Faculty of Engineering Technology and Built Environment

School of Architecture and Built Environment

Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Hons)

Course Name:
BEQ2073 Construction Technology 4

Assignment Title:
10 Defects currently found in Angkasa Condominium

Student Name & Matric Number:

Jordan Soo Mao Soon (1002058266)

Lecturer:
Farizah Mohammad Nor
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 What are defects and deterioration? ............................................................................................. 2
2.1 Defects .......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Structural Defect .................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.2 Non-structural Defect .......................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Deterioration ............................................................................................................................... 4
3.0 Defects and deterioration in Angkasa Condominium .................................................................. 4
3.1 Plumbing leaking ........................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Crack on tiles ............................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Paint Peeling ................................................................................................................................ 7
3.4 Rusting ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.5 Dampness ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.6 Concrete Defect ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.7 Mould ......................................................................................................................................... 11
3.8 Honeycombing ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.9 Broken doorknob ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.10 Exposed Electrical Wiring ...................................................................................................... 14
4.0 Suitable Method of Repairing the Defects .................................................................................. 15
4.1 Plumbing leaking ...................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Crack tiles .................................................................................................................................. 16
4.3 Paint peeling .............................................................................................................................. 17
4.4 Rust ............................................................................................................................................ 18
4.5 Dampness ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.6 Concrete defect .......................................................................................................................... 20
4.7 Mould ......................................................................................................................................... 21
4.8 Honeycombing ........................................................................................................................... 22
4.9 Broken doorknob ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.10 Exposed Electrical Wiring ...................................................................................................... 23
5.0 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 25
References ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 28

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1.0 Introduction
Angkasa Condominium is located in Cheras Kuala Lumpur Malaysia and is a freehold
condominium located at 5, Jalan Puncak Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras. The condo is
developed by the Connaught Heights SDN BHD, a subsidiary of Bonia Cooperation, the
condominium was initiated in 2002 but was delayed until 2006. The Angkasa Condominiums
consists of 2 blocks both rising up to 25 storeys with about 600 units with built up starting from
750 sq ft and extending up to approximately 1000 sq ft. The condo was developed keeping the
large market from the UCSI nearby as the target. The strategically nestled among ample
amenities, the Angkasa Condominium becomes really convenient to access via a number of
inter-city roads and therefore mostly caters to students, working young adults and foreigners.

Even though it is a high-density condominium, it has a lot to offer to its residents

because it is located in the center of a prestigious neighborhood with access to major highways.
Therefore, it goes without saying that the residents are given access to facilities that meet their
individual needs. For instance, it is directly across from the Giant Hypermarket. Additionally,
there are numerous restaurants within a 500-meter radius, including McDonald's and lifestyle
stores and cafes. In-unit amenities offered by the apartments include a gymnasium, basketball
court, tennis court, and badminton court. This not only promotes a convenient lifestyle, but also
a healthy one.

The main objective of this report is to explain the defects and deterioration of Angkasa
condominium. Thus, in this report we are going to explain about what defects and deterioration
are, to identify the defect and deterioration in building, and lastly, to find a sustainable way to
repair the defects and deterioration.

2.0 What are defects and deterioration?

The construction industry all around the world is getting modern, advance, and growing
day by day (Faridi, n.d.). Despite growth, the construction industry is faced with two significant
issues: deterioration and building defects. Structural engineers constantly work to overcome
the challenge of defects and deterioration in buildings, but it is challenging to completely deal
with it. Building defects are any variations from the expected level of functionality or quality.
This includes problems like wall cracks, roof or pipe leaks, broken electrical or plumbing
systems, and other kinds of wear or damage that can endanger a building's safety, comfort, or
usability. As for deterioration buildings naturally deteriorate or decay over time as a result of
exposure to the elements, normal wear and tear, and other environmental factors. This may
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result in a variety of problems, including rusting of steel, fading of paint, deterioration of
concrete, and other types of damage that might compromise the structural soundness of the
building.

