ageo
f us
ing qual
it
y par
amet
ersi
n
pr
oduc
tio
npr
oces
sesi
sthatt
heyes
tab
lis
hafr
amewo
rkfo
rmeas
uri
ng
qual
it
y,per
for
manc
e,dev
elo
pment
,co
nti
nuo
usi
mpr
ovementand,att
he
s
amet
ime,pr
ovi
dear
eli
abl
eando
bjec
tiv
ebas
isfo
rdec
isi
onmaki
ng.

Gl
assqual
it
ycanv
aryg
reat
lyfr
om pr
oces
stopr
oces
s— whatappear
s
s
impl
eont
heo
uts
idei
smuc
hmo
redynami
candc
ompl
exo
nthei
nsi
de.
Under
standi
ngs
omeo
fthes
ekeyel
ement
sandho
wtheyaffec
tqual
it
y
andc
ons
ist
enc
ycanmakeab
igdi
ffer
enc
eofo
urb
usi
nes
s.

Fundament
all
y,t
her
ear
efi
vekeyc
ompo
nent
sthatwi
lli
mpac
tourg
las
s
qual
it
y:pr
ice,pr
oces
s,pr
oduc
tio
n,pac
kingandpac
kag
edes
ign.

Pr
ice:Ast
hepur
chas
erwepr
ideo
urs
elv
eso
ndemandi
ngl
owpr
icesand
ex
pec
tthatpr
oduc
tio
nand qual
it
ywi
llb
eag
iven.Thi
nkag
ain— t
he
met
ric
sthatg
las
sfac
tor
iesus
etodet
ermi
net
hei
rpr
ofi
tab
ili
tyi
scal
led
t
hePac
ktoMel
trat
io.ThePac
ktoMel
trat
ioi
sdet
ermi
nedb
ytheamo
unt
o
fgl
assmadefr
omt
hefur
nac
e(ho
tend)and t
heamo
unto
fgl
ass
pac
kedo
utfo
rshi
pmentfr
omt
hewar
eho
use(
col
dend)
.ThePac
ktoMel
t
r
ati
ois
:pac
kedo
utamo
unto
fgl
ass/pr
oduc
edamo
untfr
omt
hefur
nac
e
=% effi
ci
enc
y.

S
o,o
newo
uldas
k,"Whati
shappeni
ngi
n-b
etweent
hatc
aus
esusl
oss
,thus

16
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

dec
reas
ingpr
ofi
tab
ili
typerj
ob?

"In a wo
rd:ev
ery
thi
ng.Bad qual
it
y,b
reakag
e,s
truc
tur
aldefec
ts,
c
osmet
icdefec
ts,c
ool
ing
,dec
orat
ing
,temper
ing
,co
ati
ngs
,and t
hel
is
t
g
oeso
n.Whatmo
stpeo
plefai
ltor
eal
izei
sthatt
heg
las
spr
oduc
tio
n
pr
oces
siss
ucht
hat
,wi
th ev
en t
he mo
st mo
der
nco
ntr
ols
,maki
ng
c
ons
ist
entqual
it
ygl
assi
sasmuc
hanar
tasi
tisas
cienc
e.

Thepr
iceyo
upaydi
rec
tlyc
orr
espo
ndst
othePac
ktoMel
trat
io.The
v
ari
anc
einb
etween t
he t
wo has t
o do wi
thc
ull
ing defec
ts and
det
ermi
ningo
urqual
it
ylev
el.Themo
redefec
tst
hefac
tor
ypac
ks(
and
yo
u'r
ewi
ll
ingt
oac
cept
),t
hemo
repr
ofi
tab
let
hej
obi
sbec
aus
ewe'
reno
t
t
hro
wingawayg
las
s.S
o,i
fyo
u‘r
ethel
ow-pr
icedc
ust
omer
,yo
ucanb
et
yo
urj
obo
nthefac
tthatyo
u'r
ego
ingt
ogetmo
redefec
ts.

