CHINESE JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS Vol.51, No.

4, 2008, pp: 765∼773

A MODELING OF THE MAGMA CHAMBER BENEATH THE

CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS VOLCANIC AREA CONSTRAINED
BY INSAR AND GPS DERIVED DEFORMATION

CHEN Guo-Hu1,2 , SHAN Xin-Jian1 , Wooil M. Moon3 , Kim Kyung-Ryul3

1 State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration,
Beijing 100029, China
2 Beijing Institute of Geology, Beijing 100011, China
3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151747, Korea

Abstract We use a differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) technique to obtain the
deformation field in the Changbai Mountains region, which revealed a 6∼12 cm line-of-sight (LOS) deformation
in the Jianbai Mountain region from 1995 to 1998, which is located southeast of the Mt. Changbai volcano, but
little deformation in the Tianchi volcano region. The single Mogi source and double Mogi source models are used to
invert for the parameters of the magma chamber of the Tianchi volcano in the Changbai Mountains, respectively.
The models are constrained by a GPS derived horizontal velocity field and leveling measurements from 2002 to
2003. The double Mogi source model fits the observations better, with the two Mogi sources located ∼7.9 km
below the Tianchi volcanic crater, and ∼5.5 km below the Jianbai volcanic crater, respectively. Furthermore,
we adjust the parameters to obtain a reasonable forward-modeling result, which is generally consistent with
the InSAR derived deformation field. In conclusion, the volcano activity in the Changbai Mountains region is
characterized by a temporal intermittence and spatial migration. Our results provide a basis for further research
on the volcanic mechanism of this region.

Key words InSAR, Mountain Changbai volcano, Mogi source model, Parameters of magma chamber

1 INTRODUCTION
The Mt. Changbai volcano, a large composite volcano[1,2] , is located above the leading edge of the western
Pacific subduction zone, at the northern margin of the ancient Craton on the border between China and North
Korea[1,2] . In addition, the Mt. Changbai volcano lies in the junction of the northeast, northwest and east-
west direction faults[2] , its unique tectonic background has been interesting geologists in the world. The Mt.
Changbai volcano is active with a high potential hazard of eruption[1] . The historical records show that there
have been many eruptions of the Tianchi volcano in the past three centuries, of which the eruption ∼1000 AD
is one of the largest eruptions in the world in the recent two thousand years. People started to do research on
the Mt. Changbai since the late 19th century and developed all-round research in the ninth-five and tenth-five
period[1∼8] . The research results offer a useful basis and reference for our work.
Deformation observation is the main means to monitor the activity of magma and forecast volcano erup-
tions. GPS and leveling campaigns have been carried out around the Mt. Changbai volcano since 2002. On
the other hand, the InSAR technology, with its superiority of high real-time performance, high resolution of
ground vertical deformation and the high accuracy in dynamic monitoring, has been widely applied to volcano
deformation monitoring in other countries[9∼24] . This article presents our preliminary research using the InSAR
technology in the Mt. Changbai volcano region.
Debate has been going on about the existence of the magma chamber in Mt Changbai region and its
specific morphological parameters. Zhang et al.[25] divided the magma system into three layers by using three-
dimensional deep seismic sounding. They suggest that in the shallow crust (1ess than 8∼9 km deep), the range
of magma distribution is small, centering on an NS-oriented area just north of the Tianchi crater. Tang et al.[26]
E-mail: 8110300@163.com
766 Chinese J. Geophys. Vol.51, No.4

