ST.

JAMES’
SCHOOL.

PROJECT WORK ON COMMERCE

Name: Keshav
Agarwal Class: XI B

Roll No: 8
Session: 2023-2024
 Marks Allocation Sheet
Name: Keshav Agarwal
Class: XI B
Subject: Commerce
Topic: Identify the two public private partnership projects and also find
out the equity participation of both the partners, objectives of
partnership and strengths both partners bring into venture. Make a
S.W.O.T analysis and present it in a tabular form.
BASIS EXTERNAL INTERNAL AVERAGE
Overall Format
Contents
Findings
Viva-Voice
(based on the project)

INTERNAL REMARKS:
EXTERNAL REMARKS:
Remarks:
APPENDIX-I
Title of the project work: Identify the two public private
partnership projects and also find out the equity participation of
both the partners, objectives of partnership and strengths both
partners bring into venture.
The project work with the title: Identify the two public private
partnership projects and also find out the equity participation of both
the partners, objectives of partnership and strengths both partners
bring into venture is submitted by me to ST. James School for the
potential fulfillment of the ISC degree in Commerce(Class XI) for the
session (2021-2022).
Submitted by:
Name of the student: Keshav
Agarwal
Roll No: 8
Signature of the student: Keshav Agarwal
 Address and phone: Banarhat,7430089293
APPENDIX-II

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I would like to thank my teacher Mr. Barun Tirwa who gave me this
opportunity to work on this project. I got to learn a lot from this
project about two public private partnership projects. I would also
like to thank our school principal Felix Mathew.
At last, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents
because without their help this project would not have been successful.
Finally, I would like to thank my dear friends who have been with me all
the time and helped me to complete these project in the limited time
frame.
APPENDIX-III
SL. NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. Marks Allocation 2
Sheet
2. Appendix 3-7
3. Body 8-32
4. Bibliography 33
 APPENDIX-IV
Student’s
Declaration
I do hereby declare that the project work with the title- Identify the
two public private partnership projects and also find out the equity
participation of both the partners, objectives of partnership and
strengths both partners bring into venture is submitted by me to ST.
James School for the potential fulfillment of the ISC Commerce degree
is my own original work is also declare that aforesaid project has not
been submitted elsewhere for the fulfillment of the requirement of
any other degree. However, the sources of data and extracts of any
literature on the topic have been duly acknowlegdement appropriate
places.
Date: 26.07.23
Place: Banarhat
Name of the Student: Keshav
Agarwal
Signature of the student: Keshav
Agarwal
 APPENDIX-V
SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Keshav Agarwal of ISC Commerce of ST. James’
School bearing roll number-27,Class XI-B has performed the project
work and prepared the project report under my guidance and
supervision. She has also collected all data and information both from
primary and secondary sources. I appreciate her for doing such hard
work. I wish her grand success in real life.
Name of the teacher: Barun Tirwa
Signature of the
teacher: Date:
26.07.23
Place: Banarhat
 Public private partnership
Public-private partnerships involve collaboration between a
government agency and a private-sector company that can be used to
finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation
networks, parks, and convention centers. Financing a project through a
public-private partnership can allow a project to be completed sooner
or make it a possibility in the first place. Public-private partnerships
often involve concessions of tax or other operating revenue,
protection from liability, or partial ownership rights over nominally
public services and property to private sector, for-profit entities.
 Partnership
A partnership is a legal arrangement where two or more individuals agree to pool their financial and human
resources for a business venture. Each partner is given a portion of the profits and losses of the business.
An equity partnership agreement is a legally binding agreement between the partners of a partnership that
sets forth the rights and obligations of the partners and the proportion of their equity in the business. An
equity partner owns part of the company and is entitled to a percentage of the partnership's profits. An equity
partnership agreement should spell out the rights and obligations of all the partners in the partnership,
including the equity partners.
Types of Partnership Agreements
Partnership agreements are of two types, including:
• General partnership: Here, each partner has personal and collective liability. In general
partnerships, each partner is responsible for his liabilities and the liabilities of other partners in
the business.
• Limited Liability Partnership: In this type of partnership, each partner's liability is restricted to the
proportion of his or her investment in the company. Also, partners do not share the responsibilities of
other partners.
A partnership agreement sets forth the status of the company as either a general or limited liability
partnership.
Lockstep Partnership System
A lockstep partnership is a type of equity partnership where senior partners who have spent more years with
the business receive a more substantial proportion of the business profits compared to new equity partners.
However, the business community no longer favors the lockstep partnership system.
Critics of the system note that it discourages partners who are eager to earn more and lacks accountability.
However, advocates of the system argue that it shields partners from loss of earnings and reduces internal
competition.
Eat-What-You-Kill Partnership System
The Eat-What-You-Kill Partnership System is the second form of equity partnership. In this system, each partner gets a certain
proportion of the company's profits, and individuals also receive compensation for their efforts towards running the business.
Supporters of th e Eat-What-You-Kill Partnership System argue that it allows partners to have more control over their earnings and
customers and enables them to h ave a clear understanding of what they must do to achieve their target income. The downside of
this system is that it can lead to a lack of management because it gives no recognition to non-billable time partners spend
managing the partnership. Additionally, the system also discourages the training of new or junior employees.
Basics of the Written Equity Partnership Agreement
An equity partnership agreement should list the rights, responsibilities, and obligations of each partner. The contract shoul d also
address the proportion of the company's profits that each partner will receive. Partnership agreements should also allocate losses
to future partners. Furthermore, the partnership agreement should address how the business will make important decisions for
running its operations. In addition t o these, the partnership agreement should discuss how the dissolution of the company will
be handled in the event of a partner's exit from the partnership or death.
Joint and Several Liability
Only the general partners of a limited partnership are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the company. If the company
goes bankrupt, the general partner's assets can be used to settle the debts of the partnership. However, all partners in a general
partnership h ave joint and several liability. If one of the partners is involved in a lawsuit, all the partners can be sued along with that
partner.