Ifyo
uex
pec
tthatev
eryg
las
sbo
ttl
eyo
urec
eiv
ewi
llb
eper
fec
tev
eryt
ime,
t
her
eiso
nlyo
newayt
odot
hat
:thr
owo
utt
hedefec
ts.Thi
swi
lli
ntur
n
l
owert
hePac
ktoMel
trat
ioanddec
reas
etheeffi
ci
enc
yoft
hepr
oduc
tio
n,
addi
ngc
ost
sthatt
hefac
tor
ymus
trec
over
.Bynat
urei
tsel
f,b
adg
las
sis
b
eingmader
ightno
w.

S
inc
ewe'
reb
usyi
nthepr
oduc
tio
nenv
iro
nmentmaki
ngb
adg
las
sbec
aus
e
i
tisi
nher
enti
nthepr
oces
s,o
urmi
ssi
onc
hang
est
ois
olat
ingt
hedefec
ts
b
asedo
ntheag
reedt
ocus
tomers
pec
ifi
cat
iono
rfac
tor
yst
andar
d.We
hav
etweaked al
lthe man-made v
ari
abl
es and pl
ay t
he g
ame o
f
c
ont
inual
lyc
has
ingandc
ull
ingb
asedo
ntheb
estpo
ssi
blePac
ktoMel
t
r
ati
oandc
ust
omerex
pec
tat
ions
.Ev
enwi
thmo
der
nvi
si
onequi
pment
,and
hi
-tec
hqual
it
yco
ntr
olequi
pment
,thedefec
tskeepc
omi
ng,b
ecaus
egl
ass
pr
oduc
tio
nisadynami
cag
e-o
ldpr
oces
sthatr
efus
est
obec
ont
rol
led.

17
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Thepo
inther
eist
hatwemus
tsets
tandar
dst
hatar
eco
mpat
ibl
ewi
thb
oth
o
urpr
ici
ngl
evelandt
hepr
oduc
tio
nenv
iro
nment
.

Gl
assi
sames
sypr
oces
sandt
her
ear
elo
tso
fchanc
esfo
rthi
ngst
ogo
wr
ong
.Set
tingAc
cept
abl
eQual
it
yLev
els(
AQL‘
s)and maki
ngs
uret
he
pr
oduc
tio
nteam i
spr
oper
lyt
rai
ned c
ang
oal
ongwayt
ofi
ndi
ngt
he
appr
opr
iat
ebal
anc
e.Thi
sinv
olv
esev
ery
thi
ngfr
om Qual
it
yCo
ntr
ol(
Q.C)
o
finb
oundr
awmat
eri
als
,co
smet
icdefec
ts,c
rit
icaldefec
ts,c
orr
ugat
ed
b
oxes
,dec
orat
ion,et
c.Wo
rki
ngc
los
elywi
thyo
urg
las
smanufac
tur
erwi
ll
r
educ
edefec
ts,s
aveyo
umo
ney,ands
ett
hes
tag
efo
rab
ett
erpr
oduc
t
fo
ryo
urc
ons
umer
.

Thefi
nalpac
koutc
anpl
ayar
olei
nyo
uro
ver
alleffo
rtst
omai
ntai
n
qual
it
y.

Mo
sto
fthewo
rldpr
oduc
esg
las
sinb
ulk,whi
chel
imi
nat
est
hepo
tent
ialfo
r
ev
ery
thi
ngfr
omc
orr
ugat
ed dus
ttoc
hipped fi
nis
hes
.Themaj
ori
tyo
f
g
las
spac
kedi
nco
rrug
atedb
oxesi
sdo
nemanual
ly:humanhandsfas
tat
wo
rk,l
oadi
ngg
las
sint
ocar
tonsand s
tac
kingt
hem i
nspec
ifi
ed pal
let
c
onfi
gur
ati
ons
.