gave the results of magnetotelluric observations and showed that a low resistivity body exists at the depth
about 12 km below the crater north and east of Tianchi. It is inferred that this anomaly body may be a magma
chamber. Using the GPS and leveling data, Hu et al.[27∼29] simulated the location and the morphological
parameters of the magma chamber, which are different from the results of the deep exploration. In this paper,
GPS derived deformation field, leveling data and InSAR measurements are used to simulate the magma system
beneath Mt. Changbai region.
The research on the surface deformation in volcano regions was begun in 1958, when Kiyoo Mogi, a
Japanese scholar, published his classic paper and presented the Mogi source model[30] . Although the more
complex point source models were put forward by other scholars[31] , the traditional Mogi source model is
still the most commonly used and simplest model for simulating the surface deformation in volcano region so
far. This simple Mogi source is adequate to fit many examples of volcano surface deformation, especially the
vertical deformation[9,11∼18] . The beginning of the simulation of volcano surface deformation was very late
in our country. By 2000 various models were used to research the volcano surface deformation in the Mt.
Changbai[27,29] and Tengchong[32∼34] volcano regions.

2 DATA AND PROCESSING

2.1 GPS Data and Processing
In order to obtain the regional movement of the Mt. Changbai volcano, the background movement of the
East China block should be removed from the deformation field with respect the stable Eurasia plate[35] . The
method, rotation of Euler poles, can remove the background movement. In this paper, the Euler pole vectors
of the East China block are the result of Wang et al.[36] calculated by using the GPS data collected from the
Crustal Movement Observation Network of China., especially in 1999 and 2001. The concrete parameters are
counterclockwise rotation rate Ω = 0.00153◦ /Ma, longitude of Euler pole λ = 154.850◦ , latitude of Euler pole
φ = 62.047◦ 1) . The velocity field calculated by the method of Euler poles rotation is the real deformation
caused by volcanic activities.
2.2 Leveling Data and Processing
We used a linear model to append the values of deformation in additional three months on the basis of
the vertical displacement from Sep. 2002 to Jun. 2003 2) , in order to combine the data of GPS and leveling to
simulate and keep the data consistency in time scale.
2.3 D-InSAR Derived Deformation Field
The observation stations of GPS and leveling are too sparse to perform more detailed research in the
Mt. Changbai region. Because of the complex terrain and adverse climatic conditions, conventional volcanic
deformation monitoring methods (such as leveling, GPS etc.) are very difficult to gain volcano deformation
of a larger region. Development of InSAR technology has provided a more convenient and rapid method to
research the deformation in the volcano region. Processing the archive SAR data and deriving the deformation
is an effective way to overcome the lack of deformation data before 2002. Therefor we collected two scenes of
ENVISAT SAR data and five scenes of JERS-1 SAR data considering the factors of data quality, baselines,
change of seasons and time intervals. The SAR data and their baselines are listed in Table 1.
These SAR data are processed using two-pass differential interferometry method. Finally, we obtained a
good deformation result using the pair JERS-1 SAR data (19950816/19980820) (Fig. 1). In order to obtain the
quantificational deformation values for the period from 16 August 1995 to 20 August 1998, we used the phase
unwrapping method. Fig. 2 shows the results of phase unwrapping.

1) Wang M. Private communication, 2007

2) Wang Q L, Cui D X, Hu Y X, et al. Research report on deformation and activity of main volcanos in China (in Chinese).
2004
 Chen G H et al.: A Modeling of the Magma Chamber Beneath the Changbai Mountains Volcanic Area · · · 767

Table 1 SAR data and baselines in Changbai Mountain region

JERS-1 data (B⊥ /B// , Unit: m)

Dates 19940829 19950816 19980707 19980820
19930615 3168.27/–4084.44 2554.11/–2274.73 3339.40/–2912.62 2327.47/–2122.46
19940829 – 635.90/1810.23 285.44/1171.84 840.58/1962.60
19950816 – 785.57/–638.25 250.00/152.35
19980707 – 1022.47/790.74
ENVISAT Data (B⊥ /B// , Unit: m)
20051104
20041015 –21/122

B⊥ is vertical baseline; B// is horizontal baseline

Fig. 2 The unwrapping results of differential

Fig. 1 Differential interferogram (199508/199808) interferogram (199508/199808)

