GENERAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT

ON

STUDY ON RENEWABLE RESOURCES OF ENERGY

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DEGREE OF

MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS)

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-2023

SUBMITTED BY:

ANUPAMA VISHWAKARMA

(ROLL NO.- B41)

SEMESTER IV

SPECIALIZATION : FINANCE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. NILESH MANORE

H.K. INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH,

JOGESHWARI (W), MUMBAI 400102

1
STUDENTS DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement

of Master of Management Studies degree awarded by University of

Mumbai from

H.K. Institute of Management Studies and Research, is my original work

and not

submitted for award of any other degree or diploma fellowship or for

similar titles

or prizes.

I further certify that I have no objection and grant rights to H.K. Institute
of

Management Studies and Research to publish any chapter/project if they

deem fit

to publish in Journal/Magazines and newspapers etc. without my

permission.

Name : Anupama Vishwakarma

Class: M.M.S Semester 4

Roll No.: B41

Place: MUMBAI

Date:

Specialization Finance

2
 (Signature of the student)

3
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for

the award of Master of Management Studies under University of Mumbai
from H.K. Institute of Management Studies and Research is a result of
the bonafide research work carried out by Miss. ANUPAMA
VISHWAKARMA under my supervision and guidance. No part of this
report has been submitted for award of any other degree, diploma,
fellowship or other similar titles or prizes. The work has also not been
published in any Journals/Magazines

Dr. Govind Shinde

Director

HKIMSR

Project Guide:

Prof. NILESH MANORE

HKIMSR

4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank all those who have been of help to me in
the completion of this project. I would like to appreciate Prof. NILESH
MANORE (faculty of HKIMSR) for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
project &Sample; also for their support in completing the Project.

I am also grateful to, Director Dr. Govind Shinde and all the faculty
members who have directly or indirectly helped me in preparing this
project report.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr.NO TOPIC Page no.

I Executive Summary 6-8

1. INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC 9-14

LITERATURE REVIEW 15-18

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY 19-21

OBJECTIVES 22-28

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29

SAMPLING 30-36

DATA COLLECTIONDATA ANALYSIS 30+36

3. FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 37-38

4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 29-40

5. ANNEXURE 41

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 42

6
Executive summary

The depletion of forests in Sudan is a major challenge facing the country today .
North and central states of have lost 70% of their forest cover since independence
(UNEP, 2007) . Recurrent droughts, desertification, over-grazing and expansion of
agricultural land, as well as the collection of timber for firewood, charcoal
production and other uses, are among the root causes of forest degradation . The
use of biomass fuels for household energy creates significant demand for forest
products and leads to further degradation of an already scarce resource .

The impacts of household reliance on wood based fuels are considerable . Poor peri-
urban households spend a sizeable percentage of their income on purchasing
firewood and charcoal, while rural households collect fuelwood, sometimes in
insecure areas .

Biomass energy use has been shown to be highly inefficient . In households across
Sudan, biomass fuels are burned in stoves that are often only 10 to 15 percent
efficient, wasting heat and releasing excessive amounts of smoke . The latter
contributes to serious health problems for women and for children below five years
of age . Accordingly indoor air pollution measurements conducted in peri-urban
households in Kassala, Eastern Sudan, showed that the level of indoor air pollution
caused by wood fires is 20 times or more higher than standards specified by WHO .

In the face of these challenges, the rationale for clean and efficient energies is clear .
One of the options that has emerged in Sudan is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) .
Upon the onset of local production of LPG in Sudan, the Government of National
Unity adopted a fuel-switching policy to increase the uptake of LPG amongst the
population . The price of LPG was reduced by 50 percent and LPG appliances were
exempted from import duty tax . As a result of this intervention the use of LPG,
particularly by the domestic sector, increased from about 31,000 metric tonnes in
2000 to 274,000 metric tonnes in 2006 . In addition there was significant uptake in
use by the industrial and automotive sectors, amongst others . So as to protect
supplies and ensure its policy commitment to supporting the household and
services sectors with clean energy, the government removed subsidies for LPG to
the country’s industrial sector .

Despite the success in uptake, it is clear that the benefits of LPG have not been
equally spread . Poor households in the peripheries of large towns and rural areas
still have little to no access to clean energy . The consumption of LPG is largely
concentrated in Khartoum state, which constituted about 75 percent of overall
consumption in 2006 . The other states had minor shares, with the central states of
Gezira and Sinnar accounting for 14 percent together; with the remaining states
consuming the rest .

7
As cleaner renewable energy options are still under development, LPG is presented
as the short-term solution in delivering clean modern energy for household use, and
particularly for cooking applications . This study concludes that there are clear
benefits from the use of LPG over the existing biomass fuels that are widely used by
the household sector across the country . These include improved environmental
conservation and reduced deforestation, climate change mitigation, improvement in
women and children health and wider socio-economic development .

This study demonstrates that LPG use in Sudan is on a slow ascendancy, due in
particular to government incentives, investment by LPG companies in distribution
infrastructure and dissemination efforts made by private, public and non-
governmental organizations .

LPG use remains, however, concentrated in the central region of the country . This
has been attributed to high population density, the high price of woodfuel, greater
awareness and infrastructure development .

The study analyses a range of case studies of LPG promotion initiatives across
Sudan and recognizes the following as the main barriers for the widespread national
use of LPG:

1. The relatively large initial investment needed to acquire LPG appliances (cylinders
and stoves);

2 . The higher price of LPG compared to woodfuel prices in parts of the country;

3 . The lack of infrastructure for LPG distribution;

4 . A general lack of information; 5 . Social and cultural issues .

5. The relatively large initial investment needed to acquire LPG appliances (cylinders
and stoves);

6 . The higher price of LPG compared to woodfuel prices in parts of the country;

7 . The lack of infrastructure for LPG distribution;

8 . A general lack of information; 5 . Social and cultural issues .