2.1 Defects
A defect is a design error or structural flaw that lowers the structure’s value and creates
a hazardous situation. Construction defects can be caused by a variety of factors, including
poor craftsmanship or the use of cheap or inferior materials (Faridi, n.d.). Besides that, recent
improvements in construction technology do not seem to have reduced the amount of building
defects. Common flaws are more frequently caused by elements like weather, shoddy
construction, the use of inferior materials, and air pollution. Defect in building will cause
problems such as raises the overall cost of the product as well as the potential high cost of
maintenance. Practices like improper compaction that can cause ground subsidence is known
as the term “defective construction”. Thus, a structure might end up completely failing as a
result of this. By putting the right inspection mechanisms in place, defects brought on by
improper construction can be avoided. For any building to perform better, it is crucial to
comprehend building defects and their causes.

2.1.1 Structural Defect

Problems or issues with a building's load-bearing structural elements, such as the base,
beams, columns, walls, ceiling, and other supporting elements, are referred to as structural
defects. These flaws may jeopardise the structure's structural integrity, putting the occupants'
and guests' safety in peril. An illustration of a structural flaw is difficulties with the foundation,
including settlement, splitting, or moving, as well as wall issues like bowing or cracking due
to movement or inadequate support. Moreover, roof beams or supports that are compromised
or broken and are causing sagging or leaks and Inadequate building techniques, such as using
inferior components or insufficient reinforcement. When a structure has a defect, it needs to be
fixed right away by a qualified expert because if it isn't, it could pose a significant safety risk
and cause the property to lose value.

2.1.2 Non-structural Defect

Building flaws that don't affect the building's safety or structure but can still annoy or
inconvenience its inhabitants are known as non-structural defects. The finishing, drainage,
electrical, and motor systems of the building are frequently affected by these flaws. Non-
structural defects include things like leaky faucets or clogged toilets, as well as electrical

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problems like flickering lights or damaged switches. Furthermore, issues with the flooring and
finish, such as peeling paint, cracked tiles, or stained carpets, as well as issues with the HVAC
system, such as inadequate temperature control or noisy fans. Non-structural flaws can still
have a significant impact on inhabitants' comfort and quality of life, even though they are
usually less serious than structural flaws. Property owners or managers should take immediate
action to resolve non-structural issues in order to keep the building's value, comfort, and safety.

2.2 Deterioration
After a certain age and as a consequence of negligence, a structure develops flaws. Poor
maintenance causes these defects to worsen, which weakens the concrete by altering the
molecular makeup of the mortar and concrete. In maintenance engineering, deterioration is
defined as "the continuous degeneration of structure and its components which render it
unusable. “Deterioration is a condition in which a building structure or its component has
degenerated or become unstable” (Chandra, Sudhakar, & Visakhapatnam, 2020). Besides that,
the process of a structure deteriorating might appear straightforward, but it is truly a very
complicated occurrence. A component matures through a variety of mechanisms. A single
factor, a confluence of factors, or a mixture of factors may be to blame for the structure's
collapse or disintegration. Causing factors such as human activities, chemical attack,
environmental agencies, and lack of maintenance.

3.0 Defects and deterioration in Angkasa Condominium

There are 10 defects and deterioration in Angkasa Condominium which is plumbing
leaking, cracks on tiles, paint peeling, rust, dampness, concrete defect, mould, honeycombing,
broken doorknob, and exposed electrical wiring.

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3.1 Plumbing leaking

Figure 1 : Plumbing leaking

(Figure 1) shows the leaking of a plumbing pipe in Angkasa Condominium. The

unintended release of water or other liquids from the plumbing system's pipelines, fixtures, or
connections is referred to as a plumbing leak in a structure. “Leaking pipes are one of the most
significant issues property managers need to action immediately, yet despite acting promptly,
the effects of leaking pipes can last well beyond the time they were leaking” (Jeff, 2018).
Corrosion, normal wear and tear, poor fitting, or physical harm to the pipelines or fixtures are
just a few causes of this. Plumbing leaks can be small or large, depending on the extent of the
harm and the amount of water leaking. Minor breaches may only result in a small amount of
water dripping or percolating out, in contrast to major leaks that can cause significant water
damage to the building, including mould growth, structural damage, and even flooding.
Plumbing issues should be resolved as soon as they are discovered because, if not, they could
cause serious damage.