2.4 Error Analysis of the D-InSAR Derived Deformation Field

(1) Effect of decorrelation
A good correlation between the pair of the SAR images (19950816/19980820) and an ideal result of phase
unwrapping are obtained using the two-pass differential interferomertry method. Therefore, the impact of
decorrelation on the differential interferogram is considered negligible.
(2) Effect of topography
The relationship between the change of elevation and the change of interferometric phase is:
dh λr sin θ 1 λr sin θ
= = , (1)
dφ 4πB⊥ 2π 2πB⊥
where h is the elevation, φ is the interferometric phase, r is the distance from satellite to ground object, λ is
the wavelength of incident radar, θ is incidence angle of the satellite, and B⊥ is vertical baseline of the pair of
the SAR data.
To compute the topographic contribution, we used a DEM with the vertical accuracy of ∼16 m and took
r = 693 km, λ = 23.5 cm, θ = 35◦ , B⊥ = 250 m. The result shows that the change of elevation reaching 186 m
will produce one spurious interferometric fringe in a topography-removed interferogram formed from these two
images. A 16 m error in the DEM corresponds to a displacement error of much less than 1 cm, and therefore
is not significant.
768 Chinese J. Geophys. Vol.51, No.4

(3) Effects of atmosphere and random noises

Since the regionally lower or higher pixel’s val-
ues induced by atmospheric effects and random noises
are not visual on the image, incorrect values of defor-
mation will be obtained if the effects of atmosphere
and random noises are not removed. According to the
topographic gradient graph, the area in blue color on
the interferogram has relatively gentle topography. At
the same time, tectonic information reveals little ac-
tivity in this region. Therefore, we believe that the
higher values of displacements in blue colors in this re-
gion are caused by the effects of atmosphere and other
noises. The phase difference corresponding to displace-
ment should be the phase value in the studied region
minus that in the blue region.
After error analysis of the D-InSAR derived de-
formation field we consider that there was 6∼12 cm
Fig. 3 Map of earthquake distribution line-of-sight (LOS) deformation in the Jianbai Moun-
in the Jianbai Mountain region tain region from 1995 to 1998, while little deformation
occurred in the Tianchi volcano region. Because the Mt. Jianbai is located in North Korea, there is no other
information to test this result. But the frequent earthquakes can demonstrate the activity of this area. Table
2 and Fig. 3 give the earthquakes in the Jianbai Mountain region for the period from 1995 to 2004.

Table 2 Earthquake catalogue in Jianbai Mountain region3) (1995∼2004)

Date Time Latitude (◦ ) Longitude (◦ ) Depth (km) Earthquake magnitude (ML )

19980918 00:30:27 41.92 128.21 34 2.5
20021125 11:19:38 41.8 128.17 13 3
20021224 15:57:57 41.95 128.15 14 2.5
20030724 09:54:23 41.87 128.19 23 2.9
20031025 11:03:08 41.92 128.1 19 2.9
20040908 14:24:21 42.1 128.02 23 3.6

3 SIMULATIVE CALCULATION
In order to study the activity of the magma chamber in different periods, we inverted for the parameters
of the magma chamber at the Mt. Changbai volcano by using the data of GPS and leveling of 2002∼2003,
which have the higher accuracy, and adjusted the parameters to obtain a reasonable forward-modeling result,
which is generally consistent with the InSAR derived deformation field.
3.1 Inversion Model and Method
The observation stations of GPS and leveling are too sparse to make detailed research using the complex
model. Therefore, we chose the Mogi source model that is the most commonly used and simplest model for
simulating research. The Mogi source is a point pressure source in an elastic half-space, which requires that
the radius of cavity is much smaller than the source depth. In a surface Cartesian coordinate system, the
relationship between horizontal and vertical deformation and source parameters are:

3) The data originates from earthquake catalogue database of China Seismograph Network.
 Chen G H et al.: A Modeling of the Magma Chamber Beneath the Changbai Mountains Volcanic Area · · · 769