Based on the best practices and lessons learnt from existing initiatives, four broad
recommendations are proposed . Together these should constitute the building
blocks of any strategy to scale up LPG use in Sudan . The recommendations are:

1. Public awareness and consumer education on benefits of LPG and safety

precautions of LPG use;

2. Government policies and initiatives to promote LPG market development,

8
 including strategy for full application of subsidies and national price stabilization;

3. Increased focus on women as primary beneficiaries in LPG scale-up activities,

including capacity building support for WDAs;

Development of full cost recovery microfinance options to facilitate household

access to clean modern energy such as LPG

9
1. Introduction
The forestry sector is very important in Sudan – fuelwood and charcoal constitute
the main domestic energy sources, while timber is the country’s primary source of
construction material . The forestry sector contributes as much as 13 percent to
Sudan’s gross domestic product (GDP) .

Sudan is confronted by a number of processes of change which significantly

threaten its existing natural resource base . Increasing urbanization, which has in
places been compounded by conflict related displacement, coupled with a growing
population has led to significant demand in household energy needs and for
construction material . Sudan’s population grew from 21 million in 1981 (1981
census) to 39 .2 million in 2008 (4th Census in 2008), representing a growth rate of 2
.8 percent according to the Central Bureau of Statistics . This is recognized as one
factor which has contributed to deforestation in Sudan . According to the UN Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2006), Sudan lost more than 5,500 km2 of forest
per year between 1990 and 2000 – an annual deforestation rate of 0 .77 percent .
This increased to 0 .84 percent between 2000 and 2005, meaning that since 1990
Sudan has lost 11 .6 percent of its forest cover . UNEP

(2007) meanwhile estimates that given an annual rate of loss of 1 .87 percent
between 1973 and 2006, 48 .2 percent of forest cover has been lost in since 1973 .

At the same time, climate and rainfall patterns have changed significantly . Statistics
from Darfur show that there is increased variability of rainfall and an increased
likelihood of drought . In Darfur, it is acknowledged that 16 of the 20 driest years on
record have occurred since 1970 . This pattern is in keeping with climate change
models for the Sahel region and is likely to continue in the coming years .

Stopping deforestation and protecting and increasing the area of land covered by
forests is a necessary component for any strategy to build resilience against the
consequences of climate change . Forests not only convert carbon dioxide (CO2)
into oxygen, thus slowing the pace of climate change, but they also prevent soil
erosion, helping to secure agricultural productivity and combat climate change . The
gum Arabic belt for example (an area of 520,000 km2 between the latitudes

of 10° and 14° north), covering one-fifth of Sudan’s land surface, protects 40 percent
of the country from desert encroachment .

A large increase in the consumption of forest products (mainly in Khartoum state

where much of the population is concentrated), combined with the uneven
distribution of resources and changing rainfall patterns, has led to serious
inequalities in the supply of, and demand for, resources . The shortfall in fuelwood in
some areas is clearly demonstrated by the Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demand
Overview Mapping by FAO

10
The green areas in the map represent areas with a high surplus in fuelwood, while
the red areas represent areas with a shortage of fuelwood . It is clear from this that
the Khartoum area in particular as well as the Darfur states need to consider
alternative energy sources and more efficient energy consumption, particularly in the
context of the 2011 secession of South Sudan .

Alongside the natural and demographic factors that impact energy supply and
consumption in Sudan, another contributing factor is the long period of conflict the
country has experienced . This has had a particular effect on energy consumption
patterns, the environment and livelihoods . With large numbers of people forced to
abandon their homes, internally displaced persons (IDP) and refugee camps have
become commonplace in some parts of the country . People in these camps search
for firewood alongside the local population, often in situations where the conflict
has cut off alternative fuel sources . This has significantly increased deforestation
and wrought significant changes in livelihood patterns . For example, livestock
rearing and agriculture has ceased to provide the best option and firewood
collection has become more attractive (Figures 1 .2) . At the beginning of the
conflict, collection of wood and charcoal production were only coping strategies, but
now they have become viable long-term livelihood options – a seismic shift that
needs to be reversed . In the event of failure to respond, conflicts over timber
resources will arise,

11
Figure 1.1. WISDOM – East Africa. Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview
Mapping (WISDOM) Methodology.

Source: FAO (2005)

Figure 1.2. Shift in livelihood strategies (Arab Aballa in Barka Alla, North of Kutum,
North Darfur)

particularly in the north-south Sudan border regions, where economic opportunities

in timber trade are high .

A switch to innovative, sustainable, clean energy sources is, therefore, urgently

needed for the Sudanese people . Since the household sector is the largest energy
consumer in Sudan, widespread promotion and use of clean cooking technologies is
essential . Among the options for clean fuel in Sudan is Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG) . LPG is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily propane and butane,
derived during natural gas and oil extraction and refining . It is a clean burning fuel
which emits no smoke or residual particulate matter and has relatively low pollutant

12
emissions . It has a number of advantages over traditional wood fuels including:

• No soot, burners have a longer life and therefore maintenance

is low;

• No spillage as it vaporizes at atmospheric temperature and

pressure;

• Instantly controllable flame temperature;

• Avoids scaling and decarburizing of parts;

• Environmentally friendly fuel with minimal sulphur content and

sulphur- free emissions;

• Very high efficiency with direct firing system instant heat for
faster warm-up and cool-down;

• Can be used for a varietyof applications.

LPG can be easily stored, transported and used virtually anywhere from downtown
urban areas to remote rural area . These properties have made it a highly appealing
global fuel option which both meets household energy needs and causes very low
levels of pollution . While LPG also has potential downsides – it is highly
inflammable at very low concentrations, and gas is odourless so the addition of a
pungent odorant is compulsory worldwide to enable rapid detection of leakages –
its use is considered significantly safer for household purposes than fuels .

The introduction of LPG in Sudan was pioneered by the Shell Petroleum Company
during the 1960s . Its use was mainly limited to Khartoum, where only welloff
households and a few institutions, like the University offirewood and charcoal,
LPG use remained restricted to Khartoum state . During the late 1980s, firewood
and charcoal prices increased and this, combined with greater public awareness,
saw the use of LPG expand beyond Khartoum to reach the capital cities of states
in northern Sudan . However, bottlenecks in supply chains limited its use beyond
well-off households that could afford to keep a stock of several cylinders .
Following the inauguration of the Khartoum refinery, which used locally produced
oil, availability of LPG ceased to be an issue . The Government introduced a policy
to incentivize the use of LPG by the domestic sector which attracted several
institutions to engage in projects intended to scale up LPG use, particularly in the
household sector, across Sudan .