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3.2 Crack on tiles

Figure 2 : Crack on tiles

The obvious split or opening in a building's walls, floors, or other structural components
is referred to as a crack as shown in (Figure 2). Cracks can appear for a number of causes, such
as when the base shifting as the building sinks into the ground earth, cracks may develop
(“Cracking and Building Movement,” 2020). Moreover, when the weather changes, buildings
expand and compress, which can cause materials like masonry or concrete to crack and cracks
may develop in a building's framework as a result of excessive loading, such as from heavy
tools or equipment. Besides that, water getting into the foundation or walls may cause building
components to grow and compress, which can lead to cracks. Building fractures must be
repaired right away because, if ignored, they can cause serious structural harm. The reason of
the cracks can be ascertained with the assistance of a qualified building surveyor or structural
expert, who can also suggest the best repairs.

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3.3 Paint Peeling

Figure 3 : Paint peeling

In (Figure 3) it shows a paint peeling which is a process by which the top layer of paint
begins to separate from the underlying foundation and pull away from the surface of a building
is known as structure paint peeling. “The reasons for peeling paint can vary widely. Painting
over dirty walls, excess moisture, improper prep, and using latex paint on top of oil paint can
all affect the paint's adhesion and cause it to eventually begin flaking off” (Roberson & Bennett,
2022). Peeling paint is not only unsightly, but it could also be a sign of more serious problems
like water damage or wood decay. Additionally, peeling paint can expose the substrate below,
exposing it to additional damage from the climate or vermin. Therefore, it's imperative to
address paint peeling issues as quickly as feasible in order to prevent further damage and
maintain the building's structure and appearance.

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3.4 Rusting

Figure 4 : Rusting

The corrosion as shown in (Figure 4) is a process that develops on metal building

materials as a result of contact with air, moisture, and other natural elements is referred to as
"rusting" in the construction business. According to Al-Sherrawi, Lyashenko, Edaan, and
Sotnik (2018), “Corrosion is the destructive attack of a material by reaction with its
environment”. Rust or iron oxide develops when steel supports, columns, or metal
reinforcement bars are subjected to these elements due to a chemical reaction. Metal building
components that have rust on them risk losing their structural integrity and degrading. This
could raise security risks and jeopardise the structure's structural stability. Rust can also
contaminate or discolour adjacent construction materials like stone or concrete, causing
damage.

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3.5 Dampness

Figure 5 : Dampness

According to (Figure 5) which is a defect called dampness which the term "damp" refers
to a structure that has an excessive amount of moisture or water that has permeated its
components or internal spaces. Numerous factors, such as leaks in the base, walls, or roof,
condensation, inadequate ventilation, or escalating dampness from groundwater, can lead to
this. Numerous problems can be brought on by moisture, such as the development of fungus
and bacteria, the growth of mould and mildew, the deterioration of wood and other organic
materials, structural harm, and health hazards. Moisture can also cause unpleasant odours,
stains, and staining on walls and ceilings. “This dampness not only affects the life of the
building but also creates unhygienic conditions of the important items of work in the
construction of a building” (Divya, 2021).

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3.6 Concrete Defect

Figure 6 : Concrete defect

A concrete defect shown in (Figure 6) is any issue or imperfection with the concrete
used to build the building. These imperfections can take many different forms, such as cracks,
spalling, scaling, discolouration, and cavities, among others. Some of the most common causes
of concrete defects include inadequate quality control during the mixing, placing, and curing
of the concrete, improper construction methods, exposure to harsh weather, and the use of low-
quality materials. Concrete defects can have negative consequences if ignored, including
compromising the building's structural integrity, reducing its lifespan, and endangering the
safety of its occupants. Finding and fixing any concrete defects as soon as practical is essential
to maintaining the building's strength and safety.

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3.7 Mould

Figure 7 : Mould

(Figure 7) is a fungus called mould prefers moist, humid environments to develop.

