Chapter 4: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Lecture 2:
Double Integrals
g over General Regions
g
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
Applications
1. Double Integrals over General
Region
… Let D be a bounded region
… D can be enclosed in a rectangle R
… We define a new function F with domain R by

⎧ f ( x, y ), if ( x, y ) ∈ D
F ( x, y ) = ⎨
⎩0, if ( x, y ) ∉ D
R D
Definition
… If the double integral of F exists over R,
R then we
define the double integral of f over D by

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA =∫∫ F ( x, y)dA

D R

R D
Case 1: Region
g of Type
yp I
… D is region of type I if it lies between the graphs
of two continuous functions of x, that is
D = {( x, y ) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 ( x) ≤ y ≤ g 2 ( x)}
… where g1 and g2 are
… continuous on [a,
[a b]
Region
g of Type
yp I
… In order to evaluate double integral of f over D we
choose a rectangle R=[a, b]x[c, d] that contains D
… Then b d

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA = ∫∫ F ( x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ F ( x, y)dydx

D R a c

… by Fubini
Fubini’ss Theorem
Region
g of Type
yp I
… It holds that
F ( x, y ) = 0, if y < g1 ( x), or y > g 2 ( x), because ( x, y ) ∉ D
… Therefore
d g1 ( x ) g2 ( x ) d

∫ F ( x, y)dy = ∫
c c
F ( x, y )dy + ∫
g1 ( x )
F ( x, y )dy + ∫
g2 ( x )
F ( x, y )dy

g2 ( x ) g2 ( x )

= ∫
g1 ( x )
F ( x, y )dy = ∫
g1 ( x )
f ( x, y )dy

… Because
F ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ), for g1 ( x) ≤ y ≤ g 2 ( x)
Region
g of Type
yp I
… Theorem: If f is continuous on a type I region D
such that
D = {( x, y ) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 ( x) ≤ y ≤ g 2 ( x)}
… then
b g2 ( x )

∫∫ D
f ( x, y )dA = ∫ ∫
a g1 ( x )
f ( x, y )dydx
 Case 2: Region of Type II
… D is region of type II if
D = {( x, y ) | c ≤ y ≤ d , h1 ( y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 ( y )}

where h1 and h2 are

continuous on [c, d ]

… Theorem: If D is a region of type II

II, then
d h2 ( y )

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA = ∫ ∫
D c h1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dxdy
 Example
p 1
Evaluate
…
∫∫ (2 x + y))dA
D
dA

… where D is the region bounded by the parabolas

y = 2 x 2 and y = 1 + x 2 y

D x
-1 O 1
 y
Solution 2
… Intersection points satisfy:
2 x = 1 + x ⇔ x = ±1 ⇒ A(−1, 2), B (1, 2)
2 2
D x
… Therefore, the domain D can be expressed as
Therefore
region of type I
… Thus
Thus, D = {( x, y ) | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1,
1 2x ≤ y ≤ 1+ x }
2 2

1 1+ x 2 1
y =1+ x 2
∫∫ (2 x + y)dA = ∫ ∫ (2 x + y )dydx = ∫ (2 xy + y / 2)
2
dx
y = 2 x2
D −1 2 x 2 −1
1 1
= ∫ [2 x(1 + x 2 ) + ((1 + x 2 )) 2 / 2 − 4 x3 − 2 x 4 ]dx = ∫ (1 + 2 x 2 − 3 x 4 )dx
−1 0
1
= ( x + 2 x / 3 − 3 x / 5) = 1 + 2 / 3 − 3 / 5 = 16 /15
3 5
0
Example
p 2
Evaluate
…
∫∫ (2 x − y))dA
D
dA

… where D is the region bounded by the line y=x-1 y=x 1

and the parabola y 2 = 2 x + 6 = 2( x + 3) = 2 X , X = x + 3
y
Y 4

x
O

-2
 1 2
y2 = 2x + 6 ⇔ x = y − 3, y = x − 1 ⇔ x = y + 1
2
Solution ⇒x=
1 2
2
y − 3 = y +1 ⇒ y2 − 2 y − 8 = 0

Δ ' = 1 + 8 = 9, y1,2 = 1 ± 3 = −2, 4

1 2
⇒ D = {( x, y ) | −2 ≤ y ≤ 4,
4 y − 3 ≤ x ≤ y + 1} (type II)
2
4 y +1 4
x = y +1
∫∫ (2 x − y)dA = ∫ ∫ (2 x − y )dxdy = ∫ ( x − xy )
2
dy
x = y 2 / 2 −3
D −2 y 2 /2 − 3 −2
4
= ∫ (( y + 1) 2 − ( y + 1) y − ( y 2 / 2 − 3) 2 − ( y 2 / 2 − 3) y )dy
−2 y
= ... Y 4

x
O

-2
 Interchanging
g g Limits of Integration
g

… Sometimes it is easier to integrate first with respect

to x, and then y, while with other integrals the
reverse p
process is easier.
… So, we need to interchange limits of integration
… Example: Evaluate
y
16
16 4