Dependi
ngo
nthet
ypeo
fgl
assb
ott
leso
rjar
syo
uar
epr
ocur
ing
,thi
scan
ac
tual
lyb
eanadv
ant
age.Des
pit
etec
hno
log
y,t
hehumaneyei
suni
que
unt
oit
sel
f,andc
anb
ethefi
nalc
hec
kfo
rdefec
tso
rdec
orat
ioni
ssues
pr
iort
opac
koutt
heg
las
sinc
ases
.Tec
hno
log
yco
nti
nuest
oadv
anc
ebut
s
til
lther
ear
eli
mit
stowhati
tcani
dent
ify.Ofc
our
se,ev
erys
tepi
nthe
Pr
oduc
tio
npr
oces
sei
therel
imi
nat
eso
raddsc
osts
omaki
ngt
hisat
eam

18
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

effo
rtwi
tho
urs
uppl
ierus
ual
lyl
eadst
oab
ett
erpr
oduc
t.

Wo
rki
ngwi
thyo
urg
las
smanufac
tur
ingpar
tnero
nthedes
igno
fyo
ur
pac
kag
ingc
an b
eimpo
rtantt
ohel
pingt
hem hav
emo
rec
ont
roland
r
epeat
abi
li
tyi
nthepr
oces
sandpr
oduc
tio
nenv
iro
nment
s.

No
tal
lgl
assb
ott
leso
rjar
sper
for
m equal
lyfr
om amanufac
tur
abi
li
ty
s
tandpo
int
.Dependi
ngo
nyo
urdes
ign,t
heb
ott
leso
rjar
smayb
emuc
h
mo
re manufac
tur
abl
e.Rev
iewi
ng yo
urdes
ign wi
tht
he manufac
tur
er
b
asedo
nwhatwi
llb
eourac
cept
abl
eAQL‘
sishi
ghl
yrec
ommended.Thi
swi
ll
hel
ptoens
uret
hatyo
urg
las
smanufac
tur
ingpar
tnerhast
her
ight
pr
oduc
tio
n as
set
sin pl
acet
omaket
heg
las
sbo
ttl
eso
rjar
stoyo
ur
s
pec
ifi
cat
ions
.

Var
iab
ili
ti
esl
ikel
ightwei
ghi
ng,ang
les
,sl
opes
,fi
nis
hes
,co
lor
,andv
olume
al
lpl
ayar
olei
nthequal
it
yoft
hepr
oduc
t.Rememb
er,o
urg
oalmus
tbet
o
g
ivet
heg
las
smanufac
tur
ert
heb
estc
hanc
eofs
ucc
essb
ecaus
ethefo
rces
o
fnat
urear
eag
ains
tthemb
efo
ret
heyev
ens
tar
tpr
oduc
tio
n.

Effi
ci
entpr
oces
sco
ntr
olando
uts
tandi
ngqual
it
y:IS
RAs
yst
emsmeas
ure
and i
nspec
tthe o
pti
calqual
it
y,di
sto
rti
ons
,thi
cknes
s,t
ens
ion,and
fl
atnes
soft
hing
las
satt
he ear
li
estpo
ssi
ble po
intt
hro
ugho
utt
he
pr
oduc
tio
npr
oces
s.Thi
sgi
vesyo
uful
lpr
oces
sandqual
it
yco
ntr
ol,whi
le
al
soal
lowi
ngyo
utor
educ
ebo
thmat
eri
ali
nputandwas
te.

1.
6Pr
obl
emAndS
olut
ionofGl
assManufac
tur
ingIndus
try
Pr
obl
emsi
ngl
assmanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try

Ag
las
sdo
or and wi
ndo
w manufac
tur
er pr
oduc
esv
ari
ouss
izeg
las
s
―l
ight
s‖o
rpanel
sfo
rins
tal
lat
ioni
ntot
hei
rdo
orandwi
ndo
wpr
oduc
ts.

19
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

Theg
las
sli
ght
sar
epr
ofi
ledand/o
rco
nto
uredwi
thar
out
ert
oac
hiev
e
s
pec
ialdes
ignsand edg
es.Thel
ight
sar
esenti
ntoa wat
erb
ath fo
r
c
leani
ngandt
henar
efo
rceai
r-dr
ied.

