2592. intervene [,intə'vi:n] v.

in inter- +-ven- +-e

93. advance [əd'vɑ:ns, əd'væns] n. vi. vt. ad- +-vanc-=-vent- +-e

94. advanced [əd'vɑ:nst, -'vænst] adj.

95. advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.

98. adverb ['ædvə:b] n. adj. ad- +verb

5254. verb [və:b] n.

5446. word [wə:d] n.

5255. verbal ['və:bəl] adj.

2623. irony ['aiərəni] n. iron=word + -y

4232. sarcastic [sɑ:'kæztik] adj. sarcasm sarc=scar +-asm

Are you being sarcastic?

E13· adverse advice

99. adverse ['ædvə:s, əd'və:s] adj. ad- +-vers- +e

So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effects.

100. advertise ['ædvətaiz] vt. …… vi. ad- +-vert- + -ise

1 We advertised our car in the local newspaper.

2 We are currently advertising for a new sales manager.

5262. versus ['və:səs] prep. vs. …… …… ……

It is France versus Brazil in the final.

208. anniversary [,æni'və:səri] n. -ann- +-i-+-vers- + -ary

211. annual ['ænjuəl] adj. n.

an annual meeting/event/report / /

1081. convert [kən'və:t] v. con- +-vert-

1 What's the formula for converting pounds into kilograms?

2 He converted to Buddhism when he got married.
3 What rate will I get if I convert my dollars into euros?

1080. conversion [kən'və:ʃən] n.

1 Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity.
2 He used to be very right-wing, but he's undergone something of a conversion recently.

1079. conversely ['kɒnvɜːslɪ] adv.

You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.

1078. conversation [,kɔnvə'seiʃən] n.

357. avert [ə'və:t] v. a-=ab- +-vert-

1 to avert a crisis/conflict/strike / /
2 I averted my eyes while he dressed.
63
1447. divert [dai'və:t, di-] vt. di-=dis-

1 Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is resurfaced.

2 The war has diverted attention from the country's economic problems.

1445. diverse [dai'və:s, di-] adj.

people from diverse cultures

1446. diversion [dai'və:ʃən, di-] n.

Reading is a pleasant diversion.

1452. divorce [di'vɔ:s] v.&n.

1 If I were you, I would divorce him.

2 The news of her divorce passed from person to person.

2613. invert [in'və:t] v. in-

1 Invert the bowl onto a plate.

2 The number 9 looks like an inverted 6. 9 6

2612. inverse [in’və:s; 'invə:s] adj. n.

A person's wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness (= the more money they have, the less happy they are).

4127. reverse [ri'və:s] n. v. re-

1 Whatever official news broadcasts claimed, he believed the reverse.

2 Writing is reversed in a mirror.
3 She reversed the car into the parking space.

5259. versatile ['və:sətail] adj. -vers- + -atile

He is a very versatile actor.

5261. version ['və:ʃən] n.

1 The English version of the novel is due for publication next year.
2 She gave us her version of what had happened that day.

5260. verse [və:s] n.

Most of the play is written in verse, but some of it is in prose.

3636. poem ['pəuim] n. pile

3637. poet ['pəuit] n.

3638. poetry ['pəuitri] n.

3821. prose [prəuz] n. adj. pro- +-(ver)se

5462. wrap [ræp] v. n. -vers-

1 He spent the evening wrapping up the Christmas presents.

2 a beach wrap

1341. develop [di'veləp] v. de-=dis- +-velop-=wrap

1 It became clear that he wasn't developing like all the other little boys.
2 I had the film developed yesterday.

1667. envelope ['envələup] n. en- +-velop- +e

5452. worm [wə:m] n.

5463. wreath [ri:θ] n.

The president ended his visit by laying a wreath at the war memorial.

5465. wrench [rentʃ] v. n.

1 The bag was wrenched from her grasp.

64
 2 His hands were tied but he managed to wrench himself free.
3 He wrenched his angle during the game.
4 an adjustable wrench
5 She found leaving home a real wrench.

5467. wrinkle ['riŋkl] n. v.

1 anti-wrinkle creams
2 Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.

5468. wrist [rist] n.

5471. wrong [rɔŋ, rɔ:ŋ] adj. adv. n. v.

She felt deeply wronged by his accusations.

101. advice [əd'vais] n. ad- +-vic-=-vis- +e

103. advise [əd'vaiz] vt.

102. advisable [əd'vaizəbl] adj.

It's advisable to book seats at least a week in advance.

5142. TV n. television

5293. vision ['viʒən] n.

1 Cats have good night vision.

2 a person of great artistic vision
3 Johnny was late home and, as usual, I had visions of him lying dead in some alley.