This report evaluates the efforts to date to support the adoption of LPG use
across the country, and looks to highlight the constraints currently blocking its
widespread use .

13
Work on this report was undertaken on the recommendation of the Environmental
Technology Task Force (ENTEC), that was set up as a collaboration between UN,
donor and civil society organisations following the importance of this issue,
identified during the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) process in 2008 .
ENTEC’s central concern is to introduce and scale-up alternative construction and
energy technologies in Darfur to reduce the current rate of deforestation and
projected deforestation in the future when IDPs eventually return and reconstruction
begins . The group is co-chaired by UNEP with a focus on energy and UN-Habitat
with a focus on construction technologies . More information is available at www
.unep .org/sudan .

Energy consumption in Sudan

2.1. Overall energy consumption

The last major national study on energy consumption in Sudan was published in
2001 . Since then however, Sudan has become a major oil producer and exporter .
As a result the data in the 2001 national assessment cannot be said to accurately
reflect the current situation as energy consumption patterns have undergone
considerable changes . In particular three major changes since the Second
Energy Assessment can be noted:

biomass is the dominant source of energy in Sudan . Its contribution to national

energy consumption, however fell from 83 percent in 1981 to 78 percent in 2001
and to 63 percent in 2009 . Sudan’s principal energy sources are hydropower (one
percent), locally produced crude petroleum (36 percent) and biomass (63 percent)
. (Figure 2 .1) Energy from biomass mainly constitutes the burning of firewood
and charcoal . biomass is the dominant source of energy in Sudan . Its
contribution to national energy consumption, however fell from 83 percent in
1981 to 78 percent in 2001 and to 63 percent in 2009 . Sudan’s principal energy
sources are hydropower (one percent), locally produced crude petroleum (36
percent) and biomass (63 percent) . (Figure 2 .1) Energy from biomass mainly
constitutes the burning of firewood and charcoal .

2.1. Overall energy consumption

The last major national study on energy consumption in Sudan was published in
2001 . Since then however, Sudan has become a major oil producer and exporter .
As a result the data in the 2001 national assessment cannot be said to accurately
reflect the current situation as energy consumption patterns have undergone
considerable changes . In particular three major changes since the Second
Energy Assessment can be noted:

• share in the energy market having increased from 20 percent in 2001 to 36

percent in 2009;

• Power generation (both hydro and thermal) has expanded

14
 considerably;

• LPG is produced at the Khartoum refinery and

has been set aside for domestic consumption and power generation .
Consequently, the biomass share in the energy market fell from 78 percent in
2001 to 63 percent in 2009 . Biomass here refers to firewood, charcoal and
residues from agriculture and animal waste .

• The Second National Energy Assessment confirmed the findings of the First
National Assessment, in 1981, that

Figure 2 .2 shows Sudan’s national energy balance . Sudan’s primary energy supply
in 2008 amounted to 14,908 kilo tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe), while energy
consumption was 9,810 ktoe . This indicates a high rate of energy loss from
petroleum product refining, electricity generation and distribution, petroleum
products distribution, and biomass conversion (the production of charcoal) .

• At 67 percent, the biomass conversion losses are remarkably high . This is

due largely due to the

Figure 2.1. Sources and percentages of national energy supply in Sudan, 2009

Hydro 1%

Oil 36%

Biomass 63%

characteristics of charcoal production technology – earth mound kilns, which have a

15
theoretical efficiency of about 30 percent . Earlier research conducted by the Energy
Research Institute indicated reasonable efficiency figures (of about 25 percent) for
large volume (>100 m³) earth mound kilns, which are commonly used in Sudan . (ERI,
1987)

Figure 2 .2 also shows energy consumption by the country’s main sectors . The
household sector is the dominant consumer with 49 percent in 2008, against 60
percent in 2001 . This reduction is explained by the expansion in the consumption of
petroleum products, mainly in the transport sector . Biomass represents 95 percent
of the total energy consumed by the household sector . Of particular note is the
consumption of charcoal by households in urban centres . Over the last 25 years

2.2. Overall biomass energy consumption

The Second National Energy Assessment showed total consumption of biomass

energy in 1999 to be about 8 million toe . This fell to 6 .5 million toe in 2008 .
Firewood remains the dominant biomass fuel, over the years contributing 63
percent of total biomass energy consumption (Figure 2 .2) .

Figure 2.2. National energy balance (‘000 tonnes of oil equivalent [toe]), 2008

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mining (2009)

16
The main consuming sectors of biomass energy (Figure 2 .3) are: household (68
percent), commercial/services (21 percent) and industries (11 percent) . The
commercial/services sector includes restaurants and schools, while the industrial
sector is composed largely of brick-makers, lime-burning enterprises and oil mills .

17
Literature Review on LPG as a Transportation
and Cooking Fuel

Abstract and Figures

Supply of adequate fuel and energy sources have always been a major concern for
overpopulated developing countries like Bangladesh where the number of
consumers is significantly high relative to the amount of fossil fuels. Since the
liberation war, the country has mostly depended on the reserved natural gas at all
sectors. Most of the fuel available goes up for power generation, domestic cooking,
fertilizer production and some other sectors. Power plants obtain natural gas in
priority to fertilizer factories. As a result,most of the country's fertilizer factories
remain un-operational during a significant time of the year due to the shortage of
NG.Moreover,the country's natural gas reserve is being predicted to run out within
next decade.So the present and future fuel availability compared to demand is a
matter of serious concern.It is high time the country thought over managing an
alternative fuel source suitable for long run to tackle the upcoming unpleasant
situation. The purpose of this study is to introduce LPG,an
excellent,efficient,ecofriendly alternative to the depleting natural gas, to predict the
future market scenario of LPG,the probable challenges in this field and the way
forward to overcome these challenges.

