KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, LAHORE

FALL SEMESTER 2020

METRIC SPACES (MATH 303)

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
 KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
COURSE OUTLINES
Program: BSc. (Hons.) Mathematics
Course Title/Type/Code: Metric spaces/ Major/ MATH303
Semester: Fall 2020
Section(s): A.
Credit hours: 3
Instructor: Sajda Jamil
Introduction: Metric Spaces is a course of pure mathematics .It provides a foundation for more
advanced courses in mathematical analysis and a new perspective on many of ideas which are
studied in calculus and real analysis.
As the Euclidean distance function for the plane has three properties: non –negativity, symmetry,
and the triangle inequality property. In a similar way the Euclidean distance on n-dimensional
space satisfies the same properties. This observation is used to raise these properties to the status
of axioms and to say that any function that satisfies these properties is a well -defined distance
function known as metric. Most important and familiar metric space is 3-dimensional Euclidean
space .Other metric spaces occur for example in elliptic geometry and hyperbolic geometry.
Its main focus is on the study of examples, properties and different types of metric spaces, open
and closed sets, convergence, completeness, continuity and contraction mapping theorem, which
guarantees the convergence of quite general iterative processes.
Metric spaces course has many applications in other fields of mathematics for example in
solvability of differential equations using its fixed point theory or contraction mapping theorem.
Structures of spaces of functions like Normed spaces and Hilbert spaces also depend on metric
spaces to describe their properties and characteristics.
Metric spaces methods have been employed for decades in other fields as well for example in
internet search engines, image classification or protein classification.
For deep understanding of this course students must have a background knowledge of properties
of real numbers and concepts of continuous and bounded functions. Course consists of study of
basic concepts and their mathematical applications. A number of solved examples during class
would help students to increase their problem solving skills
Course Objectives:
 To familiarize the students with metric spaces and their examples.
 To study different types of metric spaces
 To develop the skills in students for theoretically proving the theorems/results related to
open balls, closed balls, open sets, closed sets, limit points, boundary points.
 To study Relation between convergent and Cauchy sequences.
 To enable students to find limit points of convergent sequences in different metric spaces
 To develop acquaintance of concept of fixed point theory
 To enable students to differentiate between continuous and uniformly continuous functions
in metric spaces
 To develop analyzing and problem-solving skills

Learning Outcomes: After studying this course the students will be able to
 Define metric and metric spaces.
 Recognize metric spaces
 Find Open and closed subsets of different metric spaces.
 Find limit points of subsets of metric spaces
 Find diameter of bounded subsets of metric spaces
 Differentiate between Convergent and Cauchy Sequences.
 Identify convergent sequences in metric spaces and their limit points
 Differentiate between complete and incomplete metric spaces
 Give examples of continuous and uniformly continuous functions

TEACHING METHODOLOGY:
Lectures will be given to explain the basic concepts. Group discussion and question-answer
sessions will be held to analyze and critically evaluate the subject matter being studied.
.Assignments and projects will be assigned to increase the students organizing ability, analytic
skills, confidence level and creativity.
For online teaching, Kinnaird (LMS) MS Teams software will be used. Course materials (pdf
files) and course lectures will be presented in a variety of formats
  Lectures (Power Point Slides / Explanation of each slide)
 Video Conference/Live Discussions
 Class Discussions /Whatsapp and email discussions
 Online Tests, Assignments
Teaching methodology might change to class room teaching if college takes decision
to convert online classes into physical classes.

Lecture Schedule and Duration

Lectures will be held as per the College time table. Rules and protocols of attending online classes
will be shared with the students before the start of online classes.

Lectures: Two sessions / week, 1.5 hours / session

Office Timings/ Availability

Monday-Friday 8.00 am-2.00 pm * (MS Teams Class / WhatsApp (individual)

* Subject to free slots mentioned in time table which will be communicated later.

Attendance
Attendance will be routinely observed. An absence of 6 lecture-hours from class during the
semester shall be considered excessive and grade detrimental. A student shall be marked
absent if she leaves the class during the lecture. If a student is absent for more than six
lecture-hours she will be withdrawn from the course (please see Student Handbook)
COURSE CONTENTS:

Metrics and Metric Spaces, Examples of metric Spaces, Distance between sets, Diameter of a set,
bounded sets, Bounded metric spaces, Open Balls or Spheres and Open sets, Neighborhoods,
Interior points and interior of a set, Exterior points and Exterior of a set, Neighborhoods, Limit
points and closed set, closure of a set. Dense sets, Nowhere dense sets, Frontier of a set.
Convergence in metric spaces, Complete metric Spaces, Continuity in metric spaces.
WEEKLY SCHEDULE:

Week Topics of class lectures

1st week (7th Definition of a metric and metric spaces

sep-11th Sep)

2nd week Examples of metric spaces

2(14th Sep-
18th Sep)

3rd week(21st Distance between sets, Diameter of a set

Sep-25th Sep) TEST-1

4th week(28th Bounded sets, Bounded Metric Spaces, Cauchy Shawar’z inequality,
Sep-2nd Oct) Minkowski’s inequality

5th week((5th Open balls ,Examples of open balls

Oct-9th Oct) TEST-2, ASSIGNMENT-1

6th week(12th Open sets, Neighborhood of a point, Neighborhood System

Oct-16th Oct)

7th week Syllabus for week 7 has already been incorporated in the previous weeks.
Two extra classes will be taken as make up.

8th week(19th Mid Term Exams

Oct-28th Oct)

POST MID SCHEDULE

1st week(2nd Limit points, Closure of a set

Nov-6th Nov)
2nd week (9th Closed sets , Dense and nowhere Dense subsets
Nov-13th Nov)

3rd week (16th Interior and Exterior of a set , Frontier of a set

Nov-20th Nov)

4th (23rd Nov- Sequences in Metric spaces, Convergent Sequences

27th Nov) TEST-3

5th week (30th Cauchy sequences, Complete Spaces, Continuity in metric spaces
Nov-4th Dec) ASSIGNMENT-2

6th week (7th Projects / Presentations

Nov-11th Dec)

7th week Syllabus for week 7 has already been incorporated in the previous weeks.
Two extra classes will be taken as make up

8th week (14th Final Term Exams

Dec-23rd Dec)

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. Z.R Bhatti, Metric Spaces, 6th ed. (Salman Publishers, 2017) (text book), pictures of
relevant material will be shared and book is easily available in market also..
2. D.Majeed, Element of Topology and Functional Analysis ,2nd ed. (Ilmi Kitab khana,
2008), book is easily available in market.
3. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to functional Analysis with applications ( John Wiley and
Sons.2004 ) https://people.maths.bris.ac.uk/~mazag/fa17/
4. M.Amin, Metric Spaces ,(Ilmi Kitab Khana,2008).
5. M.O.Searcoid,MetricSpaces,(Springer,2015)
http://domerage.blogspot.com/2015/05/pdf-metric-spaces-springer.html
6. W.A. Sutherland, Introduction to Metric and Topological Spaces,( Clarendon Press
Oxford,2004)
 https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xbL11KfgiEAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onep
age&q&f=false

Assessment:

Assessment will be based on Assignments, Quizzes/Tests, projects and Examinations.

Assignments will be sent through MS Teams. No late assignment will be acceptable. They
have to be mailed to MS Teams class.

Different assignments will be given during the course. These assignments are located at different
stages in the course, at the point where the students need to reflect on the information covered,
and show their understanding of it. Pre mid and Post mid assignments will constitute 10 % of
evaluation.

Assessment will be based on correct and complete working as well as correct justification
of each step.

TOPICS OF ASSIGNMENT

Assignment 1 will be titled as “Examples of Metric Spaces and open balls” and will consist of
application based questions given from Recommended Text 1 and other Recommended books.

Assignment 2 will be titled as ’’limit points and convergent sequences in Metric Spaces”.
Questions based on basic concepts as well as applications will be given from Recommended
Text 1 and other Recommended books to enhance clarity of concepts of taught topics.

Submission of Assignments

1. 5th week (Pre mid)

2. 5th Week (post mid)

Final Project

It will be a group project consisting of 2 or 3 students .Each group will be studying and
analyzing assigned topic such as Metric Spaces in matrices ,continuity in metric spaces,
contraction mapping and complete Metric spaces .
The project report and its oral presentation will make up 10% of evaluation.

The assessment will be based on the quality and content of the report and the quality, brevity
and concepts clarity of presentation of the project report.

Tests and Examinations

Short tests (objective and subjective type) which would emphasize application as well as
knowledge, will be administered at regular intervals .These tests shall check a student’s concepts
and problem-solving abilities. Pre mid and Post mid Tests will make up to 20 % of evaluation.
Examination questions will vary from short, objective type to essay type answers. Protocols for
taking tests/quizzes shall be communicated to the students.

Final Grade
Letter grades will be assigned. (For Details see Hand Book) which will be based on
assignments, final projects, tests and examinations.

Grade Format

Grade is based on the following

Pre-Midterm

Assignments 5%

Tests 10%

Midterm 25 %

Post-Midterm

Assignments 5%

Tests/Quiz 10 %

Project 10%

Final Examination 35 %