5292. visible ['vizəbl] adj.

The writing on the tombstone was barely visible.

2617. invisible [in'vizəbl] adj.

The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar.

5296. visual [ˈvɪʒuəl] adj.

visual effect

5294. visit ['vizit] n. v.

5295. visitor ['vizitə] n.

5291. visa ['vi:zə] n. vt.

1669. envisage [in'vizidʒ] v. en- +-vis-=face look +-age look in the face of

1 It's hard to envisage how it might happen. imagine

2 We should envisage the crisis, analyse the reasons and take useful measures.

4129. revise [ri'vaiz] v. re- +-vis- +-e

His publishers made him revise his manuscript three times. 3

4798. supervise ['sju:pəvaiz] v. super-

1 You are welcome to visit our factory and supervise the materials.
2 The children play while two teachers supervise.

5276. video ['vidiəu] n. adj. vid=-vis- audio

1718. evidence ['evidəns] n. e- +-vid- + -ence

The police have found no evidence of a terrorist link with the murder.

1719. evident ['evidənt] adj.

Her love for him was evident in all that she did.

65
3834. provide [prə'vaid] v. pro- +-vid- +-e

1 This booklet provides useful information about local services.

2 The law provides for the detention of suspected terrorists for up to seven days.

3835. provided [prəˈvaɪdɪd] conj.

We'll buy everything you produce, provided of course the price is right.

3837. provision [prə'viʒən] n. pl.

1 The provision of good public transport will be essential for developing the area.

2 provisions for the journey

3839. prudent ['pru:dənt] adj. pru-=pro- +-ud-=-vid- + -ent

It's always prudent to read a contract carefully before signing it. /

5277. view [vju:] n. vt.

1 The view from the top of the tower is magnificent.

2 In my view, her criticisms were completely justified.
3 When the car was first built, the design was viewed as highly original.

4257. scene [si:n] n. shade

The movie opens with a scene in a New York apartment.

4258. scenery ['si:nəri] n.

They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the scenery.

5278. viewpoint ['vju:pɔint] n.

2593. interview ['intəvju:] v.&n. inter-

1 an exclusive interview
2 job interview

4128. review [ri'vju:] v. n.

1 Let's review what has happened so far.

2 good/bad/mixed reviews in the national press / /

1670. envy ['envi] v.&n. en-=in +vy=-vis- evil eye

1 I envy her ability to talk to people she's never met before.

2 They looked with envy at her latest purchase.

2642. jealous ['dʒeləs] adj. of jeal=keen=zeal +-ous

1 Anna says she feels jealous every time another woman looks at her boyfriend.

2 They are very jealous of their good reputation.

5490. zeal [zi:l] n.

the zeal for teaching

4818. survey [ˈsəːveɪ; sə:’vei] v.&n. sur-=super- +vey=-vis-

1 to conduct/carry out a survey

2 We surveyed the damage caused by the fire.
3 a geological survey

2203. guide [ɡaid] n. v. guid=-vid-

1 We hired a guide to take us into the mountains.

2 She guided us through the busy streets to the cathedral.

2202. guidance ['ɡaidəns] n.

I've always looked to my father for guidance in these matters.

66
1412. disguise [dis'ɡaiz] n.&v. dis- +guise=-vis-

1 He disguised himself by wearing a false beard.

2 She wore glasses and a wig as a disguise.

2947. mask [mɑ:sk, mæsk] n. v.

1 The kids were all wearing animal masks.

2 She masked her anger with a smile.

5438. witness ['witnis] n. v. -wit- + -ness

1 According to (eye) witnesses, the robbery was carried out by two teenage boys.

2 Did anyone witness the attack?

5430. wit [wit] n.

A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

5428. wise [waiz] adj.

5427. wisdom ['wizdəm] n.

844. clever ['klevə] adj. cliff

1 Judy has never been very clever, but she tries hard.
2 My mother is very clever with her hands.

4487. smart [smɑ:t] adj. v.

1 Why don't you fix it if you're so smart?

2 Guy looks very smart in his new suit, doesn't he?
3 My eyes were smarting from the onions.

1186. cunning ['kʌniŋ] adj.&n. cun=know

He's a very cunning man.

4485. sly [slai] adj.

a sly smile

4399. shrewd [ʃru:d] adj. shrew qú jīng share

shǔ

1 a shrewd businessman
2 She is a shrewd judge of character.

99. adverse ['ædvə:s, əd'və:s] adj. ad- +-vers- +e

100. advertise ['ædvətaiz] vt. …… vi. ad- +-vert- + -ise

5262. versus ['və:səs] prep. vs. …… …… ……

208. anniversary [,æni'və:səri] n. -ann- +-i-+-vers- + -ary

211. annual ['ænjuəl] adj. n.