Over the past few decades climate has been changed drastically and it has become
a crying need to control greenhouse gas emissions for the gas and oil industries. So,
it is important to know the impacts on the environment of the gases that we use in
our day to day lives while cooking or while using transportation. Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) is an effective method to determine and differentiate the
environmental impact of different types of fuels in cooking aspect as well as
transportation aspect. In the third world countries and developing countries like
Ghana, India, Sri Lanka etc. LPG (Liquefied Petroliam Gas) is one of the most
dominant fuel in urban area as well as rural areas. Since LPG has an excellent
environmental payoff and less GHG (Green House Gas) emission it has created a lot
of emerging possibilities as it has reduced pressures on forests and achieved
modest climate benefits. This review paper shows how it is easy to store and
transport LPG gas. With this study it brings a lot of possibility for diverse usage for
LPG in cooking and transportation as it is believed to be a very attractive fuel option
for its outstanding chemical properties that makes it an ideal fuel choice

Disadvantages of LPG

The main drawbacks of using LPG are:

 Although LPG is increasing in popularity as a cooking fuel, it is not

available everywhere. The LPG supply market is low as per demand.
 Liquid Petrol Gas as such is not costly, but the hardware to use this
fuel might cost a bit.

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  All nations lack direct production or reserves of this fuel, so it must be
imported, making them dependent on others.
 As LPG is highly flammable, that makes it risky to store and carry.
 High precautions are to be taken to avoid fire accidents.

 LPG is used in various sectors like health, industrial, construction,

transportation, and residential use.
 It is used for cooking because it is cheaper than other fuels and thus
makes it beneficial economically. In many countries, it’s commonly
used for domestic cooking.
 Liquid Petrol Gas is used for heating purposes. People use electricity,
kerosene, or natural gas to heat their homes, but LPG is a great
alternative.
 LPG is also used as dual fuel in many new technologies to produce
heat and electricity, like in CHP (combined heat and power) systems.
 Liquid petroleum gas is used as a vehicle fuel, hence it gets the name
“autogas.” In comparison with petrol, LPG burns cleaner and is more
economical. It has some problems. It is not as efficient as other fuels
used in cars, so it is not as popular. But still, there are some modified
cars in which Liquid Petrol gas acts as a bi-fuel and can be used in
conjunction with petrol.
 It is also used in refrigeration applications as a refrigerant.

 Precautions for using LPG gas:

Proper ventilation: Make sure there is proper ventilation in the area where the
LPG gas is used to prevent the accumulation of gas and reduce the risk of fire
or explosion.
 Regular maintenance: Regular maintenance of LPG gas appliances and
equipment can prevent gas leaks and ensure their safe operation.
 Proper installation: Always get LPG gas appliances and equipment installed
by a qualified professional to ensure they are installed correctly and safely.
 Check for leaks: Regularly check for gas leaks by smelling for gas and
checking the fittings and connections for damage or wear.
 Safe storage: Store LPG gas cylinders in a well-ventilated area, away from
heat sources, and keep them upright to prevent leaks.
Advantages of LPG

The main benefits of using LPG are that:

 Mostly, LPG is popular and advantageous to low-income households

where it is used for heating and cooking purposes. Also, it burns
cleanly, which makes it better than other fuels like wood or charcoal for
burning.
 In households, the combustion of traditional fuels generates a great

19
 deal of waste, which must be cleaned on a regular basis.
 Compared to conventional fuels, it has significantly fewer health
concerns. Nearly 90% of indoor air pollution is reduced.
 Almost all fuels have an environmental impact. But it has relatively
fewer CO2 emissions after use. Furthermore, it reduces the carbon
footprint as it has a very low percentage of greenhouse gases
produced after use.
 Since Liquid petrol gas has a high heating value, also known as its
caloric value, this indicates that it is capable of producing a significant
amount of heat over a relatively short period of time when used as an
energy source. 
 Stoves operated by liquid petroleum gas run with ease, give a lot of
heat energy and are easy to maintain and clean in comparison with
biomass or wood.

 Thing should kept in mind

 1. Handle With Care

 Dealing with cylinders requires a lot of attention; you must watch your steps
when moving the cylinder. Avoid lifting and rolling the cylinder instead; use a
hand cart designed for cylinder moving. By this, you can also avoid dropping
or hitting the cylinder on other objects. Place the cylinder in an upright
position, away from all flammable substances. Also, lifting cylinders from
caps and magnets can be dangerous. It is essential to be careful when
handling gas cylinders.

 2. Gas Cylinder Maintenance

 It is risky to use outdated cylinders at home. The Gas Cylinder Maintenance
includes the latest equipment, continuously verifying before use. Also, there is
a threat of using dented, rusty or old cylinders. It is better to invest in a good
brand cylinder for a secure life.

 3. Empty Cylinder Safety

 We deal with empty cylinders very smoothly without any fear, but we don’t
realise empty cylinders have residual pressure. When working or lifting with
empty cylinders, assume them equivalent to a full. Before taking out the
empty cylinders, make sure to airtight all the valves and caps.

20
  4. Always Buy A Good Condition Cylinder
 When searching for a gas cylinder for home use, always go with the best
condition cylinder. We have to be extra careful with the home cylinder usage
as the women spend most of their time in the kitchen making food and kids
buzzing around. Check for the seal and safety cap, ensuring a fresh cylinder. A
good purchase can be promising with long durability.

 5. Storing LPG Cylinder At Home

 Important tip: Avoid mixing it with the empty cylinder when storing a cylinder
at home. Keep it in a safe place away from kids. At the same time, cylinders
must be kept in a ventilated space where air can pass. The ideal place is to
store where air circulation is easy. Avoid direct sunlight, heat, electric sockets,
and other flammable subjects. If the cylinder is at your home longer than 5
months without use, empty it or return it to the supplier.

 6. Disconnect LPG
If there is something important to attend to, switch off the stove. Do not leave
the gas stove burning while cooking. Keep the doors and windows open for
ventilation. Once done, disconnect the LPG regulator and close the cap on the
cylinder.

.7 LPG Gas Cylinder Leakage

PG gas cylinder 2 Kg Gas Capacity RS. 1,499

LPG gas cylinder 4 kg with Regular and Burner RS. 3,252

LPG gas cylinder 6 Kg Gas Capacity RS. 2,999

LPG gas cylinder 8 kg with Regular and Burner RS. 3,499

Most of the injuries are due to the leakage of gas. Close all the valves and burner
knobs if you smell a gas leak. Do not panic; stay calm and focus on resolving the
issue. Ventilation is the best way to avoid any harmful situation. Besides, close all
the sources of fires, and contact the gas distributor near you. 

