Chapter 1

Introduction

Tourism is the vital breath in the human activity while making prolonged journey from place
to place. The old adage of needing a vacation to recover from a vacation trip reflects the
often strenuous nature of holiday travels, as we try to squeeze in as many activities as
possible within the short period that we are free from work. Travel and tourism, therefore,
are typically considered leisure activities and a form of recreation that takes place away
from the home place. The fact that tourism involves travel from one place to another, and
occurs in places that are often shaped intentionally by the tourism industry, also make it
very geographical. It is human desire to make round of the place of
interest- religious, spiritual, natural phenomena, beautiful places. ancient cities ,historical
sites, places of pilgrimages and places that because curiosity(A.K.Raina 2002). Tourism is
the triadic composition of social, cultural and natural phenomena, which has emerged as
one of the world’s largest industry. It is of course the fast growing industry, where human
spirits are deeply involved to know more and more about the mysteries of nature in
wanting.“In considering the impact of the tourism development plan in Languedoc-
Rousillon, it is necessary to steer a course between the excessive optimism of the regional
tourism promotion bodies and the scepticism of some academic commentators (Klemm
1992: 179)”.

Tourism as a recent term is related to both international and national tourists. Sustainable
tourism and Accessible tourism. To explore the literature in this field, researcher has
examined research journals, books, websites, newspapers, Government reports, few
unpublished source of information viz. thesis, dissertation, and documents from respective
government departments. Most of the studies conducted on Eco tourism with its impact,
Sustainable Tourism, Adventure tourism, Medical Tourism, Market Surveys, Feasibility of
using Statistical tools in tourism research, Role of Tourism in Corporate Social
Responsibility, Case Studies and Evaluation of Tourism Development Schemes, Adventure
Tourism Through small improvement in tourism sector, the country can benefited by
generating foreign currency and employment opportunities and hence contributing to overall
progress of the nation’s financial system. Thus, tourism industry can became most
important source of revenue.

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Tourism as a latest term is used to domestic and international tourism both. It is known as
temporary movement of people from one place to another outside their normal place of
work and residence.They travel these destinations for the purpose of leisure. The flow of
tourist from one place to another depends on the attractiveness of one country for another
and business or cultural connections. Modern international tourism industry includes
travelers mostly for the purpose of leisure . Thus holiday and leisure based international
tours are more visible today. Mostly countries around the world are promoting their tourism
to achieve their economic and social targets . So, tourism in India has become an important
part of Indian economy that is contributing to sustainable development of the country. And
India has succeeded in becoming the most preferable place amongst domestic and
overseas traveler. Today tourism industry has become 3.5 lakh crore business in India .
India diverse culture exposes international tourists to travel India. The tourism sector has
significant role in providing foreign exchange and employment in India. So, the
development of tourism sector seems to be important for the development of other sectors
of the Indian economy . Punjab is the 16th largest state in India in terms of area and 15th in
terms of population. The word Punjab is compound of two persian words Panj ("Five") and
Aab ("Water") signifying the land of five rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej, Chinab, Jhelum and
Beas. However owing to the territorial divisions, following the partition of the country in
1947, only two of the five rivers referred to above the (Sutlej and Beas) now lie within the
boundaries of India in Punjab. Punjab has a recorded history beginning from the annexation
of Punjab and Sindh to the persianempire by Darius (c. 518 B.C). Many mughal emperors
rules over Punjab before the mughal entered the political scene in 1526. British rule took
over Punjab after a period of strong struggle by the Sikhs against the foreign domination.
When India at last attained independence in 1947, Punjab was split into two parts, the
larger portion became the part of Pakistan.

Tourism is one of the biggest and fastest growing sector in the global economy and has
significant environmental, cultural, social, economic effects, both positive and negative.
Tourism affects the environment of an area either directly or indirectly. The quality of the
environment both natural and manmade is essential to tourism. But tourism, if not properly
planned it can have destructive effects on biodiversity and pristine environment because
tourism and environment have a complex and interdependent relationship (Zamber.A.B
2013).

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The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy environmental
resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create
beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and
conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of the environmental values and it can serve as
a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.
Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) also known as, “Paradise on Earth” because of its unmatchable
scenic beauty, attractive landscapes, is among the most important tourist destinations of
the world. Sites located here are Vishnu Devi Temple, Raghunath Temple and Bahu Fort
which attract tourists from across the world.

Tourism means the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the
places where they normally live and work, as well as their activities during their stay at
these destinations (Raina 2003). Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or
business purposes, usually for a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with
international travel, but may also refer to travel to another place within the same country.

One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist Hermann
Von Schullardin 1910, who defined it as, "sum total of operators, mainly of an economic
nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and
outside a certain country, city or a region."

Professor Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead
to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."(Avinash.A).  In
1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term
movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work
and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all
purposes. The International Conference on Leisure –Recreation –Tourism held by AIEST
and tourism society in Cardiff, England, in the year 1981 defines tourism thus “ tourism may
be define in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the
home environment tourism may or may not involve overnight stay away from home.”

G.R. Cess ford and P.R.  Ding wall (1998) defines “tourism industry absolutely affects the
environment.  Its negative impact is very dangerous for the environment and the future
generation. In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary,

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short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live
and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for
all purposes." Shaw & Williams (2004) defined “that if tourism is well planned, developed
and managed in a socially responsible manner, it can bring several types of socio-cultural
benefits. “

In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for

at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in
1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.

According to the World Tourism Organisation(WTO); ‘’Tourism comprise the activities of

person travelling to and staying in the place outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure business and other purpose not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited ‘’(Christina.B.2012)

    In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on

Tourism Statistics:

· Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within
this country
· Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country
· Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country

 “Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions
while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to
management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can
be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity,essential ecological processes,biological
diversity,and life”support systems(p.30).“Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for
Policy Makers” by UNEP-UNWTO was a comprehensive policy document that described 12
aims of sustainable tourism development related to three “pillars” of sustainability:
economic, social and environmental.

(1) Economic sustainability :  which means generating prosperity at different levels of

society and addressing the cost effectiveness of all economic activity. Crucially, it is about
the viability of enterprises and activities and their ability to be maintained in the long term.

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(2) Social sustainability : which means respecting human rights and equal opportunities for
all in society. It requires an equitable distribution of benefits, with a focus on alleviating
poverty. There is an emphasis on local communities, maintaining and strengthening their
life support systems,recognizing and respecting different cultures and avoiding any form of
exploitation.

(3) Environmental sustainability : which means conserving and managing resources,

especially those that are not renewable or are precious in terms of life support. It requires
action to minimize pollution of air,land and water and to conserve  biological diversity and
natural heritage.

CONCEPT OF TOURISM: ‘Tour’ in English and French means a journey, a circular trip.
The 19th century Travel and Tourism Dictionary defines ‘Tourist’ as “a person who travels
for pleasure of travelling out of curiosity and because he has nothing better to do and even
for the joy of boasting about it afterwards” . According to Universal Dictionary, “The Tourist
is a person who makes journeys for the sake of curiosity, for the fun of travelling, or just to
tell others that he has travelled.

The League of Nations (1937) defines the term ‘Foreign Tourist as “Any person visiting a
country, other than that in which he usually resides for a period of at least 24 hours”3 . The
people that are to be considered tourists within this definition include

(a) Persons travelling for pleasure, for domestic reasons and health

(b) Persons travelling to meetings or in a representative capacity of any kind

(scientific, administrative, diplomatic, religious, athletic)

(c) Persons travelling for business purposes

(d) Persons arriving in the course of a sea cruise even when they stay for less than
24 hours and the categories of people that are not to be regarded as tourists include

As per the International Union of Travel Organization (IUOTO), now called as World
Tourism Organization (WTO), Tourist is a temporary visitor staying for at least 24 hours in a
country visited when the purpose of the journey can be classified under Leisure (recreation,
holiday, health, study of religion and sports) or Business (family and less than 6 months for
any non-immigrant purpose. This definition was adopted by many countries for the

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compilation of travel statistics. Conceptually, tourism arises from the movement of people
to, and their stay in, different destinations. It is composed of three basic elements as

(a) A dynamic element which involves travel to a selected destination or destinations

(b) A static element which involves the stay in the destination

(c) A consequential element resulting from the two preceding elements which is
concerned with the effect on the economic, physical and social subsystems with
which the tourist is directly or indirectly in contact.