1081. convert [kən'və:t] v. con- +-vert-

1080. conversion [kən'və:ʃən] n.

1079. conversely ['kɒnvɜːslɪ] adv.

1078. conversation [,kɔnvə'seiʃən] n.

357. avert [ə'və:t] v. a-=ab- +-vert-

1447. divert [dai'və:t, di-] vt. di-=dis-

67
1445. diverse [dai'və:s, di-] adj.

1446. diversion [dai'və:ʃən, di-] n.

1452. divorce [di'vɔ:s] v.&n.

2613. invert [in'və:t] v. in-

2612. inverse [in’və:s; 'invə:s] adj. n.

4127. reverse [ri'və:s] n. v. re-

5259. versatile ['və:sətail] adj. -vers- + -atile

5261. version ['və:ʃən] n.

5260. verse [və:s] n.

3636. poem ['pəuim] n. pile

3637. poet ['pəuit] n.

3638. poetry ['pəuitri] n.

3821. prose [prəuz] n. adj. pro- +-(ver)se

5462. wrap [ræp] v. n. -vers-

1341. develop [di'veləp] v. de-=dis- +-velop-=wrap

1667. envelope ['envələup] n. en- +-velop- +e

5452. worm [wə:m] n.

5463. wreath [ri:θ] n.

5465. wrench [rentʃ] v. n.

5467. wrinkle ['riŋkl] n. v.

5468. wrist [rist] n.

5471. wrong [rɔŋ, rɔ:ŋ] adj. adv. n. v.

101. advice [əd'vais] n. ad- +-vic-=-vis- +e

103. advise [əd'vaiz] vt.

102. advisable [əd'vaizəbl] adj.

5142. TV n. television

5293. vision ['viʒən] n.

5292. visible ['vizəbl] adj.

2617. invisible [in'vizəbl] adj.

5296. visual [ˈvɪʒuəl] adj.

5294. visit ['vizit] n. v.

5295. visitor ['vizitə] n.

5291. visa ['vi:zə] n. vt.

1669. envisage [in'vizidʒ] v. en- +-vis-=face look +-age look in the face of

4129. revise [ri'vaiz] v. re- +-vis- +-e

4798. supervise ['sju:pəvaiz] v. super-

5276. video ['vidiəu] n. adj. vid=-vis- audio

1718. evidence ['evidəns] n. e- +-vid- + -ence

1719. evident ['evidənt] adj.

3834. provide [prə'vaid] v. pro- +-vid- +-e

3835. provided [prəˈvaɪdɪd] conj.

3837. provision [prə'viʒən] n. pl.

3839. prudent ['pru:dənt] adj. pru-=pro- +-ud-=-vid- + -ent

5277. view [vju:] n. vt.

4257. scene [si:n] n. shade

68
4258. scenery ['si:nəri] n.

5278. viewpoint ['vju:pɔint] n.

2593. interview ['intəvju:] v.&n. inter-

4128. review [ri'vju:] v. n.

1670. envy ['envi] v.&n. en-=in +vy=-vis- evil eye

2642. jealous ['dʒeləs] adj. of jeal=keen=zeal +-ous

5490. zeal [zi:l] n.

4818. survey [ˈsəːveɪ; sə:’vei] v.&n. sur-=super- +vey=-vis-

2203. guide [ɡaid] n. v. guid=-vid-

2202. guidance ['ɡaidəns] n.

1412. disguise [dis'ɡaiz] n.&v. dis- +guise=-vis-

2947. mask [mɑ:sk, mæsk] n. v.

5438. witness ['witnis] n. v. -wit- + -ness

5430. wit [wit] n.

5428. wise [waiz] adj.

5427. wisdom ['wizdəm] n.

844. clever ['klevə] adj. cliff

4487. smart [smɑ:t] adj. v.

1186. cunning ['kʌniŋ] adj.&n. cun=know

4485. sly [slai] adj.

4399. shrewd [ʃru:d] adj. shrew qú jīng share

shǔ

E14· advocate affair

104. advocate ['ædvəkeit] n. vt. ad- +-voc- +

-ate

1 He's a strong advocate of state ownership of the railways.

2 He advocates the return of capital punishment.

5303. voice [vɔis] n.

A strike was the only way to make our voices heard.

5301. vocal ['vəukəl] adj. n.

1 a piece of vocal music

2 The vocals are shared by two members of the band.

5300. vocabulary [və'kæbjuləri] n.

5302. vocation [vəu'keiʃən] n.