21
OBJECTIVES

Objective. These standards are intended to ensure uniform application of design

principles in layout, material and equipment selection, construction etc., adoption of
standard operating procedures, proper maintenance, inspections, competence
assurance for safe operation of the LPG Storage, Handling and Bottling Facilities and
shall primarily focus on safety aspects of the employees, public and facilities
associated with LPG Storage, Handling and Bottling.

1 Ministry of Petroleum
The Ministry of Petroleum consists of a number of corporations and companies,
the main ones being:

• The Sudanese Petroleum Corporation which is responsible for

exploring, producing, refining, transporting, marketing, financing, planning,
arranging licenses, supervision and the development of new legislation . This
corporation is composed of several departments, each responsible for
specific mandate within the wider petroleum sector .

• Controlling more than 50 per cent of the market, the Nile

Petroleum Company is considered to be the sole arm for the Ministry of
Petroleum with the mandate of distributing and marketing petroleum products
. The Company is responsible of supplying petroleum products to important
strategic sectors like electricity stations, sugar factories, irrigated and
mechanical agricultural sectors, irrigation institutes, roads and bridges,
service sectors, security and the various development projects in progress .

2 Civil Defence
While Civil Defence has no engagement on biomass fuels production and use, the
department establishes safety measures for the storage, transportation, handling
and end use facilities of petroleum products . Actors in the sector must obtain a
license from Sudan Civil Defence prior to establishing any petroleum product
service facility .

3 Public corporations
The energy sector is dominated by three public corporations: the FNC, Sudanese
Petroleum Corporation (SPC) and the National Electricity Corporation (NEC) .

NEC: The NEC is responsible for electricity generation, transmission and distribution
in Sudan . One of NEC’s objectives is to diversify its electricity supply options
through greater use of renewable energy .

SPC: The SPC is responsible for petroleum exploration, production, refining,

transportation, marketing, financing, planning, arranging licenses, supervision and
new legislation . SPC is composed of several departments, each responsible for

22
 specific mandate within the wider petroleum sector .

The Nile Petroleum Company, (NPC) operating under the Ministry of Petroleum, is
responsible for marketing petroleum products . The NPC has an integrated system
of storage and delivery from its main depots in Al-Jaili, Al-Shajara, Port Sudan and
Wad Medani . The NPC is responsible of supplying petroleum products to a number
of sectors including: Electricity Stations, Sugar Factories, Irrigated and Mechanical
Agricultural Sectors, Irrigation Institutes, Roads and Bridges, Service Sectors,
Security and various development projects . In addition to its major depots, ten
regional depots (Port Sudan, Medani, Atbara, Sennar, Kassala, Gedarif, Rabak, Al-
Fasher, Nyala, Dongola and Al-Obeid) are distributed across Sudan to deliver gas
cylinders .

In conformity with the government’s directives at naturalizing LPG services as an

alternative for charcoal and wood as a source of domestic energy, the NPC
distributes gas tanks for bakeries free of charge, and provides the delivery service
from its main depots to assist in providing clean and healthy bread for the public .
This comes through commercial agreements and coordination with the major
companies working in the marketing and distribution of wheat flour such as Sayga
and Wheata Companies .

FNC: The FNC is empowered to exercise technical supervision over all forests
throughout the country and entitled to issuing directives or take measures for
protection and management of reserved and unreserved forests across the country .
At the federal level, FNC is the sole agency responsible of managing the forestry
sector. Through its state offices, FNC manages the production, supply and
marketing of firewood and charcoal all over the country .

In the early 1990s, the FNC launched its Gabatgaz Project which aimed at facilitating
households’

• Sustainable Action Group (IDP camps in North Darfur)

These initiatives are discussed in greater detail in Section 5 below .

23
 Civil society organizations
A number of NGOs concerned with environmental conservation, food security and
livelihoods have implemented LPG promotion projects in different parts of the
country . These include:

• Practical Action in Eastern Sudan,PA, (Kassala and Gedaref

States)

• Sudanese Environment Conservation Society, SECS, (Khartoum State)

• Plan Sudan (Kassala State)

• Sustainable Action Group (IDP camps in North Darfur)

These initiatives are discussed in greater detail in Section 5 below .

. Energy policy
The Ministry of Petroleum has the responsibility for formulating and implementing
the energy policies in the country . The government formulates its energy policies
by using a participatory process between relevant ministries and stakeholders for
each policy field e .g . oil, electricity . The national energy policy sets the direction
for the development of the energy sector in order to meet national development

24
goals in a sustainable manner . Through its General Directorate of Energy Affairs,
the Ministry of Energy and Mining is responsible for:

• Conducting National Energy Assessments;

• Formulating and implementing the strategic national energy

planning issues;

• Promoting and disseminating renewable energy technologies;

and

• Conducting studies for conservation and environmental impacts

issues .

The First National Energy Assessment (1981) was the first policy endeavour
towards understanding and planning the energy sector in Sudan . The main
output was the first National Energy Plan, 1983, which placed significant
emphasis on the environmental crisis facing the country given the high
dependence on biomass energy . The main policy directives were:

Improving the efficiency of biomass fuels conversion, particularly

in the household sector
.Development of alternative fuels, mainlytargeting the conversion of
biomass residues into convenient fuels for the household sector
4Creation of new biomass resources – tree plantations, and
maximum use of available resources, particularly woody biomass resulting from
mechanized farms clearing operations
• Development and dissemination of renewable energy
technologies use, particularly solar energy

In the wake of the National Energy Plan, several projects were launched with
international support aimed at realizing the above policy objectives . However, by
the end of 1992 almost all of these projects had come to a standstill, largely due
to lack of funding .

The Second National Energy Assessment (2001) did not formulate a National
Energy Plan . Oil production and export had created new priorities in the energy
sector and all efforts were directed towards more exploration with the objective
of increasing oil production and export . Following the inauguration of two oil
refineries at Al Obeid and Khartoum, the country became energy self-sufficient,
and an exporter of petroleum products .

Given the changing energy environment, a revised energy policy was articulated .
The energy policy within the overall development policy (as articulated by the
National Strategic Plan) is as follows (NCSP, 2006):

25
• To provide an adequate and reliable supplyof energy
from local resources to support sustainable development .