 “According to Tourism Society in Britain, “Tourism is the temporary short-term movement

of people to destinations outside the place where they normally live and work and their
activities during the stay at their destinations, includes movement for all purposes, as well
as day visit or excursions”. All the above definitions of tourism bring out few distinct features
of Tourism as

(a) Involvement of a mobile population of travelers who are stranger to the place
they visit

(b) It is essentially a pleasure and recreational activity

Etymology” The word tourist was used in 1772 and tourism in 1811. It is formed from
[11] [12]

the word tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin
tornare; 'to turn on a lathe,' which is itself from Ancient Greek tornos (τόρνος); 'lathe' .

The word tourist was used in 1772 and tourism in 1811.William F. Theobald
(1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, word
'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; movement around a central
point or axis'. This meaning has changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The
suffix –ism is defined as 'an action or process; typical behaviour or quality', while the suffix,
–ist denotes 'one who performs a given action'. When the word tour and the suffixes –ism
and –ist are combined, they suggest the action of moving in a circle. Describing a circle
implies returning to one's starting point, so a tour is a round-trip journey, i.e. the act of
leaving and ultimately returning to the original starting point. Therefore, one who takes such
a journey can be called a tourist."

Data Sources:

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Secondary Sources: The present study is based on secondary sources. Information has
been collected from various official sources like Ministry of Tourism Government of India,
PUNJAB Tourism Development Corporation and Directorate of Tourism,Annual Economic
survey of PUNJAB, United Nations World Tourism Organisation, World Travel and Tourism
Council. In addition to this, data have also been collected from other reliable online sources
like articles, journals, view of scholar unpublished papers, text books of PUNJAB on tourism
and newspapers.

Field Observation:

Objective wise Methodology  

1. To analyse the tourist attractions and inflow of tourists in Talwandi Sabo.

To achieve this objective, secondary sources are used. The data is collected from
various websites and then tabulated using microsoft excel. The representation of
data in the form of figures and diagrams is done using microsoft excel.

2. To analyse the infrastructure facilities available in study area

     In this objective the empirical observation is carried on Talwandi Sabo. In

Talwandi Sabo there is well infrastructure facilities available for visitors especially the
accommodation of hotels.

Study Area and the Context

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE AREA: Talwandi Sabo block lies with in the Talwandi
Sabo tehsil of Bathinda district of Punjab. Administratively, the Bathinda district is divided in
eight community blocks namely, Bathinda, Bhagta Bhai Ka, Maur, Nathana, Phul, Rampura,
Sangat and Talwandi Sabo. The study area is bordered by Maur block in north, Bathinda
block in northwest, Sangat block in west; Jhunir block of Mansa district in east, Haryana
state in the south (Figure 1-2). Talwandi Sabo tehsil lies between the 29° 46’30” and 30°
10’05” N latitude and 74° 48’34” and 75° 17’08” E longitude and it comprises of Talwandi
Sabo block as whole and some villages of adjoin ing blocks. The Talwandi Sabo block
encompasses an area of about 540 sq. km. The area falls in the survey of India toposheets
no. 44 N/4, 44 0/1, 44 K/13 and a little area in 44 J/16. The block has forty eight villages
under its jurisdiction which are shown in map with hudbust number, names and
boundaries .

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SOURCE :https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/state/PBhttps://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/state/PB

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COMMUNICATION: Talwandi Sabo is a block headquarter and is connected with
Bathinda, Mansa, Maur, Sangat, and Rori of Haryana state by metalled roads. In fact, all
villages in the block have been connected with metalled roads. Five villages are situated on
main roads and rest forty two villages are well connected through link roads. The area is not
so well connected by rails as only one Bathinda-Rewari broad gauge railway line passes
through 3 villages situated in western side of the block. Three railway stations are there on
this broad gauge line. All villages have been provided telephone facilities by Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited. Now mobile services provided from different cellular companies
are also covering the whole block underjurisdiction of Punjab Telecom Circle.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES, DRAINAGE, AND IRRIGATION: The area is nearly level,

with imperceptible slopes, except for the sand dunes. The general gradient of the terrain is
from north east to south west. On the basis of the physiographic analysis of the aerial
photographs and satellite data, the area has been divided into three major physiographic
units’ viz., alluvial plain, sand dunes and basins. These are further subdivided based on
relevant photo elements such as tone, texture, pattern, slope and land use (Verma et al.,
1994). The alluvial plain is nearly level, intensively cultivated and mostly irrigated. It is
believed to be formed from the alluvial deposits of the ancient Satluj river. Sand dunes, the
remnants of fluviatile and Aeolian action occur as elongated stretches. These are two to
eight meters above general relief, their strike being parallel to the wind direction. Based on
the topography and height they have been divided into high and low dunes. The present
landscape is the result of combined effect of the localized reworking of the previously
existing sand dunes by Aeolian activity and mechanical shifting of sand by recent
agricultural practices. Basins are trough shape localized depressional areas having salinity
associated with water logging (Verma et al., 1994). The Talwandi Sabo Block does not
have any river flowing through its area. The area along the northern boundary of the block
is drained by ‘Lower Lissara Nala’. Jajjal canal is the major canal passing through the area.
Canal does not meet the total irrigation requirements of the area. Moreover, the
groundwater in most of the area is brackish. The area lacks in proper drainage system as
there is only one major drain in the area which can not drain out the excess water during
ramy season.

GEOLOGY AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS: Geologically, the study area is a part of

vast Indo-Gangetic alluvium of Quaternary period. The area is underlain by an alluvial
complex of fluviatile origin deposited by the ancestral tributaries ofthe Indus River System

10
which include the ancient Satluj River. The alluvial complex consists of principally
alternating beds of fine to medium sand, silt and clay. It is usually overlain by a thin layer of
unstratified loam with lenses of organic matter. Concretions and nodules of calcium
carbonate (kankar) occur and are associated with clays of the alluvium.

Groundwater mainly occurs in the alluvium comprising sand, silt, kankar and
gravel beds. At shallow depths (up to 30 m), groundwater occurs under unconfined
conditions, whereas at deeper levels beyond 50-60 m depth, confined/semi-confined
conditions prevail. Depth to water level in the area ranges between 8 and 10m below
ground level. Regional groundwater flow is from northeast to southwest direction (Kumar,
2006).Based upon lithologs of bore wells drilled by various agencies,regional aquifer
system of the area.

Behaviour of water levels has been studied for last 100 year (From 1905 to
2005) in the area by Singh and Kishore (2007). They observed that the water levels have
been continuously rising. They attributed rise of water levels to continuous recharge of
canal seepage and lack of groundwater withdrawal due to chemical quality constraints.
However, due to recent pumping by shallow tubewells, rising trend has been nearly
stabilized. Groundwater is currently drawn out by number of hand pumps up to 15-30 m and
shallow tubewells up to 50 m depth inspite of the fact that chemical quality of groundwater
is unfit or marginally fit for irrigation and drinking water purposes (Gill et al. 2005; Singh and
Kishore, 2007).

CLIMATE: The Western Himalayas in the north and the Thar Desert in the south and south
west mainly determine the climatic conditions. The climate ofthe Talwandi Sabo block is of
continental type, which is characterized by the extreme climatic conditions. The summer
season experiences extremely hot condition. The summer season extends from April to
June and the rainy season from later part of June to September. The onset of winters is
from the month of December to February. From October to June, generally dry conditions
prevail. According to the classification given by Thomthwaite (1948), the area falls in the
sub humid to sub arid climate.