3a3 ∆P r
∆d = 3 , (2)
4µ(r2 + d2 ) 2
3a3 ∆P d
∆h = 3 , (3)
4µ(r2 + d2 ) 2
where ∆d is horizontal-radial displacement, ∆h is vertical displacement, a is the source radius, d is the source
depth, r is the radial distance from the source, ∆P is the change of pressure and µ is modulus of rigidity.
In order to visually represent the magmatic activity, the volume variation of the chamber is converted to
an equivalent sphere with a radius R. Thus the vertical deformation is expressed by the volume variation of the
source ∆V = (3/4)πR3 as:
3k + 4u d
∆h = ∆V. (4)
2π(3k + u) (r + d2 )3/2
2

Forced by the pressure difference ∆P between the inner and outer of the global magmatic chamber, there will
∆P a
be a radial displacement u = at all points on the surface of the chamber. And the radius of the chamber
4µ  
2 ∆P a π
will become a + u, resulting in ∆V = 4πa = a3 ∆P . For the convenience of calculation, the point
4µ µ
located at (128◦ 000 , 42◦ 000 ) on the surface is set to be the coordinate origin in the rectangular coordinate
(x, y, z). The center point coordinate of the magmatic chamber is (x0 , y0 , −d). According to the Mogi source
model, the displacement components are deduced as[28] :

3∆P a3 r 3∆V r
Ur = 3 = 3 , (5)
4µ(r2 + d2 ) 2 4π(r2 + d2 ) 2
3∆P a3 (x − x0 ) 3∆V (x − x0 )
Ux = 3 = 3 , (6)
4µ(r2 + d2 ) 2 4π(r2 + d2 ) 2
3∆P a3 (y − y0 ) 3∆V (y − y0 )
Uy = 3 = 3 , (7)
4µ(r2 + d2 ) 2 4π(r2 + d2 ) 2
3∆P a3 d 3∆V d
Uz = 3 = 3 , (8)
4µ(r2 + d2 ) 2 4π(r2 + d2 ) 2
where Ur , Ux , Uy , Uz are the radial horizontal, x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction components, respectively,
p
and r = (x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 is the radial distance from the source.
The inversion is realized by the software package called 1stOpt. Since the provided quasi-Newton method
has a fast convergence speed and is a self-correcting method, and the universal global optimization algorithm
is able to do a global search without an initial value, they are selected and combined in the inversion.
3.2 Inversion Results
The deformation field in the Mt. Changbai region between 2002 and 2003 is characterized by a single
pressure source derived image. Therefore, we first invert for the chamber parameters of a single Mogi source
constrained by the deformation observations. The inverted results are listed in Table 3 and the comparison
between the simulation and the observation is shown in Fig. 4. On one hand, it is obvious that the inverted
results are consistent with the observed vertical deformation shown in Fig. 4a. On the other hand, the inverted
horizontal components at some points, especially at point P3, do not fit the observations well, though inverted
results and the observations of the horizontal deformation field are generally consistent as shown in Fig. 4b.
The reason might be that the horizontal deformation is sensitive to the geometry of the pressure source, while
the vertical component is not. The real case might be not as simple as a single pressure source, and the model
should be adjusted.
770 Chinese J. Geophys. Vol.51, No.4

Table 4 Inversion results of the double Mogi

Table 3 Inversion results of the single Mogi
source model
source model
Parameters x0 /km y0 /km d0 /km ∆V /m3
Parameters x0 /km y0 /km d0 /km ∆V /m3
Inverted S1 1.4 0.2 7.9 6.3×106
Inverted value 2.5 0.5 6.9 5.2×106
values S2 7.1 –16.2 5.5 1.6×106

Fig. 4 Inversion results of the single Mogi source model

(a) Vertical displacement; (b) Horizontal displacement.

