4.

ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE

4.1 Flow Work and Shaft Work
An open process system by definition has mass crossing its
boundaries as the process occurs. Work must be done on
such a system to push mass in, and work is done on the
surroundings by mass that emerges. Both work terms must
be included in the energy balance.
The net rate of work done on an open system by its
surroundings may be written as

𝑾𝐬 = shaft work, or rate of work done on the process fluid

by a moving part within the system (e.g., a pump
rotor).
𝑾𝐟𝐥 = flow work, or rate of work done on the fluid at the
system inlet minus the rate of work done by the fluid
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 The fluid that enters the system does work on the fluid just
ahead of it at a rate

while the fluid leaving the system performs work on the

surroundings at a rate

The net rate at which work is done on the system at the

inlet and outlet is therefore

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 Work (PdV)

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 4. ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
4.2 Specific Properties and Enthalpy

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 4. ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
4.2 Specific Properties and Enthalpy
A specific property is an intensive quantity obtained by
dividing an extensive property (or its flow rate) by the total
amount (or flow rate) of the process material.

𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 (𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲)

𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 (𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞)
=
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥

Thus, if the volume of a fluid is 200 𝒄𝒎𝟑 and the mass of the fluid is 200 g,

the specific volume of the fluid is 1 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /g. Similarly, if the mass flow rate

of a stream is 100 kg/min and the volumetric flow rate is 150 L/min, the

specific volume of the stream material is (150 L/min 100 kg/min) 1.5 L/kg.
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 4. ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
4.2 Specific Properties and Enthalpy

We will use the symbol ^ to denote a specific property:

𝑉 will denote specific volume, 𝑈 specific internal energy, and so on.

A property that occurs in the energy balance equation for open

systems is the specific enthalpy, defined as

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 4. ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
4.3 The Steady-state Open-system Energy Balance
The first law of thermodynamics for an open system at
steady state has the form

Why do the accumulation, generation, and consumption

terms of the general balance equation vanish?

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 5. TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC DATA
5.1 Reference States and State Properties

It is not possible to know the absolute value of 𝑈 or 𝐻 for a

process material, but you can determine the change in
𝑈 (∆𝑈) or in 𝐻 (∆𝐻) corresponding to a specified change of
state (temperature, pressure, and phase).

A convenient way to tabulate measured changes in 𝑈 or 𝐻

is to choose a temperature, pressure, and state of
aggregation as a reference state, and to list ∆𝑈 or ∆𝐻 for
changes from this state to a series of other states.

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 5. TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC DATA
5.2 Steam Tables

Steam tables are contained in Tables B.5–B.7.

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 VLE (VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM)

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