• To conserve all energytypes so as to generate the

highest economic value for energy and minimize the cost to the economy .

• To develop the energysector institutions to ensure coordination

between consumers and producers .

• To develop and promote local and/ or adapted energy

technologies particularly in the field of renewable energy resources .

• To train qualified and adequate staff at all levels to

facilitate the development of energy sector .

• The government energy policy has the following objectives for the energy
sector, with emphasis on energy security through:

• Efficient energysupplyin an environmentally sustainable manner at

feasible but socially acceptable prices;

• De-monopolization and liberalization of the energy market;

• Fostering competition in the energymarket where possible through

privatization;

• Establishing a regulatory framework; and

• Addressing market and institutional failures to promote

energy efficiency and renewable energy resources and to protect the
environment .

• In realization of the above policy the prices of petroleum products were

subsidised at levels below prevailing international prices . Indicatively, at the
inauguration of the Khartoum refinery in 2001, the price of LPG for domestic
consumption was reduced by 50 percent and has remained fixed since . In
addition, LPG equipment was exempted from import duty tax .

OPERATING PROCEDURES: BULK LOADING and UNLOADING

Loading of Tank Trucks

Check for following in a tank truck as per statutory regulations before accepting it
for filling

Provision of two safety valves, level gauge, Internal Valve with Excess flow check
and control valve on liquid and vapour lines, pressure gauge, temperature gauge on

26
the vessel / bullet. Fire screen between cabin and vessel is provided. For this
purpose, cabins with metallic back cover without any opening will be considered as
fire screen. Provision of 2 nos. of 9 Kgs.DCP Fire Extinguishers.

Fitment of Spark arrestors of approved quality. No leakage in exhaust silencer pipe

exists. Manufacturer's name plate with date of testing is fitted on the vessel. Valid
Explosive License and RTO certificate is available. Approved drawings of vessel are
available. Blind flanges/caps are provided on vessel. Availability of Earthing cable.
Bonding between vessel and chassis and between flanges is satisfactory. Earthing /
bonding point is available. Third party inspection/test certificates for vessel/fittings
are available. Liquid / vapour line valves are in good condition.

Driver must be trained for hazardous goods transportation and their driving
license/certificate must have RTO endorsement for hazardous goods transportation.

In order to prevent accidental movement, the handbrake and wheel chocks shall be
firmly on and the engine shall be stopped.
When discharge is in progress, the driver shall remain at his vehicle in such a
position as to be able to stop the discharge immediately in an emergency.
A visual check shall be made of the surroundings, the tank and connections for
unusual or dangerous situations
Warning notices shall be displayed and suitable fire appliances shall be available for
instant use..
Bonding leads shall be connected before making the hose connections and shall
remain connected till the hoses have been removed. Perfect bonding contact should
be ensured.
When operations are commenced, a further examination for leakage at connections
shall be carried out.
No person shall smoke while on or attending such a vehicle

Unloading of tank trucks Additional precautions to be taken during unloading are as

under : i. Liquid line and vapour line of the tank truck shall be connected to the
respective hoses fixed to the unloading point. ii. Test the connections for leaks by
slightly opening the valves for pressurizing. When satisfied,valves on the tank truck
and the receiving vessel shall be opened. iii. Start the LPG compressor. Vapours will
be sucked from the receiving vessel and will be discharged into the vapour space of
the tank truck vessel creating pressure differential thereby pushing the liquid from
the tank truck vessel to the receiving vessel. iv. Care should be exercised to see that
the pressure created within the delivering vessel does not reach or exceed the set
pressure of the relief valve. v. An authorized person of the company shall supervise
the transfer operation and respond immediately in the event of an emergency. vi.
After the liquid has been taken out, the vapour recovery operation may be started.
Care should be taken not to bring down the pressure of the delivering vessel below
1.5 Kg/cm2g. Checklist for bulk LPG tank Trucks at unloading locations is given at
Annexure I. vii. Unloading by LPG Pump in the storage vessel can be undertaken
after taking the safety precautions and SOPs.
Safety Precautions i.
Do not allow the locomotive to come on the weigh bridge unless its capacity is
designed to take the locomotive load. ii. Sufficient number of dummy wagons may

27
be used to avoid electric loco coming closer to the gantry. Maintain the distance of
15 m from first fill point. iii. The first operation after positioning the wagon shall be
to provide for proper earthing. Earthing shall be disconnected just before the release
of the wagon. iv. For connecting and disconnecting hoses, only non-sparking tools
shall be used
After the wagons are placed on weigh bridge and before the loco is detached, the
hand brakes on each and every wagon shall be applied. vi. Like-wise, before the
wagons are moved from the weigh bridge, release brakes on all the wagons. vii. Do
not use footwear with protruding nails. viii. Ensure that the lower portion of flapper
bridge at wagon side is fitted with rubber or wooden padding. ix. Ensure that
electrical continuity of the system is intact. x. Ensure that all fittings on the wagons
are checked physically. xi. Hoses shall be tested as per statutory requirements and
records maintained. xii. The loading/unloading operation shall be carried out under
close supervision of authorized person. xiii. During unloading operation, after the
liquid transfer is over, the wagon pressure shall not be reduced below 1.5
Kg/sq.cm.(g).
Filling Considerations
Tank Wagons for Petroleum Class A Vapour space of not less than 4% of the
capacity of tank wagon shall be kept. Since tank wagons are loaded in accordance
with the load carrying capacity by weight in relation to axle design, the above vapour
space is allowed. In addition the tank wagons are filled as per the calibration tables
provided by railways and which specifies the maximum dip to be loaded for various
products.
The maximum quantity of LPG filled in any tank wagon shall be limited to the filling
density of the LPG and shall be such that the tank wagon shall not be liquidful due to
expansion of the contents with rise of the temperature to 55 degree C. or limited to
specified gross weight on the wagon whichever is less.
Operating Procedures
Loading Operations
Place the wagon on weigh bridge taking care to see that all the four wheels are
properly accommodated on the platform. Engage hand brakes.
ii. Ask loco to move away and exhibit caution sign at suitable distance away from the
wagons on both ends.
iii. Switch off loco engine, if parked nearby.
iv. Apply brakes on all wagons
v. Ensure fire system, safety interlocks, communication system are OK vi. Take
loading advice.
vii. Connect earthing lugs to the wagons.
viii. Lower the flapper bridge slowly on the wagon.
ix. Open the lid of the wagon.
x. Take the tare weight reading and set the pointer of the scale to zero. Compare this
with the marked tare weight on the wagon. Alternatively, use mass flow meter to fill
the wagons.
xi. Connect the filling hose or loading arm and vapour return line hose or arm to the
wagon. Ensure that the flare connection valves are closed.
xii. Ensure that the header is charged with LPG and the bulk loading pump is running.
xiii. Open the tanker filling line valve and vapour return line valve.
xiv. Check the system for leaks.
xv. Open the valve on the vapour return line. Now slowly open the valve on the filling
line. Increase the valve opening and gradually open the valve fully. Ensure filling is up