Equity Ownership
The equity partnership agreement should state each partner's equity ownership in the business. The equity owned does not have to
be equal to the investment of each partner because equity ownership can also be based on non-monetary contributions such as the
connections partners bring to the company or real-life professional and managerial skills.
Sweat Equity
Sweat equity is an investment of work and effort in a business, enterprise, or project. It is one of the ways of adding equity to a
business. Sweat equity can serve as equity for partners who have no money to invest in a partnership. A Sweat Equity Agreement
has no monetary value on its own. However, it provides value-adding actions and effort to the business.
 EQUITY PARTCIPATION
Equity participation refers to the ownership of shares in a company or property. Equity participation may involve
the purchase of shares through options or by allowing partial ownership in exchange for financing. The greater
the equity participation rate, the higher the percentage of shares owned by stakeholders.
How Equity Participation Works
Equity participation is used in many investments for two primary reasons. First, it is used to tie the financial rewards
of executives to
the fate of the company, increasing the likelihood that executives will make decisions that will improve company
profitability.
This type of compensation may be delayed, reducing the possibility of executives making short-term decisions to
boost the share price. Workers, not just executives, can also be offered equity by companies as a form of
employee retention and work incentive. This typically is in addition to base pay and bonuses they receive.
The second reason for equity participation is it can be used by companies operating in emerging economies in
which local governments want to reap the rewards brought on by development.
Benefits of Equity Participation
As with executives who receive equity, the intent is to encourage employees to contribute their best efforts
toward the long-term growth and prosperity of the organization. The equity held by executives and employees
can come with additional stipulations regarding how the shares may be converted, sold, or transferred. Even with
those potential benefits, the way a company makes equity participation available can have unintended
consequences, such as exposing employees to new tax liabilities.
Equity participation also allows local governments a say in company decisions. Residents of a municipality might
also be offered equity stakes in the development or redevelopment of their hometown.
 OBJECTIVES OF PARTNERSHIP
At their best, partnerships create synergy. The aims and objectives of a partnership
include bringing together the skills and resources of multiple business owners to
create a whole that is bigger and better than the sum of its parts. Like successful
marriages, the specifics vary from one
partnership to the next, but compatible business partners complete one another, sharing
the tasks and responsibilities necessary to keep a company running smoothly.