∫∫ x + 4dxdy
3

0 y
R x
O 4
Interchanging
g g Limits of Integration
g
4

… Can you evaluate ∫ x 3 + 4dx, or ∫ x 3 + 4dx ?

y

… No! 16 4

∫∫ x3 + 4dxdy = ∫∫ x 3 + 4dA = I
0 y R

y
16
R : region of type II
x= y R={(x
R {(x,y)|
y)| 0≤y ≤ 1616, √y ≤x ≤4 }
R x
O 4
 16 4
I=∫ ∫ x + 4dxdy
3
Solution 0 y

… We re
re-write
write R: region of type I:
R={(x,y) | 0 ≤x ≤4, 0≤y ≤ x2}
… Thus the double integral can be written as
Thus,
4 x2 4 y = x2

y I = ∫ ∫ x3 + 4dydx = ∫ y x3 + 4 dx
16 0 0 0 y =0
4
2 3
y=x 2
=∫x 2 3
d = ( x + 4)3/2 |4 = 122
x + 4dx 122.83
83
0
9 0

R x
O 4
 Properties
p of double integrals
g
16

… We assume that all of the integrals exist.

exist It holds
that:
1) ∫∫ ( f ( x, y) + g ( x, y))dA = ∫∫ f ( x, y)dA + ∫∫ g ( x, y)dA
D D D

2) ∫∫ cf ( x, y)dA = c ∫∫ f ( x, y)dA,
D D
where c is a constant

3) If f ( x, y ) ≥ g ( x, y ), ∀( x, y ) ∈ D, then

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA ≥ ∫∫ g ( x, y)dA
D D

Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh 10:46 AM

Properties
p of Double Integrals
g

If D = D1 ∪ D2 , where D1 and D2 do NOT overlap

except perhaps on their boundaries. Then

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA = ∫∫ f ( x, y)dA + ∫∫ f ( x, y)dA

D D1 D2

∫∫ 1dA = A( D)
D
D1
D2
= area of D
Properties
p of Double Integrals
g

If m ≤ f ( x, y ) ≤ M , ∀( x, y ) ∈ D, then
m × A( D) ≤ ∫∫ f ( x, y )dA ≤ M × A( D)
D
2. Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinate system consists of

-a pole O
-a polar
l axis:i a ray from
f O horizontal
h i l
to the right

Polar coordinates of a point P is P(r, θ)

r =distance from O to P
θ = angle between polar axis and OP
Polar-rectangular conversion

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

y
r =x +y ,
2 2 2
tan θ =
x
Change to Polar Coordinates in a Double Integral

… Let R be a region in xy
xy-plane
plane. By changing into
polar coordinates x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ
we can express R as
R = {(r , θ ) | a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β }, 0 ≤ β − α ≤ 2π
… Such a set is called a polar rectangle

… Theorem 1: If f is continuous on R, then

β b

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA = α∫ ∫ f (r cos θ , r sin θ ) r drdθ

R a
Example
p
Evaluate
∫∫ (3x + 4 y
… 2
)dA
R
where R is the region in the upper half
half-plane
plane bounded
by the circles
x 2 + y 2 = 1 andd x 2 + y 2 = 4 y
x2 + y 2 = 4

x2 + y2 = 1
R
x

O
 y

r=2
2 r =21
Solution R + y =1
x
… Change into polar coordinates x
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ
… Then R = {(r , θ ) |1 ≤ r ≤ 22, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π }
Then,
π 2

∫∫ + = ∫∫ θ + θ ) r drdθ
2 2
(3 x 4 y ) dA (3r cos 4( r sin )
R 0 1
π 2 π r =2

= ∫ ∫ (3r 2 cos θ + 4r 3 sin 2 θ )drdθ = ∫ (r 3 cos θ + r 4 sin 2 θ ) dθ

0 1 0 r =1
π π
π 1 − cos 2θ
= ∫ (7 cos θ + 15sin 2 θ )dθ = 7 sin θ 0 + 15∫ dθ
0 0
2
π
15 15π
= 0 + (2θ − sin 2θ ) =
4 0 2
Change to Polar Coordinates in
a Double Integral
… Theorem 2: If f is continuous on a polar region D
of the form
D = {(r , θ ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β , h1 (θ ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ )}
… then
β h2 (θ )

∫∫ f ( x, y)dA = α∫ ∫θ
D h1 ( )
f (r cos θ , r sin θ ) r drdθ
Example
p
… Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
paraboloid z = x + y
2 2
above the xy-plane
and inside the cylinder
y x + y = 2x
2 2

y
(x −1) + y =1
2 2

D
O 1 2 x
 y
Solution r = 2cosθ
V = ∫∫ f ( x, y )dA = ∫∫ ( x 2 + y 2 )dA D
O 1 2 x
D D