Gl
assmanufac
tur
ingi
sahi
gh-t
emper
atur
e,ener
gy-us
ingac
tiv
itywhi
ch
c
ons
tit
utesa c
ons
tantec
ono
micand env
iro
nment
alc
hal
leng
efo
rthe
g
las
sindus
tri
est
okeepener
gyus
etoami
nimum.Eac
hgl
asss
ect
orhasi
ts
o
wn s
pec
ifi
ci
ty and manufac
tur
ingpr
oces
s,b
utt
he pr
oces
sofg
las
s
mel
ti
ngi
sco
mmo
ntoal
lgl
asss
ect
ors
.Thi
sphys
icalpr
oces
sinv
olv
esr
aw
mat
eri
als
,ener
gy and c
utt
ing
-edg
e manufac
tur
ing i
nst
all
ati
ons
.It
i
mpo
seso
ngl
assi
ndus
tri
ess
ound env
iro
nment
almanag
ements
yst
ems
and heav
yinv
est
ment
stor
emai
nco
mpet
iti
vei
nthewo
rldwi
demar
ket
pl
ace.

1Inno
vat
ioni
scr
uci
alfo
rgl
assi
ndus
tri
es

Thes
esus
tai
nedeffo
rtsar
ehel
pingt
heg
las
sindus
tri
est
ost
ayaheado
f
t
echno
log
ical
.Inno
vat
ion,ens
uri
ngt
hewo
rldwi
dec
ompet
iti
venes
sofg
las
s
pr
oduc
tsmanufac
tur
ed.

2Us
ingener
gyi
nthemo
steffi
ci
entway

✔ Gl
assmanufac
tur
ingi
sahi
gh-t
emper
atur
e,ener
gy-us
ingac
tiv
ity
whi
chc
ons
tit
utesac
ons
tantec
ono
micandenv
iro
nment
alc
hal
leng
efo
r
t
heg
las
sindus
tri
est
okeepener
gyus
etoami
nmum.

✔ Itpr
ovi
desanat
urali
ncent
ivet
owar
dsfi
ndi
ngt
heb
esti
nno
vat
ive
ener
gy effi
ci
entmanufac
tur
ing pr
oces
sesasener
gy ac
count
sfo
ra

20
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

s
igni
fic
ants
har
eofpr
oduc
tio
nco
sts
.

✔ Asa r
esul
t,g
las
sindus
tri
eshav
ean ex
cel
lentt
rac
krec
ordi
n
r
educ
ingener
gyneedsandas
soc
iat
edCO2.

3.Pr
omo
tingr
ecyc
ling
,ens
uri
ngac
ces
stor
awmat
eri
alsandmanag
ing
c
hemi
cal
sAc
ces
stor
aw mat
eri
alsi
sal
soa c
ommo
nchal
leng
eofg
las
s
i
ndus
tri
eswhenr
areear
thsand/mat
eri
alsfo
rwhi
chac
ces
sisas
our
ce
o
ffi
erc
eint
ernat
ionalc
ompet
iti
on,ar
eus
ed.Pr
eci
sel
ybec
aus
egl
ass
i
ndus
tri
esus
ever
yli
ttl
equant
iti
eso
fsuc
hmat
eri
als
,sec
uri
ngs
uppl
yof
t
hes
ecans
omet
imesb
ever
ychal
leng
ing
.Las
tly
,al
lgl
assmanufac
tur
ers
meett
heEU‘
sst
ric
treg
ulat
oryfr
amewo
rko
nchemi
cal
sandt
hei
rus
e.

Co
stManufac
tur
ingo
fgl
assi
sahi
ghl
yener
gyc
ons
umi
ngpr
oces
sduet
o
hi
ght
emper
atur
esr
equi
redfo
rpr
oces
singt
her
awmat
eri
als
.Gl
assi
san
ex
pens
ive mat
eri
alasc
ompar
ed t
othe o
thermat
eri
alsus
ed i
nthe
c
ons
truc
tio
nindus
try.Asa r
esul
t,t
het
otalc
osto
ftheb
uil
dingmay
i
ncr
eas
e.Us
ingg
las
sinab
uil
dingenhanc
est
hec
osto
fsec
uri
tyand
pr
ivac
ybec
aus
eoft
het
rans
par
enc
ythati
toffer
s.

