Logic: Language and Information 1

§3-1 Digital Signals and Systems

Jen Davoren
Analog versus Digital Signals
Analog versus Digital Signals

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Analog versus Digital Signals

.
Physical implementation of digital systems

Digital signals and systems are actually analog!!

Videos on construction and operation of integrated circuits:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7J_snw0Eng
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO5FgM7MLGg
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

0-th

↓
0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

1-st

↓
0 0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

2-nd

↓
0 0 1

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

3-rd

↓
0 0 1 1

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

4-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

5-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0 1

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

6-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0 1 0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

7-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

8-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

9-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

10-th

↓
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

|
 Digital Signals
The Binary or base-2 numbers are just 0 and 1.
The word “bit” is a contraction of “binary digit”.

A digital signal is any binary sequence (of finite or

infinite length); that is, any sequence of 0s and 1s.

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 ···
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
 Digital Systems

A digital system is any device that accepts digital

signals as inputs, and produces digital signals
as outputs.

.
Multiple signals for multi-bit information
n p3 p2 p1 p0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
Multiple signals for multi-bit information
Multiple signals for multi-bit information
 Combinational Digital Systems

A combinational digital system is a digital system such

that each output can be expressed as a proposi-
tional logic formula in terms of the inputs (using
only AND, OR and NOT).

.
 Exercise: Combinational Digital Systems

A car alert is to be activated exactly when the ignition is turned

on and either a door is open or an occupied seat does not have a
seat belt buckled.

Let the output signal for the alert be z, with z taking value 1
when the alert is active. Input signal p is 1 when the ignition is
turned on; input q is 1 when all car doors are closed; and input
r is 1 when all occupied seats have their seat belts buckled.

Which (one or more) of these propositional formulas correctly

describe z as a function of p, q and r:
(a) z ≡ (p & (q ∨ r)) (b) z ≡ (p & (∼q ∨ ∼r))
(c) z ≡ ((p & q) ∨ (p & r)) (d) z ≡ ((p & ∼q) ∨ (p & ∼r))
 Exercise Solution: Combinational Digital Systems

A car alert is to be activated exactly when the ignition is turned

on and either a door is open or an occupied seat does not have a
seat belt buckled.

Let the output signal for the alert be z, with z taking value 1
when the alert is active. Input signal p is 1 when the ignition is
turned on; input q is 1 when all car doors are closed; and input
r is 1 when all occupied seats have their seat belts buckled.

Solution:
(b) z ≡ (p & (∼q ∨ ∼r))
(d) z ≡ ((p & ∼q) ∨ (p & ∼r))
 Example: Combinational Digital Systems
Alternative task: from the word description of the system
functionality, complete the truth table for the output z as a
function of p, q, r.
Solution:
p q r z
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
 Combinational vs. Sequential Digital Systems
Combinational digital systems: memoryless.
The current value of each output signal is a function of the
current values of the input signals – and does not depend on
past values of input signals.
 Combinational vs. Sequential Digital Systems
Combinational digital systems: memoryless.
The current value of each output signal is a function of the
current values of the input signals – and does not depend on
past values of input signals.

Sequential digital systems: contain memory via

combinational and delay components in feedback loops, plus
digital clock.
Memory registers are used to keep track of past values of input
signals, with values in memory recorded by internal state
signals, together with clock input signal to keep time.
 Combinational vs. Sequential Digital Systems
Combinational digital systems: memoryless.
The current value of each output signal is a function of the
current values of the input signals – and does not depend on
past values of input signals.

Sequential digital systems: contain memory via

combinational and delay components in feedback loops, plus
digital clock.
Memory registers are used to keep track of past values of input
signals, with values in memory recorded by internal state
signals, together with clock input signal to keep time.

Logic: Language & Information 1: combinational digital

systems.
Logic: Language & Information 2: sequential digital systems.
 Jobs done by combinational systems
▶ Encoding and Decoding of digital signals. Tech term:
codec = encoding-decoding. E.g. of encoding: buttons
on mobile phone: press button “9”on keypad, and 4-bit
encoder produces 1001 as output.
▶ Selecting and Distributing digital signals. Tech term: a
multiplexer (MUX) is a data selecter, and a demultiplexer
(DEMUX) is a data distributer.
▶ Binary arithmetic: operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and more, with binary coding of negative
numbers and finite-precision real numbers.
▶ Comparison and classification: E.g. input two 4-bit
binary numbers a = a3 a2 a1 a0 and b = b3 b2 b1 b0, and
output 0 or 1 to questions “a > b?”, “a = b?” or “a < b?”.
 History of Digital Systems

George Boole (1815-1864): symbolic methods of algebra

applied to logic. 1847: The Mathematical Analysis of Logic;
1854: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought.

George Boole in color by Author Unknown (c. 1860) [Public domain], via Wikimedia
Commons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole.
 History of Digital Systems

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914): truth tables, not-or/nor

(Peirce arrow), use Boolean algebra to analyse relay and
switching circuits.

Charles Sanders Peirce by Author Unknown (c. 1900) [Public domain], via Wikimedia
Commons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce.
 History of Digital Systems
Claude Elwood Shannon (1916-2001): Founder of Digital
Revolution. 1937: A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and
Switching Circuits; 1948: A Mathematical Theory of
Communication.

Reprinted with permission of Alcatel-Lucent USA Inc.

http://www.landley.net/history/mirror/pre/shannon.html
 History of Digital Systems
▶ Alan Turing: 1936 paper formulating concepts of
algorithm and computation.
▶ Victor Shestakov: proposed analysis of relay and switching
circuits using Boolean algebra in 1935; published 1941.
▶ Akira Nakashima: 1934-1938: series of papers on
switching circuits; some anticipation of Shannon’s work.
▶ 1937: first binary adder.
▶ 1947: first point-contact transistor.
▶ 1958: first integrated circuit.
▶ 1969: birth of ARPANET, precursor to internet.
▶ 1991: first digital mobile phones.
▶ 2008: first memristor produced.
Next Up: Logic Gates and Logic Circuits
 Acknowledgements

Earth globe above tech landscape by Steve Johnson [CC BY 2.0]

http://www.flickr.com/photos/artbystevejohnson/4607812450/

Computer motherboard tracks by Creativity103 [CC BY 2.0]

http://www.flickr.com/photos/creative_stock/5228433146/