For strong acids For strong bases

Strong acids dissociate (ionize) totally (completely) in water Strong bases dissociate (ionize) totally (completely) in
to produce (H3O+). water to produce (HO-).

Acids produce (H+) when dissociate in H2O. Bases produce (HO-) when dissociate to H2O.

Acids are proton (H+) donor. Bases are proton (H+) acceptor.

0 ≤ pH < 7 7 < pH ≤ 14

For strong monoacid: For strong monobase:

pH=-log Ca At T=25oC pH=14+logCb
[H3O+]= Ca= 10-pH [HO-] =Cb = 10pH-14
For strong diacid: For strong dibase:
pH= -log2Ca At T=25oC pH= 14 + log2Cb
[H3O+]=2Ca= 10-pH [HO-]=2Cb = = 10pH-14

[H3O+] [HO-] = Kw [H3O+] [HO-] = Kw

If a strong acid solution is diluted x-times, then its pH will If a strong base solution is diluted x-times, then its pH
increase by n-unit: pH2 = pH1 + n will decrease by n-unit: pH2 = pH1 - n
pH2 - pH1 = n pH1 – pH2 = n

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Strong acid pH= -log [H3O+]

Strong base pH=14 + log [OH-]

Strong acid diluted with water pH= -log [H3O+] after dilution

Strong base with water pH=14 + log [OH-] after dilution

Strong acid with Strong acid pH= -log [H3O+] total

Strong base with Strong base pH=14 + log [OH-] total

Strong acid with Strong base Net ionic equation: H3O+(aq.) + OH-(aq.) → 2H2O

1) If R (acid) = R (base) the reactants are reacted in stoichiometric ratio final

solution is neutral pH (final) = 7.

2) If R (acid) > R (base) the reactants are reacted in non- stoichiometric ratio,
since (H3O ) excess reactant and (OH-) is limiting reactant.
+

Final solution is acidic and its final pH= -log [H3O+] remained

3) If R (acid) < R (base) the reactants are reacted in non- stoichiometric ratio,
since (H3O ) limiting reactant and (OH-) is excess reactant.
+

Final solution is basic and its final pH=14 + log [OH-] remained

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 Acid – Base Titration

Types: Volumetric titration or Colorimetric PH-metric titration

titration

Concept: Titration using convenient indicators. Titration using pH-meter.

Detection of
Equivalence Equivalence point is detected by change in color Equivalence point is determined graphically by
point of the solution at equivalence. using parallel tangent method.
Equation of
titration: H3O+(aq.) + HO-(aq.) 2 H2O (l) H3O+(aq.) + HO-(aq.) 2 H2O (l)

titration
setup

Document-2

At
𝒏(𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐭𝐞)𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝒏(𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭)𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐭 𝒏(𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐭𝐞)𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝒏(𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭)𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐭
equivalence = =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
point:
C1V1 C2V2E C1V1 C2V2E
= =
1 1 1 1
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 Acid – Base Titration
Volumetric titration or Colorimetric titration

If strong acid placed in the beaker If strong base placed in the beaker
Strong base in the buret. Strong acid in the buret.
1- Titration using
convenient The suitable indicator used in titration is Bromothymol blue because pHE = 7 is included in the pH-
indicators range of this indicator]. (yellow Acidic – 6 – green Neutral – 7.6 – blue Basic )
2- Equivalence point
is detected by Initially the solution in beaker is …Acid…. so Initially the solution in beaker is …Base…. so
change in color of the color of the solution is …yellow……….. the color of the solution is …Blue………..
the solution at At equivalence point the color of the solution At equivalence point the color of the solution
equivalence. changes until persistence of …Green……..]. changes until persistence of …Green……..].

3- Equation of
titration: H3O+(aq.) + HO-(aq.) 2 H2O (l) H3O+(aq.) + HO-(aq.) 2 H2O (l)
4- titration setup

5- At equivalence
point: 𝒏(𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝)𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝒏(𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞)𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐭 𝒏(𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞)𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝒏(𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝)𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐭
= =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

CaVa CbVbE CbVb CaVaE

= =
1 1 1 1
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 Acid – Base Titration
PH-metric titration

If strong acid placed in the beaker If strong base placed in the beaker
Strong base in the buret. Strong acid in the buret.

a- Equation of
titration: H3O+(aq.) + HO-(aq.) 2 H2O (l)

b- Titration
curves: pH=f(Vb) pH=f(Va)

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c- Describe the It is ascending and consists of three parts:
shape of the
curve: Part (AB): shows a slight increase in (pH)
Part (BC): shows a rapid (sharp) increase in pH.
The curve contains two concavities and includes
the inflection point of the curve which is the
equivalence point (VbE = ……ml ; pHE = 7)
Part (CD): shows a slight increase in (pH).
It is descending and consists of three parts:
Part (AB): shows a slight decrease in (pH).
Part (BC): shows a rapid (sharp) decrease in pH.
The curve contains two concavities and includes
the inflection point of the curve which is the
equivalence point (VaE = ……ml ; pHE = 7)
Part (CD): shows a slight decrease in (pH).

The limit of the curve can’t exceed pH= 14 + log Cb The limit of the curve can’t exceed pH= - log Ca

d- At equivalence 𝒏(𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝)𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝒏(𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞)𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐭 𝒏(𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞)𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝒏(𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝)𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐭

= =
point: 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
CaVa CbVbE CbVb CaVaE
= =
1 1 1 1

e- titration setup

Document- Document-2
2

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f- Specify the Initial value of pH (pH0): Initial value of pH (pH0):
effect of Adding distilled water initially will decrease the Adding distilled water initially will decrease the
adding (H2O) concentration of (H3O+) in the beaker that lead to concentration of (OH-) in the beaker that lead to
increase the value of( pH0) initially. decrease the value of ( pH0) initially.
on: [since pH=-log[H3O+] [since pH = 14 + log[OH-]
pH and [H3O+] are inversely proportional ]. pH and [OH-] are directly proportional ].

pHE at equivalence: pHE at equivalence:

At equivalence point the reactants (H3O+) and
(OH-) are reacted stoichiometric ratio and the
chemical species presented in the solution are:
• H2O: water (neutral)
• Spectator ions (…) which are considered neutral
So pHE of obtained solution is neutral.
Consequently adding distilled water which is
neutral has no effect on pHE.
At equivalence point the reactants (H3O+) and
(OH-) are reacted stoichiometric ratio and the
chemical species presented in the solution are:
• H2O: water (neutral)
• Spectator ions (…) which are considered neutral
So pHE of obtained solution is neutral.
Consequently adding distilled water which is
neutral has no effect on pHE.

VbE (volume of basic solution needed to reach VaE (volume of acidic solution needed to reach
equivalence): equivalence):
Adding distilled water, doesn’t affect the number Adding distilled water, doesn’t affect the number
of moles of (H3O+) in the beaker, consequently VbE of moles of (OH-) in the beaker, consequently VaE
remains constant. remains constant.
𝒏𝐇𝟑𝐎+ 𝒏𝐇𝐎− 𝒏𝐇𝟑𝐎+ 𝐂𝐛 𝐱 𝐕𝐛𝐄 𝒏𝐇𝟑𝐎+ 𝒏𝐇𝐎− 𝒏OH− 𝐂𝐚 𝐱 𝐕𝐚𝐄
= = = =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒏𝐇𝟑𝐎+ 𝒏OH−
𝑽𝒃𝑬 = constant 𝑽𝒂𝑬 = constant
𝐂𝐛 𝐂𝐚

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