Igcse

chemistry formula sheet pdf

Formula sheet for igcse physics. Igcse edexcel chemistry formula sheet pdf. Igcse chemistry 0620 syllabus. Chemistry formula sheet a level.

Test Yourself Each element is represented by its own unique symbol as seen on the Periodic Table Where a symbol contains two letters, the first one is always in capital letters and the other is small E.g. sodium is Na, not NA Atoms combine together in fixed ratios that will give them full outer shells of electrons The chemical formula tells you the ratio
of atoms E.g. H2O is a compound containing 2 hydrogen atoms which combine with 1 oxygen atom The chemical formula can be deduced from the relative number of atoms present E.g. If a molecule contains 3 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of nitrogen then the formula would be NH3 Diagrams or models can also be used to represent the chemical
formula The ammonia molecule consists of a central nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms Chemical formulae The structural formula tells you the way in which the atoms in a particular molecule are bonded This can be done by either a diagram (displayed formula) or written (simplified
structural formula) The molecular formula tells you the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the compound or element E.g. H2 has 2 hydrogen atoms, HCl has 1 hydrogen atom and 1 chlorine atom Example: Butane Structural formula (displayed) Structural formula (simplified) CH3CH2CH2CH3 C4H10 C2H5Deducing formulae
by Combining power(valency) The concept of valency is used to deduce the formulae of compounds (either molecular compounds or ionic compounds) Valency or combining power tells you how many bonds an atom can make with another atom or how many electrons its atoms lose, gain or share, to form a compound E.g. carbon is in Group IV so a
single carbon atom can make 4 single bonds or 2 double bonds The following valencies apply to elements in each group: What is the formula of aluminium sulfide? Answer: We can use the combining power (valency) of each atom to work out a formula Did this page help you?1.1 Solids, Liquids & Gases4.2 Applications of Electrolysis5.1 Exothermic &
Endothermic Reactions RELATIVE FORMUALE MASSIt is the sum of relative atomic mass of all the atoms present in a compound.The ratio of the average mass of one atom compared to 1/12th of the mass of C-12Eg – CO2 = Mass of C + 2(mass of O)= 12+ (2× 16)= 44gCaCO3 = Mass of Ca + Mass of C + 3(mass of O)= 40+12+ (3× 16)=
100gCa(PO4)3 = Mass of C + 3 × mass of P+ 12(mass of O)= 310gMOLES – Amount of substance.Chemical Formulae,Equation and Calculation ExamplesQ1 Calculate the moles of following22g of CO2 Moles = Mass/Mr = 22/44 = 0.5 moles17g of NH3 Mass/Mr = 24/17 =2 moles48dm3 of O2 Volume/24 = 48/24 = 2 moles24000cm3 of
CO2 24000/1000dm3 = 24dm3 = 24/24 = 1 mole20g of NaOH dissolved in 50cm3 of Solution Moles = 20/40 = 0.5 molesQ2 Calculate the mass of :-a) 2 moles of calcium carbonate Mass = Moles × Mr =Mr CaCO3 =100 = 2 × 100g= 200gb) 0.1 moles of hydrochloric acid Mr of Hcl = 36.5 = 36.5×0.1 = 0.365gQ3 Calculate the concentration of the
followinga) 2 moles of NaOH dissolved in 10 dm3 of solution = Concentration = Moles/V(dm)3 = 2/10 = 0.2 mol dm-3b) 20 g of NaOH dissolved in 50 cm3 of solution = Moles of NaOH = 20/40 = 0.5 molesC = 0.5/0.05 moldm-3 = 10moldm-3V= 50/1000 = 0.05dm3Avogadros Constant1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 atomsQ1 Calculate the number of molecules
in the following :Mr of H2SO4 = 98g=98/49 =0.5 moles= 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms= 3.01 x 1023 atomsMr of O2 = 32g=8/32 =0.25 moles= 0.25 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms= 1.50 x 1023 atomsMr of N2 =48/24 = 2 moles= 2 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms= 1.20 x 1024 atomsd) 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 of sodium hydroxideMoles = C x V = 0.1 x 50/1000 = 5 x 10-
3 moles=5 x 10-3 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms= 3.01 x 1021 atomsBalanced Chemical EquationsC + O2 CO2One mole of carbon is reacting with one mole of oxygen to form one mole of carbon dioxide.2Al + 3O2 2Al2O32 moles aluminium reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to form 2 moles of aluminium oxide.Mg + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2One mole of magnesium is reacting with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid to form one moles of magnesium chloride and one mole of hydrogen gas.CALCULATIONS FROM EQUATIONSCalculate the mass of Magnesium oxide produced from 6 g of Magnesium when burned complete y in air ?STEP 1: Write the balanced chemical equation.2Mg
+ O2 2MgOSTEP2: Write known to the left and unknown to the rightMg = MgOSTEP3: Write the moles relationship from the balanced chemical equation2moles = 2 molesSTEP4: Convert moles into mass48g = 80gSTEP5: Do the Maths.48/48 = 1g 80/48 = 1.66g1g× 6 = 6g