28
to safe filling level keeping in view temperature factors. Take mass flow meter
readings if used.
xvi. Once the filling is over, close the wagon filling and vapour return lines valves and
also valves on
filling and vapour return lines at the loading point.
xvii. Open the valve on flare line connection to both feed line and vapour return line
slowly to avoid ice formation. Thus, the hoses are depressurized. Then, close the
flare line connection valves.
xviii. Disconnect the filling and vapour return line hose connections from the wagon.
Replace and tighten the plugs on filling and vapour return lines.
xix. Close the top cover of the wagon and seal it properly. Remove earthing
connections.
xx. Release the hand brake of the wagon.
xxi. Release all the wagons on the loading points in the lot.
xxii. Check the gross and net weight at the weigh bridge.
xxiii. Use loading arms for loading / unloading operations.

Unloading Operations

i. Ascertain that the liquid discharge valve and the vapour valve within the tank
wagon cover are in the closed position.

ii. Open the port covers in the side of the dome shell, if exist. Unscrew the plugs in
the outlets of the vapour valve and the liquid valves using a box wrench. This must
be done slowly.

iii. If there is any sound of escaping vapour or if there seems to be pressure behind
the plugs, the pressure must be allowed to relieve itself past the threads before the
plugs are entirely disengaged.

iv. If the vapour discharge continues or if there is evidence of a liquid discharge, the
valves should be re-tightened. v. With the plugs removed, screw pipe nipples into the
outlets of the valves after first having applied a modest quantity of sealant to the
male threads, keeping the sealant away from the end of the thread. Tighten nipples
with a pipe wrench.

vi. Connect the two liquid transfer unloading swing arms or hoses to the nipples
attached to the liquid discharge valves. Connect the vapour or equalizing swing arm
or hose to the nipple attached to the vapour valve. In most of the cases, these
connections will be made by means of either a ground joint union or a hose coupling.

vii. In the event, a ground joint union is used, no gasket will be required. If a hose
coupling is employed, ensure that the appropriate gasket is in place. Make sure that
they are secured tightly by appropriate means.

viii. After the vapour and liquid hoses have been connected and before any valve are
opened, the valves on the tank wagon are crack opened in order to apply pressure to

29
the hoses / loading arms as a test for leaks.

ix. If any leak appears, the valve should be immediately closed and corrective
measures applied.

x. Recheck the lines and connections to make sure that they are connected correctly.

xi. After the liquid and vapour lines have been secured and tested, both liquid
education valves should be opened slowly and completely. Then, open all other
valves in the liquid line working from the tank wagon to the storage tank.

xii. If the tank wagon pressure is higher than that in the storage tank, do not open
the valves in vapour line or operate the compressor. When the rate of liquid flow
drops to an unsatisfactory level with the storage tank filling valve wide open, open
the vapour valves between the tank wagon and the storage tank.

xiii. At this point, make sure that the control valves at the compressor are in a
position which allow the compressor to draw vapours from the storage tank and
force it into the tank wagon, then start the compressor. xiv. When the tank wagon is
held at a pressure of 2.0 to 2.5 Kg/sq.cm. above the storage tank pressure, the tank
wagon should be emptied into the storage vessel.

xv. A flow of gas instead of liquid through the sight-flow glass in the unloading line
indicates that the wagon is empty of liquid. Recheck this by opening the sample
valve in the tank wagon dome.

xvi. When the tank wagon is emptied of all liquid, stop the compressor and close the
liquid valves beginning at the storage tank and progressing to the tank wagon.

Procedure for Degassing of LPG tank Wagons

The following sequence shall be followed:

i. During degassing operation, all loading/unloading operations on

that Spur shall be stopped. Earthing to be ensured even on the
degassing bay before commencing the degassing.

ii. Sampling valve should be opened and vapours allowed to escape

fully.

iii. The plugs of liquid and vapour reduction valves should be

unscrewed and then valve be opened.

iv. The method adopted to make the barrel free from LPG is to fill the
barrel completely with water and allow to overflow for an hour.
Pump out the water after 24 hours.

30
 v. Remove the manhole cover. In no case the heating of studs/bolts
shall be adopted to open them. If required, rust remover solution
shall be used.

vi. Check thoroughly for presence of LPG vapours inside by explosive

meter. Repeat the procedure if explosive meter shows presence of

vapour inside.

vii. Ensure that the barrel is completely dry in case water filling or
steam purging method of de gasing is adopted.

viii. A safety instruction checklist should be exhibited at the degassing

station containing all relevant points in the degassing procedure.

ix. Degassing operation should be discontinued at the approach of

thunder storm and all valves manhole covers and hoses
disconnected to make the wagon ready for removal.

x. Disposal of sludge from the LPG wagons should be transported

away from the siding in wet condition and disposed of in safe
manner

Research Methodology

The research design and methodology is presented as follows:

Data collection:

The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and
research design has been chalked out.

While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study, the
research should keep in mind two types of data viz. primary & secondary data.

31
Primary data:

The observation method is the most commonly used method. Data pertaining to
project process and most of information is collected from project guide in the
company. Questionnaire method is also very widely used in order to give a structure
to the entire study.

