Q1. What is an ideal differential amplifier?

(P4-Appeared 1 time)(3-7
marks)
Ans: A good or ideal op-amp is defined as, a separate amplifier with a
wide-open gain advantage, unlimited input resistance and zero output
resistance. A good op-amp has zero current input. This is due to the
constant input resistance.
Since the optical op-amp input resistance does not end, the open

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●
circuit is input, which is why now in both input terminals it is zero
● There is no current through the input resistance, there will be no

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power outage between the input terminals. So no offset power
comes from beyond the input of the efficient amplifier.
● If v1 and v2 are inverting voltages and non-inverting terminals of op

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amp, and v1 = v2 then appropriate,
●
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The range of optimal op-amp performance limit is also endless.
That means the op-amp does its job at all wavelengths
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Q2. Write a short note on the Wien bridge oscillator using OP
AMP.(P4-Appeared 1 time)(3-7 marks)
Ans: Here the op-amp acts as a constant amplifier. Wein circuit diagram
using op-amp As shown in the diagram below, the Wein bridge circuit
consists of a network RC network on one arm and a similar RC network in

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the welded arm, Ri & Rf connected to the remaining arm.
● The op-amp used in this oscillator circuit works as a constant
amplifier mode.

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● Required components in this circuit are capacitor, potentiometer,
Resistor, and an active amplifier.

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● In this oscillator circuit, the response signal is connected to a fixed
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input signal so that the op-amp acts as a constant amplifier.
● With the continuous release, phase zero replacement is important
across the region achieved by bridge measurement.
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● In resonance frequency, the inverting and non-inverting values ​will
also be equal in phase so that the negative feedback signal will be
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canceled by the positive response causing the circuit to overflow.

● The resonant frequency of a balanced bridge represents the
in

frequency of a given collision such as fo = 1 / 2∏ RC For the deviant

correction, the profit is set by the anti-response network Ri & Rf and
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is supplied with the RF / Ri rating and represents that for sustained

oscillations amplifier must have a gain of 3 so that the loop gain
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become unity.

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Q3. Explain zero crossing detector.(P4-Appeared 1 time)(3-7 marks)
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Ans: Zero crossing detector is a voltage converter that converts o / p

between + Vsat & -Vsat when / p exceeds zero reference voltage. In simple
in

terms, a comparator is a basic performance component used to compare

two volumes at the same time and change the o / p depending on the
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comparison. In the same way, we can say that ZCD is a comparison.

● Zero-Crossing Detector Circuit
● The region beyond the Zero detector is used to produce an o / p
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stage switch whenever the o / p crosses the reference i / p and is

connected to the GND panel. The comparator o / p can drive
various outputs such as LED indicator, relay, and control gate.

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Q4. Explain how to generate a triangular wave using OPAMP.

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(P4-Appeared 1 time) (3-7 marks)
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Ans: Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp
● Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp can be built by simply
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connecting the connector to the square wave generator.

● The triangular wave is formed by charging otherwise and using a
current capacitor. This is achieved by connecting the coupling
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circuit to the generator wave square output as shown in the figure

above.
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● Assume that V’s is high in + Vsat. This forces the current (+ Vsat /
R3) with C (left to right) to drive Vo negative directly.
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● When V’s is low in —Vsat, it forces the current (- Vsat / R3) by C

(right to left) to drive Vo positive, in a row. The frequency of the
triangular wave is the same as that of the square waves. This is
illustrated in the diagram below.

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 ● Although the magnitude of the square wave remains constant (s
Vsat), the magnitude of the triangular wave decreases with its
frequency, and vice versa.
● This is because capacitor renewal decreases at high frequencies
and rises at low frequencies.
● Inactive circuits, the resistance of R4 is connected throughout the C
to avoid the problem of small wave filling as in the active circuit as

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shown in the Figure below

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● To get a stable triangular wave in output, you need to have 5R3 C2>
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T / 2, where T is the time of the square wave installation.