RAINFALL: The periodic circulation of moist air masses from south east and north west
sectors decide the occurrence of two wet periods, each followed by a dry spell. The
precipitation in the area occurs mainly due to the southwest and northwest monsoon.

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POPULATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: The total population of the
Talwandi Sabo Block was 1,29400 persons as per 2001 census, in which 68700 were
males and 60700 were females. The block covers an area of 540 sq. km. Thus, the density
of the population is about 234 persons per sq. km. Population wise; Talwandi Sabo block
enjoys second rank in the Bathinda district after the Bathinda block. The entire population of
Talwandi Sabo spreads over in 48 villages and all villages come under inhabited village’s
category. Number of Panchayats is 48 and number of Panchayat-Ghars is 21 in block.
Literacy rate is 43.49 percent according to 2001 census. There were 48 primary, 13 middle,
and 18 senior secondary/ high schools in block during 2003-04 academic year. There were
8100 students & 29 teachers in primary sections-(I-V), 4500 students & 226 teachers in
Middle sections (VI-VIII), and 2200 students & 115 teachers in senior secondary/ high
sections (IX-XII) in block during 2003-04 academic year. From higher education perspective
Talwandi Sabo block has Post Graduate Regional Centre of Punjabi University, Patiala. It
also has Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic College, Mata Sahib Kaur Girls College, Guru
Gobind Singh College ofEngineering and Technology, and Yadvindra College
ofEngineering and Technology. There are thirteen dispensaries, three primary health
centres, one family planning centre, and one hospital taking care of human health in the
block. Also there are one MBBS doctor, two R.M.P doctors, fifty two Non-Approved
Practitioners, five Local Arthriticians, and forty four Dais in the block. The block has eleven
veterinary hospitals, and thirteen veterinary dispensaries well distributed to take care of
animals health in all the villages. Besides, there are 18 Post Offices, 21 Libraries/Reading
Rooms, 6 Sports Stadiums, 32 Cultural Centers & Stages, 3 Railway Stations, 2 Police
Station, 11 Banks, 15 47 Milk Collection Centers, and all the villages are under Drinking
Water Supply Scheme in the block.

History of Talwandi Sabo: After a protracted siege of Anandpur by his neighboring tyrant
rulers and elements of the Mughal army, Guru Gobind Singh ji with his mother and four
sons (Sahibzadae and a group of Sikhs, left Sri Anandpur Sahib in 1704 under a promise of
safe passage to Punjab. Attacked at the rain swollen Sarsa by their pursuers, the Sikh
columns were scattered, but the attackers lost many men and were forced to retreat. The
Guru's mother and the Younger sahibzadas were separated from the main party and took
refuge with a former servant of the Guru who turned out to be untrustworthy. Captured and
turned over to Wazir Khan they were martyred a few days later in Sirhind. The Guru, his
two oldest sons, and about forty Sikhs, including some of the Panj Piare took shelter

12
at Chamkaur. Only the Guru and a few of his valiant Sikhs were to escape the carnage that
ensued the next morning as the Sikhs were attacked by a much larger force. After leaving
Chamkaur, the Guru was under constant threat of capture, but a clever ruse allowed the
Guru and his companions, three Sikhs and two sympathetic Muslim brothers to elude their
pursuers. After traveling through, Maachhiwara, Deenagarh, Mukatsar Sahib, Lakhhi Jangal
and Pakka Pathrala, the Guru reached Talwandi Sabo in 1705.

The revered Guru stayed there for more than fifteen months. Here, Guru Ji wrote the
sacred bir of the Adi Granth, Sri Guru Granth Sahib which was penned by Bhai Mani
Singh ji who was later to become one Sikhi's most revered Martyrs. Before leaving to visit
Sikh Sangats in the Deccan, Guruji blessed Talwandi Sabo, as Guru Ki Kashi. Now known
better as Damdama Sahib after the Gurdwara became one of the four temporal Takhats of
the Sikh religion. Another great Shaheed (Martyr) of Sikhi, Baba Deep Singh ji was installed
as the the first Jathedar (head) of this temporal seat. He penned additional copies of the
Aad Sri Sahib and sent them to the other four temporal seats of the Sikh religion.

The auspicious occasion of Vaisakhi is being celebrated at this place with great enthusiasm
and devotion.

Bathinda is one of the oldest towns in the state of Punjab and has many historical
associations. There is an ancient "Fort" in Bathinda, which is believed to have been in
existence for the last 1800 year. It is believed that Rao Bhatti, son of Bal Band who became
ruler of Punjab in 336 Bikrami Sambat established the modern town of Bathinda in Lakhi
Jungle area in the third century and the city was captured from him by Sur Brars. Bala Rao
Bhatti inhabited the city in 965 AD naming it Bhatinda after his surname. The city also
remained the capital of Raja Jaipal. It was also called "Whatinda" and "Bitunda'' which
finally came to be known as Bathinda on authority of Survey of India to conform to the
phonetical expression locally pronounced. In the year of 1000 Mahmud Gazni besieged the
Bathinda Fort which fell in his way from North West to the rich Ganges Plains. Later
Mohammad Gori attacked and captured the Fort of Bathinda in 1189, but Prithavi Raj
Chauhan the ruler of this region managed to recover the possession of the fort thirteen
months later in 1191. The fort is also associated with the first woman ruler of India "Razia
Sultana" who ruled India during 1236-1240. Razia Sultana was imprisoned in the Fort in
1240. Tenth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh visited the town in 1705 on his way to
Talwandi Sabo (Damdama Sahib) after battles of Muktsar. Guru Ji stayed in the fort for

13
some days. With the formation of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on May 5,
Bathinda district came into existence on August 20, 1948. Its headquarters were originally
at Faridkot which were shifted to Bathinda in 1953.

Tourist place in Talwandi sabo:

Gurdwaras at Takht Sri Damdama Sahib

 Takht Sri Damdama Sahib

 Gurdwara Manji Sahib Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur
 Gurdwara Manji Sahib Padshahi Nauvin and Dasvin
 Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib
 Gurdwara Jandsar Sahib
 Gurdwara Mahallsar Sahib
 Gurdwara Sri Nanaksar Sahib
 Gurdwara Damdama Sahib Padshahi Dasvin
 Gurdwara Mata Sundar Kaur and Sahib Kaur ji
 Gurdwara Baba Bir Singh Baba Dhir Singh Ji
 Gurdwara Bunga Mastuana Sahib
 Bhora Saheed Baba Deep Singh JI
 Burj Baba Deep Singh ji
 Gurudwara Dag Sar Sahib

Universities/Colleges in Talwandi Sabo[edit]

 Akal University
 Guru Kashi Gurmat Institute
 Guru Kashi College of Sikh Studies
 Yadavindra College of Engineering, Punjabi University
 Guru Kashi University
 GGS Polytechnic College
 GGS College of Education
 GGS College of Nursing
 University School of Business Studies, Punjabi University Guru Kashi Campus

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 Mata Sahib Kaur ji Girls College
 Guru Kashi College (Established in year 1960)

Chapter 2

Review of Literature

A review of literature is a crucial part of any research work, the review gives the overview of
the given research. The present chapter reviews the various studies on the current theme
of the study. This chapter relates to the survey of literature. It reviews the important studies
relating to Tourism and Pilgrimage Tourism in India as well as Abroad. Moreover, reports of
important committees constituted by Ministry of Tourism Government of India have also
been reviewed in this chapter.

Batra and Kaur (1996) in their paper made an attempt to describe conflict between tourism
and environment with the help of environment audit approach. They highlighted that there
were two types of relationships between tourism and environment i.e. coexistence and
conflicting. Coexistence relationship presented harmony between tourism and environment.
However, conflicting relationship between tourism and environment caused huge problems
like visual pollution, sewage problem, water and air pollution, and lastly ecological problem.
They viewed that social costs in tourism industry were much more than any other type of
industries but these costs were not included in financial report of the tourism industry.