Mould particles in the air are everywhere, but for them to develop, they need moisture and
organic material. Mould can develop on a variety of surfaces, including walls, ceilings, carpets,
rugs, and furnishings, if the right circumstances are present. Mould frequently grows in overly
wet structures, which can be caused by a number of things like water leaks, high humidity
levels, inadequate airflow, or flooding. It comes in a variety of hues, such as black, green, white,
and brown, and its smell may be musty or organic. Mould in a structure can worsen indoor air
quality and harm residents' health, especially if they already have immune system or respiratory
issues. “Whilst mould itself is not toxic, some moulds can produce toxins that can have negative
effects on human health, for example causing asthma, rhinitis, itchy eyes, respiratory symptoms,
respiratory infection and eczema” (“Mould Growth in Buildings,” 2022). Buildings and
construction components may deteriorate over time, necessitating costly restorations.

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3.8 Honeycombing

Figure 8 : Honeycombing

Concrete is said to be "honeycombing" as shown in (Figure 8) when it is used in a

building and contains gaps or spaces, giving the structure a honeycomb-like appearance. This
problem can arise when the concrete is not properly compressed during the filling process or
when the concrete-making moulds are not properly filled. By compromising a building's
structural integrity, honeycombing makes it more vulnerable to damage from external factors
like moisture or seismic activity. Additionally, it might damage the building's appearance and
diminish its artistic value.

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3.9 Broken doorknob

Figure 9 : Broken doorknob

(Figure 9) shows a door defect which are any problems or problems that a building's
entryway may have. These defects can range from minor aesthetic issues to serious functional
problems that put the safety and security of the occupants in danger. Two common examples
of door flaws in buildings are the misalignment of the door frame or hinges, which can cause
the door to drag or scrape against the frame when opening or closing, and damage to or wear
on the door hardware, such as hinges, locks, and latches, which can make the door challenging
to operate or even fail to secure properly. In addition, damage to the door itself, such as dents,
scratches, or fractures, can jeopardise the door's structural stability and increase its
susceptibility to further harm. To guarantee the security and safety of the building's inhabitants
and to prevent further harm or deterioration of the door, any defects in the door must be repaired
as soon as possible.

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3.10 Exposed Electrical Wiring

Figure 10 : Exposed electrical wiring

Electrical wiring defects such as (Figure 10) in structures are any issues or problems
with the cabling that provides energy to the structure. These flaws can range from minor issues
that affect how well the electrical system works to serious safety risks that put the building's
inhabitants in peril. Examples of electrical issues include Damaged or deteriorated electrical
wires, which can present fire risks, power outages, or electrical shock risks, as well as poor
electrical wiring installation, which can lead to wires being installed too closely together,
exposed wires, or other problems that compromise the safety and functionality of the electrical
system. Any electrical cabling issues must be fixed right away in order to ensure the safety of
the building's occupants and to prevent further damage or degradation of the electrical system.

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4.0 Suitable Method of Repairing the Defects
Explanation below will show the most suitable method of repairing the defects in the
Angkasa Condominium, which is plumbing leaking, cracks, paint peeling, rust, dampness,
concrete defect, mould, honeycombing, door defects, and electrical wiring. Without structural
repairs, which ensure the safety and security of the structure, building maintenance is not
possible. Over time, buildings are subjected to a variety of external factors, such as weather,
natural disasters, and wear and strain, all of which can be detrimental to the construction. If
these issues aren't resolved, they might worsen over time and endanger the structure of the
building, endangering the safety of its inhabitants and potentially resulting in costly damage.

4.1 Plumbing leaking

The best way to fix plumbing leaks in a structure relies on where and how bad the leak
is. To prevent leakage method such as epoxy putty can be used to seal the leakage. The
following basic actions can be helpful:

• Identify the location of the leak.