Secondary data:

Secondary data is collected from already existing sources in various organization

broachers & records. Secondary data for the study were collected from the
magazines, websites & other previous studies. To meet the objective, the study used
qualitative research. The descriptive study was done through review of existing
literature that helped in validation and extraction of the important variables and
factors. Data was collected from secondary sources. Secondary sources were
magazines, websites, book, office executives, and company data.

Above chart shows that most of people who have response are of 31 age followed
by 27 age group.
And after it is of 22 to 29 years age of people

32
Hence it is observed that the age category is of 22-31 year of people

33
 The above chart shows the interprition of gender which is 63.6% are female
and 36.4% are male
Compare to gender female are more aware then men of LPG

34
The above chart shows they are no popualation unaware of LPG gas
100% awareness is there of lpg gas .

35
The above chart specifies there are still some people those who are unaware of lpg
Gas precaution which shoukd be taken while unsudden accident out of 100% 18%
people are not aware of precautions and 90.9% aware of it

36
There are the 9.1% people with distance of 1 km , and 2km , 27.3% people with
distance of 2km , 18.2% of people with 30mins , 9.4% people with 6km , 9.1% people
are not aware of the distance , 9.1% people with 5 km. hence there still need to
increase of agency

37
Therre are 9.1% people who says 900 cost foe single cylinder, 18.2% people with
cost of 1100 for single gas cylinder , 18.2% of people says 1180 for singke gas
cylinder , 27.3% people says 1200 for single gas cylinder , 9.1% people says 1350
rupees for single gas cylinder , and 9.1% people are not aware of cost
The above cost is variable for each case and each state that means cost gor LPG
bottles are not same

38
There are 27.3% people says fair price of LPG bottles , 9.1% people who says the
price is not fair , and ok , 45.5% people says unfair price 9.1%people says its too
costly

39
Findings

Following the commencement of local production of LPG at Al Jaili Refinery in

2000, and as a result of government incentives aimed at encouraging households
to switch to LPG use instead of fuelwood, there has been a significant net up-take
of LPG use in Sudan . As a result, a number of private sector companies have
emerged to address the increasing demand for LPG .

It is clear also that LPG use has a number of benefits over the conventional biomass
energy sources which are widely used in the countries household sector . These
include improved environmental conservation and reduced deforestation, climate
change mitigation, improvement in women and children health and wider socio-
economic development

The findings of this study indicate however that notwithstanding government

incentives and the expansion of the LPG distribution network, and the clear
benefits of LPG use, the penetration of LPG use across households Sudan as a
whole is still very low at about 6 percent . It is clear that the use of LPG remains
concentrated largely in the central region of the country, and that it is still very low
in remote areas of the country and even in the peripheries of major towns in
central Sudan . Given the analysis considered above five main barriers to the
widespread use of LPG in Sudan can be identified:

• Relative large investment in LPG appliances (cylinder and

stove);

• Price competitiveness of LPG against low prices of

woodfuel;

• Lack of infrastructure for LPG distribution;

• Lack of information;

• Socio-cultural issues.

These are elaborated on below . What is clear is that further national and local
interventions are necessary to build on the successes with LPG up-take to date, and
to improve coverage to address the identified

barriers . These should form the basis for a national LPG Scale-up strategy, which
is discussed in greater detail in section 6 .2 below .

40
. Barriers to widespread use of LPG

High upfront cost of LPG appliances and new technology

Practical Action’s experience as well as that of LPG programs in other African

countries has demonstrated that the price of LPG appliances (almost ten times the
refilling cost of the LPG cylinder in Sudan) is the main constraint hindering poor
households’ access to LPG . Even where the long term savings from a switch to LPG
for fuel are significant, poor households find it very difficult to justify the initial
investment .

Efforts that have been based on the free distribution of LPG appliances to overcome
this problem have rarely been successful . Plan-Sudan’s experience in Kassala State
showed that LPG cylinders provided for free were often later sold by households . It
is generally recognized that poor households very often undervalue the socio-
economic benefits of free donations . This implies the necessity of imposing a cost
on LPG appliances . As shown by the success of Practical Actions interventions in
Kassala and El Fasher, supporting WDA’s with access to lease arrangements is a
useful method to ensure access of LPG for poor households .

Price competiveness of woodfuel

Almost all households in the urban areas of Northern Sudan obtain their cooking fuel
supplies from the market . The prices of traditional biomass fuels relative to LPG,
whenever available, are an important determinant factor in households’ decision to
switch to LPG use .

41
Conclusion

In combination with proactive government policies aimed at encouraging the use

of LPG by the household sector, a number of LPG stakeholders have played
complementary roles in promoting widespread uptake of LPG across the country .
It is clear however that due to challenges in pricing and policy coherence, the
target of a real reduction in the use of biomass in the household sector require
further effort . One possible solution may lie in the creation of an LPG Forum
where stakeholders could streamline their, consolidate achievements to date and
prepare a joint strategy and plan to achieve maximum substitution of LPG for
woodfuel in the domestic .

42
Bibliography

https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Review%20of%20the%20appropriateness
%20of%20the%20current%20
LPG%20international%20benchmark%20in%20the%20setting%20of%20domestic%
20LPG%20prices%20- %20October%202009.pd

] LPG Industry datasets,

https://datasets.databd.co/datasets/a530b520-be31-11e8-914b-
2d5ef8e77230/resource-bd4189a0-be31-11e8- 9de5-0bb7b3c2b0ce(accessed 20
October 2019

https://www.wlpga.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/lpg-and-energy-
transition.pdf

https://www.lightcastlebd.com/insights/2016/08/04/market-insight-lpg-industry-
in-bangladesh

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html

https://contest.techbriefs.com/2013/entries/sustainable-technologies/3792

https://www.elgas.com.au/blog/453-the-science-a-properties-of-lpg

http://energynewsbd.com/details.php?id=722

43
Annexure

1. What is your name 

2. What is your age

3.Gender 

o Male

o Female

4.Are you Aware of LPG gas

o Yes

o NO

5.Are you LPG Gas user?

o Yes

o No

6. How much gas cylinder is requried in a month 

o 1

o 2

o 3

o More

44
 7.Are you aware of safety and precautions should be taken while using 
LPG gas at home

o Yes

o NO

8.How much distance is between your residence and LPG agency

9.According to you the cost is fair or unfair

o Fair

o Unfair

45