Boyd and Butler (1996) in their study highlighted eight factors i.e. accessibility, relationship
between eco-tourism and other resources, attraction, tourism infrastructure, skill and
knowledge, social interaction, degree of acceptance of impacts and type of management for
the development of eco-tourism opportunity spectrum (ECOS). Moreover, these eight
factors linked decision makers and stakeholders involved in ecotourism management. The
authors revealed that ecotourism was dependent upon the quality of the environment and
extra care was required by managers to minimize negative tourism impacts on
environment. The study concluded that eco-tourism development occured in more remote
areas of the world which required appropriate management and eco-tourism opportunity
spectrum (ECOS) was best fitted to it.

15
 Brohman (1996) in his study highlighted the main problems like increasing crime,
overcrowding, overloaded infrastructure, pollution and environmental degradation etc. faced
by the third world countries due to tourism. According to him the third world countries
enjoyed very fast growth rate of tourism at the cost of socio-economic and environmental
degradation. The author opined that the third world countries must adopt proper tourism
planning after consulting local people and tourism related investment and revenue should
be used for the benefit of local community. The study suggested that alternative tourism
strategies must be designed with the help of local people to reduce negative impacts and
increase positive effects of tourism during unfavourable circumstances. Buhalis (1998) in
his study viewed that strategic use of information technologies in tourism industry improved
its competitiveness. Further, it helped in boosting staff morale, managerial effectiveness,
productivity and profitability of tourism organizations. The study concluded that because of
ever increasing use of information technology in tourism sector, future success of tourism
organizations and destinations would be determined by a combination of innovative
management, marketing and strategic use of advanced information technology .

Madan and Rawat (2000) in their study evaluated the impact of tourism on the environment
of Mussoorie. It revealed that disorderly and scattered development of tourism
infrastructure due to increasing demand for lodges, hotels and other necessary basic
amenities lead to the environment degradation. The authors viewed that the tourism
industry in Mussoorie got its saturation point and there was a need to develop some nearby
places like Dhanolti and Park Estate for the development of tourism. Mehta and Arora
(2000) in this study appraised tourism promotion activities adopted by tourism ministry in
Punjab. The study highlighted that the share of advertisement expenditure to total
management expenses also decreased in the state. Further, published material of the state
tourism department was incomplete, unattractive and insufficient for foreign tourists. The
study recommended that the state government must adopt standardized form of media for
the promotion of tourism industry in Punjab. Mishra (2000) in his study evaluated the growth
and prospects of pilgrimage tourism in Brajmandal. He stated that among pilgrim sites,
Brajmandal was one of the highly recommended places to visit. The study revealed that
with the increased mobility of urban class, more and more people were coming for weekend
trips in Brajmandal area. The study also highlighted the main problems regarding poor
infrastructure, accommodation facilities, quality of food, shopping facilities, public
convenience, communication and cheating and misguiding etc. faced by pilgrims in

16
Brajmandal. The author suggested both operational measures like restructuring of tourism
related laws, need for systems approach in managing tourism development, interacting with
tourists in a healthy manner and supportive role of non-governmental organizations and
operative measures like strategy for tourism development, creation of Brajmandal
Development Board and creation of Brajmandal region on the line of Vatican City to
increase the tempo of pilgrimage tourism in Brajmandal.

Singh (2002) in his paper gave a brief overview of tourism policy in India. The author
highlighted that traditional tourism policies in India were neither elaborate nor appropriately
executed. Further, these policies were domestic tourism oriented rather than international
tourism oriented. The study concluded that India had huge potential to develop tourism but
the absence of appropriate process of policy formulation and implementation seemed to be
the main hurdle in tourism development.

Wichasin (2008) in his study illustrated the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism
with the help of Stupa worship. He highlighted that pilgrimage involved three essential steps
i.e. journey to the sacred sites, performance of ritual acts and lastly returning home with
sense of renewal. Further, tourism shared some similarity with the pilgrimage but also
included sightseeing, travelling and visiting different places. The author discussed the
model explaining the features of the pilgrims and provided two continuum namely
secularism-sacredness and tourism-pilgrimage.

Chadha and Singh (2008) in their study discussed the need and expectations of religious
tourists in Punjab. The study highlighted the difficulties of religious tourists pertaining to
transportation, accommodation, food, shopping and hospitality. The researchers found that
railways and air mode of transportation dominated all other forms of travel. They revealed
that most of the religious tourists liked to stay near religious places because of convenience
factor. It was also observed that problems like price discrimination in some products, lack of
parking space, and improper signboards required immediate attention. The study concluded
that combined approach by the Punjab Government and the State Tourism Department
must be adopted to identify tourist circuits and to develop tour packages to attract more
tourists to the state.

17
 Chapter 3

Development of tourism in Talwandi Sabo

Travel Guide to Talwandi Sabo:

By Air:, is the nearest airport.

By Rail: is the nearest railhead that is connected to other cities by.

By Road: A road drive of takes you to. Buses and taxies are operated on a
regular basis from and other major cities.

Gurdwaras at Takht Sri Damdama Sahib

 Takht Sri Damdama Sahib

18
Takht Sri Damdama Sahib (Talwandi Sabo) owes its importance to the literary work of Guru
Gobind Singh Ji completed here, during his stay in 1705.It was at Damdama Sahib that
Guru Gobind Singh prepared the revised and authentic version of the Adi Granth into the
final edition of Sri Guru Granth Sahib which is now being honored by the Sikhs as Sri Guru
Granth Sahib Ji, the Eternal Guru or spiritual guide to all Sikhs.Sri Guru Gobind Singh
stayed at Damdama Sahib for approximately a year and added to the original Sikh
scriptures prepared by Guru Arjan Sahib (which contained the teachings of all the previous
Sikh Guru's) and the verses of Guru Tegh Bahadur.The final edition of Sri Guru Granth
Sahib written at Damdama Sahib is also known as the 'Damdama Sahib Bir'. During Guru
Gobind Singh's stay a large number of new converts embraced Sikhi and joined the fold of
the Khalsa. Literally, 'Damdama' means a place to have a break and rest. Guru Gobind
Singh stayed here after fighting defensive battles against Mughal atrocities. Before his
arrival at Talwandi, two of the Guru's sons were bricked alive at Fatehgarh Sahib and two
laid down their lives at Chamkaur Sahib. After writing Zafarnama, Guru Gobind Singh
fought a successful battle at Muktsar and then moved towards Talwandi Sabo.After leaving
the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib and passing through Chamkur Sahib, Machiwara, Lakhi
Jungle and a number of other locations including a battle in Muktsar. Sri Guru Gobind Singh
arrived in Talwandi Sabo on an elevated piece of land. At the place that Guru Ji rested, the
location became famous as 'Damdama Sahib'. From Damdama Sahib, Guru Ji issued
orders (Hukamnama) for all Sikh's so was also known as a 'Takht' . Takht Sri Damdama
Sahib, adjoining the Darbar Sahib on the east, marks the site where Guru Gobind Singh
held his daily assemblies during his stay. The present building of the Takht Sri Damdama
Sahib, constructed during the 1970s under the supervision of Sant Seva Singh of Sri
Keshgarh, is a spacious high-ceilinged hall, with a pavilion, at either end. The Takht
(throne) proper is a 2 metre high square platform lined with white marble and marked off
with numerous columns in the southern part of the hail. This is the sanctum sanctorum on
which the Guru Granth Sahib is seated. After the evening service the Holy Granth is carried
to the old Manji Sahib in a procession of hymn-singing Sikhs.The interior of the sanctum is
decorated with reflecting glass pieces of varying colours set in geometrical and floral
designs. Over the sanctum, above the half roof, is a domed square room topped by a tall
gold-plated pinnacle and an umbrella-shaped finial, with a khanda at the apex. Octagonal
towers at the hall corners have also domed pavilions above them. All these domes are lined
with glazed tiles in white, light yellow and light blue colours.