I feel I've found my true vocation.

vocational [vəʊˈkeɪʃənl] adj.

Vocational College

1721. evoke [i'vəuk] vt. e- +-vok-=-voc- +-e

The music evoked memories of her youth.

69
3838. provoke [prə'vəuk] vt. pro-

If you provoke the dog, he may bite you.

5313. vowel ['vauəl] n.

consonant [ˈkɒnsənənt] n. con- +-son-=sound + -ant

5312. vote [vəut] n. v.

1 She cast her vote for the candidate.

2 He is too young to vote in the election.

5268. veto ['vi:təu] n. vt.

1 The government used its veto to block the proposal.

2 My boss vetoed my taking any more time off this year.

3653. poll [pəul] n. pl. v. …… pull poll

1 We're carrying out/conducting a poll to find out what people think about abortion.

2 poll tax
3 He polled 39% of the vote in the last election. 39%

1346. devote [di'vəut] v. to de- +-vot- +-e

She devoted herself to her career.

105. aerial ['eəriəl] adj. n. aer=air + -ial

aerial photography

137. air [eə] n. vt.

106. aeroplane ['eərəplein] n. airplane

4507. soar [sɔ:] vi. s-=ex- +oar=air

1 an eagle soaring high above the cliffs

2 House prices soared a further 20 percent. 20
3 soaring mountains

279. artery ['ɑ:təri] n. ar=air+-t-+-ery “ ”→

1 blocked artery
2 the main arteries leading into the city

108. affair [ə'feə] n. [pl.] af-=ad- +fair=-fact-

1 She organizes her financial affairs very efficiently.

2 The president's handling of the affair has been criticized.

1815. fact [fækt] n.

1816. factor ['fæktə] n.

the key/crucial/deciding factor / /

1817. factory ['fæktəri] n.

1818. faculty ['fækəlti] n.

1 the faculty of sight

2 the Law School faculty

1814. facility [fə'siliti] n. pl. facil(e) +-ity

1 sports/leisure facilities /
2 His facility for languages is astonishing.

70
1813. facilitate [fə'siliteit] v.

1 Structured teaching facilitates learning.

2 You could facilitate the process by sharing your knowledge.

109. affect [ə'fekt] vt. af-=ad- +-fect-

The divorce affected every aspect of her life.

110. affection [ə'fekʃən] n.

She was held in deep affection by all her students.

1562. effect [i'fekt] n. vt. ef-=ex-

1 I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any effect.
2 to effect a cure/change/recovery / /

1563. effective [i'fektiv] adj.

It's an extremely effective cure for a headache.

1565. efficient [i'fiʃənt] adj.

This is not an efficient way to work.

1564. efficiency [i'fiʃənsi] n.

I was impressed by the efficiency with which she handled the crisis.

1266. defect ['di:fekt] n. de-=dis-

She suffers from a sight/speech defect. /

1269. deficit ['defisit] n.

We ended the month with deficit.

1268. deficiency [di'fiʃənsi] n.

Pregnant women often suffer from iron deficiency.

3790. proficiency [prə'fiʃənsi] n. in pro-

a high level of proficiency in English

3792. profit ['prɔfit] n. v. by from pro- +-fit-=-fict-

1 She makes a huge profit from selling waste material to textile companies.

2 Many local people believe the development will profit them.

3793. profitable ['prɔfitəbl] adj.

Over the years it has developed into a highly profitable business.

2459. improve [im'pru:v] v. im-=in- +-prov-=profit +-e

He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers.

2460. improvement [im'pru:vmənt] n.

467. benefit ['benifit] n. v. from by bene-

1 The discovery of oil brought many benefits to the town.

2 I have benefited greatly from her wisdom.

466. beneficial [,beni'fiʃəl] adj. to

A good diet is beneficial to health.

538. bonus ['bəunəs] n.

productivity bonuses

2498. infect [in'fekt] vt. in-

The virus has infected many people.

71
2499. infectious [in'fekʃəs] adj.

an infectious disease

3528. perfect ['pə:fikt, pə'fekt] adj. v. per-

1 You have a perfect English accent.

2 As a musician, she has spent years perfecting her technique.

3529. perfection [pə'fekʃən] n.

The fish was cooked to perfection.

4768. suffice [sə'fais] v. vt. suf-=sub-

1 I'm taking $400 - I think that should suffice. 400 ——

2 A little more food should suffice them.

4769. sufficient [sə'fiʃənt] adj. for enough

We have sufficient funds to do this project.

4209. sacrifice ['sækrifais] n. v. for to sacred+-fic-+-e

1 Her parents made sacrifices so that she could have a good education.

2 She sacrificed everything for her children.

4208. sacred ['seikrid] adj.