Working Together Towards a Common Goal

No individual has everything it takes to successfully run a business. You may be a skilled
networker who can promote your company and your products far and wide, but lack the
business savvy necessary to evaluate opportunities and business models. An advantageous
business partnership would fill in the gaps in your aptitudes and experience, bringing you
together with someone who can run your company smoothly and profitably. To find a business
partner appropriate to these aims and objectives, take a careful inventory of your skills and
strengths. Identify the areas where you would most benefit from collaborating with someone
who could complement your abilities and look for a business partner with these qualities.
Sharing Inventory, Networks and Other Resources
All business partnerships have financial components because the process of owning and running a company together
involves sharing, managing and dividing the money. But the aims and objectives of some business partnerships are strictly
financial.
You may have most of the knowledge and experience needed to run a business well, but lack the capital to get it off the
ground. In this situation, you would benefit from a silent partner who believes in your endeavor enough to invest money
and is willing to let you make most of the decisions about operations. A business partnership can also be based on
resource-sharing when one partner has equipment, inventory or relationships
that are useful to the other, such as an arrangement between two businesses that offer complementary products or
services in different areas.

Maximizing Profit
In the business world, it's rare for partners to join forces unless they both believe that there's an opportunity to increase
profits. This may happen
because, together, the partners have a greater bargaining power and can negotiate discounts from suppliers. Or they may
be able to cut overheads by
sharing resources or increase sales revenues because they now have a bigger operation. Partners can share responsibility
for generating these profits,
as well as sharing the fruits of their labor.

Aims and Objectives of a Partnership Deed

A partnership deed, or partnership agreement, is a legal document that lays out the terms and arrangements of a particular bu siness
partnership.
Its objective is to explicitly state the understandings and agreements that form the basis of your partnership so you can refer back
to them as needed. Partnership deeds protect the parties they cover in case of discord. They also offer opportunities to envision
potential diff iculties and proactively present solutions. A partnership deed should cover the division of work between partners, as
well as how profits will be shared. It should also provide an exit strategy,
laying out a plan for proceeding if the collaboration turns out to not be mutually advantageous.
 Strengths and Weaknesses of a
Partnership
Profits
In a partnership, income earned by the business goes directly to the partners as
income. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), income is applied
to the personal tax returns of partners. This can potentially reduce taxes owed. Sole
proprietorships share this advantage in common with partnerships, although in sole
proprietorships, all income goes directly to a single owner, rather than being split
between the partners.
Decision Making
Decision making in partnerships is more complicated than in sole proprietorships. Sole
owners have total control over the course of the business. In partnerships, decision
making responsibility is shared, and there's potential for disagreements that can
potentially bog the business down. However, there's also the potential for partners to
pool ideas, and vet decisions more thoroughly, before moving forward. Partnerships
are able to draw upon the skills of each member, rather than relying on the skills of a
single owner.
Liability
One of the main drawbacks of a partnership is that the owners are personally liable
for the debts of the business. Furthermore, according to the SBA, "partners are jointly
and individually liable for the actions of the other partners." This means if one of your
partners makes a poor decision that puts the business in debt, you might have to pay
for it out of your own pocket, if t
Everything you need to know about the objectives of business. The business is an economic institution
operating in a socio-
economic system.
Therefore, objectives of business should be defined keeping in view its prevailing environment and its needs
for survival and growth. Like any other institution business has several rather than a single objective.
Objectives of business are multi-dimensional in nature. Business is established and it exists to achieve multiple
objectives.
People enter into business and stay in business because they want to earn money, social power and
prestige, joy of achievement and other goals.
Generally, profit motive is considered to be the primary objective of business. But profit-making is not the
sole or only objectives of a business. Every business enterprise has to lay down its multiple objectives to
justify its existence.