19
 Gurdwara Manji Sahib Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur

Gurdwara Sri Manji Sahib Talwandi Sabo is also known as Gurdwara Manji Sahib Sri Guru
Tegh Bahadur Patshahi Nauvin and Gurdwara Darbar Sahib. This Gurdwara located next to
Takht Sri Damdama Sahib marks the site where Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji is believed to
have stayed.

 Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib

20
Gurdwara Sri Likhansar Sahib is a Historic Gurdwara situated in Talwandi Sabo in the
Bathinda district. The Gurdwara has been extended and is a square hall with a domed
sanctum within it. Gurdwara Sri Likhansar Sahib is located at the southeastern corner of the
sarovar. 'Likhansar' derives from two words 'Likhan' means writing and 'Sar' is sarovar or
holy pond, together 'Likhansar' interprets as the 'The Pool Of Writing'.In Talwandi Sabo
(Damdama Sahib) under Guru Gobond Singh's supervision, Bhai Mani Singh and Baba
Deep Singh made four copies of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. According to Bhai Koer
Singh, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, there used to be a pool of water here in the days of Guru
Gobind Singh, who sitting here, would have reed-pens for the writers made and then throw
them into the pool.

The following lines are present in Gurbilas Patshahi 10 related to this place:

This is the Kashi of the Guru, the school of learning.

It always waits on its toes for the wise.
Pilgrims bow their heads to the 35 Gurmukhi alphabet.
The light wells up from each letter with rare meanings.
Miracles happen all the time they are never history.
And the myth is transformed into truth.
In the windstorm of falsehood, it's darkness at noon.

21
Out of dust clouds appear the friendly faces.
All happens in the present moment of time.
In a scratch three centuries shrink into a second.
The Kalghidhar (Guru Gobind Singh) sits by the pond of Likhansar.
He dips the reed-pen in the ink divine then puts the first letter.
He sharpens the reeds and throws them in the pond.
They have holy dip praising the Lord.
The Satguru answers to congregation's bewilderment:
The reeds are the seeds of knowledge and contemplation.
For the Sikhs I sharpen the reeds and offer them to the water.
To reach generations of my Sikhs to come.
Deep Singh and Mani Singh's calligraphy is like pearls stringed.
How fortunate they are they trace the first word.
This pen is like khanda the double edged sword.
It cuts many ways it's hard to fathom its essence.
Bhai Mani Singh laid down his life mangled bone by bone.
and Deep Singh, they say, died holding his severed head on his left hand and the khanda in
the right.
In the congregation I stand with folded hands
With apprehension waiting for the gift of the pen.
A fire burns in my heart that I keep my promise.
I seek no deliverance save the love for the word.
With nervous hand I put the first letter on earth-paper.
I'll need many an incarnation to learn, unlearn and then learn again.

It was here that Bhai Mani Singh Ji who used a kalam/s to pen the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji
dictated by Guru Gobind Singh. Later the Guru Sahib threw all the ink and kalams (a reed
carved into a pen) into the Gurdwara's Sarovar and gave a blessing saying, 'whomsoever
shall write the thirty five words of the Gurmukhi here will be blessed with a sharp mind'.
Once, Chaudhary Dal Singh, the local chief of Talwandi Sabo, who long before had
converted to Sikhism, by taking charan Amrit but now took Amrit Pahul, entreated him to
explain why he ordered thousands of pens to be cut and thrown away.

22
To quote the Sakhi Pothi, Guru Gobind Singh said, "Thousands of Sikhs will study the holy
texts in this place and then pens will come into use. This is our Kashi (seat of learning);
those who study here will cast off their ignorance and rise to be authors, poets and
commentators." Gurdwara Sri Likhansar Sahib is where Sikhs would write the Punjabi
alphabet (Painti Gurmukhi). There used to be a sand pit in the Gurdwara in which mothers
made their young children write their first letter. Now it seems there is marble all over.

 Gurdwara Jandsar Sahib

Gurdwara Sri Jandsar Sahib Talwandi Sabo is 600 meters to the north of Takht Sri
Damdama Sahib. This Gurdwara marks the place referred to as 'Jandiana' in the old
chronicles. Here Guru Gobind Singh used to disburse largesse (gifts) to his warriors who
were fighting the war against the imperial mughals and hindu hill Rajas. The Gurdwara now
comprises a domed sanctum, with a small sarovar adjacent to it.Guru Gobind Singh tied his
horse to the Jand tree and together with the adjacent sarovar, the place became known as
'Jandsar Sahib'. 'Jand' - name of tree species, 'Sar' - referring to the sarovar or water. This
name was therefore chosen by Sikhs for this beautiful Gurdwara. According to local
tradition, the Jand tree (Prosopis spicigera) and the old well in the Gurdwara compound
have existed since before the time of the Guru Gobind Singh's visit. The present complex
replaced the old Gurdwara in 1985. The Gurdwara is maintained by the local community.

23
 Gurdwara Mahallsar Sahib

 Gurdwara Damdama Sahib Padshahi Dasvin

24
 Gurdwara Mata Sundar Kaur and Sahib Kaur ji

Gurdwara Sri Mata Sunder Kaur and Sahib Kaur ji Talwandi Sabo is situated at Talwandi
Sabo in the Bathinda district. Gurdwara Sri Mata Sunder Kaur Talwandi Sabo is located to
the rear of Takht Sri Damdama Sahib. After the Battle of Muktsar Sahib, Sri Guru Gobind
Singh Ji arrived in Talwandi Sabo via a number of villages in between. Afterwards, Mata
Sunder Kaur Ji (Mata Sundri), Mata Sahib Kaur Ji, Baba Deep Singh Ji and Bhai Mani
Singh Ji arrived in Talwandi Sabo from Delhi.

Mata Sundri asked where the Sahibzadey were. While looking at his Sikhs, Guru Gobind
Singh said:
In Putran Ke Sees Par, Vaar Diye Sut Char||
Char Muai Taan Kiya Bhaya, Jeewat Kayee Hazaar||

 Gurdwara Baba Bir Singh Baba Dhir Singh Ji

25
This Gurdwara is situated 100 meters from Takht Sri Damdama Sahib. According to Bhai
Santokh Singh, in Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth, the following incident occured here.

Chaudhary Dalla boasted about the loyalty and courage of his Jat soldiers to Guru Gobind
Singh. Guru Gobind Singh asked him to provide a couple of his men as targets so that he
could test the range and striking power of a new muzzle loading weapon. The strange
demand stunned Dalla and his men and none of them came forward.

Guru Gobind Singh called for any nearby Sikhs and the two Ranghreta Sikhs, who were at
that moment busy tying their turbans, came running, dastars in hand. The Sikhs, father and
son, were each trying to be in front of the other in order to be the first to face the bullet.
Dalla, astonished at the Sikhs spirit of sacrifice, was humbled.

 Gurdwara Bunga Mastuana Sahib

26
 Burj Baba Deep Singh ji

Gurdwara Burj Baba Deep Singh, a 20-metre high tower with a dome at the top adjoining
the north-east corner of the Takht Damdama Sahib, was constructed by Baba Deep Singh.
Baba Deep Singh Ji had been summoned to Damdama Sahib to work with Bhai Mani Singh
Ji preparing the final text of Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh Ji recited the entire
Granth Sahib to them while they wrote out the text.After the completion of Sri Guru Granth
Sahib, Baba Deep Singh Ji continued, for several years, to hand write four additional copies
of the holy scriptures. These four copies were dispersed, a copy each to: Sri Akal Takht

27
Sahib, Takht Sri Harmandir Sahib (Patna), Takht Sri Hazur Sahib and Takht Sri Keshgarh
Sahib. Later the learned scholar inscribed another copy of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib in
Arabic script which was sent to the middle east.