● The output time of the wavelength manufacturer is T = 2 x 2.303 Rf C
x log ((2R2 + R1) / R1) the same as the triangular wave generator.
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Product frequency f = 1 / T

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Q5. Numerical on Minimize using K-map Given(P3-Appeared 2
time)(3-7 marks)
Ans:

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Minimised Expression

Y=B¯¯¯¯C¯¯¯¯D+B¯¯¯¯CD¯¯¯¯+AC
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=B¯¯¯¯(C¯¯¯¯D+CD¯¯¯¯)+AC
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EX−ORgate

Y=B¯¯¯¯(C⊗D)+AC

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Q6. Explain digital to analog converter with binary weighted resistors.

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(P1-Appeared 4 times)(3-7 marks)
Ans: A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) converts a digital input signal into
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an analog output signal.
● The digital signal is represented with a binary code, which is a
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combination of bits 0 and 1. This chapter deals with Digital to Analog
Converters in detail.
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● The block diagram of DAC is shown in the following figure −

● Digital to Analog Converter
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● A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) consists of a number of binary

inputs and a single output. In general, the number of binary inputs
of a DAC will be a power of two.
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Types of DACs
● There are two types of DACs
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● Weighted Resistor DAC

● R-2R Ladder DAC
This section discusses about these two types of DACs in detail−
● Weighted Resistor DAC

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 ● A weighted resistor DAC produces an analog output, which is
almost equal to the digital (binary) input by using binary weighted
resistors in the inverting adder circuit. In short, a binary weighted
resistor DAC is called a weighted resistor DAC.
● The circuit diagram of a 3-bit binary weighted resistor DAC is shown
in the following figure −
Binary Weighted Resistors

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● Recall that the bits of a binary number can have only one of the two
values. i.e., either 0 or 1. Let the 3-bit binary input is b2b1b0. Here, the
bits b2 and b0 denote the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and Least

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Significant Bit (LSB) respectively.
● The digital switches shown in the above figure will be connected to

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ground, when the corresponding input bits are equal to ‘0’. Similarly,
the digital switches shown in the above figure will be connected to
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the negative reference voltage, −VR when the corresponding input
bits are equal to ‘1’.
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● In the above circuit, the non-inverting input terminal of an op-amp
is connected to ground. That means zero volts is applied at the
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non-inverting input terminal of op-amp.

● According to the virtual short concept, the voltage at the inverting
input terminal of opamp is same as that of the voltage present at
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its non-inverting input terminal. So, the voltage at the inverting input
terminal’s node will be zero volts.
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● The nodal equation at the inverting input terminal’s node is:

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0+VRb220R+0+VRb121R+0+VRb022R+0−V0Rf=0

=>V0Rf=VRb220R+VRb121R+VRb022R

=>V0=VRRfR{b220+b121+b022}

Substituting, R=2Rf𝑓 in above equation.

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=>V0=VRRf2Rf{b220+b121+b022}

=>V0=VR2{b220+b121+b022}

● The above equation represents the output voltage equation of a

3-bit binary-weighted resistor DAC.
● Since the number of bits are three in the binary (digital) input, we
will get seven possible values of output voltage by varying the
binary input from 000 to 111 for a fixed reference voltage, VR.

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● We can write the generalized output voltage equation of an N-bit
binary weighted resistor DAC as shown below based on the output
voltage equation of a 3-bit binary-weighted resistor DAC.

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=>V0=VR2{bN−120+bN−221+....+b02N−1}

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The disadvantages of a binary-weighted resistor DAC are as follows −
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 ● The difference between the resistance values corresponding to LSB
& MSB will increase as the number of bits present in the digital input
increases.
● It is difficult to design more accurate resistors as the number of bits
present in the digital input increases.

Q7. more questions are available in Brainheaters app….

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29+ Q/A is available in
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