The objectives of business can be studied under the following heads:-

1. Economic Objectives
2. Social Objectives
3. 3. Human or Individual Objectives
4. 4. Multiple Objectives
5. 5. Organic Objectives
6. 6. Micro Level Objectives
7. 7. National Level Objectives
8. 8. Global Objectives.
 Classification of Business Objectives
Objectives of Business – Profitability, Growth, Stability, Efficiency and Survival
Business means busy in some activities. Business means conducting activities such as – sale,
purchase and manufacturing etc for profit and growth. Business is also referred to a particular
company, enterprise or corporation.
A business always has some purpose and no doubt the most important purpose of business is
achieving profitability and growth.
Followings are the some important objectives of business:
1. Profitability – This is one of the most important objectives of business. We normally
setup business to achieve profits for its owner or shareholders. But, does it mean that
business should somehow, by hook or crook, earn the profit? Our answer is no; it should
earn profit by working under rules and regulations or by following ethical practices.
2. Growth – Another important objective of business is to achieve growth. The growth
should be in terms of increase in profit, revenue, capacity, number of employees and
employee prosperity, etc.
3. Stability – Stability means continuity of business. An enterprise or business should achieve
stability in terms of customer satisfaction, creditworthiness, employee satisfaction etc. A
stable organization can easily handle changing dynamics of markets.
4. Efficiency – An efficient or aggressive working environment. A business should always try to
achieve the best in its field. Efficiency is considered in terms of labor productivity, energy
consumption, quality control etc.
5. Survival – A business should have the capability to survive markets jolts or shocks. A
business should be there with a vision of long-term existence.

Objectives of Business – Economic, Social, Human or Individual and Multiple Objectives