In 1706, before Guru Gobind Singh Ji traveled to the Deccan with Bahadur Shah, Guru
Ji placed Baba Deep Singh in charge of Damdama Sahib. He sent Bhai Mani Singh to head
the Sangat at Sri Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. Baba Deep Singh spent many years at
Damdama Sahib preaching Sikh values and teachings and doing service for the
community. He was always ready to serve those in need and to fight for justice. Baba Ji
also continued to write gutkas (books of hymns) distributing them to the Sikh community.
Baba Deep Singh remained at Talwandi after Guru Gobind Singh had left to resume his
travels. Baba Deep Singh is also credited with the sinking of the well which still supplies
drinking water to the complex.

Universities/Colleges in Talwandi Sabo

 Akal University

28
 Guru Kashi Gurmat Institute & Guru Kashi College of Sikh Studies

 Yadavindra College of Engineering, Punjabi University

29
 Guru Kashi University

 University School of Business Studies, Punjabi University Guru Kashi Campus

30
 Mata Sahib Kaur ji Girls College

 Guru Gobind Singh Collage

Chapter 4
31
 Status of Tourism in Talwandi Sabo

Tourism in Talwandi Sabo: A Scenario Analysis: Inappropriate and in efficient

management of municipal solid waste is  one of the root causes of degradation of
the hill town environment in  India. In absence of adequate capacity of the local
bodies, seasonal tourism further aggravates the situation. At national  level, various
policies and programs have been formulated from time to time for improving
sanitation services in urban India. But  most of such policies and programs
remained silent about the special character of the hill cities which demands
special attention to the problem of waste management. While  Talwandi Sabo is
already experiencing low capacity and resource base in providing adequate
solid waste management services to the citizens, tourism creates extra pressure
on  the system by contributing as high as 75 percent of the waste during peak
tourist season. It is observed that the households which provide accommodation to
tourists generate considerably higher  amount of waste. It is evident from the study
that such households receive better services too from the MCP, in terms of access
to secondary waste bins and collection of waste. Due to the undulating
terrain waste collection from isolated households residing on slopes is difficult.
MCP does not have adequate waste collection and transportation vehicles and on
top of it, during peak tourist season MCP is forced to provide  solid waste
management services beyond municipal limits. It is important to note that
hill towns like Talwandi Sabo deserves special attention for better
management of waste to create an attractive and sustainable tourist destination.

Fig 4.1.  Tourists visiting in Talwandi Sabo 2019

32
 

Source:

According to the above given fig. there is shown that most tourists belongs to Indian

and Sikhs. But that is not mean to that only Sikhs visit on this place, because on this

places foreign and Hindus, Muslims etc. But need to promote tourism in these places
by Punjab & Indian Govt. Tourists visit to celebrate religious festivals and for
blessing of holy monuments.

                

Chapter 5
33
 Tourism Promotion in Talwandi Sabo And Punjab

In tourism, promotion means careful planning of activities used to communicate products

and services viz. brochures, billboards, and newspaper advertisements etc. Potential
customers get information through promotion that positively influences what they think of a
product and convinces them to use its services. Effective tourism promotion requires high
levels of skill to respond to increasingly sophisticated market needs. By considering the
significance of tourism, both the Central and the State governments initiates various
policies to encourage people’s participation in tourism development including Panchayati
Raj Institutions, local bodies, cooperatives, non-governmental organizations and
enterprising local youth to create public awareness and to achieve a wider spread of tourist
facilities. However, attention will be focused on the integrated development of identified
centres. Further the government provides linkages and synergies in the policies and
programs of all concerned departments/agencies by establishing effective co-ordination
mechanisms at Central, State and District levels. The focus of national policy is to develop
tourism as a common endeavour of all the agencies vitally concerned with it at the Central
and State levels, the public sector undertakings and the private sector.

Objectives of Tourism Promotion: The objectives of tourism promotion are to foster

understanding between people, to create employment opportunities and bring about socio-
economic benefits to the community, particularly in the interior and remote areas and to
strive towards balanced and sustainable development and preserve, enrich and promote
India’s cultural heritage. One of the major objectives is the preservation and protection of
natural resources and environment to achieve The Role of District Tourism Promotion
Councils in the Promotion of Tourism in Kerala 96 sustainable development. Tourism
development of a nation depends on the following factors.

(i) Safety and Security: The safety and security of tourists are of primary
importance both from the point of view of tourism development and the national
pride. It will be, therefore, given high priority in the national strategy for tourism
development. Central government will take up with the State government to enact
suitable legislation on travel trade/tourist police for protection and security of
tourists and for providing institutional mechanism to deal with complaints received
from tourists and the industry so as to create a better security perception
amongst actual and potential visitors.

34
(ii) Facilitation Services: Tourists have to pass through several government
agencies so as to meet the requirements under various laws. These include
obtaining visas, undergoing immigration checks, obtaining permits to visit certain
areas, payment of fees for certain facilities etc. The endeavour of the government
would be to improve efficiency in providing such facilitation services and make
travel to and within India a pleasant experience. Introduction of issue of visa on
arrival at least for 15 days at all the airports, computerization of the system of
issue of visa, streamlining of luggage handling system at airports, improving
tourist facilitation services at the airports by adopting technological solutions are
some of the important facilitation services in this regard.

(iii) Conservation and Development: Tourism development needs to be properly

guided and regulated to avoid adverse impact on the natural environment and
cultural heritage which constitute the tourist attraction. A judicious balance needs
to be maintained between conservation and development. Government will
continue its policy of trying to maintain balance through planning restrictions and
by educating the The Role of District Tourism Promotion Councils in the
Promotion of Tourism in Kerala 97 people in appreciating their rich heritage and
by eliciting their co-operation in preserving and protecting it.

(iv) International Co-operation: Tourism is a global industry requiring inputs from

various international agencies and collaborations with other countries. The policy
of the government therefore will be to foster positive win – win partnership with all
international agencies and other countries.

(v) Professional Excellence: Tourism being a service industry it is necessary to

enhance its service efficiency. The tourism policy will strive towards excellence
by introducing professionalism through training and re-training of human
resources and providing memorable visitor experience to both domestic and
international tourists.

The Role of Agencies in the Promotion of Tourism:

The government, private sector, voluntary agencies and public-private

partnerships are largely engaged in the promotion of tourism by performing
varying roles. The Role of Government Tourism is a multi-sectoral activity and the

35
industry is affected by many other sectors of the national economy. The State
has to, therefore, ensure intergovernmental linkages and co-ordination. It also
has to play a pivotal role in tourism management and promotion. The specific role
of the government includes:

(i) Provide basic infrastructural facilities including local planning and zoning
arrangements.

(ii) Plan tourism development as a part of the over all area development
strategy.

(iii) Create nucleus infrastructure in the initial stages of development to

demonstrate the potential of the area. The Role of District Tourism
Promotion Councils in the Promotion of Tourism in Kerala 98

(iv) Provide the required support facilities and incentives to both domestic and
foreign investors to encourage private investment in the tourism sector.

(v) Rationalize taxation and land policies in the tourism sector in all the States
and Union Territories and in respect of the land owned by government
agencies like railways.

(vi) Introduce regulatory measures to ensure social, cultural and

environmental sustainability as well as safety and security of tourists.

(vii) Ensure that the type and scale of tourism development is compatible with
the environment and socio-cultural environment of the area.

(viii) Ensure that the local community is fully involved and the benefits of
tourism accrue to them.

(ix) Facilitate availability of trained manpower particularly from amongst

the local population jointly with the industry.

(x) Undertake research, prepare master plans, and facilitate formulation of

marketing strategies.

(xi) Initiate specific measures to ensure safety and security of tourists and
efficient facilitation services.

(xii)Facilitate the growth of a dynamic tourism sector.

The Role of Private Sector

36
Tourism has emerged as the largest export industry globally and all over the
globe private sector has played the lead role in this growth. The private sector
has to consider investment in tourism from a long term perspective and create
the required facilities including accommodation, time share, restaurants,
entertainment facilities, shopping complexes etc. in areas identified for tourism
development. Non-core activities in all airports, major stations and interstate bus
terminus such as cleanliness and maintenance, luggage transportation, vehicles
parking facilities etc. should be opened up to private operators to increase
efficiency and profitability. The specific role of the private sector includes:

(i) Build and manage the required tourist facilities in all places of tourist
interest. The Role of District Tourism Promotion Councils in the Promotion
of Tourism in Kerala 99

(ii) Assume collective responsibility for laying down industry standards, ethics
and fair practices.