Br
itt
lenes
sA mat
eri
alwhi
chb
reaksi
ntopi
eceso
rwhi
chc
an b
eeas
il
y
r
educ
edt
opo
wderfo
rmi
skno
wnasab
rit
tlemat
eri
al.

Gl
assi
sas
tiff,r
igi
dandab
rit
tlemat
eri
al.Wheni
tiss
ubj
ect
edt
ost
res
s,
i
tbr
eakswi
tho
uts
igni
fic
ants
trai
n.Br
okenpi
eceso
fgl
assmayb
eshar
p
andEl
ect
ric
alhaz
ards
.

Har
mcaus
eddur
ingmanufac
tur
ingAl
tho
ught
hefi
nalmat
eri
alc
all
ed
t
heg
las
s,i
s100% r
ecyc
lab
leandc
anb
eus
edt
oyi
eldnewg
las
sbuts
ome
env
iro
nment
alo
rgani
zat
ionsandr
ules
,suc
hast
hefeder
alCl
eanAi
rAc
t,

21
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

ar
eno
tsoc
ont
entwi
tht
hewayi
tismade.Upo
ntheg
las
smanufac
tur
e
pr
oces
s,ai
r-po
llut
ingc
ompo
undsl
ikeni
tro
geno
xides
,sul
furdi
oxi
deand
par
tic
ulat
esar
epr
evi
ous
lypr
ovedt
ober
eleas
ed.Thes
ear
eofag
reat
heal
thc
onc
erns
inc
ethepar
tic
leso
fmet
als
,chemi
cal
s,ac
idsanddus
t
ar
esot
iny(
10mi
cro
met
erso
rev
ens
mal
ler
)thatt
heyar
eab
let
oent
er
t
heno
seandt
hro
atandr
eac
hthel
ung
s,wher
etheypr
oduc
edamag
eto
t
heb
odyItc
an al
sob
eadded t
othi
sar
tic
let
hati
ftheg
las
sisno
t
r
ecyc
led,c
osto
fmaki
ngnewg
las
sbec
omesv
eryex
pens
ive.

Unav
ail
abi
li
ty Al
tho
ugh s
and i
sthe maj
ori
ngr
edi
ent dur
ing t
he
manufac
tur
eofg
las
sandi
seas
il
yav
ail
abl
eint
heenv
iro
nment
,buto
ther
mi
ner
alsar
ever
ysc
arc
e.

Pi
ledupWhenno
trec
ycl
ed,t
heg
las
sget
sitpat
hdi
rec
tlyt
otheg
arb
age,
wher
eitg
etspi
ledups
inc
eitmayt
akear
oundami
ll
ionso
fyear
stog
et
deg
raded.Al
so,o
ver
fil
ledl
andfi
ll
scanc
ont
ami
nat
etheg
roundandt
he
g
roundwat
er..

Mai
ntenanc
eInhumi
danddus
tpr
onear
eas
,dus
tpar
tic
leswi
lls
tic
kto
t
heg
las
ssur
fac
eandhenc
eitwi
llno
tonl
ylo
okdi
rtyands
hab
byb
utt
he
i
nter
nall
ight
ingaswel
last
rans
par
enc
ywi
llb
epo
or.

S
olut
ionsfo
rgl
assmanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try

Thec
ompanywant
edt
okno
wwhats
olut
ionsc
oul
dbeempl
oyedt
opr
event
defec
tsi
nthei
rpr
oduc
ts,aswel
lasr
educ
ethe pr
oduc
tio
n-r
obb
ing
pr
obl
emsas
soc
iat
ed wi
thr
ewo
rki
ng t
hei
rpar
ts.Ourr
eco
mmendat
ion

22
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

i
ncl
uded i
mpl
ement
ing s
ever
alIo
n-JetS
uper Ai
r Kni
fe Io
niz
ersat
s
trat
egi
clo
cat
ionst
hro
ugho
utt
hemanufac
tur
ingpr
oces
s.