1.66g × 6 = 10gCalculate the mass of alumium needs to produce 306 g of Aluminium Oxide ?STEP 1: Write the balanced chemical equation.4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3STEP2: Write known to the left and unknown to the right2Al2O3 AlSTEP3: Write the moles relationship from the balanced chemical equation2moles = 4
molesSTEP4: Convert moles into mass204g = 108STEP5: Do the Maths.306g 108/204 x 306 = 162gLIMITING REAGENTSTo work out the limiting reagent work out moles of all the reagents and then work from the balanced chemical equation which reagent is in excess and which is in limitingThe reactant that get all used up completely
is the limiting reagent. The other reagent which is present in greater quantity than required is in excess.13.5 gm Aluminium reacts which 32 g of Oxygena) Work out the moles of Aluminium and Oxygenb) Which reagent is limiting and which is in excessc) Calculation the mass of aluminium oxide produced ?4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3Moles of Al
= 13.5/27 = 0.5 molesMoles of O2 = 32/32 = 1 moles4 moles of Alumunium = 3 moles of oxygen1 moles of alumnum = ¾ O20.5 mol of aluminium = ¾ x 0.5 = 0.375So 0.375 moles oxygen is required hence oxygen is in excess and alumunium is limiting4 moles = 2 moles0.5 – 2/4 x 0.5=0.25 x 102=25.5gPERCENTAGE YIELD% yield = observed
mass/expected mass x 100= Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100When 28 g of nitrogen combined with hydrogen 30 g of ammonia is made ? Calculate the percentage yield ?N2 + 3H2 2NH3N2 = NH31mole = 2moles of ammonia28g = 32g of ammoniaExpected = 32gObserved = 30g% yield = 30/32 x 100 = 93.75%When 80 g of iron
oxide reacts with carbon, 20 g of iron is produced.

Calculate the % yield ?2Fe2O3 + 3C Fe + 3CO2Fe2O3 = Fe2 moles = 4 moles320g = 224 g1g =224/32080g = 224/320 x 80 = 56g20/56 x 100 = 35.71%WHY PERCENTAGE YEILD IS NOT 100 %The percentage yield can never by greater than 100%.
It is very difficult to get 100% percentage yield but scientist always look for that route that gives maximum percentage yield.Reason for not getting 100% yieldThe reaction does not go to completion so complete products are not formed.Some of the reaction can start moving to the reverse direction if they are reversibleSome of the reaction can go and
form alterative or unwanted product.During the reaction some of the reactants can get lost or stick to the reaction vessel so do not react.If the reaction involves gaseous reactants they can escape.Some of the products can also get lost in the reaction vessel.
If the reaction involves gaseous products they can also escape.The reagent might not be pure therefore did not react completely to give the desired yield.Atom EconomyAtom economy = Mr of desired product/Total Mr of all the Products x 100Calcium Oxide is produced using the following reactionCaCO3 CaO + CO2Calculate the atom
economyDesired Product = CaO =56gMass of reactants = CaCO3 = 100gAtom Economy = 56/100 x 100 = 56%Iron oxide is reduced by carbon to form iron and carbon monoxideFe203 + 3C 2Fe +3COCalculate the atom economyDesired Product = 2Fe =56 x 2 = 112gMass of reactants = Mass of Fe2CO3 + 3(Mass of C) = 196g% Yield =
112/196 x 100 = 57%REACTIONS WITH 100 % ATOM ECONOMYAddition reactionReactions with only one product have 100 atom economyHow to increase atom economy?Chemist should look for reaction that produce single productIf the by products are produced they should look for recycling the byproducts or use them in some other reactions to
increase the atom economy.TitrationIt is the technique used to determine the exact volume of acid and base to carry out a neutralization reaction. TITRATION PROCEDUREKnown Concentration solution either acid or base is measured by the pipette and is added into the conical flask. For this solution both concentration and volume is known.The
indicator is also added in the conical flask. When the indicator changes colour the end point is reached i.e the solution gets completely neutralised.The unknown concentration solution is added into the burette. The starting volume is noted from the burette. The tap is then opened and the unknown solution is added dropwise into the conical flask with
regular mixing.As soon as the indicator changes colour, the tap is closed and the final reading from the burette is noted.The entire process is repeated three times and the values are noted in the following format.The concordont reading are taken. The anamolous results are not taken into account.The means of the concordont readings are noted and
used in the calculationTitration Example10 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 of sulphuric acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide. The results are given in the table.2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H20Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide required to completely neutralize the acid ?StepsWrite the balanced chemical equation2NaOH +
H2SO4 2NaOH + H20Underneath each equation write the numerical value given for eachMoles = 5 x 10-3 x 2 = 10-2 molesThe quantity that has two value use the concentration triangle to find the molesV = 10cm3= 0.01dm3C = 0.5 mol dm-3Moles = C x V0.01 x 0.5=5 x 10-3 molesUse the molar ratio to find the moles of unknown