Every business is directed to the achievement of certain objectives.
Objectives refer to the end points towards which all business activities are directed:
Objectives lay down the guidelines for various activities and decide the direction and amount of
efforts needed for these activities. Objectives should be feasible and must be expressed in
specific terms with a time limit for achievement. For example, the objective of a mobile
company can be to increase the mobile users by 10% in 2 years.
Business Objectives may be broadly classified into three categories:
1. Economic Objectives
2. Social Objectives
3. Human or Individual Objectives
1. Economic Objectives:
Business is an economic activity and its objectives are mainly economic in
nature.
The main economic objectives are:
(i) Profit Earning – Every entrepreneur undertakes business activities
primarily to earn profits. No business can survive for long without earning
sufficient profits. A business needs profits not only for its existence but
also for expansion and diversification.
Profits provide a means of livelihood for the entrepreneur and a reward for
bearing the risk.
(ii) Survival – Every business aims to ensure that it continues to survive and
exist in the future. Survival is possible only when organization is able to earn
enough revenue to cover its costs.
(iii) Growth – A business needs to add to its prospects in the long run. For this,
the business must grow and expand to survive in the long rim.
Growth of a business indicates how well it is able to exploit its potential
opportunities. Growth is measured in terms of sales volume, increase in number
of employees, market share, number of products, etc.
Other Economic Objectives of Business:
(i) Creation of Customers – Creation of customers or demand is essential in order to earn profits.
Customers are the focus of all business activities. A business enterprise can exist and grow only
when it is able to capture a big market share, i.e. there are enough people to buy the products
and services offered by an enterprise.
(ii) Innovation – Innovation refers to introduction of new ideas or new methods of production.
Innovation plays a crucial role in increasing the competitive strength and improving the image
of business enterprise in the mind of customers.
(iii) Optimum Utilization of Resources – Resources available with the business are generally limited.
So, every business enterprise aims to make best possible use of physical, financial and human
resources. This objective can be achieved through – (a) Employing efficient and competent work
force; (b) Making full use of installed machinery; (c) Minimizing wastage of materials.
2. Social Objectives:
Social objectives refer to the objectives, which are desired to be achieved for the benefit of the
society. Business makes use of scarce resources of the society. So, society expects something in
return for its welfare. Social objective deals with fulfilling obligations towards the society.
Some of the major social objectives are:
(i) Supply of Quality products at Fair Prices – The business should ensure that there is a regular
supply of useful products with fair quality and at reasonable prices. Supply of adulterated goods,
inferior quality goods, unusable or harmful products are detrimental to the survival of business. It
must be noted that customer is now more educated and quality conscious and expects value for
his money spent.
(ii) Avoidance of Unfair Trade Practices – Business enterprise should not indulge in anti-social
and unfair trade practices like black marketing, hoarding, adulteration, etc. Such practices are
not only illegal but also hamper the image of business community. So, every business
organization should aim to avoid such undesirable activities.
(iii) Generation of Employment Opportunities – Every business enterprise should create
sufficient employment opportunities without any discrimination as to caste, religion, sex, etc.
In India, unemployment is a serious problem and the business community can play a dominant
role in solving this problem.
(iv) Protection of Environment – Business enterprise should take all reasonable steps to check
and protect environment. It must make proper arrangement for disposal of effluents, smoke,
wastes, etc. in order to avoid various types of pollution.
(v) Community Service – Many business organizations engage in various community
services, like setting up schools, charitable dispensaries, donating money for social and
religious activities, etc. Fulfillment of this objective helps to improve the reputation and
public image of business.
(vi) Welfare of Employees – No business can succeed without the contribution of its
employees. Thus, business should aim to provide fair wages and reasonable working and living
conditions to workers.
3. Human or Individual Objectives:
Human or individual objectives refer to the objectives related to the individual needs of the employees of an
organization. As employees are one of the most valuable resources for an organization, satisfaction of their
objectives is very important.
Individual objectives include the following objectives:
(i) To provide healthy and safe working conditions.
(ii) To pay fair and competitive salaries and perks.
(iii) To provide opportunities for personal growth and development of employees.
(iv) To provide reasonable security of service.
(v) To provide various financial and non-financial incentives in order to motivate the workers.
(vi) To encourage employees to take initiative and participation in management.
Multiple Objectives of Business:
In this competitive world, management of a business must set’ Multiple Objectives’ for its long-term
survival and growth. Peter F Drucker has suggested eight key areas, where objectives of a business
enterprise must be set.
They are as follows:
(i) Market Standing:
Market standing refers to the position of an enterprise in relation to its competitors. For example, position of ‘Airtel’ in
relation to ‘Vodafone’. A business enterprise must aim to increase its market standing by offering good quality products at
reasonable prices and serving them better than competitors.
(ii) Innovation:
In this competitive world, innovations are very important for a business enterprise to flourish. For example, Videocon
introduced LED TV with inbuilt DTH facility. There are two kinds of innovation in every business – (a) Innovation in product or
service; and (b) Innovation in various skills and activities needed to supply them.
(iii) Productivity:
Productivity is calculated by comparing the value of outputs with the value of inputs. It is used as a measure of efficiency.
Every business enterprise must aim to achieve greater productivity through best possible use of available resources.
(iv) Physical and Financial Resources:
All business enterprises require physical resources (like plant, machinery, etc.) and financial resources (i.e.
funds) in order to produce and supply goods and services to its customers. Every business enterprise must
aim to acquire these resources according to its requirements and must use them efficiently.
(v) Earning Profits:
Earning profits on the capital employed is the main objective of every business
enterprise. Every business aims to earn a reasonable profit in order to survive
and grow in this competing world.
(vi) Manager Performance and Development:
All business enterprises need managers to conduct and coordinate business
activity. So, every business enterprise must actively work for development of
manager’s performance. Therefore, manager performance and development
is an important objective.
(vii) Worker Performance and Attitude:
Worker’s performance and attitudes directly influence the productivity and
profitability of every enterprise. So, every business enterprise must aim to
improve performance of the workers and to develop positive attitude among
them.
(viii) Social Responsibility:
Every business is a part of society as it makes use of scarce resources of the
society. So, it must meet the expectations of the society. Social responsibility
refers to the obligation of business firms to contribute resources for solving
social problems and work in a socially desirable manner.
Objectives of Business
Every human activity has some objective or objectives, and business, as one of the important human activities,
must have objectives.
Objectives of Business – Economic, Social and Other Objectives of Business
As business seeks to create a balance between different needs and goals of different interest groups, like
consumers, employees, society at large etc. it needs multiple objectives.
1. Economic Objectives:
The various economic objectives of business are described below:
i. Market Standing:
Market standing refers to the position of a business in context of its competitors. Every business enterprise must
aim at securing a stronger standing in terms of offering competitive products to its customers and serving them to
their satisfaction.
ii. Innovation:
Innovation is important as no business enterprise can flourish in a competitive world without innovation.
iii. Productivity:
The productivity of a business is measured in terms of ratio between the inputs and outputs. Higher productivity
indicates higher
efficiency of the business. The productivity of a business should be high in order to ensure continuous survival and
growth.
iv. Physical and Financial Resources:
Every business needs varied kinds of resources be it human physical or financial in order to carry out its activities.
A business must obtain and utilized these resources efficiently.
v. Earning Profit:
Earning profit is one of the prime objectives of business. In the absence of profit a business may cease to exist
over period of time. Thus, profit is must for every business in order to ensure its survival and growth.
2. Social Objectives:
The various social objectives of business are described below:
• Supply of desired quality of goods and services – A businessman must offer the
product and services in accordance with the needs and wants of the prospective
buyers and at fair prices.
• Generating employment opportunities – It is essential for a business to generate
employment opportunities so as to raise standard of living of people and foster economic
development of the country.
• Community service activities – A business must be involved in different types of community
services for the good of the society at large.
• Employee welfare – It is the prime responsibility of every business to take care of its
employees. It must provide fair wages/salary, good working conditions, and prospects
for growth etc. for them.
• Protection of environment – A business should carry out its activities by adopting
environmental friendly techniques in order to ensure conservation of natural resources
and protection of environment.
3. Other Objectives:
The various other important objectives of business are described below:
• Manager performance and development – The success of a business primarily
depends upon the competence of its human resource. Therefore, the enterprises
must actively work for this purpose by conducting motivational programmes for
managers.
• Worker performance and attitude – The enterprises must ensure a positive attitude on the
part of workers in order to enhance their contribution towards productivity and profitability
of the enterprise.
Classification of Business Objectives:
1. Economic Objectives:
• Yielding an adequate return on investment in the form of profits.
• Creating customers and capturing more markets for the products of the business.
• Introducing innovative ideas in technology, methods and procedure of work,
in products or services etc.
• Ensuring adequate income or returns to the factors of production and its prompt
payment.
• Generating new employment opportunities through growth and expansion.
• Providing ample scope for growth, expansion, diversification etc.
2. Human Objectives:
• Treating employees as human beings and partners in the business.
• Developing and improving new skills and abilities among the employees.
• Creating, developing and preserving a sense of commitment among the
employees by their participation in management (in decision making
process).
• Ensuring job satisfaction by making it more interesting and challenging.
• Ensuring adequate, satisfactory wages, salaries and other non-economic amenities
and benefits.
• Ensuring consumers satisfaction in terms of fair treatment like courtesy,
understanding, honesty, no adulteration and no black marketing etc. Not resorting
to malpractices.
• Maintaining satisfied work force with high morals.
• Motivating the employees continuously for higher efficiency.
3. Organic Objectives:
i. Adopting the policy of ploughing back of profit for strengthening the business and self-reliance in capital
raising.
ii. Implementing the schemes of growth and expansion so that the business can prosper day-by-day.
iii. Carrying the activities of research and development for innovation in business. Innovative ideas must be
implemented.
iv. Attaining the ample size (Optimum size) of business operations for its prosperity.
v. Enhancing the goodwill, reputation and image of the business organisation.
4. Micro Level Objects:
i. Providing facilities for the spread of literacy, education, training etc.
ii. Improving standard of living by providing quality goods and services.
iii. Taking precaution to avoid environment pollution.
iv. Providing economic or non-economic help to religious, cultural, charitable, institutions for betterment
of community at large.
v. Providing all types of help to backward and remote regions by establishing industrial units in these areas.
5. National Level Objectives:
i. Performing the business activities within the frame work of national priorities.
ii. Strengthening the national economy by giving their adequate contribution.
iii. Entering into new areas of production and distribution according to national priorities.
iv. Improving import substitution.
v. Promoting export in variety of products.
Objectives of Business – 4 Important Objectives: Economic, Human, Organic and Social Objectives
A business is an organization of human, material and other intangible resources. It is established to offer satisfaction to i ts customers, owners, creditors,
suppliers, employees, managers, shareholders. The main activity of business is to create, retain and satisfy profitable customers as a means of successfully
achieving the desired aims of the enterprise. Business success is synonymous to marketing success. All business objectives need to be properly balanced,
coordinated and integrated.
1. Economic Objectives:
Essentially a business is an economic activity.
These objectives focus on three important constituents of the business system:

i. The owner.
ii. The employees.
iii. The customers.
The owner i.e. the shareholders must get safety for their investments in business enterprise as well as adequate, regular and assured return on
investment must be given to them. Customer is the king of market. The entire business activities are customer oriented. They produce goods and
services which are needed by customers. Satisfaction of the needs of customers in one of the important objectives of the business. Providing quality
goods and services at reasonable prices is the aim of business.
2. Human Objectives:
Human objectives are connected with employees and customers. Employees must be treated as human beings and not merely as a factor of production. They
must be treated not as employees but as business partners. Business profit must be shared with them. They must be made to participate in decision making
process, called as worker’s participation in management. Business enterprise has to arrange training programmes for the development of their knowledge,
skill, capabilities i.e. abilities etc. for the better performance and efficiency. Their jobs must be secure, full job satisfaction should be given, and continuous
motivation must be provided to keep their morale high. Making them committed and responsible employees of the organization is another human objective
of business enterprise. Customer is the center point of business enterprise.

3. Organic Objectives:
Organic objectives are framed from business point of view. Its growth, development, expansion, stability, progress all these objectives are taken into
consideration Ploughing back of profit is the renowned source for raising the capital needed by business where business enterprise does not want to depend
on outsiders. It is also called as self-financing or financing from internal sources. Under this concept capital is generated from profits of the business
enterprises. Achieving the optimum size of business is another objective. Facing the competition and surviving for longer time etc. are covered under this
category of objectives.
4. Social Objectives:

These objectives are classified into two categories; namely Micro Level and Macro Level. Under micro level business is expected to help in the spread of
literacy, education, training, medical, and care, and public health, control of air and water pollution. Under macro level, business has objectives like
improving the import substitution, promoting more export developing small scale business units, industries as well as entering into area of production.
Distribution of goods and services which have been given national importance and priorities.
Objectives of Business – Organic Objectives: Prestige and Recognition, Growth and Survival
The business is an economic institution operating in a socio-economic system. Therefore, objectives of business should be defined keeping in viewits
prevailing environment and its needs for survival and growth. Like any other institution business has several rather than a single objective. Objectives of
business are multi-dimensional in nature. Business is established and it exists to achieve multiple objectives.
Organic objectives are the foundation for achieving all other objectives of business:
(a) Prestige and Recognition:
Prestige and recognition help to ensure the survival and growth of a firm. A business enterprise with good image or goodwill can easily attract customers,
investors and competent employees.
(b) Growth:

Growth and diversification is one of the major objectives of business. Growth may be measured in terms of size, investment, market share, etc. Market share
which a business enterprise commands reflects its standing in the market. A business enterprise may identify new customers, new products or ne w markets
or increase its market share in the present market.
(c) Survival:
First of all a business enterprise tries to maintain its existence. Survival of stability objectives implies the maintenance of a firm’s competitive position or
earning capacity or market
standing. Unless an enterprise survives no other objectives can be accomplished.

Objectives of Business – Economic and Social Objectives

Business objectives are something, which a business organization wants to achieve or accomplish over a specified period of ti me.
Thus, the objectives of business may be classified as:
(i) Economic Objectives:
Economic objectives of a business refer to the objective of earning profit and those which have a direct impact on the profit earning objective of business.
The objectives can be summarized as under:

a) Earning of adequate profits.