Marriage is sacred.

4217. saint [seint] n. S- St.

1 His behaviour would try the patience of a saint.

2 St. Petersburg

4228. sanction ['sæŋkʃən] n.&v. n.

1 The church would not sanction his second marriage.

2 Trade sanctions were imposed against any country that refused to sign the agreement.

5063. traffic ['træfik] n. traf-=trans- +-fic-

1365. difficult ['difikəlt] adj. dif-=dis- +-ficul-=facile + -(i)ty

1366. difficulty ['difikəlti] n.

1812. face [feis] n. v.

5242. vase [vɑ:z, veis, veiz] n.

5265. vessel ['vesəl] n.

1 a Bronze Age drinking vessel

2 ocean-going vessels
3 blood vessel

2578. interface ['intəfeis] n. v. inter-

1 My computer has a network interface, which allows me to get to other computers.

2 user interface
3 The new system interfaces with existing telephone equipment.

4807. surface ['sə:fis] n. vt. vi. sur-=super-

1 We'll need a flat surface to play the game on.

2 surface a highway
3 Doubts are beginning to surface about whether the right decision has been made.

4791. superficial [,sju:pə'fiʃəl] adj. super- +-fic-=face + -ial

He's fun to be with, but he's very superficial.

72
1866. feat [fi:t] n.

The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering.

1264. defeat [di'fi:t] n. v. de-=dis- +feat

1 After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered.

2 Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo.

1868. feature ['fi:tʃə] n. v. …… feat=-fact-

1 An interesting feature of the city is the old market.

2 Her eyes are her most striking feature.
3 a special feature on education
4 The film features the famous actor as a professor. ……

1864. feasible ['fi:zəbl] adj. feas=-fact- +- -ible

With the extra resources, the project now seems feasible.

1847. fashion ['fæʃən] n.

1848. fashionable ['fæʃənəbl] adj.

a fashionable nightclub/restaurant /

1899. figure ['fiɡə] n. v. fig

1 She got her figure back after having the baby.

2 I could see two tall figures in the distance.
3 Can you read this figure? Is it a three or an eight? 3 8
4 Please see figures 8 and 9. 8 9
5 I'm still figuring my taxes.
6 I can’t figure out why.

1893. fiction ['fikʃən] n.

science fiction

1822. faint ['feint] adj. n.&v. “ ” “ ” “

”

1 a faint sound/noise/smell / /
2 On hearing the news, she fell into a dead faint.
3 I nearly fainted in the heat.

104. advocate ['ædvəkeit] n. vt. ad- +-voc- +

-ate

5303. voice [vɔis] n.

5301. vocal ['vəukəl] adj. n.

5300. vocabulary [və'kæbjuləri] n.

5302. vocation [vəu'keiʃən] n.

vocational [vəʊˈkeɪʃənl] adj.

Vocational College

1721. evoke [i'vəuk] vt. e- +-vok-=-voc- +-e

3838. provoke [prə'vəuk] vt. pro-

5313. vowel ['vauəl] n.

consonant [ˈkɒnsənənt] n. con- +-son-=sound + -ant

73
5312. vote [vəut] n. v.

5268. veto ['vi:təu] n. vt.

3653. poll [pəul] n. pl. v. …… pull poll

1346. devote [di'vəut] v. to de- +-vot- +-e

105. aerial ['eəriəl] adj. n. aer=air + -ial

137. air [eə] n. vt.

106. aeroplane ['eərəplein] n. airplane

4507. soar [sɔ:] vi. s-=ex- +oar=air

279. artery ['ɑ:təri] n. ar=air+-t-+-ery “ ”→

108. affair [ə'feə] n. [pl.] af-=ad- +fair=-fact-

1815. fact [fækt] n.

1816. factor ['fæktə] n.

1817. factory ['fæktəri] n.

1818. faculty ['fækəlti] n.

1814. facility [fə'siliti] n. pl. facil(e) +-ity

1813. facilitate [fə'siliteit] v.

109. affect [ə'fekt] vt. af-=ad- +-fect-

110. affection [ə'fekʃən] n.

1562. effect [i'fekt] n. vt. ef-=ex-

1563. effective [i'fektiv] adj.

1565. efficient [i'fiʃənt] adj.

1564. efficiency [i'fiʃənsi] n.

1266. defect ['di:fekt] n. de-=dis-

1269. deficit ['defisit] n.

1268. deficiency [di'fiʃənsi] n.

3790. proficiency [prə'fiʃənsi] n. in pro-

3792. profit ['prɔfit] n. v. by from pro- +-fit-=-fict-

3793. profitable ['prɔfitəbl] adj.