Before attempting to repair the issue, ascertain its location. This can be achieved by keeping
an eye out for signs of water damage, such as dampness and the development of mould.
• Shut off the water supply.
Once you've located the problem, stop the water supply to the area. This will prevent
additional damage from happening and make the problem easier to repair.
• Assess the damage.
Depending on how severe the leak is, you might need to remove some sheetrock or other
materials to reach the pipes. Once the damage has been determined, the best course of
action should be chosen.
• Repair the leak.
There are several methods to repair a plumbing leak, including using epoxy putty, pipe
clamps, or replacing the damaged line completely. “ After application, the epoxy putty will
harden into a solid surface, effectively sealing a small leak in a pipe, although larger leaks
will require a more comprehensive solution” (Franco, 2022).
• Test the repair.
Once the issue has been resolved, turn on the water source again and check for any
additional drops or leaks. Make sure everything is operating normally before repairing any
damaged components.

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• Clean up.
Clean up any leftover materials or detritus from the fix once it has been finished.

4.2 Crack tiles

The size and location of the fracture, the type of tiles, and the surface below will all
affect the best method to repair cracked tiles in a building which is by replacing it. Here are
some simple instructions for repairing cracked tiles:

• Clean the area.

Before you start to fix the fissure, make sure the area is clean and free of any debris or
missing tiles. Use a brush or a vacuum to remove any dirt or grit from the surface.
• Assess the crack.
Make sure the region is clear of trash and broken tiles before you begin to repair the crack.
To clear the surface of any grime or debris, use a brush or a cleaner.
• Remove the damage tile.
You must take out the injured tile if there is a significant fissure or if it is fractured. The tile
can be gently broken into small fragments and then removed using a chisel and mallet.
• Prepare the surface.
You must prepare the space for the new tile after removing the fractured tile. Any remains
of adhesive or grout should be taken off the surface, which should be spotless, level, and
level. According to Schilling (2007), “Once the broken tile is removed, use a wider chisel
to clean all the old thinset off the substrate”.
• Install the new tile.
After coating the area with glue, the new tile should be put in place. Make sure it is level
and flush with the stones around it. Let the adhesive dry as directed by the maker.
• Grout the tile.
After coating the area with glue, the new tile should be put in place. Make sure it is level
and flush with the grout around it. Let the adhesive dry as directed by the maker.
• Clean up.
After applying adhesive to the area, the new tile ought to be put in. Make sure it is level
and in line with the stones around it. Allow the adhesive to cure as instructed by the maker.

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4.3 Paint peeling
The best technique for removing peeling paint from a structure will vary depending on
the surface type, the degree of the peeling, and the intended outcome. The best way is by
repainting. It might be essential in some circumstances to completely strip the paint and apply
new coats. Here are the steps of repainting.

• Scape off loose paint.

Use a paint spatula or putty knife to remove any loosened or peeling paint from the affected
area. Make sure to wear mitts and eye protection to avoid getting paint or grit in your eyes
or on your skin.
• Sand the area.
Use sandpaper or a sanding block to roughen up the area around the flaking paint and to
level out the edges of the remaining paint. The new paint will stick more effectively as a
result.
• Clean the area.
Use a wet cloth or sponge to clean the area and get rid of any dirt, filth, or other items that
might obstruct the freshly painted surface. Give the area time to completely dry.
• Apply primer.
Priming should be applied over the problematic area with a spatula or blade. Make sure to
use a primer that is appropriate for the type of paint you plan to use. Applying a grey-tinted
undercoat to the wall's surface before painting it a rich colour will help you use less paint.
(Mather & Stamp, 2021).Follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure proper coating
and cooling times.
• Apply paint.
After the primer has set, coat the affected area with paint using a paintbrush or roller. If at
all feasible, use priming and paint that complement the local area. Follow the
manufacturer's instructions to ensure proper coating and cooling times.
• Apply a second coat.
Depending on the degree of flaking and the quality of the paint, you might need to apply a
second coat. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure proper coating and cooling
times.

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4.4 Rust
The best method to repair rust in a construction depends on the severity of the damage,
where the rust is located, and the type of building material used. the most suitable method for
this type is by using a rust converter. “Rust Converter works by using an acid to react with the
rust (iron oxide) and chemically convert it” (Fuze Products, 2021). Here is the step of repairing
rust in structures:

• Remove loose rust.

