QUANTIZATION ELECTRIC ELECTRIC DIPOLE

OF CHARGES CHARGES ELECTROSTATICS A pair of Equal and opposite point • Electric field due to Electric Dipole
• Charge is an intrinsic charges repeated by fix distance (i) Electric Field (E.F.) on the axis of dipole
All charges must be integral
multiple of e i.e.
CONSERVATION property of matter by at a distance r from center of dipole:
virtue of which it experience Electric Dipole Moment
Q = ne (e = 1.6 × 10-19C) OF CHARGES Electric & Magnetic Effect

p = q (2a ) cm E=
−kq
+
kq
=
k 2qa 2
Where — n = integer
• Two kinds of charges +ve (γ − a )2 (rta )2 (r 2 − a 2 )2
It is not possible to create or
and -ve (ii) Electric field at a distance r from
destroy net charge of an
• S.I. Unit Coulomb(c) centre of dipole
 on its Equatorial line:
isolated system ELECTRIC FLUX −kP
E net =
Total number of electric field lines 3

passing normally throng an area (r + a )

2 2 2

 
COULOMB'S LAW −φ = ∫ E .ds • Electrical potential due to Electric Dipole:
 
Electric Flux (φ ) = E ds cos θ KP
• Force between two charged (i) Axial → Vp =
particles (r 2 − a 2 )

 Kq q r Kq q rˆ (ii) Equatorial → Vp = 0
F= 1 2
= 1 2
ELECTRIC FIELD GAUSS LAW
3
r 2
r • Force and Torque on dipole in uniform

 lim F It states, total flux of an E.F. external (E.F.)
1 −2 • Electric field intensity (E) ⇒ E = 
k= = 9 × 10 NM C
4 2
q0 → 0 q0 through a closed surface is equal Force → F net = qE − qE = 0
4πε 0  1 Q  to times of total charge   
In vector Form— E = r enclosed by the surface. Torque → L = PESinθ = P × E
ε 0 = Permitivity of Free Space 4πε 0 r 2
S.I Unit − =
N V THEORY OF CONDUCTOR Total Flux through surface Work Done in Rotating Dipole
= 8.854 × 10−12 C 2 / Nm 2 q enclosed → q → W = PE (cos θ 1 − cos θ 2 )
C m A material having free electrons in its valence shell (φ ) = E dS =
→
dS  
• Forces In Vector Form is called conductor.
ε0 0
E
→
• Potential Energy → U = −PE cos θ = P .E
• Electric Field Intensity due to point
 • Inside a conductor, the net electrostatic field is zero
1 q 1q 2   charge Q
F12 = (r − r2 ) 1 Q • At the surface of a charged conductor, the
4πε 0 r1 − r2 3 1 (E ) = electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at
4πε 0 r 2 every point
• Forces between Multiple • Net Electric Field with respect toorigi • The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge
Charges
1 n qi  in the static situation i.e. excess charge reside only on
 q h q 
Fnet = 0 ∑ 2i roi
E net = ∑ r
4πε 0 i = 1 roi2 oi
the outer surface of conductor.
4πε 0 i = 1 roi • Electric field at the ssurface of a Charged conductor ELECTRIC POTENTIAL & ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Electric field due to finite length line  σ
charge at distance r from conductor − E =  where, σ is Surface charge density.
 ε0 
λ  π • Work done By External charge to move • Electric potential Energy: Amount of
E || = cos 0 − cos
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES 4πε 0r  2 
 1  from postion 1 to 2 in static Electric work done(w) required to be done to
 σ = Field E.   2 
move a charge from infinity to any
radius of curvature 
λ Wext = ∫ F .dl = −q ∫ E .dl
• E⊥ =  sin φ2 + sin φ1   given point inside the Field.
Aways normal to conducting surface. 4πε 0 r  • Electric potential P  
1 A  

• Lines originating from +ve charge W (∞ → P )  U A = W∞→ A = −q ∫ E .dl = qVA
(Here, l is linear charge density) → Vp = ext = − ∫ E .dl
• Terminating at -ve charge Case(I): E.F due to Infinite line charge
q ∞
−∞

• Never intersect Each other. π λ • Electric Potential due to a point charge • Work done in moving charge from A to
φ1 = φ2 = → F1 = ;E =0
• Never form closed loop. 2 2πε 0r || Kq B will be:
• Electric Field lines are in its surrounding: → Vp = Wext = ∆U = ( U B − U A ) = q (VB − VA )
Case(II): E.F due to semi-Infinite line r
imaginary. charge • Electric Potential due to a point • Electric potential Energy due to two
(i) uniform Electric Field π λ charged ring at its center: point charges:
φ1 = , = φ2 = 0 → E || = F⊥ =
(ii) Non-Uniform E.F. 2 4πε 0 r Kdg Kθ Kq 1q 2
V = ∫ dv = = ∫ U=
(iii) Radial Electric Field • Electric field due to charged spherical R R r
• Electric Field due to a charged Circular shell or conducting sphere • Electric potential due to conducting and
ring at a point on its Axis. Non-Conducting sphere: • Electric potential Energy of a system
e = (r < R ) = 0

Fele
→
(i) Inside (r < R) of charges:
kQx (ii) Outside (r > R) 1 1 Kq 3q 4
→ Ep = 1 Q U (Total) = kq 1q 2 + Kq 2q 3 + + ...
→ E 3
e = (r > R ) =
E (R
+x 2
)
2 2
4πε 0 r 2
(iii) At surface (r = R) r12 r23 r34

→
dl
• Relation Between Electric Field and

+
Hollow conducting
• Electric field due to a plane Infinite sheet
1 Q Kq Potential:
(i) Non-Conducting sheet: e = (r = R ) = Vp =

Fext
Electric Field at a point is negative of

→
σ 4πε 0 R 2 R
UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD NON- UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD E⊥ = (Charge density) + + • Electric field due to a solid non-conducting Kq potential gradient
2ε 0 + + Vp =
 −dv 

O1
(ii) Charged conducting plate + + sphere - (f = Volume charge density) r
potential gradient → E =
+ + + Vp =
Kq  dr 
+
σ + + kQr fr
EI 1 E = (r < R ) =
+ +
E⊥ = 2
= R

+
++
++ + + +
2
EI
+ +
+
++ +
(Near Point)
P
ε0 + + EII R3 3ε 0 Solid Non-Conducting

O2
+ +
+
+
+
E EII + + 2
+ + + kQ 1Q Kq
E = (r > R ) =
+ +
+
+ + Note - independent of +3 + = Vp =  3R − r 2 
+++ seperation from E1= + + E2= r 2 4πε 0r 2 2R 3
I + + II
+
+ +
+ the sheet Kq Kq
+
+ + 1 Q Vp = Vp =
= Surface charge
density E EI E = (r = R ) = r R
II
Enet = 0 (Inside point) 4πε 0 R 2
RADIAL ELECTRIC FIELD