Co
mpani
eso
fal
lsi
zesal
lov
ert
hewo
rldhav
esel
ect
edLaht
iPr
eci
si
onas
t
hei
rsuppl
iero
fbat
chpl
ant
s,c
ull
etr
ecyc
lings
yst
ems
,was
tefi
berg
las
s
r
ecyc
lings
yst
ems
,eng
ineer
ings
tudi
es,andpl
antmo
der
niz
ati
ons
.

Wi
tho
ver200 r
efer
enc
es,ev
eryday mo
ret
han 50 000 t
onso
fraw
mat
eri
alsar
epr
oces
sedwi
tht
heai
dofLaht
iPr
eci
si
on‘
stec
hno
log
ytob
e
mel
tedt
othehi
ghes
tqual
it
yst
andar
dsr
equi
redfo
rflo
atg
las
s,b
ott
les
,
s
tro
ngr
einfo
rcementfi
ber
s,war
mins
ulat
ionwo
ol,fl
atTVs
,LCDpanel
s,
b
rig
htt
abl
ewar
e,andv
ari
ouso
therg
las
spr
oduc
ts.

Thec
ompanywant
edt
okno
wwhats
olut
ionsc
oul
dbeempl
oyedt
opr
event
defec
tsi
nthei
rpr
oduc
ts,aswel
lasr
educ
ethe pr
oduc
tio
n-r
obb
ing
pr
obl
emsas
soc
iat
edwi
thr
ewo
rki
ngt
hei
rpar
ts.

 Ener
gyeffi
ci
enc
y–c
omb
ust
ion,heatt
rans
fer
,andnewener
gy
-s
avi
ngt
echno
log
ies

 Fur
nac
e des
ign and pr
oces
sco
ntr
ol– s
ens
ors
,fl
ue g
as
c
hemi
str
y,emi
ssi
ons

 Newfur
nac
emat
eri
als

 Co
rro
sio
nandwear–r
efr
act
ori
esandel
ect
rodes

 Newg
las
smel
ti
ngandfo
rmi
ngc
onc
ept

 Po
st-fo
rmi
ng t
reat
ment
s– fi
nis
hing
,sur
fac
etr
eat
ment
s,
fi
lms
,et
c.

23
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

 Mat
eri
ali
ntake Mat
eri
ali
ntake s
yst
emsav
ail
abl
etomeet
c
ust
omer r
equi
rement
s,

Fo
rex
ampl
e:Tr
ainwag
ondi
schar
gedo
wnwar
dst
odr
iveo
nho
pper,Bul
k
t
ruc
kdi
schar
gewi
theffec
tiv
edus
trec
eiv
inguni
ts,Bi
gbagunl
oadi
nguni
t
c
onnec
ted t
o dai
ly ho
pper o
r pneumat
ict
rans
por
t uni
t,Dus
t fr
ee
b
reaki
nganddi
schar
gingo
fsmal
lbag
sinpr
otec
tiv
ecab
inet
,Effec
tiv
e
v
ibr
ato
ryfeeder
sors
crewfeeder
sfo
rrec
eiv
ingho
pperdi
schar
ge,Ro
bus
t
b
ucketel
evat
orsfo
rli
fti
ngr
awmat
eri
alst
othes
il
oto
p,S
pec
ial
lyl
ined
c
hut
esanddi
ver
terg
atesaswel
lasr
otat
ingdi
str
ibut
orsfo
rtr
ans
fero
n
s
il
oto
ptos
il
oCo
ntr
oll
eds
ecur
ityo
per
ati
onst
oguar
ant
eec
orr
ectmat
eri
al
di
schar
get
oeac
hsi
lo.