2459. improve [im'pru:v] v. im-=in- +-prov-=profit +-e

2460. improvement [im'pru:vmənt] n.

467. benefit ['benifit] n. v. from by bene-

466. beneficial [,beni'fiʃəl] adj. to

538. bonus ['bəunəs] n.

2498. infect [in'fekt] vt. in-

2499. infectious [in'fekʃəs] adj.

3528. perfect ['pə:fikt, pə'fekt] adj. v. per-

3529. perfection [pə'fekʃən] n.

4768. suffice [sə'fais] v. vt. suf-=sub-

4769. sufficient [sə'fiʃənt] adj. for enough

4209. sacrifice ['sækrifais] n. v. for to sacred+-fic-+-e

4208. sacred ['seikrid] adj.

74
4217. saint [seint] n. S- St.

4228. sanction ['sæŋkʃən] n.&v. n.

5063. traffic ['træfik] n. traf-=trans- +-fic-

1365. difficult ['difikəlt] adj. dif-=dis- +-ficul-=facile + -(i)ty

1366. difficulty ['difikəlti] n.

1812. face [feis] n. v.

5242. vase [vɑ:z, veis, veiz] n.

5265. vessel ['vesəl] n.

2578. interface ['intəfeis] n. v. inter-

4807. surface ['sə:fis] n. vt. vi. sur-=super-

4791. superficial [,sju:pə'fiʃəl] adj. super- +-fic-=face + -ial

1866. feat [fi:t] n.

1264. defeat [di'fi:t] n. v. de-=dis- +feat

1868. feature ['fi:tʃə] n. v. …… feat=-fact-

1864. feasible ['fi:zəbl] adj. feas=-fact- +- -ible

1847. fashion ['fæʃən] n.

1848. fashionable ['fæʃənəbl] adj.

1899. figure ['fiɡə] n. v. fig

1893. fiction ['fikʃən] n.

1822. faint ['feint] adj. n.&v. “ ” “ ” “

”

E15· affirm aggravate

112. affirm [ə'fə:m] vt. af-=ad- +firm

1 The suspect affirmed that he had been at home all evening.

2 I can affirm that no one will lose his job.

1917. firm ['fə:m] adj. n.

1 Keep a firm hold of the handrail as you go down.

2 firm beliefs
3 He works for a law firm.

1003. confirm [kən'fə:m] v. con- +firm

Please confirm your reservation in writing by Friday.

1843. farm [fɑ:m] n. v.

1844. farmer ['fɑ:mə] n.

3506. peasant ['pezənt] n. pagan=fix

408. barn [bɑ:n] n.

1 They usually keep the hay in the barn.

75
113. affluent ['æfluənt] adj. af-=ad- +flu=flow +

-ent “ ”

affluent nations/neighbourhoods

1950. flu [flu:] n. influenza

a flu virus

2505. influence ['influəns] n. on v. in- +flu + -ence

1 Those friends have a bad influence on her.

2 His writings have influenced the lives of millions.

2506. influential [,influ'enʃəl] adj.

She is one of the most influential figures in local politics.

1952. fluent [ˈfluːənt] adj.

a fluent speaker/reader /

1951. fluctuate ['flʌktjueit] vi.

During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $20 and $40 a barrel. 20 40

4792. superfluous [sju'pə:fluəs] adj. unnecessary super- =over+flu=flow + -ous

overflow

She gave him a look that made words superfluous.

1948. flow [fləu] v. n.

1 Lava from the volcano was flowing down the hillside.

2 cash-flow

3395. overflow [ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ] v.

Because of heavy rain, the river may overflow its banks.

1942. float [fləut] v. n.

1 An empty bottle will float.

2 Fishing nets are often held in position by floats.

1953. fluid [ˈfluːɪd] adj. n.

2825. liquid ['likwid] n. adj.

2826. liquor ['likə] n.

1954. flush [flʌʃ] n. v. adj.

1 A pink flush spread over his cheeks.

2 She flushed with pleasure as she accepted the prize.
3 They flushed the drugs down the toilet.
4 At that time, many developing countries were flush with dollars earned from exports.

5 Make sure the paving stones are flush with the lawn.

1938. flesh [fleʃ] n.

Tigers are flesh-eating animals.

527. blush [blʌʃ] v.&n.

I always blush when I speak in public.

1944. flood [flʌd] n. v.

1 After the flood it took weeks for the water level to go down.
2 The whole town flooded when the river burst its banks.

1955. fly [flai] n. v.

76
 The ship was flying the Spanish flag.

1940. flight [flait] n.

She fell down a flight of stairs and hurt her back.