(b) Exporting new markets and creation of more customers.
(c) Growth and expansion of business operation.
(d) Making use of available resources in the best possible manner.
Some of these are:
(a)Production and supply of quality goods and
services to the society. (b)Taking steps in the
direction of consumer education.
(c) Conserving natural resources and wild life and protecting the environment.
(d) Contributing towards the general welfare and upliftment of the society.
Objectives of Business
1. Economic objectives of business:
The objectives are as follows:
• Earning of adequate profits.
• Creating new customers and entered the area of the market.
2. Social objectives of business:
The objectives are as follows:
• Making goods available at reasonable prices.
• Ensuring fair return to the investors.
3. Human objectives of business:
The objectives are as follows:
• Providing fair remuneration and incentives to employees.
• Providing the employees with more and more promotional opportunities.
4. Global objectives of business:
The objectives are as follows:
• Making available globally competitive goods and services.
• Reducing disparities among rich and poor nations by expanding its operations.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
a Joint
Venture
1 – New insights and expertise
Starting a joint venture provides the opportunity to gain new insights and expertise. Think about it; the
market is now way
easier for you to understand given the short-term partnership that you have forged.
2– Better resources
Forming a joint venture will give you access to better resources, such as specialized staff and technology.
All the equipment and capital that you needed for your project can now be used.
3 – It is only temporary
A joint venture is only a temporary arrangement between your company and another. By definition, you
won’t be
committing to it long term.
4 – Both parties share the risks and costs
In case the joint-group project fails, you are not alone when bearing the costs of its failure. Because you
two had
volunteered to share the expenses, you both will also support the losses.
5 – Joint ventures can be flexible
According to assignment writing service writers, an example of this is that a joint venture can have a
limited lifespan and
can only cover only a fraction of what you do, thereby limiting your commitment as well as your business’s
exposure.
6 – There are ways to exit a joint venture
In the timeline of divestiture and consolidation, a joint venture offers a creative way for companies to
escape non-core
businesses.
7 – You will know what’s yours and will be able to sell it
Gradually, firms can separate their business from the rest of the organization, and then later, sell it to the
other parent company. Approximately 80% of all joint ventures end in a sale, from one partner to the
other.
 Keys to a Successful Joint Venture
1 – Clear, written agreements
Develop a clear understanding both verbally and in writing with your joint venture partner. Be
particularly clear on exactly what each party is expected to contribute and at what point in time.
Also have an understanding of how any disagreements may be resolved and include a provision
for how one party may buy out the other party in the case of a serious unresolvable disagreement.
2 – Create a mutually agreed upon business plan
An excellent business plan is always a key success factor for any business. For a joint venture it is
even more important. It can go a long way to keeping both parties focused in the same direction
and having a much better understanding of each other’s expectations.
3 – Develop financial projections
Create a specific budget and pro forma income statements, balance sheets and cash flows. Especially
for a joint venture I suggest multiple scenarios for the weak, likely and strong sales scenarios.
4 – Set up both formal and informal communication channels
Even for a small joint venture I recommend you set up formal meeting/review times such as once
per month or at least once per quarter. Then try as much as possible to keep communication
flowing on an informal basis in between the more formal meetings. Good, frequent and some
formal meetings can go a long way to keeping a positive relationship.
5 – Be prepared to have some flexibility
Doing a joint venture with another party can have massive advantages. But you have to accept
that the other party is sometimes going to have a different perspective or approach than yours.
Try to weigh what are the issues that you are willing to be flexible on and what are the issues that
you want to hold your ground on.
Disadvantages of a Joint Venture
1 – Vague objectives
The objectives of a joint venture are not 100 percent clear and rarely communicated clearly to all people
involved.
2 – Flexibility can be restricted
There are times when flexibility is restricted in a joint venture. When that happens, participants have to
focus on the joint
venture, and their individual businesses suffer in the process.
3 – There is no such thing as an equal involvement.
An equal pay may be possible, but it is extremely unlikely for all the companies working together to share
the same involvement and responsibilities.
For example, Company A is working on the production process, whereas Company B is responsible for the
production, and Company C is in charge of planning and implementing market strategies. Since Company
A is not directly involved in the production and promotion process, the pressure is on the latter
companies. It will also affect individual businesses.
4 – Great imbalance
Because different companies are working together, there is a great imbalance of expertise, assets, and
investment. This can
have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the joint venture.
5 – Clash of cultures
A clash of cultures and management styles may result in poor co-operation and integration. People with
different beliefs, tastes, and preferences can get in the way big time if left unchecked.
6- Limited outside opportunities
It is very common for joint venture contracts to restrict outside activities of participant companies while
working on a venture project. You need to make sure you understand what you are getting into if you
don’t want to negatively impact your entire business.
7 – A lot of research and planning are necessary
The success of a joint venture highly depends on thorough research and analysis of the objectives.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
❖ INTERNET:-
www.Wikipedia.com
www.helglibrary.com
www.financialexpress.com
www.tatamotors.com
❖BOOKS:-
Commerce-O.P Gupta