Raw mat
eri
als
tor
age Opt
imi
zed s
il
odi
mens
ioni
ngb
ased o
ncus
tomer
r
equi
rement
s: i
sSi
lov
olumest
omeetdai
lys
tor
ageneedst
aki
ngi
nto
ac
countpo
wderfl
owpr
oper
ties
,St
eelo
rco
ncr
etec
ons
truc
tio
n,In-l
ineo
r
t
owert
ypec
ons
truc
tio
n,Appl
icat
iono
fthemo
sts
uit
abl
esi
lodi
schar
ging
t
echni
quest
oenab
lemas
sfl
owi
nthes
il
o.

1.
7Rec
ommendat
ionong
las
smanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try
Gl
assi
samat
eri
alt
hatc
anb
erec
ycl
edendl
ess
lywi
tho
utal
ossi
nqual
it
y
o
rpur
ity
.Wheng
las
sbr
eaks
,itc
anal
mos
tal
waysb
eres
tor
edb
ackt
oit
s
nat
uralfo
rmt
hro
ught
heg
las
smanufac
tur
ingpr
oces
s.Iti
sther
efo
re
c
ruc
ialt
ounder
standt
hei
mpac
tofg
las
s.

Cul
leti
san i
mpo
rtantr
aw mat
eri
alt
hatwi
llhel
ptheg
las
sindus
try
ac
hiev
esus
tai
nab
ili
ty.The us
eofc
ull
eti
mpr
ovesener
gy effi
ci
enc
y,
r
educ
esc
arb
on di
oxi
deand NOxemi
ssi
ons
,reduc
eswearand t
earo
n

24
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

fur
nac
es,r
educ
est
heamo
unto
fwas
teg
oingt
olandfi
ll
s,andr
educ
est
he
needt
opr
oduc
erawmat
eri
als
.Quant
ifyi
ngt
hes
esav
ing
swi
lldependo
n
l
ocalc
irc
ums
tanc
esfo
reac
hpl
ant
.Thedec
isi
ont
oinc
reas
epo
stc
ons
umer
c
ull
etus
ewi
llb
ebas
edo
nthel
ocalav
ail
abi
li
tyo
fgo
odqual
it
ycul
letand
t
he ec
ono
micand s
oci
alb
enefi
ts.Impr
ovi
ng c
ull
etr
ecyc
ling s
yst
ems
s
houl
dbec
omeafo
calpo
intfo
rmanufac
tur
ers
,fur
nac
edes
igner
sand
c
ull
etpr
oces
sor
s,t
oens
uret
hel
ongt
erms
urv
ivalands
ust
ainab
ili
tyo
fthe
g
las
sindus
try

Ac
irc
ularec
ono
myi
san ec
ono
mics
yst
em t
hati
sai
med att
ryi
ngt
o
ens
urec
ont
inuo
usus
eofr
eso
urc
es.Gl
assc
anb
einfi
nit
elyr
ecyc
led,and
r
ecyc
ledg
las
sisar
awmat
eri
alt
hatc
anb
eus
edasi
nputt
ocr
eat
emo
re
g
las
s,r
athert
hanb
eingt
hro
wni
ntoal
andfi
ll
.Thi
sreg
ener
ati
vepr
oces
s
c
an hel
preus
egl
assasar
awmat
eri
alr
athert
han manufac
tur
ingi
t
ag
ainwas
tingpr
eci
ousnat
uralr
eso
urc
es.

Byr
ecyc
lingg
las
sres
pons
ibl
y,c
ons
umer
sandi
ndus
tri
esc
anhel
pcr
eat
ea
c
irc
ularec
ono
myi
ntheg
las
smanufac
tur
ingpr
oces
s.Thec
osts
avi
ngso
f
r
ecyc
lingi
sint
heus
eofener
gy.Co
mpar
ed t
omaki
ngg
las
sfr
omr
aw
mat
eri
alsfo
rthefi
rstt
ime,c
ull
etmel
tsatal
owert
emper
atur
e.S
owec
an
s
aveo
nener
gyneededt
omel
ttheg
las
s.