3105. mosquito [mə'ski:təu] n. moth musket Desert

Eagle

3554. pest [pest] n.

1929. flap [flæp] n. n.&v.

1 the flap of an envelope

2 The bird flapped its wings and flew away.

3691. poultry ['pəultri] n. fowl

poultry farming

1927. flag [flæɡ] n.

1936. flee [fli:] v.

It is likely that the suspects have fled abroad by now.

1937. fleet [fli:t] n.

a fleet of 20 sailing ships 20

3998. refuge ['refju:dʒ] n. re- +-fug-=flee +-e

They were forced to seek refuge from the war.

3999. refugee [,refju'dʒi:] n.

Thousands of refugees fled across the border.

fugitive [ˈfjuːdʒətɪv] n.

125. aggravate ['æɡrəveit] vt. ag-=ad- +grave +

-ate

1 The treatment only aggravated the condition.

2 Threats will only aggravate him.

2172. grave [ɡreiv] n. adj. carve “ ”

1 a grave digger
2 a grave situation

704. carve [kɑ:v] v. c=

He carved her name on a tree.

2173. gravity ['ɡræviti] n.

1 the law of gravity

2 I don't think you understand the gravity of the situation.

2183. grief [ɡri:f] n. “ ”

Her grief at her son's death was terrible.

2184. grieve [ɡri:v] v.

He is still grieving for his wife.

2248. harvest ['hɑ:vist] n. v. harve=carve

1 We had a good harvest this year.

2 If you plant nothing at all, you harvest nothing at all.

1736. excerpt [‘eksə:pt, ek'sə:pt] n.&vt. ex- +cerpt=carve

1 This is an excerpt of the interview.

77
 2 The document was excerpted from an unidentified file.

2166. graph [ɡrɑ:f, ɡræf] n.

The graph shows how house prices have risen since the 1980s. 20 80

2167. graphic ['ɡræfik] adj.

1 graphic detail
2 graphic design computer graphics

769. chart [tʃɑ:t] n. vt.

1 The song has been number one in the charts for six weeks. 6
2 We need a graph on which we can chart our progress.

770. charter [ˈtʃɑːtə(r)] n. v.

1 the United Nations Charter

2 They've chartered a plane to the conference.

689. card [kɑ:d] n.

1396. discard [dis'kɑ:d, 'diskɑ:d] vt. n. dis- +card

10% of the data was discarded as unreliable. 10%

703. cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n] n. cart=card + -oon 


1349. diagram ['daiəɡræm] n. dia-=bi- +gram

The teacher drew a diagram showing how the blood flows through the heart.

3451. paragraph ['pærəɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf] n. para- +graph

See paragraph 15 of the handbook. 15

4894. telegram ['teliɡræm] n. tele- +gram=graph

4895. telegraph ['teliɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf] n. v.

2160. gramme [ɡræm] n. gram

2161. grammar ['ɡræmə] n.

2119. glamor ['ɡlæmə] n. glamour grammar

Who can resist the glamour of Hollywood?

3795. programme ['prəuɡræm, -ɡrəm] n. program v. pro- +gram

1 a news programme
2 a training programme for new staff
3 a computer program
4 She programmed the computer to calculate the rate of exchange in twelve currencies. 12

2105. geography [dʒi'ɔɡrəfi] n. geo- Gaia+-graphy

2106. geology [dʒi'ɔlədʒi] n. geo- +-logy

2107. geometry [dʒi'ɔmitri] n. geo- +-metr- + -y

482. bibliography [,bibli'ɔɡrəfi] n. biblio- +graphy

Sources of information are found in the bibliography at the end of this article.

481. Bible ['baɪb(ə)l] n.

3445. paper ['peipə] n. pl

3446. paperback ['peipəbæk] n. hardback

490. biography [bai'ɔɡrəfi] n. bio- +graphy

491. biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n. bio- +-logy

763. character ['kærəktə] n. charac=carve +-t-+ -er

1 It's not in his character to be jealous.

2 cartoon characters

78
 3 Chinese characters

765. characterize ['kærəktəraiz] v. characterise …… ……

The city is characterized by tall modern buildings in steel and glass.

764. characteristic [,kærəktə'ristik] adj. of n. character+ -istic

1 He spoke with characteristic enthusiasm.

2 A big nose is his family’s characteristic.

2078. garbage ['ɡɑ:bidʒ] n. garb=carve + -age “ ”

Don't forget to take out the garbage.

4194. rubbish ['rʌbiʃ] n. rub + b -ish “ ”

I forgot to put the rubbish out this morning.