Fig. 5 Inversion results of the double Mogi source model

(a) Vertical displacement; (b) Horizontal displacement.

The D-InSAR derived deformation field suggests possible existence of a chamber under the Jianbai volcano.
In order to better simulate the vertical and horizontal displacements, we use a double Mogi source model to
invert for their parameters and the corresponding simulated deformation field. The inverted results are listed
in Table 4 and the comparison between the vertical and horizontal displacements and the observed values is
shown in Fig. 5. It is obvious that the inverted results from the double Mogi source model are consistent with
both the leveling data and the GPS derived horizontal deformation field. This model reflects well the magmatic
activity in Mt. Changbai region in 2002∼2003.
The inverted results from the double Mogi source model reveal two magmatic pressure sources in the Mt.
Changbai region in 2002∼2003. One source is located ∼7.9 km below the surface under the Tianchi crater with
 Chen G H et al.: A Modeling of the Magma Chamber Beneath the Changbai Mountains Volcanic Area · · · 771

a large variation corresponding to a 6.3×106 m3 equivalent volume variation. The other source is located west
of the Jianbai volcano in North Korea, ∼5.5 km below the surface, which is considered to be the chamber of
the Jianbai volcano, with a relatively smaller variation corresponding to a 1.6×106 m3 volume variation. The
direction of the line connecting the two sources is NNW, consistent with the strikes of a group of faults in this
region. Therefore, there might be faults or fractures between the two chambers as magmatic channels.
3.3 Forward Calculation
Based on the inverted results from the double Mogi source model, we attempt to simulate the 1995∼1998
deformation field obtained by D-InSAR technology in Table 5 Forward-modeling results of the double
the Mt. Changbai region. Through an iteration pro- Mogi source model
cess of adjusting the horizontal location and the ex- Parameters x0 /km y0 /km d0 /km ∆V /m3
pansion component of the source and comparing the Inverted S1 1.4 0.2 7.9 1.25×106
simulated deformation field with the observations, we values S2 10.1 –15 5.5 3.6×106
obtain a group of parameters which best fit the In-SAR
data as shown in Table 5 and Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Forward-modeling results and the differential interferogram

(a) Forward-modeling results of the double Mogi source model; (b) Differential interferogram (locally zoomed).

4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

A set of large scale spatially continuous deformation data in Mt. Changbai region is obtained using D-
InSAR technique for the first time. The result shows that 6∼12 cm LOS deformation occurred in 1995∼1998 in
the region of the Mt. Jianbai volcano in North Korea located southeast of the Tianchi volcano. Though there
are no other data for comparison and verification, the frequent seismicity in this region seems consistent with
the activity.
Constrained by the leveling and GPS data observed in 2002∼2003, the chamber parameters in the Mt.
Changbai region are inverted using single Mogi source and double Mogi sources, respectively. The latter fits
the data better, and reveals two sources located ∼7.9 km below the surface under the Tianchi volcanic crater,
and ∼5.5 km below the surface under the Jianbai volcano, respectively. The locations of the two Mogi sources
are consistent with the previous results from seismic and magnetotelluric sounding and the In-SAR derived
 772 Chinese J. Geophys. Vol.51, No.4

deformation field, respectively. The deformation filed and simulation results reveal a spatial migration and a
temporal intermittence of the volcanic activity in the Mt. Changbai region.
In addition, the development of CRInSAR (Corner Reflector InSAR) and PSInSAR (Persistent Scatterers
InSAR) technique will provide a more efficient approach for the research on the deformation in volcanic regions.
Ten CR stations have been constructed around the Tianchi volcano for a pilot study, which might be helpful
for the deformation detection in the Mt. Changbai region.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are very grateful to Shen Zhengkang, Wei Haiquan and Wang Min for helpful suggestion and discussion.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40574007, 40611140569), the
Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (F01-2006-000-10136-0) and the Ministry of Science and Technology
of China (2006BAC01B03-01-03).

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