Gl
asspr
oduc
edfr
omr
ecyc
ledg
las
sreduc
esr
elat
edai
rpo
llut
ionb
y20%
andr
elat
edwat
erpo
llut
ionb
y50%.
Rec
ycl
ingg
las
sreduc
est
hes
pac
ein
l
andfi
ll
sthatwo
uldo
ther
wis
ebet
akenupb
yus
edb
ott
lesandj
ars
.Us
ing
g
las
sfo
rrec
ycl
ingmeanst
her
ear
eles
sgl
asso
bjec
tsl
yingar
oundi
nhe
l
andfi
llo
rbi
n.

Gl
assmanufac
tur
ingi
sas
igni
fic
antemi
ttero
fgr
eenho
useg
ases(
GHG)
,

25
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

es
pec
ial
lyc
arb
on di
oxi
de(
CO2)
.so
,theg
las
smanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
tri
es
s
houl
d us
espec
ifi
cappr
oac
hest
opr
eventand c
ont
rolGHG emi
ssi
ons
i
ncl
ude:·Meas
urest
oinc
reas
eener
gyeffi
ci
enc
y(asdes
cri
bedb
elo
w);
·
Useo
flo
wcar
bonc
ont
entfuel
s(e.
g.nat
uralg
as,wher
epo
ssi
ble,i
nst
ead
o
ffuelo
ilo
rso
lidfo
ssi
lfuel
s);·Max
imi
zingc
ull
etus
etoi
ncr
eas
eener
gy
effi
ci
enc
yandt
oli
mitt
heus
eof

c
arb
onat
eraw mat
eri
als
, es
pec
ial
lyi
n c
ont
ainer g
las
s pr
oduc
tio
n.
Oppo
rtuni
ti
est
ous
eahi
ghpr
opo
rti
ono
fcul
leti
nbat
char
epar
tic
ular
ly
g
ood when manufac
tur
ing g
reen c
ont
ainer
s.Fur
nac
e ener
gy us
eis
t
ypi
cal
lyr
educ
ed b
y 0.
15–0.
3 per
centfo
reac
h per
cento
fcul
leti
n
b
atc
h.7 ·Us
eofi
nver
ter
-bas
ed v
ari
abl
espeed dr
ives wi
thl
arg
e
c
omb
ust
ionai
randc
ool
ingai
rfans
.·Was
teheatr
eco
ver
yfr
om fur
nac
e
fl
ueg
ases
:heatmayb
eus
edfo
rbat
cho
rcul
letpr
eheat
,ort
opr
ovi
deho
t
o
rst
eam fo
rspac
e heat
ing pur
pos
es.A dev
elo
ping t
echno
log
yist
o
r
eco
ver
yheati
nthefo
rmo
fhi
gh-pr
ess
ures
teamwhi
chmayb
eex
panded
i
nat
urb
inefo
rpo
werg
ener
ati
on.

Refer
enc
es

26
 Gl
assMo
ldi
ngsAndBl
owi
ng

1.AS
TMC162-99,S
tandar
dTer
minol
ogyofGl
assandGl
assPr
oduc
ts,
1999.

2.R.H.Dor
emus
,in‗Gl
assS
cienc
e,‘JohnWi
leyandS
ons
,NewYor
k,2nd
Edi
ti
on,1994,Chapt
ers1-6,8-10,12-17.

3.4A.
K.Var
shneya,Fundament
alsofInor
gani
cGl
ass
es,2ndEdi
ti
on,
S
oci
etyofGl
assTec
hnol
ogy,(
Sheffi
eld,UK,2006)
.

4.JamesE.S
hel
by,Int
roduc
tiont
oGl
assS
cienc
eandTec
hnol
ogy,2nd
Edi
ti
on,TheRoyalS
oci
etyofChemi
str
y(Cambr
idg
e,U.
K.,2005)
.

5.S
ever
ali
nter
nets
our
ces
(onl
ineht
tps
;//www.
ais
glas
s.c
om,onl
ine
www.
power
show.
com).

27