(iii) Ensure preservation and protection of tourist attractions and give lead in
green practices.

(iv) Sponsor maintenance of monuments, museums and parks and provision

of public conveniences and facilities.

(v) Involve the local community in tourism projects and ensure that the
benefits of tourism accrue to them in right measure.

(vi) (vi) Undertake industry training and man-power development to achieve

excellence in quality of services.

(vii) Participate in the preparation of investment guidelines and marketing

strategies and assist in database creation and research.

(viii) Facilitate safety and security of tourists

(ix) Endeavour to promote tourism on a sustained and long-term perspective.

(x) Collaborate with government in the promotion and marketing of

destinations.

The Role of Voluntary Agencies: Voluntary agencies and volunteers have to

contribute their expertise and understanding of local ethos to supplement the

37
efforts of other sectors to provide the human touch to tourism and foster local
initiatives.

Public - Private Partnership: Today, the role of private sector in the

development of tourism is being recognized and private participation in
development of tourism is being planned wherever feasible. Thus, a constructive
and mutually beneficial partnership between the public and the private sectors
through all feasible means is an absolute necessity for the sustained growth of
tourism. It is, therefore, the policy of the government to encourage emergence of
such a partnership. This will be achieved by creating a Tourism Development
Authority consisting of senior officials of the government and tourism experts and
professionals from the private sector.

Chapter 6

Impact & effects of tourism in Talwandi Sabo

38
 Impacts Of Tourism: Different groups are often concerned about different tourism
impacts. To generalize, where one group embraces the economic impacts of tourism,
another group experiences social and cultural impacts, while another is affected by tourism
environmental impacts. The impacts of tourism can be sorted into seven general
categories:

1. Economic 2. Environmental 3. Social and cultural 4. Crowding and congestion 5.

Services 6. Taxes 7. Community attitude

1.Economic: Tourism increases employment opportunities. Additional jobs, ranging from

low-wage entry-level to high-paying professional positions in management and technical
fields generate income and raise standards of living. Tourism often induces improvements
in public utilities such as water, sewer, sidewalks, lighting, parking, public restrooms, litter
control, and landscaping. Such improvements benefit tourists and residents alike. Likewise,
tourism encourages improvements in transport infrastructure resulting in upgraded roads,
airports, public transportation, and non-traditional transportation (e.g., trails). Tourism
encourages new elements to join the retail mix, increasing opportunities for shopping and
adding healthy competitiveness. It often increases a community's tax revenues. Lodging
and sales taxes most notably increase but additional tax revenues include air travel and
other transportation taxes, business taxes, and fuel taxes. New jobs generate more income
tax revenues.

fig.5.1 Economy also effects tourism

   source. http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

39
 When considering the economic impacts of tourism, it is essential to understand that
tourism businesses often include a significant number of low-paying jobs, often at minimum
wage or less. These jobs are often seasonal, causing under-employment or unemployment
during off-seasons. Labour may be imported, rather than hired locally, especially if
particular skills or expertise is required, or if local labour is unavailable.

2.Environmental  : Areas with high-value natural resources, like oceans, lakes, waterfalls,
mountains, unique flora and fauna, and great scenic beauty attract tourists and new
residents (in-migrants) who seek emotional and spiritual connections with nature. Because
these people value nature, selected natural environments are preserved, protected, and
kept from further ecological decline. Lands that could be developed can generate income
by accommodating the recreational activities of visitors. Tourist income often makes it
possible to preserve and restore historic buildings and monuments. Improvements in the
area’s appearance through.

fig.5.2 Natural environment effects tourism

source : http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

  cleanup or repairs and the addition of public art such as murals, water fountains, and
monuments (part of making a community ready for tourism) benefit visitors and residents
alike. Tourism is generally considered a "clean" industry, one that is based on hotels,
restaurants, shops and attractions, instead of factories.

40
Tourism can also degrade an environment. Visitors generate waste and pollution (air,
water, solid waste, noise, and visual). Natural resource attractions can be jeopardized
through improper uses or overuse.The destruction or loss of flora and fauna can happen
when desirable plants and animals are collected for sale or the land is trampled. Tourists or
the businesses that cater to them often remove plants, animals, rocks, fossils, coral, and
cultural or historical artifacts from an area. Uncontrolled visitation or overuse by visitors can
degrade landscapes, historic sites, and monuments. Where water is scarce, tourists can
overwhelm the available supply.

3.Social and Cultural : The social and cultural ramifications of tourism warrant
careful consideration, as impacts can either become assets or detriments to
communities. Influxes of tourists bring diverse values to the community and influence
behaviors and family life. Individuals and the collective community might try to please
tourists or adopt tourist behaviors

Fig.5.3 effect of social and cultural factors affecting tourism

source:http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

Interactions between residents and tourists can impact creative expression by providing
new opportunities (positive) or by stifling individuality with new restrictions (negative).
Increased tourism can push a community to adopt a different moral conduct such as
improved understanding between sexes (positive) or increased illicit drug use (negative).
Safety and health facilities and staffing tend to increase at the same time safety problems
such as crime and accidents increase. By learning more about others, their differences
become less threatening and more interesting. At the same time, tourism often promotes

41
higher levels of psychological satisfaction from opportunities created by tourism
development and through interactions with travelers.

4.Crowding and Congestion : People congregate in attractive places. Tourism often

develops around specific locations and concentrates there, providing growth yet avoiding
sprawl. Historic buildings and grounds, which might otherwise slowly deteriorate, have great
appeal for tourism development and can often be renovated to suit the industry.

fig.5.4 land use system

source.http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

As people congregate, congestion and crowding produces stress, annoyance, anger,

and other negative attitudes. Hordes of visitors may impede local businesses,
prevent residents from accomplishing normal activities, and compete for space.
Tourism construction, especially hotels, may be inappropriate in scale and style with
respect to other structures and the landscape. In some areas, recreational second
homes and condominium developments create major crowding and congestion
problems.

     5.Services

Tourism creates opportunities to develop new amenities and recreation facilities that
would not otherwise be viable in a community. Tourist expectations can upgrade
service by local shops, restaurants, and other commerce operators. Tourist traffic in
a community creates an opportunity for

upgraded fire, police, and medical protection that also benefits residents.

42
 fig.5.5 Infrastructural facilities

source.http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

Traditional services may be forced out or relocated due to competition with tourist interests.
Supply shortages may occur, temporarily, seasonally, or chronically. Water , power , fuel,
and other shortages may be experienced with increased pressure on the infrastructure.

6.Taxes:  Increased retail activity from restaurants and tourist shopping will add state and
local sales tax revenue. Lodging tax revenue to the city (or state) should increase since
travelers account for virtually all lodging  tax receipts.

fig.5.6 taxes influencing tourism

source.http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

43
Increased tax burdens to expand infrastructure and public services will be passed on to
property owners through increased property taxes.

7.Community Attitude Visitor interest and satisfaction in the community is a source of

local pride. Seeing visitor interest makes local residents more appreciative of local
resources that are often taken for granted.  As tourism develops, local residents will enjoy
more facilities and a greater range of choices. Tourism activities and events tend to make
living in a place more interesting and exciting.

fig.5.7  community Attitude factors

Source.http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

However , heightened tension and community divisiveness can occur over tourism
development, pitting tourism supporters against non-supporters. Also, tension
between residents and tourists can occur. People will often feel stressed over the
new, increasingly hectic community and personal pace of life. They may claim the
result is no better than before or perhaps even worse. Where culture is part of the
tourist attractions, over-amplification of cultural traits and creation of "new" cultural
traits to satisfy tourist tastes may create a phony culture. Residents may experience
a sense of exclusion and alienation over planning and development concerns. They
may feel a loss of control over the community's future as "outsiders" take over
establishments and new development.