To remove any leftover rust, sand the area that has been affected and use a wire brush or
sandpaper. The repair will be stronger and more durable as a result.
• Clean the area.
Use a cloth or sheet and a degreaser or cleaning solution to thoroughly wipe the area. This
will get rid of any remaining rust, dirt, or oil that could obstruct the repair work.
• Apply a rust converter.
Rust can be chemically treated to become a solid substance that can be painted over using
a rust converter. In accordance with the manufacturer's directions, apply the rust converter
to the troubled region and let it dry.
• Sand the area.
Use sandpaper or a sanding tool to level the surface after the rust converter has dried. This
will make the mending process more streamlined and even.
• Apply primer.
Rust-resistance paint should be applied over the region. The primer will guarantee that the
fix is strong and help prevent further rust in that region.
• Apply paint.
Apply a coat of paint that complements the immediate region after the primer has dried.
This will make the patch appear more seamless and help it fit in.

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4.5 Dampness
The best solution for the building will depend on the cause and extent of the moisture.
But the best way for this kind of defect is by applying waterproof coating. Here are some steps
for dealing with dampness in buildings:

• Clean the surface.

Before cleaning the area that needs to be waterproofed, remove any dirt, grit, or debris from
it. You might need to use a pressure cleaner, scraper, or wire brush to remove stubborn
grime.
• Repair any crack.
If there are any cracks or holes in the surface, cover them with a filling material. Let the
filler completely dry before moving on.
• Apply a primer.
Apply a sealer for binding to the surface. The primer will ensure that the impermeable
covering adheres properly to the surface. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure
proper coating and cooling times.
• Apply the waterproof coating.
After the primer has set, cover the region with the impervious material. Using a brush, roller,
or sprayer, evenly apply the powder, making sure to fully coat all areas. Be sure to follow
the manufacturer's instructions regarding applying method and chilling time.
• Apply a second coat.
Depending on the object and the surface, a second layer of impermeable covering might be
necessary. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure proper coating and cooling
times.
• Allow to dry.
Allow the impermeable covering to completely dry before subjecting the region to moisture
or water.

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4.6 Concrete defect
The size, location, and planned use of the building, among other factors, all affect the
best method to repair a concrete fissure in a structure. The most suitable method for this type
of crack is epoxy injection. The following are common procedures for epoxy filling to fix
concrete cracks:

• Clean the crack.

Cleaning the fissure carefully in order to get rid of any detritus, loose concrete, and grime
is the first step. A wire brush, a suction, or pressurised air can all be used to accomplish
this.
• Install injection ports.
Small plastic or metal tubes called injection ports are introduced into the crack on a frequent
basis. They act as entry sites for the infusion of epoxy.
• Seal the surface.
The area surrounding the fracture needs to be sealed with epoxy paste or another similar
substance to stop the epoxy from seeping out of the crevice.
• Inject the epoxy.
Using a specialised pump, the epoxy is mixed in accordance with the manufacturer's
directions before being poured into the fissure. The epoxy is injected starting at the lowest
port and moving up until it starts to seep out of the next-highest port.
• Wait for the epoxy to cure.
It usually takes 24 to 48 hours for epoxy to cure and firm. The injection holes can be
eliminated once the epoxy has fully cured.
• Remove the surface seal.
After the epoxy injection has cured, the surface cover should be removed in order to polish
or use other appropriate techniques.

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4.7 Mould
Mould is a specific type of fungi that thrives in damp, humid environments. Numerous
surfaces, such as furniture, rugs, walls, and ceilings, are susceptible to its development. The
best way to prevent mould is by using the dehumidifier or improve ventilation. According to
Curator (2022), “A dehumidifier will suck in all the air in the room and squeeze out the moisture
that causes dampness and mould”. Follow these steps to remove and prevent mould:

• Identify the source of moisture.