2668. junk [dʒʌŋk] n. “ ” “ ” “ ”jong “ ”

1 That car is a piece of junk.

2 junk food/mail /

2834. litter ['litə] n. v. lit=lie “ ” “

”

1 There will be fines for people who drop litter.

2 Broken glass littered the streets.

5088. trash [træʃ] n.

What's this trash you're watching?

112. affirm [ə'fə:m] vt. af-=ad- +firm

1917. firm ['fə:m] adj. n.

1003. confirm [kən'fə:m] v. con- +firm

1843. farm [fɑ:m] n. v.

1844. farmer ['fɑ:mə] n.

3506. peasant ['pezənt] n. pagan=fix

408. barn [bɑ:n] n.

113. affluent ['æfluənt] adj. af-=ad- +flu=flow +

-ent “ ”

1950. flu [flu:] n. influenza

2505. influence ['influəns] n. on v. in- +flu + -ence

2506. influential [,influ'enʃəl] adj.

1952. fluent [ˈfluːənt] adj.

1951. fluctuate ['flʌktjueit] vi.

4792. superfluous [sju'pə:fluəs] adj. unnecessary super- =over+flu=flow + -ous

overflow

1948. flow [fləu] v. n.

3395. overflow [ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ] v.

1942. float [fləut] v. n.

1953. fluid [ˈfluːɪd] adj. n.

79
2825. liquid ['likwid] n. adj.

2826. liquor ['likə] n.

1954. flush [flʌʃ] n. v. adj.

1938. flesh [fleʃ] n.

527. blush [blʌʃ] v.&n.

1944. flood [flʌd] n. v.

1955. fly [flai] n. v.

1940. flight [flait] n.

3105. mosquito [mə'ski:təu] n. moth musket Desert

Eagle

3554. pest [pest] n.

1929. flap [flæp] n. n.&v.

3691. poultry ['pəultri] n. fowl

1927. flag [flæɡ] n.

1936. flee [fli:] v.

1937. fleet [fli:t] n.

3998. refuge ['refju:dʒ] n. re- +-fug-=flee +-e

3999. refugee [,refju'dʒi:] n.

fugitive [ˈfjuːdʒətɪv] n.

125. aggravate ['æɡrəveit] vt. ag-=ad- +grave +

-ate

2172. grave [ɡreiv] n. adj. carve “ ”

704. carve [kɑ:v] v. c=

2173. gravity ['ɡræviti] n.

2183. grief [ɡri:f] n. “ ”

2184. grieve [ɡri:v] v.

2248. harvest ['hɑ:vist] n. v. harve=carve

1736. excerpt [‘eksə:pt, ek'sə:pt] n.&vt. ex- +cerpt=carve

2166. graph [ɡrɑ:f, ɡræf] n.

2167. graphic ['ɡræfik] adj.

769. chart [tʃɑ:t] n. vt.

770. charter [ˈtʃɑːtə(r)] n. v.

689. card [kɑ:d] n.

1396. discard [dis'kɑ:d, 'diskɑ:d] vt. n. dis- +card

703. cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n] n. cart=card + -oon 


1349. diagram ['daiəɡræm] n. dia-=bi- +gram

3451. paragraph ['pærəɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf] n. para- +graph

4894. telegram ['teliɡræm] n. tele- +gram=graph

4895. telegraph ['teliɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf] n. v.

2160. gramme [ɡræm] n. gram

2161. grammar ['ɡræmə] n.

2119. glamor ['ɡlæmə] n. glamour grammar

3795. programme ['prəuɡræm, -ɡrəm] n. program v. pro- +gram

2105. geography [dʒi'ɔɡrəfi] n. geo- Gaia+-graphy

2106. geology [dʒi'ɔlədʒi] n. geo- +-logy

2107. geometry [dʒi'ɔmitri] n. geo- +-metr- + -y

80
482. bibliography [,bibli'ɔɡrəfi] n. biblio- +graphy

481. Bible ['baɪb(ə)l] n.

3445. paper ['peipə] n. pl

3446. paperback ['peipəbæk] n. hardback

490. biography [bai'ɔɡrəfi] n. bio- +graphy

491. biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n. bio- +-logy

763. character ['kærəktə] n. charac=carve +-t-+ -er

765. characterize ['kærəktəraiz] v. characterise …… ……

764. characteristic [,kærəktə'ristik] adj. of n. character+ -istic

2078. garbage ['ɡɑ:bidʒ] n. garb=carve + -age “ ”

4194. rubbish ['rʌbiʃ] n. rub + b -ish “ ”

2668. junk [dʒʌŋk] n. “ ” “ ” “ ”jong “ ”

2834. litter ['litə] n. v. lit=lie “ ” “

”

5088. trash [træʃ] n.

81