quantityUse titration volume and find the concentrationMean Titre = 25.24+25.34+ 25.29/3= 25.29cm3Q1 In a Titration 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 of potasisum hydroxide is neutralized by 20 cm3 of sulphuric Acid.Calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid.a) Write the balanced chemical equation2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2Ob)
Underneath each equation write the numerical value given for eachc) The quantity that has two value use the concentration triangle to find the molesd) Use the molar ratio to find the moles of unknown quantitye) Use titration volume and find the concentrationV = 0.05dm3 V = 0.02 dm3C = 0.1 mol dm-3= 0.005 molesm = 0.0025 moleC = 0.125 mol
dm-3Key TermsRelative atomic mass — It is the ratio of the average mass of an atom compared to one twelfth of the mass of carbon-12Relative formula mass — It is the sum of relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in a formulaeMoles – It is the amount of substance that has the same number of particles found in 12 g of carbon-12.Avogadros
Constant —Number of particles present in one mole of the substance.1mole = 6.02 x 1023 atomsLimiting Reagent – It is the reagent that is completely used up in the reactionYield— The mass of desired product obtained in a chemical reactionPercentage yield = Actual yeild /Theoretical Yield x 100Atom Economy = Mass of the desired product/total
mass of all the reactants x 100Concentration = Mass of Solute(g)/Volume of Solution(dm3)Titration — It is the technique used to determine the exact volume of acids and alkali required to carry out complete neutralization.Neutralization Reaction Reaction in which acid and base react to form salt and water.Acids—Substance that has pH less than
TAlkali — Soluble bases that has pH greater than 7Pipette – It is a glass tube with a bulge in the middle that is used to take out the exact volume of known concentration solutiomBurette— It is a long tube with the.tap at the bottom that is used to measure the titreConcordant – Values which are in the range of difference 0.1 to 0.2 cm3TEST
YOURSELFQ1 Calculate the number of moles in the following10 g of calcium carbonateMr = CaCO3 = 100g = 10/100 = 0.1 molesMr = H2SO4 =98/98 = 1 moleC6H1206Mr = 18018/180 = 0.1 molesFirstly convert 90cm3 in to dm390/1000 = 0.09 dm30.09/24 = 0.00375 moles10 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution0.2 x 10/1000 = 0.002
molesQ2 What is the mass of magnesium required to form 160 g of magnesium oxide ?MgO = MgMg + O2 2MgOMgO = MgMoles 1 1Mass 4Og 24g160g 96g= 96gQ3 Hydrogen react with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride gas. When 71 g of chlorine reacts 70 g of hydrogen chloride is obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield.H2 + Cl2 2HClCl2 HClCl2 = HClMoles 1 2Mass 71g 73g160g 96g% yield = 70/73 x 100 = 95.8%Q4 Calculate the atom economy of both of these reactions:-N2 + 3H2 2NH334/28+6 x 100 = 100%CaCO3 CaO +
CO240+16/100 x100 = 56%Q5 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 of HCI reacts with 10 cm3 of NaOH. Determine the concentration of NaOH ?NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2OV = 50/1000 = 0.05dm3C = 0.2Moles = 0.1NaOH V = 10/1000 = 0.01dm3Moles = 0.1 molesC = 10 moldm-3DISCLAIMERDisclaimer: I have tried by level best to provide the
answers and video explanations to the best of my knowledge. All the answers and notes are written by me and if there is any similarity in the content then it is purely coincidental. But this is not an alternative to the textbook. You should cover the specification or the textbook thoroughly. This is the quick revision to help you cover the gist of
everything. In case you spot any errors then do let us know and we will rectify it.References:BBC BitesizeAQA GCSE Science Kerboodle textbookWikipediaWikimedia Commons Download PDF Topic:Stoichiometry Sub Topic: 3-1-formulae Syllabus Objectives: CORE: State the formulae of the elements and compounds named in the subject content
Define the molecular formula of a compound as the number and type of different atoms in one molecule Deduce the formula of a simple compound from the relative numbers of atoms present in a model or a diagrammatic representation Construct word equations and symbol equations to show how reactants form products, including state symbols
EXTENDED: Define the empirical formula of a compound as the simplest whole number ratio of the different atoms or ions in a compound Deduce the formula of an ionic compound from the relative numbers of the ions present in a model or a diagrammatic representation or from the charges on the ions Construct symbol equations with state symbols,
including ionic equations Deduce the symbol equation with state symbols for a chemical reaction, given relevant information The above video is a preview of the actual revision notes available as a part of the paid membership. All learning resources in the form of pdfs that are available on the website are 100% printable and downloadable Next
Previous