To begin the mildew avoidance procedure, identify the source of moisture. Check the roof,
windows, and pipelines for leaks. If there are any problems, fix them right immediately.
• Dry the affected area.
With the aid of blowers or a drier, the affected region can be dried. Opening windows and
entrances will also allow more fresh air to enter.
• Remove mould.
Wear gloves and a mask for protection against mould particles. Use a professional mould
cleaner or a solution of one part bleach to four parts waters to clean the affected area. After
cleaning the area with a brush or towel, use fresh water to cleanse it.
• Dry the area thoroughly.
Wash the area, then completely dry it. Use a fan or drier to ensure that the area is completely
dry.
• Dispose of materials.
Rugs and insulation are two examples of materials that should be removed and properly
disposed of if they are mould contaminated.
• Prevent future mould growth.
To halt the development of mould, keep the area clean and well-ventilated. Use a drier if
necessary. Any spills or leaks should be cleared up immediately. Utilize mould-resistant
components when renovating or building.
• Regular inspect for mould.
Regularly check for mould in areas like restrooms and basements to detect any growth early
and halt its spread.

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4.8 Honeycombing
In order to keep concrete buildings strong and durable, honeycombing needs to be
repaired. The method will be used for this specific defect is by grouting the gap either with
cementitious grout or epoxy resin. The following are some standard procedures and techniques
for fixing concrete honeycombing:

• Identify the extent and severity of honeycombing.

The first step in honeycombing restoration is determining the amount and seriousness of
the damage. This will make it easier to choose the best repair plan and materials.
• Remove loose debris.
Use a mallet and chisel to remove any debris or broken pieces from the affected area. Be
careful to avoid damaging the adjacent sidewalk.
• Clean the surface.
Use a mallet and chisel to remove any debris or broken pieces from the affected area. Be
careful to avoid damaging the adjacent sidewalk.
• Fill the void.
Use a suitable mending material, such as epoxy resin or cementitious grout, to fill the spaces.
With this method, the structure's fractures and cavities are filled by applying grout mixtures
under pressure using a grout pump (Facilitator, 2023). The repair substance should be
combined according to the manufacturer's instructions and applied in steps to ensure proper
filling of the spaces. Use a trowel or utensil to smooth the repair material's surface.
• Allow time to cure.
Allow the mending material to cure as directed by the manufacturer. The material must
typically be given a few hours or days to harden and firm.
• Finish the surface.
After the patch material has cured and solidified, smooth the surface of the repaired area
using a grinding stone or sandpaper. By merging the replacement material with the
surrounding concrete, this will aid in creating a smooth, even surface.

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4.9 Broken doorknob
The most effective way to fix a broken doorknob may rely on the nature and extent of
the harm. For this defect the easiest way to fix the doorknob is to replace the actual doorknob.
Here are some basic actions you can take to fix a damaged doorknob:

• Purchase a new doorknob.

Purchase a door knob substitute that is the same height and form as your old one. A lock
and all necessary components, such as screws, should be present on the new handle.
• Remove the old doorknob.
Use a screwdriver to remove the screws keeping the prior doorknob in place. Pull the old
handle away from the door to get rid of it.
• Remove the latch.
It is necessary to remove the screws keeping the latch in place. Remove the latch on the
entrance.
• Install the new latch.
Insert the new lock into the door's hole to replace the previous one. The new lock is fixed
in position with screws.
• Install the new doorknob.
The securing device of the door should be passed through by the spindle of the new door
knob. Align the door's apertures with the screw openings on the new handle. Use fasteners
to fasten the new handle to the door.
• Test the doorknob.
Test the new door doorknob to make sure it functions properly. Before moving the handle
to open and close the door, make sure the lock is properly engaged.

4.10 Exposed Electrical Wiring

In addition to being unsightly, exposed cables in your house can be dangerous. The best
technique is to use conduit to cover the exposed wire. “Many modern interior designers use
conduits for electrical wires, to conceal them and create a retro look for the room” (“11 Clever
Ways to Hide Electrical Wires for a Good-looking Ceiling,” 2023). Here are some ways to
cover cables that are visible.

• Plan the conduit run.

Determine the conduit's route, then make a notation of it on the wall. You can decide where
to make the tubing openings using this.