… Changeg in p
polar coordinates:
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ ⇒ x + y = r
2 2 2

… Boundary circle x + y = 2 x becomes

2 2

r = 2r cos θ ⇒ r = 2 cos θ
2
… Thus
Thus,

D = {(r , θ ) | −π / 2 < θ < π / 2,, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ }

 π /2 2cosθ
V = ∫∫ ( x 2 + y 2 )dA = ∫π ∫ r 2 r drdθ
D − /2 0

π /2 4 r = 2cosθ π /2 π /2
r
= ∫ dθ = 4 ∫π cos 4 θ dθ =8 ∫ cos 4 θ dθ
−π /2
4 r =0 − /2 0
π /2 π /2
= 2 ∫ (1 + cos 2 x) dx = 2 ∫ (1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x)dx
2 2

0 0
π /2
π /2
= 2( x + sin 2 x) 0 + ∫ (1 + cos 4 x)dx
0
π /2
= π + ( x + sin 4 x / 4) 0 = 3π / 2
3. APPLICATIONS OF
3
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Density
y and Mass
… A lamina occupies a region D of the xy xy-plane
plane and
its density (in units of mass per unit area) at a point
((x,, y) in D is given
g byy ρ(
ρ(x,, y), where ρ is
continuous on D. This means:
Δm
ρ ( x, y ) = li
lim
ΔA
… where ∆m and ∆A are the mass and area of a small
rectangle that contains (x, y) and the limit is taken
as the dimensions of the rectangle
g approach
pp 0
Density
y and Mass
… To find the total mass m of the lamina we divide a
rectangle R containing D into subrectangles Rij of the
same size and consider ρ(x,y) to be 0 outside D
… Choose a sample point (xij*, yij*) in each Rij
… The mass of the p part of the lamina occupying
py g Rij is
approximately ρ (xij*, yij*)∆A, where ∆A = area of Rij
… Add all such masses, we get an approximation of
total mass: k n
m ≈ ∑∑ ρ ( x , y )ΔA
*
ijj
*
ijj
i =1 j =1
 Density
y and Mass
… Limiting value of the approximations
k n
m = lim
k , n →∞
∑∑ ρ ( x , y
i =1 j =1
*
ij
*
ij )ΔA = ∫∫ ρ ( x, y )dA
D

So, mass of lamina occupying a region D

of the xy-plane with density ρ(x, y) is given by

m = ∫∫ ρ ( x, y )dA
D
Moments and Center of Mass
… The moment of a particle about an axis as the
product of its mass and its directed distance from
the axis.
… The mass of the part of the lamina occupying Rij is
approximately ρ (xij*, yij*)∆A, where ∆A = area of Rij
… So, we can approximate the moment of Rij with
respect to the x-axis by
[ ρ ( xij* , yij* )ΔA] yij*
Moments and Center of Mass
… If we now add these quantities and take the limit as
the number of subrectangles becomes large, we
obtain the moment of the entire lamina about the
x-axis: m n
M x = lim ∑∑ yij* ρ ( xij* , yij* )ΔA = ∫∫ y ρ ( x, y )dA
m , n →∞
i =1 j =1 D

… Similarly, the moment about the yy-axis

axis is
m n
M y = lim
m , n →∞
∑∑ ij ij ij )ΔA = ∫∫ xρ ( x, y)dA
x *
ρ (
i =1 j =1
x *
, y *

D
Coordinates of Center of Mass
… The center of mass
( x, y ) so that mx = M y and m y = M x

Center of mass has cooordinates ( x, y ) :

1 1
x = ∫∫ x ρ ( x, y )dA y = ∫∫ y ρ ( x, y )dA
m D m D
where m = ∫∫ ρ ( x, y )dA is the mass of the object
D
Electric Charge
g
… Physicists also consider other types of density that
can be treated in the same manner.
… For example
example, if an electric charge is distributed
over a region D and the charge density (in units of
charge
g pper unit area)) is ggiven byy σ(x,y)
( ,y) at a ppoint
(x,y) in D, then the total charge Q is given by

Q ( x, y ) = ∫∫ σ ( x, y )dA
D
 Example
p
… Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular
lamina with vertices (0,0), (0,1) and (2,0) if the
density function is ρ ( x, y ) = 1 + 6 x + 2 y
… Solution: D = {( x, y ) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ − x / 2 + 1} type
y
I
… Thus,
2 − x /2 +1
1
m = ∫∫ ρ ( x, y )dA = ∫ ∫ (1 + 6 x + 2 y )dydx
d d
D 0 0
2
1− x /2
D
= ∫ ( y + 6 xy + y 2 ) dx
0
O 2 x
0
2
= ∫ (1 − x / 2 + 6 x(1 − x / 2) + (1 − x / 2) 2 )dx = ...