          Effects of tourism  :

A. Tourism Conflicts:

44
 Different groups are often concerned about different tourism impacts. To generalize,
where one group embraces the economic impacts of tourism, another group
experiences social and cultural impacts , while another is affected by tourism’s
environmental impacts. In theory, the interests of each group could be completely
separate, as in Figure 1a. For example, Group A could include the business
community and people who are in need of the jobs offered by tourism. Group B
might include residents who feel displaced by an influx of visitors. Group C could be
local outdoor enthusiasts concerned about changes in natural resources. In such a
case, each group would have completely different outlooks on tourism. Ideally, all
groups could be positively affected and would support the community’s tourism
efforts. However, when group interests are divergent, differing perspectives can
make consensus on tourism development difficult .

Tourist factor :

fig 22. tourist influencing factors

source:http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/

Number and type of visitors Numbers: small numbers of tourists are often relatively
unobtrusive and may be a curiosity or an interesting diversion for community residents. As
visitor numbers increase and they become commonplace, locals may ignore them. When
the number of visitors reaches a point that residents feel a sense of displacement,
obstruction, loss of community, or safety threat, resentment and resistance may result.
Demographics: family status, age, education, profession, etc., influence the actions and

45
activities of tourists and their local visibility,regional driving destinations, i.e., tourist
spending is maximized, but the pace can be hectic. Tourists who stay longer have wider
range of needs and may spread the direct economic impact more broadly in the community.
Seasonal visitors (1-6 months) may take more interest in non-tourism community matters.
Annual events can create a large economic impact in a short period.

Mass arrivals and departures :How and when people arrive (passenger ship, opening of
festival) and depart influences traffic congestion and the availability of attractions and
services to tourists. Smaller lodgings and restaurants can’t accommodate large
groups.Transportation options and availability may limit the choice of attractions and
services.

Links to community residents

Reduced economic impact when staying with friends or relatives. Better understanding of
community values. High potential for repeat visitation.

Ethnic/racial characteristics

When the tourist population differs greatly in ethnic or racial origin or economic status from
the local population, more consideration of resident concerns is needed to reduce the
potential for resentment, social conflict, and crime. Careful planning and ongoing education
can reduce points of conflict.

Economic characteristics

Influences spending choices. Higher incomes may give tourists greater access to
environment and have higher negative impact on the environment.

Activities selected

Educational, cultural, and historical tourism   often has lower social and environmental
impact. Recreational activities may have a greater impact on the environment.
Entertainment activities may conflict with the social values of local residents.

Ability to speak local language/accents Perceived as making more meaningful

connections with local people and culture.

"Demonstration effect" of tourists Local residents copying behaviors of tourists can add
new dimensions to local culture but sometimes the behavior is not appropriate to local

46
values. Locals copying negative behavior of vacationers (excessive drinking, inappropriate
dress, casual sex, etc.) create social problems.

Diversification of the economy Economic diversity helps reduce the influence of negative
impacts to the host community. If tourism has a poor year, other economic activities may
offset the impact and vice versa.

Degree of local involvement in tourism and attitudes of tourism leaders

Local involvement helps align tourism with the attitudes of the rest of the community. Local
ownership and management of tourism businesses keep profits from leaving the
community. In most cases, if tourism businesses are cooperative in responding to residents'
concerns, the industry will have strong local support.

Viability of the host culture A strong and active local culture combats tourism's tendency
to change a community. Active programs to educate tourists in local cultural practices
(especially public taboos) help reduce conflicts. Pride in culture influences tourists to honor
local customs and adhere to cultural restrictions.

Pace of tourism development Slower development provides time for residents and
leaders to reassess tourism growth and make changes that better serve the community.
Rapid development can strain a community’s infrastructure and lead to serious resident
dissatisfaction. Negative environmental impacts are also more likely.

Public transportation options Availability of local public transportation (bus, trolley, cab,
shuttle, train) and alternative transportation corridors (bicycle, pedestrian) can reduce auto
congestion. Poor access can make facilities inaccessible for motor coach or public transit.

47
Chapter 7

Recommendation

48
 Chapter 8

Conclusion

Although Punjab is gifted with a wealth of lots of amazing tourists’ places that can get the
attention of foreign tourists. But Punjab Tourism needs more development and high level of
infrastructure for gaining the attention of foreign tourists and local tourists as well. Thus, the
Punjab government should scrutinize the strengths and weakness of Punjab tourism
industry and should search for the upcoming opportunities. Also, Punjab tourism needs
more promotion to sell their tourist destinations worldwide. It will supply more revenue to
Punjab economy.

Talwandi Sabo and its surroundings need a comprehensive

planning for tourism development. Both urban renewal and urban sprawl may be the
execution part of such planning. The new tourist centre township plan matches with the
concept of urban sprawl while by renewal, additional tourist facilities are to be added
without hampering the urban fabric of this historical city. The Indian tourism and hospitality
industry has recently emerged as one of the key driver of growth among the services sector
in the country. Tourism in India is also a potentially large employment generator besides
being a significant source of foreign exchange for the country. The Government of India has
realised the country’s potential in the tourism industry and has taken several steps to make
India a global tourism hub. Thus, we have made an empirical analysis of the trend and
progress of tourism industry in India over a period spanning from 1995 to 2015 and found
an increasing pattern of trend for all important tourism variables except for the contribution
travel and tourism to employment. On the basis of this finding we can say that the role of
the government in tourism development has become one of catalyst. Therefore, much has
been achieved by way of increasing air seat capacity, increasing trains and railway
connectivity to important tourist destinations, four-laning of roads connecting important
tourist centers and increasing availability of accommodation by adding heritage hotels to
the hotel industry and encouraging paying guest accommodation. However, there remain
many miles to go. Thus, it is suggested that the Central and State governments, private

49
sector and voluntary organizations should actively and jointly participate in the effort to
attain sustainable growth in tourism in India. This would certainly make our tourism sector a
vibrant one in the world level.One of the objectives of such planning is the enrichment of
cultural landscape on sustainable basis. Tourism research worked out on various areas
like village tourism, eco-tourism. sea tourism, medical tourism, and cruise tourism, with its
potential as well as threats and challenges. Review provide the scope for further research
like to determine the gap in between planning and implementation of tourism efforts,
infrastructure development with tourism development, promotion and tourist arrival etc.
Analysis the effectiveness of marketing strategy for the growth of tourism industry, financial
management for the growth of tourism, effect of projection on significant stakeholders and
vice versa, including government, non-government, commercial, local population, lobbyists
etc. Effective tourism policy to make prosper exclusively local community. To understand
the effectiveness of tourism products to large tourist. To explore new destinations, to check
role of government in promotion of tourism. However, there are various · Dues plaguing the
industry. One of them is the lack of professional marketing and co-ordination amongst nodal
ministries. The extent of Political influence in tourism development.

Physical, socio-cultural factors responsiveness for the growth of tourism. Extent of

Potential workouts in the employment in state/district from tourism. · 1any studies have
although taken at macro view of tourism scenario. Researcher found number of themes that
need attention on the magnitude of tourism development. Not a single study has been
probe into the depth of psychographic data of tourists and stakeholders. Definitely, this
review give compass to numerous studies that can be probe at micro level. However, for
any micro study there has to be back up of generous macro study as well. This review is a
generous effort towards it. Tourism may be used as a weapon in case of Talwandi Sabo in
restoring the glories of its past by making heritage and culture as the partners in the
development process instead of viewing it as a challenge for the infrastructure and cultural
identity.

The Takht Sri Damdama Sahib is the place of worship for the Sikhs and it is
essential to save the city of Talwandi Sabo from unnecessary crowding so that the Sikhs
feel disturbed in performing their religious duties .A systematic planning assessing the
environment, economy and society is essential to assure the people-centric development
utilizing its resource base on a sustainable basis.

50
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