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• Turn off the power.
Turn off the area's power supply before beginning to work on the lines. Disconnect the
impacted gadgets or turn off the circuit breaker to accomplish this.
• Cut the holes.
Make the openings in the wall where the wiring will travel using a drywall saw. Make
careful to measure precisely and note the openings' locations.
• Install the conduit.
Place the cable through the wall's openings. The pipe pieces should be joined together using
couplings and curves. Use pipe clamps to fix the tube in position.
• Pull the wires through the conduit.
Pull the wires through the pipe using a wire snake or fish tape. Put a few additional feet of
wire on the ends of the tubing.
• Connect the wires.
The cables are connected to the electrical sockets or receptacles using wire connectors. For
effective execution, be sure to carefully follow the manufacturer's directions.
• Seal the holes.
After the wires are attached, use a sealant to fill in the conduit's wall openings.

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5.0 Conclusions
Long story short, the leasehold Angkasa Condominium is situated in Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia at 5, Jalan Puncak Gading, Taman Connaught. Connaught Heights SDN
BHD, a Bonia Cooperation subsidiary that built the apartment, started construction on it in
2002 but didn't finish it until 2006. The Angkasa Condominiums are made up of two buildings
that are each 25 stories tall and have about 600 apartments with built-up areas that range from
750 square feet to about 1000 square feet.There are 10 defects currently in the Angkasa
condominium, which can reduce the lifespan of a building, have an effect on user safety and
health, stop the buildings from effectively completing their duties, and cause waste when they
are repaired. The 10 defects are plumbing leaking, crack tiles, paint peeling, rust, dampness,
concrete defect, mould, honeycombing, broken doorknob, and exposed electrical wiring.

When there are defects, action must be taken to ensure that the weakening of structure
leads to severe deterioration, damage and even collapse of the condominium. There are 10
suitable repair technique can be use to repair the 10 defects. The first method is using epoxy
putty to repair plumbing leakage and by replacing cracked tiles with a new one. Moreover, as
for paint peeling repainting the spot is the best method and for rusting a rust convert chemical
is used to repair it. Furthermore, for dampness a waterproof coating is apply and as for concrete
defects is by injecting epoxy into the concrete cracks. As for moulds a dehumidified is use to
prevent the mould and for honeycombing is grouting the gap either with cementitious grout or
epoxy resin. Lastly, for broken doorknob is to replace it and using a conduit for exposed
electrical wiring.

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References
11 Clever Ways to Hide Electrical Wires for a Good-looking Ceiling. (2023, February 1).

Retrieved from https://thearchspace.com/11-clever-ways-to-hide-electrical-wires-for-

a-good-looking-ceiling/

Al-Sherrawi, M. H., Lyashenko, V., Edaan, E. M., & Sotnik, S. (2018). Corrosion as a Source
of Destruction in Construction. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
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Cracking and building movement. (2020, October 28). Retrieved from

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%3A,chemical%20contaminants%2C%20and%20so%20on.

Curator, D. C. (2022, December 16). How to Get Rid of Dampness and Humidity in the

Home. Retrieved from https://dengarden.com/cleaning/Getting_Rid_Of_Damp

Divya, K. (2021, June 7). Dampness in Buildings – Sources, Prevention & Causes - Part 1.

Retrieved from https://www.nemmadi.in/dampness-in-buildings-sources-prevention-

causes-part-1/

Facilitator, C. (2023, March 10). Honeycomb in concrete - causes, types & repair methods.

Retrieved from https://constrofacilitator.com/honeycomb-in-concrete-causes-types-

repair-methods/

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Fuze Products. (2021, April 22). How to use rust converter · Painting over rust

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rust-converter/

Jeff. (2018, September 28). How Leaking Pipes Can Cause Structural Issues. Retrieved from

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https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/how-to-paint-a-room-10-steps

Mould growth in buildings. (2022, October 16). Retrieved from

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mould_growth_in_buildings

Roberson, K., & Bennett, J. (2022, May 26). How to Fix Peeling Paint and Prevent Walls

from Chipping Again. Retrieved from https://www.bhg.com/decorating/paint/how-

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paint/#:~:text=The%20reasons%20for%20peeling%20paint,to%20eventually%20begi

n%20flaking%20off.

Schilling, S. H. (2007, August 14). How to Replace a Broken Tile. Retrieved from

https://www.thisoldhouse.com/bathrooms/21016839/how-to-replace-a-broken-tile

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Appendix

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